CHRISTINE AHN DR. KENNETTE BENEDICT TERRY GAMBLE BOYER DR. CAROL COHN MARISSA CONWAY BEATRICE FIHN AMBASSADOR PAMELA HAMAMOTO AMBASSADOR LAURA HOLGATE AMBASSADOR BONNIE JENKINS REPRESENTATIVE BARBARA LEE AMBASSADOR WENDY R. SHERMAN CECILI THOMPSON WILLIAMS GENDER. JUSTICE. NATIONAL SECURITY. Edited by Tom Z. Collina and Cara Marie Wagner April 2019 Tom Z. Collina Cara Marie Wagner From the Editors Tom Z. Collina is the director of policy Cara Marie Wagner is a senior The editors would like to thank all of at Ploughshares Fund. He brings 30 program officer at Ploughshares the authors for sharing their visions years of Washington, D.C. experience Fund. She manages grantmaking and ideas around some of today’s in nuclear weapons, missile defense portfolios focused on nuclear most challenging foreign policy and and nonproliferation issues to policy, the elevation of women and national security issues. We would Ploughshares Fund. He has worked diverse voices in national security also like to thank them for their hard extensively as a researcher, analyst and conflict prevention and regional work on each essay and flexibility and and advocate to strengthen efforts to security. openness during the editing process. end U.S. nuclear testing, rationalize We would like to thank Ploughshares anti-missile programs, extend the Prior to joining Ploughshares Fund’s board of directors, donors, Nonproliferation Treaty and secure Fund in 2015, she worked with a President Joe Cirincione and Senate ratification of the New START variety of international education, Executive Director Philip Yun for Treaty among others. gender, human rights and security making this report possible. organizations, holding positions in Prior to joining Ploughshares Fund in both development and research. She Special thanks to Michelle Dover for 2014, he served as research director has a Master’s of Science in Global her exceptional editing assistance, of the Arms Control Association. Studies and International Affairs, insights and overall support; He was the executive director specialized in conflict resolution Catherine Killough for her expert and co-founder of the Institute for and international security with an knowledge and editing support; Science and International Security emphasis on sub-Saharan Africa, and Terry Greenblatt for her stellar and the director of the global security a Graduate Certificate in Nonprofit shepherding of this project; Mary program at the Union of Concerned Management from Northeastern Kaszynski for facilitating the roll-out Scientists, among other leadership University in Boston, MA. She also and launch of this report; Delfin Vigil positions. He has published widely received her degree in International for his communications guidance and in major magazines and journals Affairs with a Certificate in Peace and know-how; Munnu Kallany and Zack and has appeared frequently in the Conflict Studies from the University Brown for administrative support; national media, including The New of Colorado at Boulder focusing on and Elizabeth Warner and Megan York Times, CNN and NPR. He has foreign policy and Western Europe. Clemens for always lending an ear testified before the Senate Foreign and brainstorming ideas. And finally, Relations Committee and regularly thanks to Ruby Stacey and Karis briefs congressional staff. He has Cady of Pyramid Communications a degree in International Relations for the outstanding design and from Cornell University. production of the report and to Arnaud Ghelfi, l’atelier starno for the cover design. Cover image: Robert Cicchetti / Shutterstock.com Ploughshares Fund Study Report No. 5 ©Ploughshares Fund, April 2019 Responsibility for the content of the individual essays rests with the authors alone, and does not necessarily reflect the views of the other authors or of Ploughshares Fund and the other funders of this project. CONTENTS Forward 2 Terry Gamble Boyer Introduction 5 Cara Marie Wagner Gender and National Security 6 Dr. Carol Cohn Never Give Up 12 Ambassador Wendy R. Sherman Perpetual War 18 Representative Barbara Lee Women in the Room Where it Happens 22 Christine Ahn A Nuclear Policy for All 28 Dr. Kennette Benedict Diversity Makes Better Policy 34 Ambassador Bonnie Jenkins Gender Champions 40 Ambassador Pamela Hamamoto and Ambassador Laura Holgate Time to Ban the Bomb 46 Beatrice Fihn A Feminist Nuclear Policy 52 Marissa Conway Nuclear Weapons and the Green New Deal 58 Cecili Thompson Williams Special Acknowledgements 64 www.ploughshares.org 1 FORWARD WOMEN STEPPING UP By Terry Gamble Boyer I am of what some would call quaintly “an age.” As a small girl, I ducked and covered beneath my desk in drills triggered by the Cuban Missile Crisis. In elementary school, we read John and labor markets. In 1920, when Clinton indicated that her cabinet Hershey’s “Hiroshima” and watched the 19th Amendment gave women would be composed of 50 percent Henry Fonda play the president in the suffrage, my great-grandmother women. Much was made about movie “Fail Safe.” was just a little older than I am the downstream effect of having a now; my grandmother was 35. They woman in the highest office in the In those days of looming threat, had never before cast a vote. For land incentivizing other women to run the notion of nuclear war was a century, there had been fierce for election. more visceral than academic. It debate about the implications of was also an era in which girls were women having a say in politics. When Hillary Clinton did not win, taught to check themselves, raise Would this lead to the complete momentum for women seemed their hands, and stop talking when moral collapse of society? Or would stalled. Yet in the wake of this loss, men interrupted. In the patriarchal political participation by women have something unexpected happened. household of my childhood, I learned an ameliorative effect in discouraging The day after the inauguration of to maneuver through humor and the child labor and the exploitation of President Trump, millions of women occasional restrained silence. But workers, thereby encouraging public and men took to the street, an during the Second-Wave Feminism health, temperance and providing estimate 4.2 million in the United of the seventies, I tentatively found a counterweight to political and States and nearly 5 million globally – a voice in my all-girls’ high school economic abuse? The latter argument the largest single day protest in U.S. where the students were encouraged won out. history. Inspired by the peaceful sea to be smart, be strong, be proactive. of pink hats, many of us marched In the last presidential election, in solidarity to stand up to what we Early feminism grew out of a 19th common wisdom held that Hillary felt was the regressive rhetoric of century reaction to the prevailing Clinton would win, becoming the the new administration. My friends “Cult of True Womanhood” that first woman president. Eighty-three in Washington, D.C. said the protest confined and restricted the role of years after Franklin Delano Roosevelt was so packed they were literally women in civic life, in business, appointed Frances Perkins as the unable to move more than a few feet in leadership and in professions first woman to hold a cabinet post, at a time. 2 Ploughshares Fund What we now know was that the conversations around national of our grants and partnerships. In the Women’s March presaged more security and nuclear security in first year of our Women’s Initiative, than a moment; it hearkened a particular. At a time when stark 48 percent of our total grants (and movement. In 2018, more women polarization and extreme ideology 42 percent of our total grantmaking than ever ran for office – candidates cry for more nuanced conversation, budget) were awarded to women-led like Lt. Col. Amy McGrath, a former Ploughshares Fund is stepping up. projects or organizations; we aim Marine pilot with a background in The initiative is long overdue. to make that 50 percent in the near nuclear security who, in the wake of future. We strive to be a beacon for the election, felt she needed to fight The opaque nature of our nuclear good governance, leadership, policy for the values of the country to which protocol and the policies of and advocacy in this moment when she had literary dedicated her life; procurement have resulted almost women are stepping up ever more values such as equality, justice and exclusively from a male-dominated assertively as we work together for a human rights. “I didn’t want my son decision chain. More and more safer more secure world. This is our to ask me in 10 years, ‘What did you citizens are waking up to the fact mission. This is our goal. do?’ and have to tell him ‘I was too that the president of the United scared to act.’” States has unchecked authority to launch nuclear weapons. Think of it: Terry Gamble Boyer is a writer and Studies have shown that a critical a decision that could impact life as philanthropist. Along with her husband mass of women (at least 30 percent) we know it lies solely in the realm Peter, she co-founded the Caldera raises the intelligence level and of the male perspective. What might Foundation that concentrates on efficacy of a group, whether it is in the implications be for a conversation energy and the environment. She has a boardroom, a working group or informed by representatives from the served on the boards of the Ayrshire a government. In general, women other half of the population? We at Foundation, the Urban School of San tend to be more collaborative and Ploughshares Fund intend to make Francisco, The San Francisco School, consensus-building, with a focus room for that possibility. Project Open Hand and The Magic on relationships and partnerships, Theater.