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Ernst Kahn Austrian baroque civilisation, tried to cope with their situation. Schnitzler, more fortunate than Weininger, if only through his exterior circum­ stances, knew much about the psychological struc­ THE YOUNG GENERATION CARRIES ON ture of Viennese middle-class s(Kiety and Jewry. The twilight, uncertainly and loneliness of the human soul attracted him, but his erotism is half- Sixth Year Book of the Leo Baeck Institute playful, half-sorrowful and does not deceive him about the truth that ". . . to write means to sit Those amongst us who remember our German- To some extent these achievements were due to in judgment over one's self". It enabled him to Jewish past are bound to wonder who will carry the Rabbi's charm which attracted Polish objectivise the inner struggles of Jews who sought On with the elucidation of the relevant problems and German high-ranking officers and aristocrats the " Way into the Open ", i.e., into assimilation in once the older witnesses are no longer available. alike with whom he collaborated very closely. its different forms. The Year Book 1961* brings this home to us by This went so far that the German officials called Weininger. who committed suicide a short time paying tribute to two distinguished men who died him " the handsome man with the solemn eyes " after his baptism, never overcame his self-hatred last year and are irreplaceable in an organisa­ and fraternised with him over a glass of wine. that tumed against his sexuality and his Jewishness. tion like the Leo Baeck Institute because they took This highly cultured man, '' one of the finest His searching nature was aware, as H. Kohn a special interest in the history of German Jewry: products of German Orthodoxy", was wise points out, that one does not hate somebody whom Professor Julius Hirsch, the economist and enough to know that this harmony would not last. one does not resemble, and that the loneliness and formerly member of the Board of the Central- He was also saddened and frustrated by the dis­ isolation of some Jewish souls, as Weininger saw serein, and Fritz Naphtali, one-time Economic cord among the Jews and their religious-political them, are a psychological constitution found Editor of the Frankfurter Zeitung. Robert strife. It is a sign of the impact which he made among all people. As he knew nothing about "eltsch, again the guiding force behind this that the Assimilation Party(!) wanted to have Judaism except his own conflicts he drew the publication of the Institute, shows the way out of him in Poland for good. consequence between his ideals and a reality he this difficulty as he has given some young scholars was not fit to face. the opportunity to prove that an industrious study Gennan and Eastem Jews of the sources can make up for the lack of per­ Trends Towards Conversion sonal participation in the events before 1933. In We know that by far not all Western Jews nis Introduction, which is. as usual, very valuable manifested the understanding for Eastern Jewry Carl Cohen goes into the problem of baptisms through the preparation of the ideological back­ which Dr. Carlebach practised. But when we read among Jews after the emancipation in general. In ground of the book and the inspiration for further B. B, Kurzweil's revealing essay on " The Image his article " The Road to Conversion " he gives a research. R. Weltsch points out that many of the Western Jew in Modem Hebrew Literature " very instructive survey of the reasons for escape, Untapped sources are waiting to be brought to we realise how inadequately the modern secular which was precipitated by Moses Mendelssohn's "ght. His idea, for instance, to go into the Hebrew literature of the East and later in Israel, attempt to combine religious learning with Problem of "The Jew as Editor" reminds us of the responded to the " inter-group challenge ", The enlightenment. Although the Reform movement special Jewish talent for journalism in the post- life of Jews in Western Europe is considered by tried to stem the flight from the inherited religion. emancipation period which was an irritant to these writers, among whom Agnon is the most Cohen's statistics about conversions in ?ntisemites but also a great asset. The present important, with distrust, reserve and sometimes in tell their own story. He tells us about two impoverishment of German intellectual life (and, an unrealistic way, although an undertone of waves of defections, one after the period of 3s the reviewer may add. of style) are symptoms admiration cannot be overlooked. I cannot call Enlightenment and in the age of Romanticism, the of the loss of this collaboration, a book hke Agnon's " Until Now" a picture of other at the time of Stoecker's antisemitic move­ " Western Jewish man jn his totality ", If Frank­ ment. T'ne conflicts arising from a longing for settling furt Orthodoxy " cripples people in the name of Heine's baptism belonged to the first wave and "Own and an external and internal resistance God", the writer seems to have ignored the was merely utilitarian. The " Four Heine Against this very aim originated from the same scientists, scholars, merchants and benefactors, Letters " pubhshed and commented upon by F. H. root, namely, uprootedness. Lending expression liberals and anti-reformers alike, of whom this Eisner, ranging over 16 years, given in facsimile to these struggles, the articles in the Year Book city could pride itself. Dr. Kurzweil is quite and transcribed by the author, show that the poet oeal with t'ne following main themes: right in stressing that an author like Shenshar has lived in the atmosphere of his Jewish recollections only an external grasp of the essential features, even after the step had been taken. Espiecially (1) Relations between Eastern and Western and when this writer describes some German Jewry. his letter to his sister, Charlotte Embden, in which immigrants in Israel who are not capable of he congratulates her on the birth of her first (2) Signs of alienation as shown in the literary settling down or getting on with other ethnic granddaughter, contains Hebrew and Yiddish words field and in the frequency of conversions. groups he forgets that many have made their like " soch" (daughter) and " niks" (nothing). (3) Tendencies pointing towards a religious and existence there an admirable success, That addressed to his friend, the eye specialist national revival, like the Reform and the Guy Stern, in his " Efraim Frisch and the ' Neue Sichel, in which he foresees his imminent death, is Youth movements. Merkur'", verifies that, all conflicts apart, Jews a token of his lovingkindness when he beseeches can be intermediaries between European and his friends to look after his wife, a feature which The outbreak of the First World War brought Oriental thought. Frisch, a Galician Jew, and the is sometimes overlooked in judgments about the ^chance for the meeting between Eastern and Christian W. Hausenstein made the " Neue poet's character. "Cstern Jews which had a tremendous effect Merkiir" a mouthpiece for the cultural German R. Weltsch, in his introductory remarks, men­ upon the destinies of both groups. When Germany aspirations between 1914-16 and 1919-25, pursuing tions a Heine letter from 1823 which shows his oecame the occupying Power in Poland and a left of centre policy. They advocated a regenera­ J^e adjoining provinces a complex situation arose: tion through a democratic government, social Continued on page 2, column I the German Jews were delighted to serve the reforms and a sound cosmopolitanism. Frisch cause of their country and, at the same time, that of succeeded in taking the entire editorial correspon­ tneir Eastern fellow-Jews, but the Eastern Jewish dence into exile. Hausenstein warned early against OESTERREICHISCHER ABGELTUNGSFONDS population was split between a sense of hope and the danger of antisemitism. in this periodical, and reluctance. Alexander Carlebach, in his article W. Staerk, a Jena theologian, contributed a most th German Rabbi Goes East ", which contains ACHTUNG, FRISTABLAUF ! "le letters written by his father. Dr. Emanuel comprehensive study of Judaism and recommended ^arlebach, to his family, describes how the Jewish study as an end in itself. Die Anmeldefrist fuer Antraege on den ^thusiastic and lovable personality of the In spite of the creative possibilities inherent in Abgelfungsfonds, Wien II, Taborstr. 2-6 ^rthodox minister, with the help of Rabbi Dr. the Jewish spirit, recognised even by cultured J'lnchas Kohn. the liberal statesman Dr. Ludwig Germans, conversions were a continuous character­ laeuft am 31. August 1962 ab. istic of personalities who struggled against their *»aas and the German military and civil authori- Worten Sie nicht bis zum letxten Augenblick. J^es, gave the Pohsh Jews a communal constitu- own nature. O. Weininger's flight from Judaism, "On, an Orthodox party organisation, a reformed caused by the speculations and inner contradictions Reichen Sie Ihren Antrag jetzt ein. school system and a Yiddish newspaper. of a morbid, though very capable mind, was no escape for " selfish reasons ". Hans Kohn's notes Formulare sind erhaeltlich beim Austrian on the life and work of Arthur Schnitzler and 1Z V«" Book V7 of the Leo Baeck InsUtnte. East and West Desk, URO, 183/9 Finchley Rood, N.W.3. --'Drary. London. 1961. 423. Free to members of thc Society Weininger. " Eros and Sorrow", instruct us how "' Fnends of the L.B.I these contrasting figures, products of the late Page 2 AJR INFORMATION July, 1962 The Young Generation Carries On FROM GERMANY AND AUSTRIA Continued from page 1 EX-NAZI JUDGES OESTERREICHISCHER ABGELTUNGS- preoccupation with Jewish matters and his special FONDS interest in Zunz's sermons. A, Altmann, in The Minister of Justice of Baden-Wuerttemberg, " Leopold Zunz als Prediger " (" Zur Friihgeschichte Herr Haussmann, has announced that 14 former Von verlaesslicher Seite erfahren wir, dass die der jiidischen Predigt in Deutschland "), explains Nazi judges and prosecuting counsel who were finanzielle Position des Abgeltungsfonds die why Heine was so attracted by them. His thorough­ responsible for death sentences passed by special Zahlung von urspruenglichen Zuwendungen bis zu going analysis reveals that these preachings, held Nazi courts, have asked to be retired prematurely Oe.S. 10,000 und von, im Sinne der Statuten in the Neue Israelitische Synagogue in Berlin (1822), under a special section of the German Judges' berichtigten Zuwendungen, bis zu einem Betrage are the first attempt on a grand scale to represent Law. von Oe.S.40,000 per Anspruchswerber—moe­ Judaism in the categories of nineteenth-century glicherweise auch darueber hinaus—erlauben philosophy and religion. They form also the Herr Haussmann said that a commission of duerfte. Zahlungen werden voraussichtlich im beginning of prevalence of the German language jurists set up by the State Parliament in Stuttgart Spaetherbst 1962 beginnen. in Divine service. He followed the examples of had investigated 57 ex-Nazi judges and prosecuting Christian ministers, above all Schleiermacher's, counsel involved in the passing of death sentences 3,000 AUSTRIAN WAR CRIMINALS whom he sometimes repeated almost literally as during the Nazi regime. Preliminary court pro­ AT LARGE ceedings had been initiated against some of them, A. Altmann has found out. Zunz replaced the idea but all action was stopped because it proved According to the Austrian organisation. Action of revelation by that of " culture and virtue ", and impossible to convict them in regard to their Against Antisemitism, 3,000 Austrian war criini- reason and the Kantian notion of ethical freedom activities during the Nazi period. Fourteen of nals have managed to escape detection by the take the place of ceremonial law which becomes them had asked to be allowed to retire. Their simple subterfuge of changing their names. a means towards the end of moral perfection. The applications were accepted since the Government The probability is, according to this organisa­ messianic awakenine of man and his progress to was of the opinion that their future employment tion, that most of them will escape punishment the apocalyptic " Day of the Lord" confirm in the legal service was undesirable from a moral because the Statute of Limitations bars any action Zunz's conviction that he stood on the threshold of point of view. against criminals who have not been charged by a new era. the end of 1963. Zunz's eschatological dreams about a steady A number of other ex-Nazi jurists had also There have been complaints by organisations progress towards an ever increasing ethos are far asked to be retired. Herr Haussmann said that of victims of that the Austrian authori­ removed from the reality as the Jews of our century all lawyers responsible for illegal Nazi death ties only take proceedings against war criminals had to cope with. He did not realise either that sentences would be removed from the judiciary when the receipt of material from German court the Jewish spirit could become creative in in Baden-Wuerttemberg by July of this year. forces them to do so.^—(J.C.) the political field. A reversal of the liberal trends The German Judges' Law provides that if of his epcKh would have seemed impossible to this former Nazi judges or prosecuting counsel retire WARSAW GHETTO NAZI ON TRIAL reformer. Not even thinking Christians of the voluntarily before June 30, 1962, they are entitled The trial was held in Salzburg. Austria, of twentieth century were complacent about the to full pension rights. After that date they can be Captain Hermann Hoeffle. Thirty-one Israeli wit­ problems set by modern industrialisation, life in forced to retire without any pension rights. nesses testified before the Tel Aviv District Court big cities, and alienation from nature. Walter conceming the war-time activities of Hoeffle. Laqueur's essay about "The German Youth Move­ One witness stated that the Jews were rounded ment and the ' Jewish Question'" gives an " ZENTRALRAT " REPORT ON JEWISH up and taken by the Germans to 19 Zamenhot excellent survey of the revolution of German Street, where the Jewish Council of Warsaw and youth against materialism which also touched the POSITION the Gestapo commanders had gathered. There Jewish minority to a great extent. The Wander­ were over 100 corpses in the building, and he saw vogel movement which was followed by the Biinde In a report to the Executive Board of the Hoeffle shoot an elderly Jew and a member of a in 1923 did not exclude Jews from their ranks, but Central Council of Jews in Germany at its recent work brigade. On the first day of the Warsaw their number never exceeded 250. A few of these meeting. Dr. H. G. van Dam, its Secretary-General, Ghetto revolt Hoeffle shot and killed another, groups continued even to exist illegally after 1933 said that a certain section of German youth had elderly Jew. and kept in touch with their Jewish members. already been badly influenced by the campaign Another witness said that Hoeffle had a notori­ Many, however, were not free from antisemitism, of anti-Jewish defamation conducted by Right- ous reputation even among the Gestapo chiefs. a fact which led to the foundation of associations wing extremist groups. Railway carriages were filled with Jews and sent like Blau Weiss and the Kameraden. Dr. van Dam pointed out that German to the death camp at Treblinka on orders from demtKracy was largely dependent on economic Hoeffle,—(J,C,) History of Youth Organisations prosperity and did not stem as a natural result of a new political attitude of German, citizens, NEO-NAZISM IN AUSTRIA As early as 1894 the first Jewish youth association German democracy was not born of genuine At a ceremony held in Vienna to mark the was founded in Stuttgart. The enlightening social indignation at the Nazi past by the German anniversary of the liberation of Mauthausen con­ and intellectual study by Herbert Strauss about masses, but was forced upon the people by the centration camp, Austria's attitude towards neo- "The Jugendverband" tells us that this organisa­ victorious Allied Powers. That did not mean that Nazis was bitterly criticised. , tion comprised 25 local youth groups (Vereine). the growth of a truly demtKratic system in Colonel Kaes. a former member of tne At first neutrality was the political tendency in Germany was impossible. But democratic develop­ Resistance movement, stressed that it did no gooa these communities, as it had been in the Wander­ ment was slower and much more susceptible to to minimise the damage done by neo-Nazis. . vogel. Later on a new factor entered : Zionism. threats and influence from outside. The develop­ Swastikas were daubed on walls, J^J^'^^ Religion played first a minor part, but a religious ment of sound democratic convictions by the cemeteries were desecrated and there had been revival and the return to a more natural life ensued. peopie was also hampered by former Nazi officials meetings of ex-members of Hitler's Storm Judaism was to become a joy, not an impediment. occupying numerous key positions. Troopers,—(J.C.) Names like Cora Berliner, Lazarus, Loeffler, Max In a message to the Council on the occasion of AUSTRIAN JEWISH COMMUNTTV Wiener and Schwarzschild will for ever be con­ its meeting, the Federal Minister of the Interior nected with this movement which saw its most expressed the Govemment's satisfaction at the A survey recently carried out in Austria states dynamic period between 1926 and 1929. re-establishment of Jewish communities and that there are 11,000 Jews in Austria today, com­ The religious Chalutz movement is the subject institutions in Gennany after the war.—

Paula A. Galliner " Dybuk", feeling that, with his Russian-Jewish heritage he could draw on themes that would come to him easily and naturally, and include some Chassidic songs and ecstatic Chassidic dances. FROM TIN PAN ALLEY TO CARNEGIE HALL However, after having read Du Bose'-Heyward's " Porgy", the tragic story of a Negro cripple In Memory of George Gershwin and his love for the girl, Bess, Gershwin started to set " Porgy " to music. He travelled to Sotith Twenty-five years ago, in the crowded Temple It was, however, not until Al Jolson heard Carolina, settled on a small island, and studied Emanu-El on Fifth Avenue. New York, the some of his melodies and adopted these, that there the Negro's life and his world. The opera Andantino Moderato from the "Rhapsody in Gershwin found fame as a composer. Now. occupied Gershwin for two years. It had its Blue", was played on the organ at the funeral his tunes were printed in their thousands, his premiere in Boston, at the Colonial Theatre in service of its composer. " The singer of the records sold in equally high numbers, and this 1935, and the ovations at its conclusion reached songs of America's soul", whose life had been gave the composer his independence. He not such proportions that the composer had to stand interwoven with tunes and sounds, had suddenly only began to give more attention to his compo­ on the stage for nearly half an hour, amidst the become silent. sitions, but he started to ascend the mngs of the performers and the musicians. It was acclainied The most successful of all American-Jewish ladder to success. " Songs by George Gershwin!" as a magnificent work, and scored a resounding composers, George Gershwin, was born in What a thrill for the young fellow to have this success. With this compellingly dramatic opera, Brooklyn in 1898, the son of Russian immigrants. appear on music sheets and recordings. Gershwin had found his place among the ranks Although never poor they had to work hard to In 1922 his real power as a composer began of serious and great composers. " Porgy and survive in the new land. There were three to assert itself; he achieved recognition with his Bess" has become tlie American folk-opera, children—a daughter and two sons. The younger musical comedies and his piano pieces. " Watch with its modem events- and modem miusic, son, Yacob. changed his name to George. Gershwin", said Van Vechten, the writer, the enacted in a modem time. Since his early youth George played the piano epigrammatist, " he is going to amount to some­ Gershwin now, more than ever, enjoyed every and was fascinated by popular songs. " I have thing more one day". All over New York moment of his success. a pupil", wrote Hambitzer, his teacher, "without people were talking about the young Jew. He had, apart from a little stomach trouble, doubt the boy is a genius! He wants to go in enjoyed good health, but he started complaining for the modern music, called jazz!" This is the " Rhapsody in Blue " that he was tired and listless. He went to Holly­ statement of the man who discovered Gershwin. wood, walked in the hills, planned another opera, With the progress of time Gershwin's compo­ Then came " Rhapsody in Blue "! wrote some more songs, gave a few concerts. It sitions developed remarkably ; they became more The first part was conceived on a journey to was during one of these concerts that he lost the personal, lifting jazz to musical artistry and still Boston, with the roaring of the train, the rattle thread for a few moments, but recovered, playing later to art. of the wheels ; when returning to New York he on as if nothing was wrong. After he left school Gershwin found his way created the soft, melancholical theme of the This happened a second time. Some other to " Tin Pan Alley ", the famous street of music- middle part, thus completing the work. symptoms were observed—at last he went into publishing houses where, as the youngest pianist When Paul Whiteman, the musical leader and hospital where an operation was unavoidable, ever employed at the firm of Remicks. he pounded conductor, the King of Jazz, heard some of the from which Gershwin never awoke. out the current songs released for visiting per­ " Rhapsody in Blue", he insisted on arranging He, who said that he had in his head more formers in search of new material. The sensi­ its premiere at the Aeolian Hall on February 12, melodies than he could write down in a hundred tive George did his best with the often coarse 1924, with the composer at the piano. Even years, died tragically with all these tunes unsung material and methods of the music racket. It though it was played towards the finish of the and unplayed, at the age of 38, in July 1937. was, for the future compjoser, an exceedingly concert, when the audience had begun to tire, the He died without learning that he had just valuable experience. And compose he did. in " Rhapsody in Blue" electrified the atmosphere, received the highest honour that Italy could the jazz style, at first influenced by the times and received a spontaneous ovation. bestow on a foreign composer: Honorary Mem­ of Kem and Berlin and then slowly beginning With this experiment in modem music, Gersh­ bership of the St. Cecilia Academy in Rome, the to devise his own particular methods of compo­ win carried jazz into a definite symphonic form ; only American ever to have been honoured in sition, his own tunes. After one or two of his indeed, the " Rhapsody in Blue " made history. this way. tunes were printed he left Remicks and collabo­ In 1925 he completed his "Concerto in F" for On us, however, he left the imprint of an rated with other firms, accompanying singers, but piano and orchestra which, with the jazzed-up immensely gifted musician—a Jew of whom we still composing his own songs (1910-1915). finale, gives the impression of a brilliant poetical can be proud. musical work. "The Preludes for Piano" fol­ lowed in 1926 and, in 1928, after his retum from Paris, his famous tone poem for orchestra " An American in Paris" had its premiere at the KELLERGEIST Carnegie Hall. With its opening " walking theme ", its straightforward air, it gives a picture ADVISES A.J.R. READERS of freedom, pleasure and gaiety, the spirit of Paris. It is often described as one of the best examples of modern music because of its origi­ nality. With " An American in Paris" Gershwin achieved the depth and mellowness for which he had been searching. Inevitably, an endless stream of musical shows and songs followed, with more or less musical merit, Gershwin himself often conducting. It was now that he began work on his greatest serious composition, the opera " Porgy and Bess ". Since his youth he had dreamt of composing an opera. He first considered an opera based on the people with whom he had such strong THE LUTON ties—the Jews. He chose a Jewish folk-tale, the KNITTING W. HERZ Choose Hallgarten— COMPANY (Novelties) LTD. Choose Pine Wines LIMITED Ask for thtm by nome! Manufacturers of Jersey Cloth and Knitted Headwear If you have any difficulty in finding HALLGARTEN wines, v/rile to us Wholesale only for assistance Princess House, Eastcastle St., London, W.l 664-668 DUNSTABLE ROAD, S. F. & 0. HALLGARTEN LUTON, BEDFORDSHIRE 1, Crulchad Friart. London, E.C.3 'Phone: MUSeum 3767 Tel.: Luton 52516/7 AJR INFORMA-nON July. 1962 Page 7

"^ RUDOLF APT 80 On July 25th Mr. Rudolf Apt will celebrate his BIRTHDAY GREETINGS SOth birthday. The AJR has special reason for expressing its sincerest congratulations to him. X FRITZ WALTER 60 EDUARD ROSENBAUM 75 Before our organisation, was founded he helped to lay its foundations by invoking the interest There are many who have taken up the job of of his fellow-refugees in the establishment of a reporting on, and interpreting, British cultural To congratulate Eduard Rosenbaum publicly on life and events to post-war German readers and his 75th birthday is not an easy job, for he is one representative body of the refugees. Since the listeners. To most of them it is a routine duty, of the most alert and wittiest men I know, very AJR came into being Mr. Apt has rendered his Httle different from the transmission of news items susceptible to cliches and full of derision for wholehearted support to our efforts, and he is on political and economic developments. Fritz what he—not unaptly perhaps—calls the mutual also a member of our Board. However, the AJR Walter, who will be 60 on July 19, is one of the admiration society which has developed in Jewish is not the only organisation which has the benefit very few who take that job seriously, and who life and which finds its most patent expression of his co-operation. For many years he has honestly believe in the vital importance of con­ in the customary birthday articles. Yet, we can­ been the Chairman of the Welfare Committee veying the essence and meaning of cultural events not help it, and even such a sensitive and cultured of the New Liberal Congregation and he is m this country—in art, hterature, music, the man as our Jubilar has to swallow the pill and to an active member of the Leo Baeck Lodge. theatre and the mass media of entertainment— make the best of it. Fortunately, Rosenbaum has For a.man Uke Rudolf Apt work for his fellow to those in Germany who care about these things. a never failing sense of humour and he will German Jews in this country was the natural Deeply rooted in Germany's cultural tradition, understand that though he may be willing to sequel of the activities by which he became well and perhaps with a bias towards France rather dispense with admiration, his friends cannot. known in Germany. " Apt-Dresden " was a than England, this Jew from Wuppertal-Elber- Admiration, whether " mutual " or not, is exactly household word in the Central-Verein ; he was a feld started his successful career in the sphere what they want to convey to him. combined with member of its " Hauptvorstand" and Chairman of belles-lettres at a very early age. After study­ genuine affection and respect. of its Saxon District. He stood in the forefront of ing in Bonn. Munich, Berlin and Munster, where It is incredible indeed that this young man with the fight against the approaching forces of evil, he graduated with a thesis on Theodor Fontane the rosy cheeks and the twinkling smile should and he displayed great courage after 1933, when in 1924. he was appointed Feuilleton editor of be 75. But he has always been a young man, the Nazis had come to power. He was also a the Berliner Borsen-Courier at the age of 23, and and he is fond of amusingly recalling that he was Board member of his home community of Dresden, Dramaturg of Bamowsky's theatres five years once " the young man " kat' exoclien, namely with where his family had been settled for several later. the German peace delegation in Paris in 1919. generations. He emigrated to France in 1933 and was assist­ Still, this was more than 40 years ago. Rosen­ In those days members of the Jewish Youth ant lecturer of German language and literature baum's career is so manifold and full of exciting events that one understands several decades were Movement were not always incHned to follow at the University of Nancy from 1934 until the their parents' footsteps. On the contrary, a revolu­ outbreak of the war. After many months of needed to collect all these experiences. He was already a writer, a lecturer and an economic tionary attitude towards the elder generation was bitter and dramatic experiences he managed to a decisive part of their ideology, and there was escape to England where he served in the Army expert before the First World War ; we find his name in old German periodicals of that time. little readiness for making compromises in this for some time, and then took up teaching again respect. That Rudolf Apt was one of those who at schools in Somerset and Yorkshire. He seems to have always vacillated between an were exempted from this criticism, and that his The immediate post-war period offered Dr. academic and a commercial career. Though he understanding for the young generation was sensed Walter his first chance of helping a bewildered lectured at universities for some time and was by the then active youth leaders is perhaps one of and prejudiced German readership to form a closely connected with the esoteric literary circle the best compliments a man of his approach can tmer picture of the Western world ; he worked round Stefan George, his decisive job was with ask for. And young he has remained throughout as an editor of the official digest, Neue Auslese, the Hamburg Chamber of Commerce. In his the eventful and difficult years which have passed and the illustrated Blick in die Well until 1951. scientific and his practical activities he came into in the meantime. It is with this thought in mind For the last ten years, however, he has been the touch with many leading people of Imperial and Ihat we express to him our birthday wishes, in London cultural correspondent of Siidwestfunk, Weimar Germany, also with many internationally an activity which has afforded him just that friendship and gratitude. known personalities. In addition to being a W.R. opportunity which seems to be most congenial to sociologist of high standing, he has always been him: the assessment of England's intellectual, deeply engaged in intellectual and literary life. Adviser and Friend artistic and literary life in our time, from new and developed many friendships with outstanding books and plays to philosophical trends, and from men such as Emst Robert Curtius. Apart from Dear Octogenarian. the emergence of new formative artists to educa­ his innumerable essays and brilliant reviews in tional matters. He is also a correspondent of the As one of your many friends I am delighted German and English periodicals, he is. to mention to have the opportunity—offered to me by the periodical Merkur, oi the leading German musi­ only two things, the translator of John Maynard cal journal. Melos, of the Handelshlatt. Stuttgart, Keynes, and the author of a biographical sketch Editor—to tell you in public how much we all and a contributor to Encounter. like and admire you. and wish you many more of Albert Ballin, which appeared in Year Book years to carry out your work as a distinguished Writing is no easy task for Fritz Walter. In III of the Leo Baeck Institute. member of our community. It is no exaggeration these days of frightful deterioration of the Ger­ to say that 1 have seldom known a man like you man language, the dismal legacy of the Nazi who at the very moment one meets him impresses period, only the highest standard satisfies him in Board Member of one by his complete truthfulness and amiability. his own efforts ; being a perfectionist, and rightly Your friendly eyes, your upright bearing and the so. he is unable to just dash off his reports, but Leo Baeck Institute way you devote your wholehearted attention to takes tremendous trouble over every line he other people's interests, draw strangers and col­ writes. These exacting demands he makes on After his emigration to England. Rosenbaum leagues, acquaintances and friends. himself have unfortunately limited the volume of was for 20 years librarian at the London School his own original work. He has published only of Economics. His interest in Jewish affairs never After you lost your fortune and your high two novels. "Kassandra (Allert de Lange, Amster­ ceased. He is a member of the Board of the social position in Germany you have succeeded dam, 1939, re-issued by Schwingen-Veriag. Kuf- Wiener Library and active with the Friends of the in building up a new life in this country. In stein-Vienna. 1951) and Tobias (Allert de Lange. Hebrew University. Most important of all for this your course you have made many new friends 1940. and Ernst Staneck, Beriin, 1952). He edited writer, he has been an untiring and indispensable who. together with your old friends, are happy Selections from Thomas Mann, with Introduction member of the London Board of the Leo Baeck to know that yoi^ are happy and that you are and Notes, for Macmillans, London, in 1948, and Institute from its very beginning in 1954. and a satisfied with your achievements. translated for Rowohlt Maurice Burton's famous reliable contributor to its Year Book. Deeply Kindheit der Tiere and Siegfried Kracauer's Von aware of the need for objective research into May you remain the man of youthful fortitude Caligari bis Hitler (1957 and 1958), Jewish relationships, he places his experience and and the good adviser and friend in the best of his help at the disposal of the institutions men­ health up to a hundred and twenty! Fritz Walter prefers a quiet life to the hurly- tioned above. Yours. burly of the literary clique. He likes to relax by H. HERZOG. doing a spot of cooking in his Hampstead flat, Wherever he co-operates, he rapidly wins all by permission of his charming wife, Ilia Walter. hearts by his particular personal charm. For The small group of personal friends, in England Rosenbaum is not only a writer and a friend of We require from September 1 onwards o and Germany, who admire and respect this gentle, the muses, he is also an unsurpassable conver­ cultured man with his great sense of humour, wish sationalist with a fabulous memory : he n never him all happiness and good fortune on his at a loss in finding suitable quotations from KINDERGARTEN TEACHER anniversary. several national literatures, and he relates on end (WITH DIPLOMA) EGON LARSEN. anecdotes of events which may date back several Quolificotions : decades as though they had happened yesterday. So the man of 75—and the readers of this joumal 1. Command of German Language. —must forgive me if I did not comply with his request to be ignored and if I tried to give 2. Strict Religious Observance. extenuating reasons why I and many other friends 3. Completed Pedagogical Training. rejoice in this opportunity of assuring him of our Wir kaulen Einzelwerke, Bibliotheken, love and gratitude and oiTering him and his gentle Experienced Candidates should apply (with Autographen und moderne Graphik lady, together with their children, our sincere references) to : Direktor: Cr. Joseph Suschitzky wishes for the future. Israelitische Kultusvereinigung, 38o BOUNDARY RD., LONDON, N.W.8 Hospitolstr. 36, Stuttgart. - .Telephone; MAI. 3030== (^ ROBERT WELTSCH. .t>^m^««,.mt,..^s,,««m^,.^.>...m^^ MM iiasiiajH.**

Page 8 AJR INFORMATION July, 1962

and which, although Orthodox at the outset, could not but undermine Jewish traditionaliMn. "BLAU-WEISS" MEETING IN NAHARIYA The advocates of Jewish re-education, in their endeavour to lead the Jew out of the ghetto into It was a bewildering, memorable and somewhat patible with those of life the older they grew, the mainstream of European civilisation, used, melancholy week-end in Nahariya. From all over especially when they married and founded perhaps paradoxically, the Hebrew language as Israel as well as from more distant parts of the families. the instrument of this process of Jewish self- world over 100 former members of the " Blau- At least in a formal sense the end came in 1925. emancipation. The resultant literature propagated Weiss " met for the SOth anniversary of the Individually, the members of the " Blau-Weiss " a civilising mission nurtured by the Enlightenment foundation of that erstwhile youth movement. were formed and moulded by the experiences of and it tried to inculcate a love of " Beauty ", an In 1921 men like Felix Rosenbliith (now Pinhas the " Bund." The camp fires continued to burn appreciation of the arts. For this humanistic Rosen), Martin Buber and Moses Calvary laid in their souls and the old songs were never for­ effort the writers used the Hebrew of the Bible, the foundation of a " JUdische Wandergemein- gotten. In Israel the former " Blau-Weiss" biblical Hebrew alone being regarded by them as schaft ' Wandern ' ", this was a move towards a members are in positions of resfwusibility ; they truly beautiful. Thus the first basis of Modern greater approximation to nature—a counterweight include generals and diplomats, bankers and Hebrew Literature was laid in Germany, with the to urbanisation and to " sterile intellectualism "— peasants. exception of a prose which for a long time con­ in a Jewish communal spirit. Of course, the ideals Seven brief speeches at the week-end meeting in tinued to be written in the old Hebrew style. To were part and parcel of the German " Wander­ Nahariya took stock of the past and present. an examination of the considerable body of vogel ". Most touching were the many unexpected literature created during a few decades the second After , certain anti-Jewish tenden­ encounters—people who had not seen each other part of Dr. Gertner's lecture was dedicated, in cies in the German Jugendbewegung led to a for decades suddenly discovered that once they which he dwelt in some detail on the works of greater emphasis on Jewish nationalism on the had been in the same " Zug " and together " auf Mendelssohn and Wessely. His erudite and part of the " Blau-Weiss ", which in 1919 found grosser Fahrt"—and they came together again fascinating address was greatly appreciated by his its expression in the " Nationaljiidischer Jugend- and sang the songs of their youth, some with audience. tag" in Berlin. Dr. Walter Moses became the tears in their eyes. . . . A.P. representative, the head, the formulator and HERBERT FREEDEN (Jemsalem). leader of the movement which, tired of " old " Europe and of the society of the generation of A REMARKABLE SUCCESS STORY their parents, grew more and more anti-bourgeois. CRADLE OF MODERN HEBREW A success story of an industrial enterprise is " Kluft " and " Klampfen " were two symbols of related in the June issue of the " Toy Trader". their revolutionary romanticism, which foiind Leo Baeck Institute Lecture Announcing the foundation of a new company. expression in the choice of their songs—a daring Dunbee-Combex Ltd., to be floated shortly on the mixture of German " Landsknechts- und Fahrende The third series of lectures given under thc Stock Exchange, the article recalls that the Parent Gesellen " music, with " Dort wo die Zeder ..." auspices of the Society of Friends of the Leo Company, Dunbee Limited, was incorporated in and the Hebrew " Po be'aretz Chemdath awoth ". Baeck Institute ended on May 17th with an 1946 by two young men, Mr. R. Beecham (son of In 1922. at the Bundestag of Prunn, near Ingol- address by Dr. Meir Gertner on " Die hebraische Mr. Simon Bischheim of Frankfurt a/M) and Mr. stadt, the movement assumed certain undemocratic Literatur in Deutschland zu Beginn der Auf­ B. S. Feldman in one room with a capital of £500 forms: the leadership could not be elected anew klarung ". each which they had borrowed from their but remained undismissable. Everyone who took It is not generally known, even by German respective parents. Today, the joumal writes, the oath, " Ich gelobe Treue dem Bunde und Jews, that the rebirth of Modem Hebrew litera­ " Combex with their factory at Peterborough pro­ seinen Gestzen", and was decorated with the ture took place not in Eastern Europe, which had duce probably the largest range of nursery toys in " Blau-Weiss Nadel ", no longer had a free choice become the main centre of Jewish life and culture, the United Kingdom." To keep up with the as to his profession, career, even domicile-—the but in eighteenth-century Germany, although many increased demand large extensions to the existing Bund decided where and what his place was. of its proponents were actually of Eastern Euro­ factory, new machines and new moulds are at This was, of course, the root of its final dis­ pean origin. present being installed and call for a capital ruption : some groups went to Palestine as early A threefold intellectual revolution stimulated expenditure in the region of £100,000. as 1920 and there founded the "Blau-Weiss this development: a critical revaluation of The three-page illustrated article describes in Werkstatten ". But conflicts with the Histadruth Talmudic studies which prepared the Jew for great detail the range of articles produced by the and claims of leadership which were not heeded European thinking; the revolt against pure firm, the modem manufacturing processes, and by the Yishuv led to disappointments and failure. Talmudism—the Chassidic movement; and above the marketing arrangements for home and overseas In the meantime the " Blau-Weiss" members in all the Mendelssohn reform movement which consumption. The paper quotes Combex as " one Germany found the demands of the Bund incom­ proclaimed that the Jew must become a European of our most progressive toy manufacturers ".

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AJR INFORMA'nON July, 1962 Page 9

•' Untermenschen und Juden" acceptable to the LETTERS TO THE EDITOR soldiers. ll may be understandable that Hilberg com­ RESISTANCE UNDER THE NAZIS Communists) did not put up an organised wide­ mitted his error of judgment for the reason men­ spread resistance, this shows that the Nazi terror tioned above. It is difficult to understand that Dear Sir, was much too strong to make such resistance an historian of the standing of Trevor-Roper who I should like to make some comments on H. G. possible. To expect such a movement from the is fully conversant with Ihe history of the Third Reissner's article on Jewish Resistance in your German Jews is wrong altogether. Reich follows this trend of thought. June issue. Your, etc.. First of all, lel me state that /, too, consider Let me add that in Austria, loo, no active Hilberg's book as an outstanding scholarly resistance was put up by the anti-Nazi minority, E. SCHAEFER. although this minority had created large govern­ 61 Wood Lane, achievement. Even so, I, too, ihink that his ment-sponsored organisations under the Schusch­ treaimeni of the Jewish resistance is not up to nigg regime. Even in the CS.R. there were only Highgaie, London, N.6. the general standard of the work. Reissner is individual—/'/ heroic—acts of resistance. The mass quite right when he feels that this is due to the of the Czech people, including those who had THE STOR'Y OF PETER CRONHEIM fact ihat Hilberg is too young to have retained served in the army, remained passive, it is true sufficient personal memory of the years of perse­ Ihat the Czech people were of a bourgeois Sir, cution. mentality. As few as German Jewry is concerned, it has May I be permitted to correct your reviewer to be kept in mind that Ihe German Jews did Tlie national character of the Yugoslav people, of my " Story of Peter Cronheim " on one point ? not constitute anything like a national, minority. in particular the Serbs proper, was a different Mr. Larsen writes, " This English practice {of In spite of iheir communal and other organisa­ one. Furthermore, Ihe geography of the country election " knocking up ") was, of course, unknown tions, they were just individuals dispersed among favoured partisan warfare. in Weimar Germany." Although my book is in the German people. This includes even the Jewish resistance in Soviel Russia must not be no sense autobiographical, it so happens that I Jewish communities in Berlin, Frankfurt, Breslau over-rated. In my capacity as a translator during did in fact go on just such a " knocking-up" and other large towns. Even in these large cities the Nuremberg trials I was particularly concerned operation at the last election in which the the Jews did not form a " voelkische" or with German documents dealing with the partisans. " Staatsparlei " figured. 1 can't be certain of the " volksaehnliche geschlossene Minderheil". The Actually, the Jewish element of the partisans was precise date now, I know that I was quite young: majority of the German Jews had a " buerger­ small. Those Jews who managed to flee, hiding in fact il may well have been in 1932. liche " mentality. Only a minority was politically in the woods and swamps, were by the nature of At the same time, I do apologise for leaving active. things absorbed by the Russian partisan units out thc Social Democrats! Thank you for For those of us who experienced the years of operating in the districts concerned. The docu­ reminding me. The only excuse I can offer is persecution in Germany—•/, for one. emigrated ments show, however, that the number of Jewish that I was writing a book of fiction for children as late as May. 1939—the idea of a Jewish partisans actually encountered and captured by the German army and Ihe " Einsatzgruppen " was and not a social history for adults. active, organised and militant resistance is incon­ Yours, etc., ceivable. If the German people, including all negligible. It was just the official Nazi propa­ those who were anti-Nazis in their hearts, ganda which stressed rhe " Jewish " character of ^ KENNETH AMBROSE. "Reichsbanner Schwarz—Rot—Gold", and the Bolshevism in their pronouncements in order to 3 Priory Park, organised working population (Socialists and make the ruthless measures of annihilation of Blackliealh. London, S.E.3.

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Page 10 AJR INFORMATION July, 1962

DUTCH WOMAN WHO SAVED THOUSANDS The story of Mrs. G. Wisjmuller. the MAX BROD ON MAHLER courageous Dutch woman who saved thousands of Jewish children from Nazi persecution, has During the "Berliner Festwochen I960", which dismissed as sheer '' wishful thinking " for which now been written in book form.* coincided with the Mahler centenary. Max Brod not the slightest proof appears to exist. But what Before 1933, Mrs. Wisjmuller was engaged delivered an address which is now available in about Brod's theory ? He admits that Mahler is mainly in relieving the suffering of persons with print.* He can draw on his own experiences of unlikely to have known any Chassidic tunes. poliomyelitis and T.B., old and needy people, Mahler's conducting and he even had a personal What he did know were the songs of his invalids, and sick mothers with children. From encounter with the composer which, however, Moravian homeland, and the link between 1933 onwards Jewish refugees in Holland began came to an abrupt end through the young writer's Slavonic and Eastern-Jewish music has been to claim her attention. She aided the Dutch- shyness. well-established—and so has Mahler's indebted­ Jewish Committee's efforts on behalf of refugees Though primarily a poet and writer, Brod is ness to the musical impressions of his childhood! from Germany and helped rescue work in also responsible for a number of compositions, It is absolutely essential that questions of this Germany where, as a non-Jewess, she could move and this dual capacity results in a visionary tyf)e are at last put on a sound methodical about with greater freedom. approach to Mahler's art which must be welcomed basis ; we all know where the opposite leads to ! In December, 1938, the Jewish Refugee Com­ as thoroughly appropriate since it has much in It is not sugegsted that " irrational " factors have mittee in Amsterdam asked her to obtain per­ common with Mahler's own mentality. It is this to be excluded—they may indeed be part of the mission from Adolf Eichmann for 10.000 Jewish " Wahlverwandtschaft" which gives Brod's picture. But a strict line must be drawn between children to leave Germany and Austria. The address its special vahdity. fact and vision. In giving the latter its due, children were admitted to England. She went to After drawing an enthusiastic portrait of we may accept, in Mahler's case, a connection see Eichmann in Vienna, obtained his permission, Mahler's personality, and after probing into some between that tension which was part of his Jewish and then organised their passage to Britain via features of his work, Brod devotes the final part heritage and face, and its possible reflections in Holland. For the next year she worked frantic­ of his speech—and the epilogue which he has his art, always allowing for the impact of the ally to find a haven for the refugees and to ferry added to the book—to the question of Mahler's general tensions generated by the cultural climate them through Europe. of the period. Jewishness. He discusses Mahler's conversion Her last group of German-Jewish orphans was and admits that Mahler, although always aware These cautionary observations had to be made; taken through Holland after the German invasion of his origin and its consequences, did not con­ they are not intended to minimise the merits of had begun, and boarded the ship for England sciously embody anything Jewish in his music. Brod's fine tribute to Mahler. Yet he claims that Mahler can only be fully minutes before the Dutch Army capitulated. Mrs. understood if a subconscious element of Jewish­ H. W. FREYHAN. Wisjmuller remained in occupied Holland to do ness is accepted as an essential factor in his art, what she could to help. and that this element explains some of the ten­ BRUNO WALTER'S LAST RESTING PLACE At the age of 65 Mrs. Wisjmuller is as active as sions and contrasts in which his music abounds. ever. She is a member of the Amsterdam Munici­ Broci refers to an article which he published in The ashes of Bruno Walter were interred at pality, serves on the Board of the Anne Frank the periodical Der Jude in 1915, in which he tried the Sant Abondio-Gentilino cemetery above House, and works for Ort. The proceeds of " No to establish a link between Mahler's frequent use Lugano. The late conductor had spent the first Time for Tears " are earmarked for Ort in Israel. of march rhythms and a similar tendency in time after his emigration in that quiet village • No Time for Tears (Gcen tiid voor tranen). Written by L. C. Vrooland as related by Mrs. G. Wijsmuller-Meyer. Chassidic songs. It is interesting to note that and, 23 years ago, acquired three plots in its Amsterdam. Van Kempen, 1961. a German musicologist later used Brod's thesis in cemetery. His daughter, Gretel, and his wife support of the claim that Mahler's music was were put to rest there in 1939 and 1945 respec­ OBITUARY "alien" to the German spirit. As late as 1949, tively. Those who attended the ceremony RABBI DR. A. POSNER H. J. Moser repeats : " Insgesamt gehoert Mahler included his daughter, Lotte Lindt-Walter (Los zu jenen scharfprofilierten Hospitanten der Angeles), with her husband ; Professor Stresemann. Rabbi Dr. Arthur Posner died in Israel at the deutschen Musik. die selbst in dieser Zugehoerig­ a son of Gustav Stresemann, as representative of age of 71 years. He was born in Samter and, prior keit nur mehr eine Durchgangsstation zu anderen the Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra ; Professor to his emigration in 1933, officiated as the Rabbi Zielen erblickt haben ". While the first part of Strasser as representative of the Vienna Philhar­ of the community of Kiel. In Israel he held various this statement presents the writer's private opinion, monic Orchestra, and the pianist Wilhelm Back­ positions as a librarian. He was particularly the reference to Mahler's own view must be haus. Wreaths were sent by the City of Berlin interested in the history of the Jewish communi­ and by the family of Thomas Mann, among others. ties in the Province of Poznan. and his works * Max Brod : GnslaT Mahler. Beispiel einer deutscb- include most important monographs on the com­ Jiidiachen SjmbloM. Ner Tamid Verlas. Frankfurt a.M. Thc memorial address was delivered by the DM. 2.80. Protestant Pastor Meyer, of . munities of Czarnikau. Gnesen and Rawitsch.

FAMILY EVENTS Consecration of Memorial Stone REFUGEE, B.Sc. (Chemistry), , COMFORTABLE ROOM, h/c basin. 23, experienced in plastic raw Full Board. Close Tube, North Birth Wollheim.—The memorial stone in materials and plastic moulded articles, Finchley. HIL. 1583 loving memory of my beloved hus­ Leavor (Librowicz).—A son to Rudi seeks position, preferably as analyst, Miscellaneous band, the late Eduard Wollheim, will production chemist, works chemist. and Marianne In^e Bright) Leavor, be consecrated at the Liberal Jewish FOR SALE—Rosenthal Maria with Jonathan Nigel, born June 16th, a Would consider any work related to Gold dinner and tea service; cut-glass Cemetery, Pound Lane. Willesden, on chemistry. Box 992. brother for Anthony.—76 Heaton Sunday, 15th July at 11 a.m.—Mrs. tumblers, wine glasses, dishes and Park Drive, Bradford 9, Yorks. J. Eduard Wollheim. 10 Regal Way. MAN of 41 requires part-time job plates complete with silver cutlery, Harrow. Middlesex. connected with electrical or electronic all for 12 persons. Telephone SWIss Birthday work. Box 993. Cottage 4181. Baer.—Dr. Emil Baer (formerly Heil­ BOOKKEEPER, experienced, good WANTED TO BUY Continental bronn a/N.), of 252 Willesden Lane. CLASSIFIED references, seeks part-time work. couch with storage for bedding. Good London, N.W.2. will be 80 on Box 994. price paid. Telephone PROspect July 12th. Situations Wanted 9892. Nathanson.—Mr. Julius Nathanson, Men Women LADY PASSENGER, middle-aged, formerly London (" Zenith Tailors "), wanted by Lady Driver leaving Lon­ of Rolandstr, 5, Osnabrueck, W. MAN of 66, formerly own business SHORTHAND-TYPIST, experienced, don, August 21st. Car Ferry Dover/ Germany, will celebrate his 80th in shoe and leather trade, wants part- references, seeks part-time or home­ Ostend, Cologne to Luceme, retum birthday on 5th July. time or light full-time work as work. Also copy typing considered. Lake Constance, Luxembourg, Ostend/ packer, also for handcutting, Box 995. Dover, end September, All car Deaths assembling, addressing, filing or as EXPERIENCED SHORTHAND- expenses to be shared equally. Pas­ Franlcel.—Mrs, Lena Frankel (for­ messenger. Box 988, TYPIST, English/German, office senger to pay all other own expenses. merly Nuremberg), of 17 Marlands routine, seeks part-time position. Box Replies either for outward and MECHANICAL ENGINEER. 65. 987. inward trip or separate trips. Previous Road, Ilford, passed away after a good health, experience with steam long illness on 14th June. Deeply BILINGUAL SECRETARY personal discussion in or near London generators, pressure vessels, piping, desired. Box 997. moumed by her daughter, son, refrigeration plants (industrial), pump­ (English/German), many years' relatives and friends. ing plants, seeks post in drawing experience as Personal Assistant, Personal Mayer.—Mrs. Berta Mayer passed office, or tendering or drawing office recjuires senior position of responsi­ REFINED WIDOW of good family, away in Sao Paulo in her 91st year clerical post. Knowledge of English. bility and trust. Box 996. mid-sixties, would like to meet refined gentleman object matrimony. Box on May 26th. Deeply nriourned by German. Italian. Hungarian, some Accommodation Vacant her children. Dr. E. Kahn and Mrs. French. Considered also, technical 32673, Urbach International Advertis­ Susi Kunreuther, her daughter-in-law, translations and commercial corre­ HIGHGATE. Very nice accommoda­ ing Ltd., 23 Lyndhurst Road, London, her grandchildren, great-grandchil­ spondence. Box 989. tion offered to visitors to London. N.W.3. dren and other relatives. 58 Eton MOU. 5339. Road, Orpington. Kent. AGENT, with good connections with general wholesale and retail trades, COMPAYNE GARDENS. Three LUGGAGE REPAIRS Schendel.—Mrs. Sofie Schendel, 4 wants suitable agencies. Own car. rooms furnished or partly furnished Large selection of all types of travel goods, of four-roomed self-contained second especiallv Air Travel Cases. Chessington Avenue, London. N.3 Box 990. All travel goods repaired. (formerly Ichenhausen), passed away floor comfortable flat. Use of Old trunks and cases bought. on May 19th. Deeply moumed by PACKER/ASSEMBLER, 53, no garden. To be shared with elderly FAIRFIELD & FUCHS her daughters, Erika and Gerda. and heavy lifting (slightly disabled), seeks lady. Suitable for one or two elderly 210 West End Lane. N.W.6 her son Hans. Ramatavim, Israel, and full-time work ; also other light work ladies or couple. MAI. 0476 (morn­ 'Phone HAMpstead 2602 four grandchildren. considered. Box 991. ings or after 6 p.m. or week-ends). AJR INFORMATION July, 1962 Page 11

regard to the relationship between the Jews in the Diaspora and the State of Israel. One of the AJR GENERAL MEETING questions with which we were faced was whether tJie State of Israel could and should be a State The first thoughts at this year's General Meet­ constituent, has continued to act as the spokes­ like other States—" States do not exist for ever," ing, held on May 28, were dedicated to the man of our community. the speaker said—or whether it had to be based memory of the AJR's founder-member and Turning to financial questions, the speaker stated on specific spiritual values. He reminded the former General Secretary, Dr. Kurt Alexander, that the total expenditure in 1961 had amounted to audience that in various epochs of our history who had passed away suddenly in New York on £10,800, of which £7,900 was covered by contri­ the encounter between Jews and great civilisations February 18. In his memorial address Mr. H. butions and donations. The expenditure was bound had resulted in a high cultural productivity. Reichmann, Chairman of the AJR, recalled that to rise in 1962, especially due to the expansion of It is not the object of these few quotations from the whole life of Kurt Alexander had been the administrative work for the Homes, and to the Dr. Weltsch's talk to convey to the reader the designed by his love for German Jewry. He increased production and dispatch costs for AJR full impact of his address. Those who were had served this community from his student days Information. It was, therefore, highly essential present at the meeting were made aware anew onwards as a courageous fighter, an able negotiator to increase the income from contributions. When­ that many things which they had taken for and an outstanding speaker. In this country he ever possible members should help in this respect, granted were more difficult than they had had a decisive part not only in building up the especially by voluntary adjustments of their sub­ assumed, and also those who did not agree with AJR but also in the foundation of URO and scriptions, by payments under Covenant to the some of Robert Weltsch's statements were deeply the Council of Jews from Germany. Two other AJR Charitable Trust, and by approaching for impressed by his challenge. founder-members of the AJR with whom he had membership those of their friends who are not yet co-operated had also passed away during the past members of the AJR. year, Mr. A. Schover. the AJR's flrst Chairman, The report was followed by the election of the " SALE OF WORK " AT LEO BAECK HOUSE and Dr. F. R. Bienenfeld. Hon. Officers. The Executive, including Mr. H. A very well attended "Sale of Work" took Reichmann as the Chairman, was re-elected as place at Leo Baeck House on June 17. Various Site for Flatlet Home Acquired listed in the April issue of AJR Information. In kinds of handicraft work, made by the residents, addition to the re-elected previous members of were on show and greatly admired by the visitors. In his summary of the AJR's activities Mr, W. the Board, the following new Board members The proceeds of the sale to which several firms Rosenstock, General Secretary of the AJR, were elected: Mr. R. J. Friedmann, Rabbi J. had also contributed will be used for the Amenity reported that the year under review was marked Kokotek, Dr. Julius Loeb. Mr. Perez Mosbacher Fund of the Home. by a decisive achievement. After many strenu­ and Dr. Valerie Wills. ous efforts it had at last become possible to acquire a suitable site for the erection of a flatlet home Address by Robert Weltsch FELLOWSHIPS OF LEO BAECK INSTITUTE for elderly people with limited means. The property is situated in Highgate and will be jointly The second part of the meeting was devoted The Leo Baeck Institute, which has acquired a owned by the Central British Fund and the AJR. to a talk by Dr. Robert Weltsch on "Juedische large building housing its library and archives at The building will consist of self-contained one- Existenz—heute ". His talk covered a wide range 129 East 73rd Street, New York 21, N.Y., is room and two-room flats. While everything will of questions arising out of the past spiritual dedicated to the promotion of scholarly research be done to speed up the building work, it will developments and the present situation. The and publications concerning the history of Unavoidably take some time until the various paramount feature of the address was the courage German-speaking Jewry in modern times. preparatory stages have been passed. and sincerity with which the speaker queried views, the correctness of which is only too easily In expanding its programme, the Board of The fourth Old Age Home (Heinrich Stahl taken for granted. The aim of thinkers and Directors has decided to appoint a number of House) and a Home for people who need more politicians of the nineteenth century, he said, had scholars doing research in this field as Fellows of than the usual care and attention (Osmond House) been the " normalisation" of the Jewish people, the Institute. So far the following have been will be completed in the autumn. be it by emancipation in their countries of resi­ appointed : Professor Felix Gilbert, Bryn Mawr dence or by the creation of a Jewish national College; Professor N. N. Glatzer, Brandeis The speaker also referred to the activities of University : Dr. Ernest Hamburger, New York Ihe Social Services Department, the AJR Employ­ home. These two objects have been achieved. City; Professor Erich Kahler, Princeton, N.J.; ment Agencv (annually licensed by the L.C.C.). Yet the Jewish problem has not been solved but Dr. Franz Kobler, Berkeley, California ; Professor the AJR Club and the publication of AJR only changed its complexion. Though, in the pro­ Hans Kohn, City College of New York ; Professor Information. In the course of the past year many cess of secularisation, Jews had ceased to be a Guy Stern, Denison University ; Dr. Selma Stern- of our friends have benefited from the repayment group united by a common religious belief, they Taeubler, Basel/Switzerland; Professor Bemard of taxes for compensation payments by virtue of were considered as different by their environment. Weinryb. Dropsie College. the exemption clause of the Finance Act, 1961, They did not realise that Gentiles did not see which was the result of efforts in which the them in the same way in which they were inclined The Board of Directors plans to continue to AJR had taken a decisive part. In the field of to see themselves, but as a distinct entity. The appoint new fellows and to make fellowship restitution and compensation the Council of Jews creation of the Jewish State had also resulted in grants in support of worthy research projects in from Germany, of which the AJR is the British the creation of new problems, especially with its field of study.

Catering with a difference SEVEN SEAS SERVICES Poods Of air nations for formal or Infor- 'THE HOUSE ON THE HILL' Proprietor ; Miss 1. Kaiser "HOUSE ARLET" rriai Occasions—in your own home or any now at 62 Queen's Grove. London, N.W.S 77 St. Gabriel's Road, N.W.2 "enue. Function hall available in Criclcle­ Specialising in reservations at personally wood. Free consultations—please telephone Nursery and Kindergarten 'Phone : GLA. 4029 inspected Continental Hotels. All Travel visitors to London are welcomed In my arranged by Air, Rail. Road. Tours— exquisitely furnished and cultured Private Sightseeing Trips in and around London, Hotel. Mrs. ILLY LIEBERMANN 5 NETHERHALL GARDENS, N.W.3 Theatre Tickets. Individual attention. Central Heating. Garden, TV. Good residential district. WESlern 2872 or HAMpstead 7724 Prospectus from the Principal. HAM. 1662 Please call, or 'phone PRImrose 7472 MRS. LOTTE SCHWARZ

HARROGATE Do you wont comfort and | Private party- every convenience, | THE DORICE FIRST-CLASS ACCOMMODATION OAKBRAE GUEST HOUSE Continental Cuisine—Licensed catering room with own bath, excellent Contln«nt«l For your next important food. TV. lounoe. gardens 7 i Mrs. M. Eger 3 Springfield Avenue 169a Finchley Rd., N.W.S Mrs. A. WOLFF, Opposite Majestic Hotel. Few minutes occasion consult : (MAI. 6301) 3 Hemstol Road. N.W.6 from Royal Baths. PARTIES CATERED FOR Mrs. F. Mandl (MAI. 8521) BED AND BREAKFAST 'Phone : 67682 PAD. 2593 The Exclusive Solon de Corseterie BOOK NOW for your Picardy Hotel Mme H. LIEBERG "THE CONTINENTAL" 9 Church Rood, Soufhbourne HOLIDAY LICENSED 871 FINCHLEY ROAD at (Next to the Post Office. Golders Green) BOURNEMOUTH Meyrick Rood, East Cliff, 'Phone : SPEedwell 8673 SIMAR HOUSE BOURNEMOUTH Ready-made and to measure- 'Phone : Bournemouth 48804 Facing sea ; lounges and dining- The well-known Private 'Phone 20751/3 EXPERT AND QUALIFIED FITTERS room (seat 30). TV; part central Continental Hotel 2 minutes beach, town, and amusements. heated ; free car park ; large 54 bedrooms, central heating, lift. 2 TV 10/12 Herbert Rood, COMFORTAIR lounges, card and reading lounge. HEATING CONTRACTORS garden. Bournemouth West DINING/BALLROOM seating ISO (Incorporating West Heath Rctrlgcratlon Service) Renowned cuisine. Dance bond Two minutes' bus ride to sea-front INFORMAL DANCES ENGLISH & CONTINENTAL CUISINE CENTRAL HEATING AND for Festivals and season. DIETS on request OWN LOCK-UP GARAGES DOMESTIC ENGINEERING PERMANENTS WELCOME Mrs. MARGOT SMITH BOOK EARLY FOR YOUR SUMMER 14 WEST HEATH DRIVE, LONDON, N.W.II HOLIDAYS. 'Phone : SPE. 0615. Also at 'Phone: Westbourne 64176 197 Chartridga Lane. Chesham. Bucks. Mr. & Mrs. H. Schreiber Page 12 AJR INFORMATION July, 1962

Diaspora are likely to disappear within the next AUSCHWITZ DIARY DISCOVERED few years as a result of large-scale emigration. While welcoming the increased scale of aliya, Mr. Shragai was highly critical of the present Problem of Resistance shortcomings of the Zionist Movement in a number of countries. In some countries ^"^^^ A diary kept by a Jewish inmate of Auschwitz believe that they might yet avoid extermination— Jews had been forced to leave they had not has been discovered. Like several other diaries an illusion that could be fostered in the complete chosen to go to Israel. , recently discovered it was written by a member isolation in which the Jews were kept; and Most Algerian Jews, for example, had of the Sonderkommando. The Sonderkommandos secondly, the very close attachment among Jewish emigrated to France, despite the facilities for their —whose task it was to bury the bodies of their families which prevented the younger and stronger absorption in Israel. The majority of them were fellow-prisoners who were gassed to death—knew elements from undertaking any action that might not very attached to Judaism, but had closer ties that they, too, would be killed, and a number of seal the doom of their parents or little children. with France, Mr. Shragai said. them kept a record of the dreadful events and Yet the last part is the story of preparation While 400 Jews had come to Israel from Cuba, later buried the diaries in the graves which they among the Jews in the Sonderkommando in 4,000 Cuban Jews had emigrated to the Vmteil were forced to dig. Auschwitz to start an uprising together with the States. Similarly, 600 Jews from the Congo had The latest of these diaries to be made public prisoners of the camp. It is clear from the emigrated to Belgium, but only 70 had settled in was written by Zalman Grodowski, who was account that Grodowski himself was among the Israel.—(I.e.) deported with members of his family and other minority who urged that " the great deed" (as Jews to Auschwitz in January 1943. The diary he calls it) should be undertaken without delay. DISCRIMINATION AGAINST INDIAN was unearthed in March 1945 by Soviet Army But others advised caution until there was a JEWS IN ISRAEL ? officers who were excavating the death camp. general rising in occupied Poland and the Red The Central Jewish Board of Bombay has Attached to the diary was a letter in Polish, Army (which was moving nearer to the area) came submitted a memorandum to the President, the Russian, German and French addressed to " who­ closer. Prime Minister and the Minister of Religiom ever finds this document which contains very The diary ends with the entry dated September Affairs of Israel protesting against the alleged important material for the historian". It was 1944: "The day is near. It may happen today discrimination against members of the Bene Israel dated September 4, 1944. or tomorrow. I am writing this in a moment of community in Israel. The Soviet officers sent the diary to the medical the greatest peril and excitement." The memorandum states that the Chief Rab­ museum of the Red Army in Leningrad, where it It is known that in October there was an binate had admitted that this ancient Jewish com­ has remained until now. But a microfilm of it uprising of the inmates in Auschwitz, led by the munity was part of Jewry and the Board was was recently sent to Professor Berl Mark, Director Sonderkommandos, who blew up the crematoria. dismayed to leam that, in the implementation ot of the Jewish Historical Institute in Warsaw, with Zalman Grodowski, the diarist, perished together this decision, the Chief Rabbinate had issued the hope that the diary should be published as a with many others.—(J.C.) directives to the Rabbinic Marriage Registrars to waming to humanity not to allow such things to inquire into the Jewish identity of the parents and happen again. INCREASED IMMIGRATION INTO ISRAEL grandparents of Bene Israel marriage applicants Grodowski devoted his diary not only to a Mr. S. Z. Shragai, head of the Jewish Agency's as far as possible, before issuing licences for description of events and the dreadful conditions Immigration Department, disclosed that more marriage with Jews other than Bene Israel. in the camps, but also to the problem of resist­ immigrants reached the shores of Israel during The Board describes the directives as " a flagrant ance. He explained that there were two main May than at any time during the past few years. reversal of the main decision of the Chief R?"' reasons why the Jews herded in the transit camp Although the numbers of immigrants and their binate" and "a breach in the equity law which before transport to the death camp did not rise countries of origin are being kept secret, it is should be applied without distinction and dis­ up : first, German perfidy in making the victims learnt that two large Jewish communities in the crimination ".—(I.e.)

PHOTOCOPIES BRASSIERES, CORSETS, NORBERT COHN QUICK and RELIABLE HIGHEST PRICES paid for AND CORSELETS F.B.O.A. (Hons.). D.Orth. Ladies' ond Gentlemen's cast-off All m ode to measur* GOLDERSTAT Clothing, Suitcases, Trunks, etc. OPHTHALMIC OPTICIAN 25, Downham Rood, N.l (Ladies' large sizes preferred! MRS. A. MAYER 'Phone : CLIssold 5464 (5 lines) 20 Northways Parade, Finchley Road, WE GO ANYWHERE, ANV TIME 'Phone No.: SPE. 1451 Swiss Cottage, N.W.B 54, Golders Gardens, N.W.II 'Phone : PRImrose 9660 'Phone : SPEedwell 5643 S. DIENSTAG (HAMpstead 0748) JEWISH BOOKS A. OTTE]^ F.B.O.A (Hons.) of oil kinds, new and second-hand. M. GLASER Whole Libraries and Single Volumes OPHTHALMIC OPTICIAN PRACTICAL UPHOLSTERER bought. Taleisim. Bookbinding. All Re-Upholstery, Carpets, PARIS_= M. SULZBACHER Furniture Repairs, French Polishing UP TO 40% EXPORT JEWISH & HEBREW BOOKS (also purchase) Tol.: 118 FINCHLEY ROAD WILL BE DONE TO YOUR SATISFACTION DISCOUNT 4 Sneath Avenue, Golders Green Rd., HAMpstead OPPOSITE JOHN BARNES 8i London, N.W. 11. Tel.: SPE. 1694 Phone : HAMpstead S601 or call at even on fixed official retail prices 8336 FINCHIEY ROAD MET. STN. 432 FINCHLEY ROAD (Child's HIII). N.W.2 if paid with Travellers' Cheques. ALL FAMOUS PERFUMES, EAUX DEUTSCHE BUECHER M. FISCHLER DE COLOGNE, COSMETICS, RABENSTEIIK Ltd. INTERIORS TOILET REQUISITES, GIFTS, etc. GESUCHT ! (Previously M. Fischler, Kosher Butchers, Poulterers Continental Upholstery) R. & E. STEINER (BOOKS) ANNOUNCING THE OPENING OF A PARFUMERIE des PRINCES COMPLETE HOUSE FURNISHING SERVICE S GARSON HOUSE. and Come to us for your Carpets, Curtains, (MANAGER : MR. B. BERLOWITZ) GLOUCESTER TERRACE. LONDON. W2 and Upholstered Furniture. 10 PASSAGE des PRINCES 'Phone: AMBassador 1564 Sausage Manufacturers 17 Wolm Lone, N.W.2 Ausgewaehites Laser seltener und (Entrance : 5 Bis, Boulevard des Italiens. 'Phone: WIL. 0762: evenings EDG. 5411 vergriffener Buecher. UnJer tlu supervision of thr Beth Din near Opera), PARIS, 2e Metro : RIchelleu-Drouot Wholesalers and Retailers SHOE REPAIRS 'Phone : Richelieu 04-7S R P f. (ELECTRICAL • Tn . Ol VJ. INSTALLATIONS) L I U. of first-class RICH'S SHOE REPAIR SERVICE (Incorporating Reissner & Goldberg) Continental Sausages (formerly REICH) now at ELECTRICAL CONTRACTORS 133. HAMILTON RD.. N.W.ll ITHE WEDDING CUTLERY} 199b Belsize Rood, N.W.6 Daily Deliveries (2 minutes Brent Station) GIFT AGENCY MAI. 2646 We collect and deliver i V. SULZBACHER | Before 8.30 a.m. and after 7 p.m. 5, Fairhazel Gardens, N.W.6 GLA. 1322, MAI. 0359 •Phone: MAI. 3224 and MAI. 9236 'Phone: SPE. 7463; HAM. 1037 [SOLVES YOUR GIFT PROBLEM] : You tell us your "limit," we send the: : appropriate cutlery. Her other friends do ; : likevvise. Result—the Bride receives her: H.WOORTMAN&SON : cutlery of one design. : ThewiGMORE LAUNDRYitd. ISo convenient for you—so nice for| 8 Baynes Mews, Hampstead, N.W.3 j the bride. : 'Phone : HAMpstead 3974 CONTINENTAL LAUNDRY SPECIAUSTS i ATTRACTIVE PRICES § Continentol Builder and Decorator Most London Districts Served I 'Phone : SPE. 0099 | i MORNINGS (NOT SATS.) MONDAY EVG.: Specialist in Dry Rot Repairs SHE. 4575 brings us by radio : View by appointment: 34 Corringhain Rd..; Write or 'phone the Manager, 24-hour telephone service : London, N.W.11. : ESTIMATES FREE MR. E. HEARN, 1 STRONSA ROAD, LONDON, W.12 lll«llllllllillllllIlllill.ltllllilillllilill>*,lilllliliililiitltllH

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