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Manual Para La Identificación Y Manejo De Plagas En Plantaciones Forestales Comerciales

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Manual Para La Identificación Y Manejo De Plagas En Plantaciones Forestales Comerciales Manual para la identificación y manejo de plagas en plantaciones forestales comerciales. Primera edición, Octubre 2013 Autor: (c) David Cibrián Tovar Coordinación editorial, edición digital, diseño, ilustración y formación: Leticia Arango Caballero Formación final: Carlos Castell Sánchez Portada: Leticia Arango Caballero Fotografía por: David Cibrián Tovar. Plantación de Eucalyptus urophylla, con daños por insectos defoliadores y hongos que provocan marchitamiento vascular; en julio 2012, Las Choapas, Veracruz. Derechos reservados (C) Universidad Autónoma Chapingo Carr. México-Texcoco, Km.38.5 Chapingo, Texcoco, Edo. de México. México C.P. 56230 Tel. (595) 952 1500 ext. 5142 ISBN 978-607-12-0311-3 Impreso en México Universidad Autónoma Chapingo Universidad Autónoma Chapingo Rector Dr. Carlos Alberto Villaseñor Perea Director General Académico Dr. Ramón Valdivia Alcalá Director General de Investigación y Posgrado Dr. J. Reyes Altamirano Cárdenas Director General de Administración Ing. J. Guadalupe Gaytán Ruelas Director General del Patronato Universitario M.C. Domingo Montalvo Hernández Director General de Difusión Cultural y Servicio Ing. Raúl Reyes Bustos Jefa del Departamento de Publicaciones Lic. Rocío Guzmán Benítez AgradEciMIENTOS l desarrollo de este manual fue posible gracias al apoyo financiero que se tuvo del proyecto E“Diagnóstico y alternativas para la prevención, control y manejo de diversas plagas y enferme- dades que afectan las plantaciones forestales comerciales”. Proyecto 48206, del Fondo Sectorial CONACYT-CONAFOR. Adicionalmente el autor agradece los aportes en materia de apoyo logístico y de información aportada por varias empresas plantadoras, asociaciones, grupos sociales y au- toridades; por ello aquí dejamos constancia de la ayuda ofrecida por: CONAFOR, AMEPLANFOR, AGROPECUARIA SANTA GENOVEVA, AGROPICAL, AREFOCH, COFORCA, (Hacienda Zidzila), ENTRE HERMANOS, FOMEX, PROPLANSE, PEDRO AGUSTÍN GUTIÉRREZ HERNÁNDEZ, PROTEAK, UUMBAL AGROFORESTAL, EJIDO LÓPEZ ARIAS, CATEMACO, AYOTOXCO. En estas empresas se tuvo el apo- yo logístico y de información de las siguientes personas: Dr. Jaime Villa Castillo, Ing. Jorge Bara- jas, Ing. Silvestre Pliego, Sr. Alejandro Guadalupe Rivera, Ing. Avelino Villa Salas, Ing. Antonia Vi- llareal, M. C. Javier Arcos Roa, Lic. Miguel Coutolenc, Ing. Jurgen Benhard Stock, Ing. Víctor Hugo Cervantes, Biol. José Cibrián Tovar, Ing. Andrés Zárate, Dra. Artemiza Bernal, Ing. Saúl Monreal Rangel, Biol. Jesús Dorantes, Ing. Jorge Espejel. En la Universidad Autónoma Chapingo tuvimos el apoyo del Dr. José Tulio Méndez Montiel, M.C Rodolfo Campos Bolaños, Sr. Hugo Ontiveros, Al- cestis Llanderal Arango y Eleusis Llanderal Arango. A todos gracias. Sobre el autor y los coautores: En este manual la participación de los coautores se indica al inicio de cada texto; los textos que no tienen autor mencionado son de David Cibrián Tovar. David Cibrián Tovar División de Ciencias Forestales. Universidad Autónoma Chapingo Dionicio Alvarado Rosales Colegio de Postgraduados Francisco Franco Navarro Colegio de Postgraduados Francisco Sánchez Ramayo Consultor Independiente. Campeche, Campeche Javier Arcos Roa Gerente General MADPREVER S.A. de C.V. Jaime Villa Castillo Gerencia de Sanidad Forestal. Comisión Nacional Forestal Jesús Germán de la Mora Castañeda Consultor independiente. Colima, Colima Jorge Macías Sámano Consultor independiente. British Columbia, Canada José Cibrián Tovar Forestal Milenio José Tulio Méndez Montiel División de Ciencias Forestales. Universidad Autónoma Chapingo † Leopoldo Fucikovsky Zak Colegio de Postgraduados Omar Alejandro Pérez Vera División de Ciencias Forestales. Universidad Autónoma Chapingo Silvia Edith García Díaz División de Ciencias Forestales. Universidad Autónoma Chapingo Víctor David Cibrián Llanderal Colegio de Postgraduados Nota sobre utilización de plaguicidas En este manual a manera de ejemplo, se hacen sugerencias sobre uso de ingredientes activos de plaguicidas, insecticidas, fungicidas y bactericidas. Se recomienda que el plantador al aplicar productos comerciales siga las instrucciones de la etiqueta. De ninguna manera los autores aceptan responsabilidades técnicas o legales sobre su uso. Queda a juicio del usuario decidir sobre su utilización. Se sugiere revisar otras opciones y consultar con especialistas la selección de productos específicos. Las sugerencias aquí mencionadas se basan en la literatura publicada, principalmente aquella referida a los plaguicidas y su efecto en los organismos objetivo, insectos y patógenos; muchos de los cuales son del mismo género o la misma especie que afectan plantas de importancia agrícola. Para estas plantas ya existen recomendaciones aprobadas por la Comisión Federal para la Protección Contra Riesgos Sanitarios (COFEPRIS). Se reconoce que para especies de árboles forestales el registro de plaguicidas ante COFEPRIS, es limitado; sin embargo, los plantadores requieren de estos productos y con frecuencia utilizan los disponibles en el mercado. Para algunos de los ingredientes activos más recomendables a los plantadores, se han hecho los primeros trámites ante COFEPRIS para iniciar su registro en plantaciones comerciales. CONTENidO Introducción ...............................................................................................................................4 Capítulo 1 Patógenos Patógenos de la raíz 1.1. Pudrición texana por Phymatotrichopsis omnivora ......................................................................12 1.2. Pudrición de raíz por Kretzschmaria zonata .....................................................................16 1.3. Pudrición de raíz por Armillaria .......................................................................................22 1.4. Pudrición de raíz por Ganoderma .....................................................................................24 1.5. Nematodos agalladores, Meloidogyne ............................................................................26 Patógenos de troncos y ramas 1.6. Cancro por Haematonectria haematococca y su anamorfo Fusarium solani .........................................................................................28 1.7. Cancro por Botryosphaeria y Neofusicoccum, sus especies y anamorfos .................................................................................................32 1.8. Cancro por Phomopsis ......................................................................................................42 1.9. Cancro por Teratosphaeria zuluensis ................................................................................44 1.10. Cancro por Chrysoporthe cubensis ..................................................................................46 Patógenos del follaje 1.11. Tizón foliar por Rhizoctonia solani y Sclerotium rolfsii ...................................................52 1.12. Mancha foliar por Pestalotiopsis ......................................................................................56 1.13. Mancha de la hoja por Pseudocercospora ranjita ...........................................................58 1.14. Mancha foliar por Cylindrocladium ..................................................................................60 1.15. Mancha foliar por Coniella fragaria ..................................................................................62 1.16. Mancha foliar por Phaeoseptoria epicoccoides ...............................................................64 1.17. Mancha foliar por Phyllachora .........................................................................................66 1.18. Roya de la teca por Olivea tectonae .................................................................................68 1.19. Roya de la primavera por Prospodium .............................................................................70 Marchitamientos 1.20. Marchitamiento bacteriano en viveros ............................................................................72 1.21. Marchitamiento bacteriano en plantaciones por Ralstonia solanacerum ......................74 1.22. Flujo bacteriano en troncos de árboles vivos ...................................................................78 1.23. Escoba de bruja posiblemente por fitoplasmas ...............................................................80 1.24. Declinación de la melina por problemas de drenaje ���������������������������������������������������������82 Plantas parásitas 1.25. Muérdago o injerto Struthanthus sp. ..............................................................................84 Capítulo 2 Insectos Insectos chupadores de savia 2.1. Chicharritas de follaje y brotes, Cicadellidae. ...................................................................86 2.2. Mosquita blanca, Aleurodicus dispersus .........................................................................88 2.3. Psílido harinoso del cedro y la caoba, Mastigimas prob. schwarsii .................................90 2.4. Conchuela del eucalipto, Glycaspis brimblecombei .........................................................92 2.5. Chupador del eucalipto, Ctenarytaina eucalypti ..............................................................96 2.6. Cochinilla rosada del Hibisco, Maconellicoccus hirsutus .................................................98 2.7. Insectos chupadores secundarios, Bladina fowleri ........................................................102 Insectos defoliadores 2.8. Chapulines y langostas, Schistocerca piceifrons piceifrons y Brachystola spp.
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