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Entomologist MARK F. O'BRIEN Vol. 16, No.4 Winter 1983 THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST PUBLISHED BY THE MICHIGAN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST Published by the Michigan Entomological Society Volume 16 No. 4 ISSN 009-0222 TABLE OF CONTENTS Some Observations on Insecticide Resistance Robert F. Ruppel ............................................................. 101 Michigan Cooperative Forest Pest Management Program, A Team Approach to Improving Forest Management Louis F. Wilson, Daniel G. Mosher, and Gary A. Simmons ......................... 109 V Sminthurus mencenbergae, New Species from Canada and Michigan (Collembola: Sminthuridae) Richard J. Snider 115 A Collection of Psocoptera from Voyageurs National Park, Minnesota Gary Eertmoed and Elizabeth Eertmoed ................... 123 Establishment of the Alfalfa Weevil Parasite Microctonus aethiopoides (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) in Minnesota Edward B. Radcliffe, Gerrit W. Cuperus, and John K. Flessel ..... 127 V Moths of the Douglas Lake Region (Emmet and Cheboygan Counties), Michigan: III. Thyatiridae, Drepanidae, Lasiocampidae, Notodontidae, Lymantriidae (Lepidoptera) Edward G. Voss ............................... ........ ... 131 Mass Rearing of the Greater Wax Moth, Galleria Mellonella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), for Small-scale Laboratory Studies M. A. Mohamed and H. C. Coppel ............................................... 139 An Assessment of Gypsy Moth Eradication Attempts in Michigan (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) Steve H. Dreistadt .............................................................. 143 Reproductive Compatibility Within and Among Spruce Budworm (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) Populations Nancy Lorimer and Leah S. Bauer ...................... ............... 149 Spruce Budworm Weight and Fecundity: Means, Frequency Distributions, and Correlations for Two Populations (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) Nancy Lorimer and Leah S. Bauer .. .............................. 153 Simulation of How Jack Pine Budworm (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) Affects Economic Returns from Jack Pine Timber Production in Michigan Jan P. Nyrop, Jeffrey T. Olson, Daniel G. Mosher, and Gary A. Simmons .............. 157 v A Note on the Nesting of Mimesa lutaria (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae) Frank E. Kurczewski and Mark F. O'Brien .............................. .. 167 Observations on North Dakota Sponges (Haplosclerina: Spongillidae) and Sisyrids (Neuroptera: Sisyridae) Ralph D. Stoaks, Joe K. Neel, and Richard L. Post ......... ... 171 Insecticide Effects on Normal Development and Hatch of Embryos of Paratanytarsus parthenogeneticus (Diptera: Chironomidac) Richard L. Anderson and Pam Shubat .......................................... 177 ./ Addendum to the Inventory of Stored Grain Insects in Michigan Robert F. Ruppel ............. .. ....... 182 Spatial Distribution of Jack Pine Cones and Those Attacked by Insects Aunu Rauf and D. M. Benjamin ..................................... 183 ./ New State Records of Cerambycidae from Michigan (Coleoptera) D. C. L. Gosling .. ................. 187 The First Record of Delphacodes havanae in the United States (Homoptera: Fulgoroidae: Delphacidae) Stephen W. Wilson .......................................... ........ 188 COVER ILLUSTRATION Sminthurus mencenbergae Snider (Collembola: Sminthuridae). Vol. 16, No.2 of The Great Lakes Entomologist was mailed 11 July 1983. Vol. 16, NO.3 of The Greal Lakes Entomologist was mailed 8 August 1983. THE MICHIGAN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 1983-84 OFFICERS President Gary A. Dunn President-Elect David A. Evans Executive Secretary M. C. Nielsen Journal Editor D. C. L. Gosling Newsletter Editor Louis F. Wilson The Michigan Entomological Society traces its origins to the old Detroit Entomological Society and was organized on 4 November 1954 to " ... promote the science of entomology in all its branches and by all feasible means, and to advance cooperation and good fellowship among persons interested in entomology." The Society attempts to facilitate the exchange of ideas and information in both amateur and professional circles, and encourages the study of insects by youth. Membership in the Society, which serves the North Central States and adjacent Canada, is open to all persons interested in entomology. There are four paying classes of membership: Student (including those currently enrolled as college sophomores)-annual dues $4.00 Active-annual dues $8.00 Institutional-annual dues $20.00 Sustaining-annual contribution $25.00 or more Dues are paid on a calendar year basis (Jan. I-Dec. 31). Memberships accepted before July I shall begin on the preceding January I; memberships accepted at a later date shall begin the following January 1 unless the earlier date is requested and the required dues are paid. All members in good standing receive the News/erter of the Society, published quarterly. All Active and Sustaining Members may vote in Society affairs. All dues and contributions to the Society are deductible for Federal income tax purposes. SUBSCRIPTION INFORMATION Institutions and organizations, as well as individuals not desiring the benefits of membership, may subscribe to The Greal Lakes Entomologist at the rate of $15.00 per volume. The journal is published quarterly; subscriptions are accepted only on a volume (4 issue) basis. Single copies of The Grear Lakes Entomologist are available at $4.25 each, with a 20 percent discount for 25 or more copies sent to a single address. MICROFIL~l EDITION: Positive microfilm copies of the current volume of The Great Lakes Entomologist will be available at nominal cost, to members and bona fide subscribers of the paper edition only, at the end of each volume year. Please address all orders and inquiries to University Microfilms, Inc., 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106, L:SA. Inquiries about back numbers, suhscriptions and Society business shOUld be directed to the Executive Secretary, Michigan Entomological Society, Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA. Manuscripts and related correspondence should be directed to the Editor (see inside back cover). Copyright © 1983. The Michigan Entomological Society 1983 THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST 101 SOME OBSERVATIONS ON INSECTICIDE RESISTANCE1 Robert F. RuppeF ABSTRACT A model for development of resistance to an insecticide in an insect population is presented. The rate of development of resistance increased with increases in the propor­ tion of the breeding population exposed to the insecticide and with increases in the survival from exposure to the insecticide. Restricting application of insecticides to an "only if needed" basis and, within limits, dosages that assure minimal survival of the exposed insects are suggested as means of impeding resistance to insecticides. The huge gene pools represented by the large populations of pest species are assumed to maintain insecticide resistance as a continuing problem in crop protcction. Individual insects vary in their susceptibility to insecticides. This is most clearly seen in laboratory tests in which insects selected for uniformity are exposed to different dosages of an insecticide. That some insects survive dosages that kill their cohorts is expected in these tests and the log-probit curve is well established as descriptive of the relationship of dosage-mortality. This curve is an asymmetrical sigmoid with a short lower end, a rapidly ascending central portion, and prolonged upper end (Fig. 1). The important part of the curve for this discussion is the prolonged upper end that shows that a few individuals, even among the relati.... .:ly small number of insects used in laboratory trials, can survive dosages thal will kill the greal bulk of their companions. Field testing of insecticides is done under much more variable conditions than in the labora1ory. The insects vary in size, vigor, sex, and even in stage; the exposure of the individuals is variable and some may escape exposure entirely; and the results are al"ways subject to the specific circumstances (such as weather) at the time. Insecticide, dosage, type and time of application, formulation, and other details for practical control are selected on their expected reliability in reducing the numbers of insects. The recom­ mended dosage would usually place it high on the log-probit curve if it were a laboratory test. Ifaccepted. the insecticide may be widely used and enormous numbers of that insect ",ill be exposed to tha1 insecticide. Insect populations are so huge that every possible combination of genes is bound to occur. These combinations probably include genotypes that confer some degree of immunity to insecticides. or any other control measure, that could be used against that insect. A smaller portion of the individuals with these genes will be killed by exposure to the insecticide than will those with the susceptible genetic make up. It is the percentage of the insects killed that is measured in most control studies even though it is the number that survive to cause damage thal should be of concern. Even more importantly it is the sun'ivors thal "ill breed succeeding generations. The differential survival of resistant and susceptible indhjduals over time can result in a high enough frequency of resistant genes that the population can no longer be adequately controlled with the standard application of the insecticide. The development of resistance through the selective reduction in frequency of the susceptible genes is simple in concept. The actual development of a resistant popUlation
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