Zimri-Lim Takes the Grand Tour

246 BIBLICAL ARCHAEOLOGIST/DECEMBER 1984 BY JACK M. SASSON mantled Mari; according to the town of Makhanum, possibly to middle chronology, this deed should thank him for a successful enter­ have happened around 1760 B.C.E. prise in which Mari dispatched mili­ n a recent issue of Biblical (see Glass 1984). The trip began dur­ tary aid to its ally to the east. He was Archaeologist, I re-created ing the last months of a year named certainly on the road at the begin­ some thoughts that Zimri-Lim, after a recently concluded military ning of this year's twelfth month, the last king of Mari, may have compact with the Elamites. In fact Eburum. Large outlays of food for Ihad when he was visited by an am­ Zimri-Lim had just offered a hand­ the royal table indicate that a big bassador from Ugarit (Sasson 1984). I some throne to the god Addu of the banquet took place in Mari around had him express the wish that some day he would like to visit the ambas­ sador's homeland—a Mediterranean port-city located directly across Cy­ prus' pinlike peninsula. This reconstruction was not total­ ly fictional. Almost fifty years ago Charles Jean quoted a short passage from an unpublished tablet which said that Zimri-Lim did make a trip to Ugarit and as he passed by the upper Syro-Mesopotamian region called Idamaras he picked new troops for his army.1 Fifty years ago we also had evidence that Zimri-Lim once visited Yamkhad, with its capi­ tal at Khalab (today's Aleppo). In fact, one of Zimri-Lim's year- formulas, used by the scribes to es­ tablish the date of various docu­ ments, commemorated this visit. But since this specific year could not be securely placed within Zimri- It should be noted that the precise location of many cities and the territorial Lim's reign, we were not sure when boundaries of various kingdoms of Syro-Mesopotamia during the Middle this event occurred. Bronze Age cannot at present be firmly established or demarcated. Much of the information on the maps given here, therefore, is conjectural and is based Even as my article in the June BA on textual evidence from Mari and Alalakh. was at the printers, a new volume The size of territory under Mari's immediate control and of land under its reached my desk which contained influence depended on Zimri-Lim's fortunes in battle as well as his ability to 630 previously unpublished Mari make good marriages for his many daughters (see Sasson 1984: 112-13). texts (Bardet and others 1984). Fif­ Although the documents unearthed at Mari may give the impression that teen of these documents, edited and Zimri-Lim won every battle and skirmish that he faced, the reality must have studied by Pierre Villard, strongly occasionally been different for we constantly read reports, sent by the king's suggest that Zimri-Lim did go to many spies and diplomats, of former allies abandoning Mari's cause in favor of Yamkhadian territory in order to this or that enemy. This tendency was especially prevalent among the meet his father-in-law Yarim-Lim, nomadic groups that moved in and out of Mari's_ reach. that he may have accompanied Moreover, the notion that powers control all land that lay within clearly Yarim-Lim back to Khalab, and that etched frontiers is derived from observing modern political conditions. In the ancient world the territory of a city-state may have had pockets of powers he may even have traveled as far as whose rulers were either independent or owed their allegiance to distant Ugarit. Indeed, it appears that enemies. I have not tried to indicate such pockets on the map above. Zimri-Lim did make a grand tour of If it is difficult to chart Mari's frontiers during the reign of Zimri-Lim, it is the northwest! virtually impossible to do the same for the kingdom of Yamkhad, and it will remain so as long as we do not have access to its archives. These, however, The Departure probably lie below the inhabited portions of Aleppo and may, therefore, be Roughly speaking Zimri-Lim's jour­ beyond retrieve. ney occurred around ten years or so Jack M. Sasson before Hammurabi of Babylon dis­

BIBLICAL ARCHAEOLOGIST/DECEMBER 1984 247 the eighteenth of Kiskissum, the Zimri-Lim found it useful to begin twofold son-in-law, for he was preceding month, and it is tempting his trek in Eburum. married to two of Zimri-Lim's to associate this occasion with a gala The king took with him large daughters, Kirum and Shimatum. send-off for the royal party.2 quantities of textiles, finished cloth­ Pierre Villard suggests that Zimri- According to my calculations, in ing, jewelry, weapons, haberdashery, Lim took this occasion to settle the particular year in which Zimri- and footwear. He could also depend Kirum's divorce, since her letters Lim began his journey, the month of upon his trusted functionaries to suggest she had become suicidal Eburum fell approximately at the provide more by quick messengers about her unhappiness in Ilansura. end of December. Anyone who has should the need arise. Some of the At any rate, on the tenth day of visited the Levant during the winter records from the months previous to the new year Khaya-Sumu received realizes that December, January, and the journey's start indicate that the "an iron ring, gold centered, with a February are likely to be the wettest Mari artisans were busy preparing seal adorned with two small lapis­ of months, and while the daytime the necessary materials. lázuli stones; another iron ring, and temperature rarely falls below 32° a linen 'loin-girder.' " It is impossible Fahrenheit, the air is wet and the Traveling in Mari Territory that Khaya-Sumu did not respond in cold is penetrating and raw. Still it is Zimri-Lim's first stops were likely to kind; unfortunately, we do not have a period in which nature is not dor­ be in his own territory, for the route an entry to tell us what Zimri-Lim mant, and even the more desertine he took was not the most direct. He received. Usually gifts exchanged regions are covered with greens. In had palaces in Terqa on the Euphra­ among rulers—not to be confused the region near Mari the climate is tes (to the north of Mari), in Saggara- with tributes periodically made by slightly different—nature is not as tum on the Khabur River (slightly vassals (a form of shakedown) and by luxuriant, for the earth often freezes upstream from where the river defeated enemies—tend to balance and the nights are slightly colder. joined the Euphrates), and in Qat- out each other, thus allowing the We have texts from Mari that tell us tunan (almost at the edge of Mari's treasury to come out fairly even about rains and mud that made territory). Along the way, he was after all the transactions are some roads and passes difficult to joined by Yatar-Aya, one of his many completed. negotiate. With this in mind, one wives, who was probably the regnant But this gift to Khaya-Sumu pales might question why Zimri-Lim did spouse in the palace at Terqa. It is beside those that Zimri-Lim began not delay the start of his journey by a interesting to note that his wife to present to the Yamkhadians when few months. Shiptu, the daughter of the king of he met them in the last week of the An answer is not difficult to find. Yamkhad, apparently stayed in Mari first month, Urakhum. We know Springtime in Mari, as well as in to care for the main palace in the that gifts were given out to his almost every other spot in the Near capital. father-in-law, Yarim-Lim, to his East, was the most charming of sea­ By then the caravan must have mother-in-law, Gashera, as well as to sons but it was also the busiest time reached impressive proportions, for members of Yarim-Lim's circle of the year. Canals and irrigation it included not only the king, the which, among others, included ditches were cleared, dikes were pre­ many members of his family, and Yarim-Lim's personal songstress. pared for late spring flooding, and the staff for each individual but also The gift presentations were made eventually the harvests were secured mountains of gifts and personnel to repeatedly and at various moments and the grains were threshed, win­ care for them. The convoy also in­ —often at religious ceremonies — nowed, and deposited in the palaces cluded a number of merchant- usually before the deities of various and temples. There were also many ambassadors some of whom, we towns along the way. A particularly festivals to celebrate. In addition, now know, took occasion to make striking presentation took place in spring was the time when armies private purchases for future sales. the temple of Addu of Khakkulan, a marched. Traveling in winter, there­ town probably in Yamkhadian con­ fore, allowed Zimri-Lim to find his Journeying in Foreign Lands trol. Gashera was presented with a hosts less busy and more ready to As the caravan progressed north­ very ornate item, probably a broach, welcome him. ward, the voyage entered a new year, made of gold almost twelve ounces Spring is a brief season in the labeled by the Mari chancellery: in weight and encrusted with pre­ Near East—as April comes to an end "Year: Zimri-Lim offered a great cious stones. the hot, dry air of summer quickly throne to the god Addu of Makha- We cannot be sure that Zimri-Lim sweeps across the land, desiccating num." Zimri-Lim's first foreign host himself traveled to Yamkhad's capi­ the fertile landscape. Summer is def­ was the king of Ilansura, Khaya- tal, or that he went westward to initely not the best time to travel. Sumu. If you recall my earlier arti­ Ugarit itself. The quotation given Probably for all these reasons, cle, you know that this king was a below in note 1 indicates that he did.

248 BIBLICAL ARCHAEOLOGIST/DECEMBER 1984 We are only certain that he did meet Yarim-Lim face-to-face, that Mari The Calendar at Mari offered all sorts of textiles to Addu of Khalab, and that more gifts for the king of Yamkhad accompanied he scribes at Mari dated documents by month, day, and year. As far as Yarim-Lim as he made his way to Twe can tell, the custom of dividing the month into weeks was not Ugarit, apparently accompanied by common outside of Israel (see Hallo 1977). Without relying on specific Zimri-Lim's own wife, Yatar-Aya. But names for the days of the week (for example, Sunday and Monday), the it would be terribly odd if Zimri-Lim Mesopotamian simply gave ordinal numbers to the days of each month merely monitored their progress, from 1 to 29 or 30, even when he was aware of the lunar month's natural sending others to make the various division into four phases. The year itself was given not as a number but as presentations in his behalf. This is a full-sentence name invented to commemorate some important political, especially unlikely since all sorts of martial, or cultic event that was the highlight of the preceding twelve­ gifts were exchanged between Mari month period (for example, "Urakhum, 12th day, Year: Zimri-Lim pre­ and allies of Yamkhad in Ugarit sented a great throne to the god Shamash of Makhanum"). At the beginning of a year when the central administration's choice for the year title had not itself. In particular Mediterranean completely circulated throughout the kingdom, scribes may have con­ wines and honey, much appreciated currently used two, perhaps even three, different formulas. Therefore, the along the Euphrates, were given to three dozen separate formulas available to us for Zimri-Lim's reign in the Mari contingents. (Almost two reality reflect no more than eighteen actual years of reign. Scholarship has years later we find Zimri-Lim's pri­ not, as yet, made definite links among most of these formulas. (See the note vate secretary, Shunukhrakhalu, still to the table at the end of this sidebar for additional examples of year titles.) controlling about thirty jars of his With the exception of Egypt, all early Near Eastern civilizations had a loot from the journey [ARMT lunisolar calendar in which the months were calculated by the cycle of the XXXIII. 217].) moon and the years according to the sun. Since 12 cycles of the moon (each This leg of the journey from lasting 29Vi days—totaling 354 days in a year) do not match the 365-day Khalab to Ugarit occupied almost solar year, adjustments had to be made in order to bring the calendar in line with nature. two full months (the second, Mal- Ideally, under a lunar calendar each month begins on the day that the kanum, and the third, Lakhum) in first slim crescent after a new moon appears. In practice it is not always Mari's calendar. It also included two possible to sight the moon during unfavorable climactic conditions, so stops, at Muzunnum and Layash (or ancient timekeepers often solved this problem by assigning 30 days-to 6 Layish). Now this Layash/Layish is months. This, however, was 3 days more than the lunar calendar permitted the place that has been identified as (Vi day for each month). They made up for the extra half days by giving 6 Dan in northern Israel (Pardee and months no more than 29 days. Glass 1984: 93). It is clear, however, It is still not clear how Mari assigned each month a specific length of that this town is to be located be­ either 29 or 30 days. Since I so far have been able to find only two occasions tween Aleppo and Ugarit, miles to in which a Mari month lasted 29 days, the possibility exists that normally the north of biblical Dan. Hence the all Mari months were 30 days long. One thing, however, is certain—months interpretation first offered by Abra­ of unequal lengths did not alternate at Mari. In fact, in different years we often find sequences of 30-day months, and in one particular year we have ham Malamat and more recently nine months with 30 days each. Thus even if the remaining 3 months of cited by Dennis Pardee and Jonathan that year were 29 days long, we would have, in this instance, a year of 357 Glass in the article published in Bib­ days—that is, one at least 3 days longer than the normal 354 days found in lical Archaeologist must now be a lunar year. 3 amended accordingly. We cannot yet determine how many of the Mari years during the time of Zimri-Lim stretched beyond the number of days within a normal lunar Conclusion cycle, but since we never find a 31-day month, the Mari lunar calendar l When and how this trip came to an could never have stretched long enough to match the solar year of 356 /i end is not at all clear. Surely the tra­ days. The Mari year, therefore, was short 5Vi days—if all 12 months were jectory back included as many cer­ reckoned at 30 days each—or it was 11 Vi days short if half of the 12 months were 29 days long. emonies and visits as did the trip Such a discrepancy between the solar and lunar cycles can be tolerated toward Khalab. Perhaps Zimri-Lim by certain cultures. For example, in the Muslim world a month such as returned home via the desert route, Ramadan will move from one season in one year to another season a few that is, by going south to Qatna first. years later. At Mari, however, life was guided by agriculture which followed We cannot, however, be sure of the the sun's cycle and not the moon's. Since the solar year fits much better king's presence back in his capital continued on page 250 until the beginning of the eighth

BIBLICAL ARCHAEOLOGIST/DECEMBER 1984 249 with agricultural life, every few years the Mari bureaucrats would panic at seeing their calendar falling out-of-step with the seasons. They would, there­ Every few years the Mart bureaucrats would fore, ask the king to order the insertion of an intercalary month in order to catch panic at seeing their calendar falling up with nature but because the lunar year did not consistently alternate be­ out-of-step with the seasons. tween 29- and 30-day months, this inter­ calation could not be precharted. Thus the Mari chancellery made decisions to expand the year on a seemingly ad hoc Months of the TWelve Years During Zimri-Lim's Reign basis. The table given here provides infor­ Mari Calendar Year Year Year Year Year Year Year Year Year Year Year Year mation on 12 years in the reign of Zimri- V V 3' 4' 5' 6' 7' 8' 9' 10' 11' 12' Lim that are known to be consecutive. 1. Urakhum 30 30 3d) The Mari calendar's twelve permanent 2. Malkanum 30 30 29? 30? months, which the scribes say began 3. Lakhum 30 each year with Urakhum, are given on the left, and the years are listed across 4. Abum 30 30 30 30 the top. When the number of days for a 5. Khibirtum 30 30 certain month is known, I have entered 6. IGLKUR 30 30 that number in the appropriate box; 7. Kinunum 30 30 30 where the boxes are blank, the number 30 30 of days is not yet known. 8. Dagan 30 30 30 30 When a box is shaded, it indicates 9. Liliatum 30 30 30 30? that in that year that month was fol­ 10. Belet-Biri 30 30 30 30 30 30 lowed by an intercalary month. Thus, the table shows that there were at least 5 11. Kiskissum 30 30 30? 30 29? 30 intercalary months during this portion 12. Eburum 30 30 30 30 30 30 of Zimri-Lim's tenure: one at the end of the second year, one near the beginning Notes: The prime signs ( ' ) next to the year numbers indicate that we know that of the fifth year, two in the middle of the these years were consecutive; we cannot yet, however, say where these years occurred within Zimri-Lim's reign. tenth year, and one in the middle of the The colored lines in years 8 ' and 9 ' indicate when Zimri-Lim's trip to the eleventh year. (I should mention that I northwest took place. have not shown an intercalary month that is known to have come after the The following are the titles for the years in this table: fourth month, Abum we do not know if } Year Name it occurred during the reign of Zimri- Lim or some other Mari ruler.) 1 ' Zimri-Lim put the banks of the Euphrates in good order. It is unknown whether an interca­ 2 ' Zimri-Lim won a great victory in Saggaratum against the lated month necessarily contained 29 or Benyaminites and killed their kings. 30 days. Thus the shaded areas should be 3' Zimri-Lim captured Ashlakka. [Another formula for this year reads as follows: Zimri-Lim understood to stand for a block of time offered his statue to the god Addu of Khalab.] that may have stretched as much as 60 4 ' Zimri-Lim presented a great throne to the god Shamash of days. It may well be that the intercalated Makhanum. month of Malkanum in the fifth year 5 ' Zimri-Lim took a census of his land. 6 ' Zimri-Lim fortified Dur-Yakhdullim. petered out halfway through its run. 7 ' Zimri-Lim presented his statue to the god Khatta of Note that a stretch from the fifth Kakkulatum. month of the tenth year through the 8 ' Zimri-Lim sent his soldiers to Elam's aid. fifth month of the eleventh year—a peri­ [A variant of this formula reads as follows: Zimri-Lim went to aid Elam.] od that would normally include only 13 9 ' Zimri-Lim presented a great throne to the god Addu of months—ended up having 16 full Makhanum. months! If all these months contained a 10 ' Zimri-Lim went to the aid of Babylon. full 30 days, then this year (with its 480 [Another formula for this year reads as follows: Zimri-Lim days) compares well with the famous went to aid Yamkhad.] 11 ' Zimri-Lim offered a great throne to the god Dagan of Terqa. 'last year of confusion" just before the 12 ' Zimri-Lim captured Ashlakka for the second time. Julian calendar was inaugurated on Jack M. Sasson January 1, 46 B.C.E.

250 BIBLICAL ARCHAEOLOGIST/DECEMBER 1984 month, named Dagan after the god. of reaching the Mediterranean and Birot, M. One account (IX.46) tells us that of conquering hosts of enemies on 1978 Review of The Old Babylonian Tab­ lets from Tell al-Rimah by S. Dalley high-ranking military officers from his way there and back. And and others. Revue dAssyriologie 72: Babylon were given precious vessels Shamshi-Adad, one of the past's 181-90. as gifts. Brief though it may be, this most brilliant and powerful rulers, De Vaux, P. document witnesses an important whose own son had ruled Mari for a 1961 Divisions of Time. Chapter 12 in Ancient Israel. Its Life and Institu­ alliance between Mari and Babylon. score of years before Zimri-Lim, also tions. New York: McGraw-Hill Book In fact, Mari was soon to send a mili­ boasted of reaching the edge of the Company, Inc. tary contingent to help Hammurabi Great Sea.5 Perhaps it was pleasing De Vries, S. J. fight his enemies, and the presence to Zimri-Lim to share in the deeds of 1962 Calendar. Pp. 483 - 8'8 in The Inter­ preter's Dictionary of the Bible, vol­ of Babylonian officers was repeated­ these illustrious predecessors; and ume 1. Nashville: Abingdon Press. ly recorded in the early months of to have done it without the shedding Glass, J. T. the following year.4 The war must of blood or the enormous expenses 1984 The Problem of Chronology in An­ cient Mesopotamia. Biblical Archae­ have begun soon afterwards. A text of war must have been especially ologist 47: 92. dated to the third (?) day of the ninth gratifying. Hallo, W. W. month, Liliatum, records an outlay 1977 New Moons and Sabbaths: A Case- Notes study in the Contrastive Approach. of clothing for the king, who was Hebrew Union College Annual 48: 1 ready to go to Razama, a town which "Previously, when my lord went to Ugarit, 1-18. saw much fighting between Babylon picked troops from Idamaras accompanied Hunger, H. him" (Jean 1939a: 67). The remaining sen­ 1980 Kalender. Pp. 297-303 in Reallexi- and its enemies (Birot 1978: tences, as cited by Jean, are garbled but they kon der Assyriologie 5. Berlin/New 185-87). indicate that troubles occurred while Zimri- York: Walter de Gruyter. Lim was away Jean, C. E By then, however, Zimri-Lim had 1939a Excerpta de la correspondance de 2The particular records will be published by to deal with a major change of power Mari. Pp. 62-69 in Revue des J.-P. Materne. For now, see Materne 1983: 196. Études sémitiques. in Khalab. Scarcely had Zimri-Lim 3 The economic document (XXIII.556) cited 1939b Bihrum, dans les Lettres de Mari. returned home than the news of in Pardee and Glass 1984, page 93, should Revue dAssyriologie 36: 112. Yarim-Lim's death reached him. A read as follows: Malamat, A. terse account tells us that Zimri- 10 minas of tin, Sumu-erah, at 1965 Campaigns to the Mediterranean by Lim ordered the dispatch of gifts for Muzunnum,· Yahdunlim and Other Mesopota- mian Rulers. Pp. 363 - 73 in Studies Yarim-Lim's tomb on the fifteenth 8V$ minas of tin, Ewri-Talma, at Layashim; 30 minas of tin, Ibni-Adad, king of Hazor in Honor of Benno Landsberger on ; his seventy-fifth Birthday April 21, day of the eighth month, within two responsible: Addi-Addu, at Hazazar, on weeks of entertaining the Bab­ 1965. Series: Assyriological Studies first) ?) registration. 16. Chicago: The University of Chi­ ylonian officers. The new king of 20 minas of tin, Amud-pi-El; cago Press. Khalab (unfortunately for us also 20 minas of tin, Ibni-Addu, on second Materne, J.-P. named Hammurabi) succeeded his registration; 1983 LAnnée de Kahat dans la 1[ + ] minas of tin, to the man from Crete; chronologie du règne de Zimri-Lim. father and began a rule that seems, if lÁ mina of tin to the translator, chief Mari: Annales de Recherches not overtly hostile to Zimri-Lim, merchant among the men from Crete, in Interdisciplinaires 2: 195-99. certainly warmer to his namesake in Ugarit. Pardee, D, and Glass, J. Τ 1984 Literary Sources for the History of [? minas of tin to Ibni-Addu,] on third Babylon. We now know that less Palestine and Syria: The Mari Ar­ than a decade later this direct rela­ registration. . . chives. Biblical Archaeologist 47: The italics indicate unclear readings. I would, tionship between the two Hammu- 88-99. furthermore, expect the name in the third Sasson, J. M. rabis led to Babylon's aggression line to read Ibni-Addu rather than Addi-Addu. 1979 The Calendar and Festivals of Mari against Mari. 4Among these texts are XXI. 100, which during the Reign of Zimri-Lim. Can we speculate on the reason names four of the Babylonian "generals," Pp. 119-41 in Studies in Honor of Tom B. Jones, edited by M. A. Powell for this remarkable voyage of Zimri- XXI.389, which mentions seven of these offi­ cers, and XXIII.564-67. Please see the remarks and R. H. Sack. Series: Alter Orient und Altes Testament 203. Kevelaer/ Lim? Obviously it allowed the king by Pierre Villard in Bardet 1984. Neukirchen-Vluyn: Butzon & of Mari to reinvigorate past alliances 5 On these voyages to the Mediterranean, Bercker/Neukirchener Verlag. and secure new ones. In fact, the which may have also included one by Sargon 1984 Thoughts of Zimri-Lim. Biblical Mari chancellery may have even re­ of Agade himself, see Malamat's fine article Archaeologist 47: 110-20. garded the trip as partially military (1965). Schmidt, J. D. 1974 Ancient Middle Ea stern Calendar in nature, because one variant of the Bibliography Systems. Pp. 604-06 under the term formula reads: "Year: Zimri-Lim Bardet, G., Joannes, E, Lafont, B., Soubeyran, calendar in The New Encyclopaedia went to aid Yamkhad/7 D., and Villard, P. Britannica volume 3. Chicago: Ency­ 1984 Archives Administratives de Mari 1. clopaedia Britannica, Inc. We must not be surprised if there Whiting, R. J. Series: Archives Royales de Mari 23. 1979 Some Observations on the Drehern were other reasons too. Zimri-Lim's Paris: Éditions Recherche sur les father, Yakhdun-Lim, once boasted Calendar. Zeitschrift für Assyri­ Civilisations. ologie 69: 21-24.

BIBLICAL ARCHAEOLOGIST/DECEMBER 1984 251 Editor's Note The response to our special is­ sue on Mari (June 1984) has been very gratifying, and it has included many requests for more information. In particu­ lar, people have asked about a subject touched on in the arti­ cle by André Lemaire ("Mari, the Bible, and the Northwest Semitic World/' pages 101-08) and expanded on in a sidebar written in our editorial office ("The Ban in the Old Testament Tell Leilan on the Habur Plains of Syria and at Mari," page 103). In an­ by Harvey Weiss swering such inquiries, we have been referring people to a paper by Abraham Malamat that is cited in Lemaire's article: "The New Ban in Mari and in the Bible," which is found in Biblical From x^Äx^Äv Essays 1966, Proceedings of the ASOR ... f ψ)\ 9th Meeting of "Die Ou-Testa- Economic mentiese Werkgemeenskap in Development and w SuidAfrika" (Potchefstroom, South Africa: Ou-Testamen- Archaeology in tiese Werkgemeenskap, 1966), pages 40-49. This was one of the Middle East The 30-page illustrated booklet is the primary sources we con­ available in English or Arabic to any sulted when writing our side­ interested person for only $2.00 per bar, and it is indispensable for copy, to cover costs of postage and anyone interested in the sub­ has just been published by the handling; or $3.00 for airmail ject. Similarly, when we sought Department of Antiquities of delivery outside North America. to provide our readers sum­ Jordan, ACOR and ASOR, to mary information on the Mari inform developers of the cultural and Assyrian dynasties at Mari, and economic significance of I enclose $2.00 for postage and the chart given on page 112 was ancient sites throughout the Middle handling within North America adapted from one appearing in East. In addition, the booklet I enclose $3.00 for air mail postage an article Dr. Malamat wrote describes the experiences in Jordan ι beyond North America for Encyclopaedia Judaica. that demonstrate how cooperation between developers and antiquities Eric M. Meyers authorities has had results that ι Send check or money order, payable respond to the interests and needs to ASOR, in U.S. dollars only, to of everyone concerned. These ASOR, 4243 Spruce Street, experiences serve as models for Philadelphia, PA 19104. Allow 6 similar situations in other weeks for delivery. developing countries of the Middle East. ΝλΠΊΡ With a preface by H.R.H. Crown Prince Hassan, and authored by Addrp^ç David W. McCreery and James A. Sauer, the booklett wass publishepublishedd ι City, StatP, 7ip under a contractt with the AgencAgency for International Development.

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252 BIBLICAL ARCHAEOLOGIST/DECEMBER 1984