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Manual Para La Identificación Y Manejo De Plagas En Plantaciones

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Manual Para La Identificación Y Manejo De Plagas En Plantaciones Manual para la identificación y manejo de plagas en plantaciones forestales comerciales Manual para la identificación y manejo de plagas en plantaciones forestales comerciales. Primera edición, Octubre 2013 Primera revisión. Agosto 2014 Primera reimpresión. Mayo 2016 Autor: (c) David Cibrián Tovar Coordinación editorial, edición digital, diseño, ilustración y formación: Leticia Arango Caballero Formación final: Carlos Castell Sánchez Portada: Leticia Arango Caballero Fotografía por: David Cibrián Tovar. Plantación de Eucalyptus urophylla, con daños por insectos defoliadores y hongos que provocan marchitamiento vascular; en julio 2012, Las Choapas, Veracruz. Portada de la primera reimpresión: Comisión Nacional Forestal Fotografía por: Comisión Nacional Forestal Plantación forestal comercial de Tectona grandis en el municipio de Apatzingán, Michoacán, Julio 2013. Contraportada de la primera reimpresión: Comisión Nacional Forestal Fotografía por: David Cibrián Tovar. Larva de Sarsina violascens, defoliador del eucalipto. Derechos reservados (C) Universidad Autónoma Chapingo Carr. México-Texcoco, Km.38.5 Chapingo, Texcoco, Edo. de México. México C.P. 56230 Tel. (595) 952 1500 ext. 5142 ISBN 978-607-12-0311-3 Impreso en México COMISIÓN NACIONAL FORESTAL Director General Ing. Jorge Rescala Pérez Director General Adjunto Ing. Salvador Arturo Beltrán Retis Coordinador General De Administración Lic. Jorge Camarena García Coordinador General De Producción Y Productividad Ing. Gerardo Arturo García Tenorio Coordinador General De Conservación Y Restauración Ing. Jesús Carrasco Gómez Coordinador General De Gerencias Estatales Lic. Víctor Hugo Aurelio Reza García Coordinador General De Educación Y Desarrollo Tecnológico Mtro. José Medina Mora De León Coordinador General De Planeación E Información Dr. Enrique Serrano Galvez Coordinador General Jurídico Mtro. Danthe Pérez Huerta Titular Del Órgano Interno De Control Lic. Alberto Gándara Ruiz Esparza Unidad De Asuntos Internacionales Y Fomento Financiero Lic. José Francisco Quiróz Acosta Unidad De Comunicación Social Lic. Hugo Arturo Espinoza Pedraza Universidad Autónoma Chapingo Rector Dr. Sergio Barrales Domínguez Director General Académico Ing. Edgar López Herrera Director General De Investigación Y Posgrado Dr. Francisco José Zamudio Sánchez Directora General De Administración Dra. María Antonieta Goytia Jiménez Directora General De Patronato Universitario Dra. Elida Estela Treviño Siller Director General De Difusión Cultural Y Servicio Ing. F. Moisés Zurita Zafra Jefa Del Departamento De Publicaciones Lic. Silvia Castillejos Peral Agradecimientos l desarrollo de este manual fue posible gracias al apoyo financiero que se tuvo del proyecto E“Diagnóstico y alternativas para la prevención, control y manejo de diversas plagas y enferme- dades que afectan las plantaciones forestales comerciales”. Proyecto 48206, del Fondo Sectorial CONACYT-CONAFOR. Adicionalmente el autor agradece los aportes en materia de apoyo logístico y de información aportada por varias empresas plantadoras, asociaciones, grupos sociales y au- toridades; por ello aquí dejamos constancia de la ayuda ofrecida por: CONAFOR, AMEPLANFOR, AGROPECUARIA SANTA GENOVEVA, AGROPICAL, AREFOCH, COFORCA, (Hacienda Zidzila), ENTRE HERMANOS, FOMEX, PROPLANSE, PEDRO AGUSTÍN GUTIÉRREZ HERNÁNDEZ, PROTEAK, UUMBAL AGROFORESTAL, EJIDO LÓPEZ ARIAS, CATEMACO, AYOTOXCO. En estas empresas se tuvo el apo- yo logístico y de información de las siguientes personas: Dr. Jaime Villa Castillo, Ing. Jorge Bara- jas, Ing. Silvestre Pliego, Sr. Alejandro Guadalupe Rivera, Ing. Avelino Villa Salas, Ing. Antonia Vi- llareal, M. C. Javier Arcos Roa, Lic. Miguel Coutolenc, Ing. Jurgen Benhard Stock, Ing. Víctor Hugo Cervantes, Biol. José Cibrián Tovar, Ing. Andrés Zárate, Dra. Artemiza Bernal, Ing. Saúl Monreal Rangel, Biol. Jesús Dorantes, Ing. Jorge Espejel. En la Universidad Autónoma Chapingo tuvimos el apoyo del M.C Rodolfo Campos Bolaños, Sr. Hugo Ontiveros, Alcestis Llanderal Arango y Eleusis Llanderal Arango. A todos gracias. Sobre el autor y los coautores: En este manual la participación de los coautores se indica al inicio de cada texto; los textos que no tienen autor mencionado son de David Cibrián Tovar. David Cibrián Tovar División de Ciencias Forestales. Universidad Autónoma Chapingo Dionicio Alvarado Rosales Colegio de Postgraduados Francisco Franco Navarro Colegio de Postgraduados Francisco Sánchez Ramayo Consultor Independiente. Campeche, Campeche Javier Arcos Roa Gerente General MADPREVER S.A. de C.V. Jaime Villa Castillo Gerencia de Sanidad Forestal. Comisión Nacional Forestal Jesús Germán de la Mora Castañeda Consultor independiente. Colima, Colima Jorge Macías Sámano Consultor independiente. British Columbia, Canada José Cibrián Tovar Forestal Milenio José Tulio Méndez Montiel División de Ciencias Forestales. Universidad Autónoma Chapingo † Leopoldo Fucikovsky Zak Colegio de Postgraduados Omar Alejandro Pérez Vera División de Ciencias Forestales. Universidad Autónoma Chapingo Silvia Edith García Díaz División de Ciencias Forestales. Universidad Autónoma Chapingo Víctor David Cibrián Llanderal Colegio de Postgraduados Nota sobre utilización de plaguicidas En este manual a manera de ejemplo, se hacen sugerencias sobre el uso de ingredientes activos de plaguicidas, insecticidas, fungicidas y bactericidas. Se recomienda que el plantador al aplicar productos comerciales siga las instrucciones de la etiqueta. De ninguna manera los autores aceptan responsabilidades técnicas o legales sobre su uso. Queda a juicio del usuario decidir sobre su utilización. Se sugiere revisar otras opciones y consultar con especialistas la selección de productos específicos. Las sugerencias aquí mencionadas se basan en la literatura publicada, principalmente aquella referida a los plaguicidas y su efecto en los organismos objetivo, insectos y patógenos; muchos de los cuales son del mismo género o la misma especie que afectan plantas de importancia agrícola. Para estas plantas ya existen recomendaciones aprobadas por la Comisión Federal para la Protección Contra Riesgos Sanitarios (COFEPRIS). Se reconoce que para especies de árboles forestales el registro de plaguicidas ante COFEPRIS, es limitado; sin embargo, los plantadores requieren de estos productos y con frecuencia utilizan los disponibles en el mercado. Para algunos de los ingredientes activos más recomendables a los plantadores, se han hecho los primeros trámites ante COFEPRIS para iniciar su registro en plantaciones comerciales. Contenido Introducción ...............................................................................................................................4 Capítulo 1 Patógenos Patógenos de la raíz 1.1. Pudrición texana por Phymatotrichopsis omnivora ......................................................................12 1.2. Pudrición de raíz por Kretzschmaria zonata .....................................................................16 1.3. Pudrición de raíz por Armillaria .......................................................................................22 1.4. Pudrición de raíz por Ganoderma .....................................................................................24 1.5. Nematodos agalladores, Meloidogyne ............................................................................26 Patógenos de troncos y ramas 1.6. Cancro por Haematonectria haematococca y su anamorfo Fusarium solani .........................................................................................28 1.7. Cancro por Botryosphaeria y Neofusicoccum, sus especies y anamorfos .................................................................................................32 1.8. Cancro por Phomopsis ......................................................................................................42 1.9. Cancro por Teratosphaeria zuluensis ................................................................................44 1.10. Cancro por Chrysoporthe cubensis ..................................................................................46 Patógenos del follaje 1.11. Tizón foliar por Rhizoctonia solani y Sclerotium rolfsii ...................................................52 1.12. Mancha foliar por Pestalotiopsis ......................................................................................56 1.13. Mancha de la hoja por Pseudocercospora ranjita ...........................................................58 1.14. Mancha foliar por Cylindrocladium ..................................................................................60 1.15. Mancha foliar por Coniella fragaria ..................................................................................62 1.16. Mancha foliar por Phaeoseptoria epicoccoides ...............................................................64 1.17. Mancha foliar por Phyllachora .........................................................................................66 1.18. Roya de la teca por Olivea tectonae .................................................................................68 1.19. Roya de la primavera por Prospodium .............................................................................70 Marchitamientos 1.20. Marchitamiento bacteriano en viveros ............................................................................72 1.21. Marchitamiento bacteriano en plantaciones por Ralstonia solanacerum ......................74 1.22. Flujo bacteriano en troncos de árboles vivos ...................................................................78
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