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A Cognitive Stylistic Analysis of a Selection of Contemporary Egyptian Novels

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DEPARTAMENTO DE FILOLOGÍA INGLESA A COGNITIVE STYLISTIC ANALYSIS OF A SELECTION OF CONTEMPORARY EGYPTIAN NOVELS TESIS DOCTORAL Zakaria Abdelaziz Zakaria Mahmoud Tesis doctoral dirigida por Ana María Fraile Marcos Pedro Álvarez Mosquera UNIVERSIDAD DE SALAMANCA DEPARTAMENTO DE FILOLOGÍA INGLESA A COGNITIVE STYLISTIC ANALYSIS OF A SELECTION OF CONTEMPORARY EGYPTIAN NOVELS TESIS DOCTORAL PRESENTADA POR Zakaria Abdelaziz Zakaria Mahmoud PARA LA OBTENCIÓN DEL GRADO DE DOCTOR Directores Vº Bº Ana Maria Fraile Marcos Pedro Álvarez Mosquera Salamanca 2020 Acknowledgments First of all, I would like to express my gratitude to the Ministry of Higher Education and the Mission Sector in Cairo for providing me with a scholarship to pursue my PhD studies at the University of Salamanca, Spain. This thesis could not have been completed without the help and support from my supervisors Dr. ANA MARÍA FRAILE MARCOS and Dr. PEDRO ÁLVAREZ MOSQUERA. I am truly indebted to them for their constant guidance, invaluable feedback, suggestions, personal attention and endless encouragement during my doctoral years despite their already heavy loads of responsibility. No words can express my thanks to my mother, sisters, brother, cousins and wife for their continuous encouragement. Particular thanks are due to my wife and two daughters (Jana and Mariam) who endured and supported me during the worst of times. All respect is due to the soul of my father who was eager to see me a teaching assistant at the Faculty of Arts, Department of English. This thesis is dedicated to him and my mother. Abstract This thesis offers a comprehensive cognitive stylistic analysis of three contemporary novels by Egyptian writers: Karim Alrawi's (2015) Book of Sands; Khalid Al Khamissi's (2006) Taxi and Naguib Mahfouz's (1985) The Day the Leader Was Killed. It employs two prominent theoretical frameworks which are Text World Theory (Werth, 1999; Gavins, 2007) and Blending Theory (Fauconnier and Turner, 2002). This thesis has three central aims: it shows the way in which Text World Theory helps readers to understand the narrative as a conceptual structure consisting of three conceptual interconnected layers, namely, the discourse-world, text-worlds and sub-worlds. It reveals the important role Blending Theory plays in correctly interpreting sentence-level metaphors and how irony and humor resulting from the clash of incongruous elements inside the metaphoric blends are used to implicitly criticize some dominant political and socio-cultural issues in Egypt. Finally, it illustrates how the combination of Text World Theory and Blending Theory develops a method that enables readers to completely understand the novels on both macro and micro levels. To do this, Text World Theory is selected as a discourse framework for the macro analysis of Book of Sands. Then, Blending Theory is used for a detailed analysis of sentence-level metaphors in Taxi. These analyses reveal that each of the theories tackles particular aspects of the literary text and their combination can lead to a fruitful strategy that introduces a holistic investigation of the selected Egyptian novels and exposes their complexities and intricacies. Therefore, both approaches are integrated in the analysis of The Day the Leader Was Killed. This integration proves to be useful in developing an effective analytical tool that enables readers to fully understand the narrative and uncover the hidden messages and concealed realities of the Egyptian society to both national and international readerships. Keywords: Text World Theory; Blending Theory; Egyptian novels; humor; irony; metaphor; narrative discourse Resumen Esta tesis doctoral ofrece un comprensivo análisis cognitivo de tres novelas egipcias de autores contemporáneos: Book of Sands (2015) de Karim Alrawi; Taxi (2016) de Khalid Al Khamissi y The Day the Leader Was Killed (1985) de Naguib Mahfouz. Mediante la implementación de los marcos teóricos de Text World Theory (Werth, 1999; Gavins, 2007) y Blending Theory (también conocida en español como la teoría de integración conceptual) (Fauconnier and Turner, 2002), esta tesis persigue tres objetivos principales. En primer lugar, demostrar cómo la Text World Theory ayuda al lector a entender la narración como una estructura conceptual constituida por tres capas conceptuales interrelacionadas: the discourse-world, text-worlds y sub-worlds. En segundo lugar, evidenciar el papel fundamental que desempeña la Blending Theory en la correcta interpretación de metáforas a nivel de oración, además de exponer cómo la ironía y el humor que surge de la colisión de elementos incongruentes en estos constructos metafóricos se utilizan para criticar aspectos políticos y socio-culturales presentes en Egipto. Por ultimo, esta tesis busca ilustrar cómo la combinación de la Text World Theory y Blending Theory representa un método efectivo que permite entender las novelas desde niveles micro y macro textuales. Para este fin, se ha seleccionado la Text World Theory como marco discursivo para el macro- análisis de Book of Sands, mientras que la Blending Theory se ha utilizado para el análisis detallado de metáforas a nivel oracional en Taxi. Estos análisis revelan que cada una de las teorías aborda aspectos específicos del texto literario, poniendo en valor su combinación como una estrategia efectiva que comporta una investigación holística de las novelas egipcias seleccionadas, exponiendo así sus complejidades e intersecciones. Por este motivo, ambas aproximaciones se han integrado en el análisis de The Day the Leader Was Killed. Esta integración ha demostrado ser una herramienta de análisis útil al permitir, tanto al lector nacional como internacional, la comprensión completa de la narración y la revelación de mensajes ocultos y realidades encubiertas de la sociedad egipcia. Palabras clave: Text World Theory; Blending Theory; novela egipcia, humor, ironía, metáfora, discurso narrativo Table of Contents Acknowledgements iii Abstract iv Resumen vi Table of Contents viii Chapter I. Introduction 1 I.1. Context and Rationale of the Study 1 I.2. Outline of the Study 5 I.3. Objectives of the Study 6 I.4. Research Questions 6 I.5. Methodology and Theoretical Background 7 I.5.1. Data: Choice of Novels 7 I.5.1.1. Book of Sands 7 I.5.1.2. Taxi 12 I.5.1.3. The Day the Leader Was Killed 15 I.5.2. Tools of Analysis and Procedure 19 I.5.2.1. Text World Theory and Book of Sands 21 I.5.2.2. Blending Theory and Taxi 24 I.5.2.3. Text World Theory and Blending Theory in The Day the 26 Leader Was Killed Chapter II: A Text World Theory Analysis of Karim Alrawi's Book of 28 Sands II.1. Introduction to Text World Theory 29 II.1.1. The Discourse-World 32 II.1.2. Text-Worlds 37 II.1.3. Sub-Worlds 42 II.1.3.1. Werth's (1999) Notion of Sub-Worlds 43 II.1.3.2. Gavins' (2007) Development of Sub-Worlds 45 II.1.3.2.1. World-Switches 45 II.1.3.2.2. Modal Worlds 46 II.1.3.2.2.1. Boulomaic modal-worlds 47 II.1.3.2.2.2. Deontic modal-worlds 47 II.1.3.2.2.3. Epistemic modal-worlds 48 II.1.3.3. Negation 49 II.1.4. World-Repair 50 II.2. Applications of Text World Theory 51 II.3. Application of Text World Theory to Book of Sands 56 II.3.1. Discourse-World 56 II.3.2. The Text-Worlds of Book of Sands 58 II.3.2.1. The Title 58 II.3.2.2. The Novel's Opening 63 II.3.2.3. Sand 1: Omar's Religious Views 70 II.3.2.4. Sand 2: Mona's Female Genital Mutilation 80 II.2.2.5. Sand 3: Tarek's Departure 90 II.3.2.6. Sand 4: Mona's Kidnapping 103 II.3.3. Metaphors 116 II.4. Concluding Remarks 119 Chapter III: A Blending Theory Analysis of Metaphors in Khalid Al 121 Khamissi's Taxi III.1. Introduction to Blending Theory 122 III.1.1. Mental Space Theory 123 III.1.2. Conceptual Integration Networks 126 III.1.2.1. Input or Mental Spaces 127 III.1.2.2. Cross-space Mapping 128 III.1.2.3. Generic Space 129 III.1.2.4. Blended Space 130 III.1.3. Types of Conceptual Integration Networks 132 III.1.3.1. Simplex networks 132 III.1.3.2. Mirror networks 133 III.1.3.3. Single-scope networks 133 III.1.3.4. Double-scope networks 134 III.1.4. Features of Blends 135 III.1.4.1. Emergent Structure 135 III.1.4.1.1. Composition 136 III.1.4.1.2. Completion 136 III.1.4.1.3. Elaboration 137 III.1.4.2. Selective Projection 137 III.1.4.3. Compression 137 III.1.4.3.1. Types of Vital Relations 139 III.1.4.3.1.1. Change 140 III.1.4.3.1.2. Identity 140 III.1.4.3.1.3. Time 141 III.1.4.3.1.4. Space 143 III.1.4.3.1.5. Cause-Effect 144 III.1.4.3.1.6. Part-Whole 144 III.1.4.3.1.7. Representation 145 III.1.4.3.1.8. Role 145 III.1.4.3.1.9. Analogy 145 III.1.4.3.1.10. Disanalogy 146 III.1.4.3.1.11. Property 146 III.1.4.3.1.12. Similarity 146 III.1.4.3.1.13. Category 146 III.1.4.3.1.14. Intentionality 147 III.1.4.3.1.15. Uniqueness 147 III.2. Blending and Metaphor 148 III.3. Applications of Blending Theory to Literature 151 III.4. Humor 157 III.4.1. The Incongruity Theory of Humor 160 III.4.2. Semantic Script Theory of Humour vs. General Theory of 163 Verbal Humour III.4.3.
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