Aiian D. Dawson 1955

Home , Curculio uniformis, Dichorda, Dichorda iridaria, Epizeuxis (moth), Eudeilinia, Eudeilinia herminiata

A COMPARISON OF THE INSECT COMMUNITIES 0F CONIFEROUS AND DECIDUOUS WOODLOTS

Thesis hr the Dawn of M. S. MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY AIIan D. Dawson 1955-

IHESlS IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII r

,A COMPARISON OF THE INSECT communes or conmous AND IDECIDUOUS woomm's

Allen D. Dmon

AN ABSTRACT

Submitted to the School of Graduate Studies of nichigm

state university of Agriculture and Applied Science

in partial fulfillment of the requirements

for the degree of

MASTER OF SCIENCE

Department of Entomolog 1955

ABSTRACT

This study surveyed and compared qualitatively a sample of the insect species of three different forest insect comunities. The three forest types surveyed included a red pine woodlot, a red pine- white pine woodlot and an oak-hickory woodlot. Bach woodlot was approximately ten acres in size. The woodlots studied are located in the Kellogg Forest, Kalamazoo County, Michigan. They were surveyed, using the same methods in each, from June 20 to August

19, 1951. and from April 30 to June 19, 1955.

' collecting of the insects was done mainly by sweeping the herbs, shrubs, and lower tree strata with a thirty-centimeter insect net. other insects were taken after direct observation. In addition, night collecting was done by using automobile headlights as attractants from various locations on logging roads throughout each area. An attempt was ends to collect as many insects as possible from each woodlot. Due to the nunbers involved and the fact that the surveys did not cover an entire year, the insects collected represent only a sample of the woodlot insect commities.

Of the animals collected, only adult or identifiable imature forms of insects were recorded. Representives, as far as could be determined, of each species were mounted and identified to the lowest classification possible.

The insects were then listed by woodlot and an attempt was made to determine which species were actually native to both the coniferous and deciduous woodlots. me out of five insect species recorded during the study was found to occur in both woodlot types. However, review of the feeding habits and life histories of these species revealed that only one half of them, or about one out of ten insect species recorded, could be considered to be native to both the pine and oak-hickory woodlots. The majority of these insect species were found to be either scavengers, parasites or predators. Very few phytophagous insects were native to both woodlot types. These findings led to the conclusion that, in general, insect enemies of forest stands are limited to either coniferous or deciduous stands and cannot attack both types of forest.

Sumation of the nunbers of insect species recorded from each woodlot revealed that more insect species were recorded from the oak-hickory woodlot than fr’m either of the pine woodlots. More insect species were found in the red pine-white pine woodlot than in the red pine woodlot. It was concluded that the greater the numbers and types of vegetation occurring in the woodlot the greater was the number of insect species Occurring in the woodlot.

This was supported by the fact that the oak-hickory woodlot had more vegetation than the red pine—white pine woodlot and it in turn had more vegetation than the red pine woodlot. It seemed probable that an increase in vegetation increased the numbers of ptwtophagous insect species and their predators and hence increased the total number of insect species semen to the woodlot. A COMPARISON OF THE INSECT

COIIMUNITIES 0F CONIFEROUS AND

DECIDUOUS WOODLOTS

Allan D. Dawson

ATHEIS

Submitted to the School of Graduate Studies of Michigan

state University of Agriculture and Applied science

in partial fulfillment of the requirements

for the degree of

MASTER OF SCIENCE

Department of Entomology 1955 . Iﬁhbs5 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The author wishes to express his sincere appreciation and gratitude to Professors R. Hutson, I. F. Morofsky and to Associate

Professor H. L. King, for invaluable guidance and encouragement throughout the study. He is also indebted to Assistand Professor

R. L. Fischer for his assistance in insect identification and organisation of this study.

Grateful acknowledgment is extended to the following indiv- iduals for their assistance in insect identification: Assistant

Professor 0. Gwer of lichigan state University, Tendipedidae and

Heleidae indentification; lichigan state graduate student 0.

Taboada, cicadellidae indentification; and 3. [core of Detroit, nichigan, Lepidoptera identification. Special thanks is given to

I. Drew, graduate student at lichigan state University, for prompt assistance in determining some Diptera specimens in the latter part of the study.

Gratitude is expressed to Associate Professor 1.. Gysel of lichigan state University and I. Lemieln, w. K. Kellogg Forest, for their assistance in plant identification.

The author is greatly indebted to his wife, Jane, and to his father, 8. B. Dawson, for their aid in insect collection and preparation of the draft of this paper.

Sincere thanks is also given to the staff and the facilities provided by the I. K. Kellogg Gull Lake Biological Station and the

W. K. Kellogg Forest.

5.35}: 181132 TABLE OF CONTENTS

I. Introduction ...... 1

II- Historical Review...... 2

III. Methods and Materials ...... 5

Discussion ...... 12

V. Summary and conclusions ...... 21

Appendix ...... 22

List Of References 00.00.000.00...... OOOOOOOOOOOOOO 7h INTRODUCTION

It is generally agreed among biologists that particular animal

species are closely associated with specific plant communities.

The study of these relationships of animals and plants is termed bio-ecology. Past studies have shown the importance of these relationships in all faunal research. Very little research has been done on forest insect communities and their associations with

specific forest plant communities by entomologists, even though forest; entomology is one of the most important branches of

economic entomology. This paper is a study in forest insect bio-

ecology.

This study surveyed and compared qualitatively a sample of

the insect species of three different forest insect communities.

The three forest types surveyed included a red pine woodlot, a

red pineawhite pine woodlot and an oak-hickory woodlot. The wood-

lots studied are located in the Kellogg Forest, Kalamazoo County,

Michigan. They were surveyed, using the same methods in each,

from June 20 to August 19, l9Sh, and from.April 30 to June 19, 1955.

This study was initiated while attending the summer School

session at the Kellogg Gull Lake Biological Station during lQSh

and continued throughout the season. HISTORICAL REVIEW

Studies in forest entomology date back to the first part of the nineteenth century. The approach of the early studies and liter-

ature derived from.interest in the insects themselves, rather than

in their relationships to the forest. 'Work done in the last part of the nineteenth century and early twentieth century'began to

show the importance of the forest's relationship to its insect population. Medern studies and literature in forest entomology

stress this relationship but most of the recent work has approached

the relationship from studies of insect enemies of specific forest

tree species, group studies of certain forest insects, or life history studies of particular forest insect enemies and their parasites. Little work has been done on beneficial and other

supposedly economically unimportant.forest insects in relation to

the total ferest community. Even less research has been done in

the field of forest insect bio-ecology, in which the forest insects are studied as an animal population or community in association with a definite forest plant community.

The first insect bio-ecology studies were done in connection with two land animal bio-ecology studies made by Adams, (1906 and

1909), in which the insects were included as a part of the total animal community. Adams devoted particular attention to beetles along with other animals in relationship to their occurrence in various plant communities. Shelford (1907) traced the relationship of Cicindela species to various plant communities. A later study of animal communities by shelford (1913), associated various animal dominants, mostly insects, with one or more plant dominants in general plant communities.

other biotic studies in terrestrial animal bio-ecology made during the past thirty years followed the pattern of Adams and studied the forest fauna with regards to the total animal community.

Weese (l92h), and Smith (1928, 1930 and 1932), contributed a series of animal ecology studies in deciduous forests of central

Illinois. Their works were largely quantitative and considered to a large extent the physical factors influencing the habitat. More recent studies have in general followed these same lines.

The only study available in published literature that includes a comparison of coniferous and deciduous forest fauna is that of

Blake (1926). His paper included a comparison of the land animal communities of a climax pine-hemlock forest and a climax elmdmaple forest. The pine-hemlock forest was studied during the summer of

1923. The elmpmaple forest study was made during the winter of

192h-l925. Both areas were located in central Illinois but not in the immediate vicinity of each other. The animal populations were sampled by the same methods in both areas. Only the numerically or otherwise influential yearly and seasonal animal dominants were graphically illustrated and discussed, no other animal data being given in the paper. The animals were discussed in relation to their occurrence in stratal subdivisions of the forests. Blake concluded from his results that "The animal communities of the coniferous and deciduous forest have a different taxonomic composition; only h.5%, all non-predominants, are common to both."

It is believed however, that since the studies used by Blake for comparison were made in different localities and at different ' seasons of the year, the correlation for comparison is limited and does not necessarily offer an accurate comparison of the animal populations. on.

IIETHODS AND MATERIALS

The main method used for the collection of the insects was sweeping the herbs, shrubs, and lower tree strata of the woodlots with a thirty centimeter (12 inch) insect net. The insects on the ground and tree trunks and the aerial forms were taken after direct observation. Insects of the upper tree strata were not surveyed. night collecting was done by using automobile headlights as attract tants from various locations on logging roads throughout each area.

Althought the attemt was suds to collect as many insect species as possible from each woodlot, collection of all of the species was impossible due to the numbers involved and the fact that the surveys did not cover the entire year. This study thus represents a sample of the total insect commities in the surveyed areas.

collecting was scheduled so that each woodlot would receive approximately equal amounts of the time spent collecting during the stuw. The schedule was arranged so that each woodlot would be surveyed equally as to specifications of day or night. Surveys were made in all kinds of weather with the exception of heavy rains.

0f the animals collected, only adult or identifiable inature force of insects were recorded. Rspresentives, as far as could be determined, of each species were mounted and identified in accordance with the most recent available entomological literature.

Insect identifications were verified by Assis tent Professor Fischer.

Keys and catalogues which were utilised for insect identifications are listed in the bibliography. The scientific names of all plant species mentioned in this paper may be found in M. L. Fernald's

largely rewritten and expanded version of m W of .M’

(1950). The soil data of the areas studied.was taken from.the

United states Soil conservation Service, Soil Survey of Kalamazoo

county, michigan, soil Survey Report. Series 1922,.No. 18.

The ferest communities studied were three different woodlot

compartments, each approximately ten acres in size, located in the

Kellogg Forest, Kalamazoo County, Michigan. The Kellogg Forest

consists of four hundred and eighty five acres of forest land,

owned and operated by Michigan state university. The university

carries on research and demonstrations of land uses, in addition

to operating a multiple land use program in the area. To facili~

tate the handling of the land use program.the area has been sub-

divided into numbered woodlot compartments. This study surveyed

the insect communities of woodlot compartments numbers 6A, 7 and

10. Compartment No. 6A. This compartment is located in the NE %,

SW %, NH % of Section 22, Ross Township, Kalamazoo County, Michigan.

It was planted in the fall of 1931 and spring of 1932 to red pine,

Pinus resincsa. The plantings were thinned and crop trees selected

in 19b? and again in 19Sh. The topography of this area is somewhat

irregular and broken, but in general consists of a slope to the

north and west. The gradient of the slope varies from S to 30%.

A small ravine which consists of a steep slope varying from 25 to

30% cuts into the center of the compartment. Previous to 1930 attempts to farm this hilly topography resulted in moderate to severe

erosion of the tepsoil and some subsoil. The soil type of the area,

‘with the exception of the bettom.and top levels of the slope, is

Coloma loam. The soil types of the bottom and top levels are, re—

spectively, Oshtemo loamw'sand and Bellefontaine sandy loam.

Vegetation on the area consisted of the red pine overestory with no other vegetation occurring except for about 1 S of the area where openings in the crown closure allowed direct light to reach

the forest floor. Beneath these openings various individual species

of deciduous herbs, shrubs and trees had become established. The

following list of plant species were observed in the openings.

Acer rubrum Red Maple Acer'saccfiarinum. Silver maple Acer saccharum Sugar maple Agelepias syriaca Common Milkweed aster sp. Aster CeItiS‘Eccidentalia Hackberry Cirsium sp. common Thistle Craet-a'gus sp. Hawthorne Danthonia spicata June Grass fiiucus carota Rflld Carrot Efibatus sp. Blackberry Fraxinus americana White Ash Hieracifim aurantiacum Hawkweed Juniperus virginiana_ Eastern Red Cedar Lonicera Sp. Honeysuckle MaIcIura pomifera Osage Orange Morus rubra ‘ Red Mulberry iolystichum sp. Shield Fern fifipulus grandidentata Big-tooth Aspen Popqus tremuloides Trembling Aspen firenafithes alba ‘White Lettuce Prunus serotina Black cherry Prunus virgifiiana choke cherry Prunus sp. cherry Quercus alba ‘White Oak Quercus veIutina Black Oak Rhus radicans Poison Ivy

(List of Woodlot compartment Plant Species, continued)

Rhus typhina Staghorn Sumac Rﬁbus océidentalis Black Raspberry Rubus sp. Dew-berry mix-as albidum Sassafras SmiIacIna racemosa False Spikenard Sglanum sp. ___ Nightshade ‘ Soliaago sp. Goldenrod Taraxacum officinal Dandelion clover tints ruEra Slippery Elm VerBascum thapsus MUIlein Vitis sp. Grape

compartment 7. This compartment is located in the SE %, SW

%, NW’% of section 22, Ross Township, Kalamazoo county, Michigan.

In 1932, red pine and white pine, Pinus strebus, were planted in a three row and one row mixture in this compartment. The tree plantings have been left undisturbed except for pruning the stand in l9h8 and 1950. The topography of this site is somewhat irregular and broken, ranging from gently rolling to hilly. The northwest corner occupies a relatively gentle slope to the west. The remainder of the compartment occupies a uniformly steep irregular lepe to the west with gradients of 25 to 30%.

Vegetation occurring on the area included the red and white pine overstory and as in Compartment 6A, numerous individual plant species occurring beneath the few scattered openings in the tree overstory. Plant species observed in these openings were the same as those listed for Compartment 6A plus white pine reproduction and a few individual scotch pines, Pinus sylvestris: compartmmt 10. This compartment contained forty-five acres of natural oakhhickory forest. In 1923 the eastern eighteen acres

'were burned over but have since been undisturbed and have grown back to a predominantly oak-hickory stand. Approximately ten acres of this previously'burnedpover area was surveyed for'its insect population. The location of the ten acres studied in the n .41, m; 3;, 3"} of section 22,‘Ross Township, Kalamazoo county, Michigan. This compartment has gently rolling topograplv and has colon loan sand for its soil type.

The tree overstory was observed to be composed of roughly 85% oak and 10% hickory with the remaining 51 being miscellaneous tree species. The oak group was composed of roughly 80% black oak, 15% white oak and 5% red oak, Qggrcus‘ggbra. The hickory was about one half pignut hickory, 9251!.ﬁl5253’ and one half shagbark hickory,

92522.23333’ Tree species in the miscellaneous group included red maple; silver maple; sugar maple; scarlet oak, Quercus coccinea; black cherry; big-tooth aspen; sassafras; flowering dogwood, 925222 florida; white ash; hawthorne; slippery elm; and basswood, Tilig americana. The plant species observed occurring in the understory are given in the following lists.

Tree Reproduction

Acer rubrum Red maple Acer saccharinum. silver maple Icer saccharum, Sugar Maple AmeIancHier sp. Juneberry Caryn gIaBra Pignut Hickory

Tree .Reproducti on (continued)

carya ovata Shagbark Hickory Cornus circinata Round-leaved Dogwood Cornus TIorida Flowering Dogwood ﬁbrous racemosa Dogwood Cornus sp. Dogwood asitzsgua sp. Hawthorne Papqus grandidentata Big-tooth aspen 'Frunus serotina Black Cherry Frunus Virginiana choke cherry Quercus alba White Oak ercus rubra Red Oak Quercusvelutina Black Oak Sassafras albidum Sassafras

Other Vegetation

A hic a bracteata Hog Peanut An enn a Sp. Eyerlasting mophyuua Aster fiotryehium virginianum Rattlesnake Fern Carex;pennsylvafiica Sedge faollinsonia canadensis Rich'fleed fesmodfmn glutinosum Tick Trefoil figsmodium nudiflomgn Tick Trefoil Fragaria sp. Wild Strawberny Wmceolatlm Wild Liquorice Galium circaezans wild Liquorice Geranium macfilatum Wild Cranesbill Relianthus divaricatus Sunflower Hepatica americana Hepatica Lathyrus venosus Vetchling Lysimachia guadrifolia Loosestrife Osmunda Claytoni Flowering Fern leygonatumbiflorun Small Solomon's Seal Polygonatum sp. Solomon's Seal PFenanthes alba White Le ttuce' Rhus radicans Poison Ivy Ribes americanum Black Currant Ribes cynosbati Dogberny Rosa carolina Wild Rose Rub us sp. Bramble §Efiieula marilandica Black Snakeroot Sanicula sp. Black Snakeroot §fiiIEEifia racemosa False Spikenard th Green Briar

acJJQ" "d, Siu'aﬁcyé" , ‘.9 s k; L; \r I" =’*°" . .‘_,.";<.\.!-:‘1 4 U {‘E f S

other Vegetation (continued)

Solidago caesia Goldenrod Solidago sp. Goldenrod SoIidEge ulmifolia Goldenrod Uvularia grandiTIora Bellwort Viburnum acerifOIium Arrowawood ViBernum r es anum Downy Arrowawoed Viola sp. Violet ‘Vitii‘sp. Grape DISCUSSION

All the insect species recorded during the study are listed in

Table I of the appendix. The first part of the discussion is concerned with those species of insects that were recorded from both the pine and oak-hickory woodlots. These species are listed in Table 2. Litera- ture concerning the life history and feeding habits of each species was reviewed in anattempt to determine whether or not the particular species was native to both pine and oak-hickory forests. These species are discussed in the order that they appear in Table 2.

Table 3 lists those species that appeared to be native to both the coniferous and deciduous woodlots surveyed in this stuck. The latter part of this discussion deals with the total numbers of species recorded from each woodlot and from both the pine and oak-hickory woodlots, (Table h).

Order Orthoptera. This order had three species that occurred in both the pine and oak—hickory" woodlots. Scudderia septrionalis,

a bush katydid, was recorded from both types of woodlot but it is reported by Blatchley (1920a) to feed on the leaves and twigs of various deciduous plants, preferably oak and black cherry. It and all of the following deciduous plant-feeding insect species recorded from the pine woodlots were considered non-native to the pine areas. It is assumed that they were there only because of the atypical deciduous vegetation occurring beneath openings in the pine overstories. The walking stick, Diapheromera femorata, was record-

ed from all three woodlots. It feeds on various deciduous plants,

(Blatchley 1920a) , and therefore was not native to the pine woodlots.

l3 ’

The woodroach, Ischnoptera pennsylvanica, is reported, (Blatchley

1920a), to be a scavenger feeding on decaying animal and vegetable

refuse. It was considered native to both the pine and oak-hickory woodlots.

Orders Odonata, Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera and Triceptera. In

these orders all the immature forms are aquatic and live in water until ready to become adults. Review of literature concerning their adult habits showed them, with the exception of one species, to be atypical to all of the woodlots. They are always found in the

vicinity of permanent bodies of water. Their presence was no doubt

due to the Augusta Creek passing through the locality about five

hundred yards away from all three woodlots. The lone exception was

Agrion naculatum, a damsel fly, reported by Walker (1953) as being

mainly a forest species.

Order Isoptera. Only one species, Reticulitermes flavipeg,

a subterranean termite, was recorded during the study from this

order. It occurred in all three woodlots. This termite is re-

ported by Craighead (1950), to attack both coniferous and deciduous wood and was considered native to all three woodlots.

Order Thysanoptera. Many species of thrips were recorded from

all three woodlots but could not be determined below family. It is

believed however that particular thrips species are specific plant

feeders and probably were not native to both types of woodlot.

Order Hemiptera. Phy'mata fasciata, an ambush bug, was taken

from all three woodlots. This species is predaceous, (Blatchley

1926), and so was considered native to both types of woodlot. Neides muticus, a stilt bug, was recorded from both woodlot types

but was reported by Blatchley (1926) to feed on low deciduous herbage and was not considered native to pine stands. Hyaliodes

vitripennis, a leaf bug, is predaceous on plant lice, (Knight 19hl),

and.was considered native to all the woodlots.

Order Hemoptera. Eight species of this order were recorded from both the pine and oakuhickorwaoodlots. Of these, six species were members of the fimily Cicadellidae and all were reported by Britten

(1923) to feed on various deciduous plants and so were not native to the pine woodlots. A cercopid, Philaronia bilineata, was re-

corded in large numbers from all three woodlots. This species feeds on deciduous plants, (Britten 1923), and was not native to the pine stands. One or more species of dog-day cicadas, Tibicen spp.,

'were observed in the tree tops of all three areas. The females of this genus are known to oviposit in both coniferous and.deciduous trees, (Britten 1923), so probably the species were native to all three woodlots. Various species of aphids were recorded from all three sites but could not be determined below family classification.

Since aphids are generally specific as to host plants it appeared prObable that none of the species were common to both types of woodlot.

Order necoptera. Two species were recorded and both were considered to be native to all three woodlots. Bittacus strigosus

is reported by Comstock (1950), to be predaceous on other insects.

Panorpadebilis feeds on injured insects.

Order Neuroptera. The majority of species in this order are prodaceous but only one genus occurred in both types of woodlot.

Hemerobius spp. were recorded from all three woodlots and were

considered native since theyywere reported by Banks (1906) fodfeed on aphids.

Order colooptora. All species habits, unless otherwise mentioned, were taken from Blatchley (1920b). The various species of the families Lycidae, Lampyridae, Cantharidae and coccinellidae, takm from both types of woodlot were all reported to be predaceous on insects and other small animals and were considered cannon to all three woodlots. The species recorded from the family Elateridao were not native to pine forests since Homicrepidius bilobatus is predacoous

on hickory borers and Helanotus M foods on deciduous plants, (Dietrich 191:5). Ptilodactyla serricollis is reported to be

associated with perment bodies of water and not necessarily with forest stands. It was not considered native to the woodlots. The hister beetle, 9141 on caorctatum, and the tenebrionid, lleracsntha

contracts, were both reported to be scavengers and so were native to all three woodlots. The species recorded from the families

Scarabaeidae and chrysonelidae were reported to be deciduous plant feeders and were not native to the pine woodlots. The larvae of the curculionid, Bractwrhinus ovatus , was reported by Blatchley and

Long (1916) to feed on the roots of both coniferous and deciduous trees and was considered native to all three woodlots. The other curculihonid, curculio uniformis,is a nut weevil and was not native to the pine woodlots . Order Lepidoptera. Some difficulties were encountered in determining species of this order and many could not be determined below family classification. Those species which were determined presented a problem as to whether or not they were native to both forest types since the adults recorded were all aerial forms and could have migrated from one forest type to the other. The life histories and feeding habits of many species could not be found in the literature. It is believed, however, since most of the species of chidoptera are plant feeders and are usually quite specific to either coniferous or deciduous plant hosts, that none of the recorded species were common to both types of forest. Craig— head (1950), reported that Papilio glaucus, Papilio troilus,

Whalis antioga, Ponias mops, Pero spp., Epicnaptera americana,

Synchlora aerata, Iygris diversilineata, mperatis amicaria and

D_g_smia funeralis all food on various types of deciduous plant

growth and so were not native to the pine woodlots. He also reported that Semiothisa spp. feed on either coniferous or deciduous

plants depending on the Species but none of the species feed on both types of vegetation. Epizeuxis spp. were reported by the same source to feed on dried conifer needles so were not native to the oak-hickory woodlot. The feeding habits of these determined species all supported the preceding conclusion.

Order Diptera. All feeding habits and life history reports, unless otherwise mentioned, were taken from Curran (19314). Diff- iculties were encountered in determination and many of the Species 17

could be determined only to family. The discussion, therefore, is concerned with family habits rather than with species habits. In this order the family habits are generally the same for most of the family seniors.

The larva and/or adults of most of the species of the families

Tipulidae, Bibionidae, Phoridse, Syrphidse, Lonchaeidae: Lauxsniidse,

Drosophilidae, Clusiidae, luscidae and Sarcophagidse were reported to be scavengers on various types of decaying organic matter. There- fore the species recorded from both the deciduous and coniferous woodlots from these families were considered to be native to both types of woodlot. The female. species recorded from the families

Culicidae and Tabsnidae such the blood of warm-blooded animals.

They are found in the vicinities of their hosts and so were considered to be native to all three woodlots. The dance flies, family Empididae, are reported to be predaceous and the species recorded were considered to be cannon to both types of woodlot. The species recorded from the families Bombyliidae and Tachinidae were reported to be parasitic on other insects and were native to all three woodlots. The larvae of most of the species of the families

Scisridae and Pungivoridae were reported to feed on various types of fmgus growth and so some of the recorded species were probably native to both woodlot types. The Anthowiidse and Psilidse were reported to be plvtophsgous and in general specific to either coniferous or deciduous vegetation. They were not considered native to both types of woodlot. species of the families Simuliidae, 18

Tendipodidae, Heleidae and Dolichopodidae were reported to be found only in the vicinity of sold-permanent or permanent bodies of water rather than in association with forest stands. Therefore they were not considered native to the woodlots.

Order Woptera. All the habits reported, unless otherwise mentioned, were taken from mossbsck (1951). Some of the species were not determined below family so are discussed as a family.

The sawflies of the genus _A_r_g_e_ are all external feeders on various deciduous plants. They were not considered to be native to the pine woodlots. species of the families Ichneumonidae and

Braconidao and most of the species of the superfamilios chalcidoidoa and Proctotrupoidos are carnivorous, being either ends- or ectopsr— asites. The species recorded from these families from both types of woodlot were therefore considered to be native to both woodlot types.

The species recorded from the superfamily cynipoides were probably not native to both woodlot typos since most members of this superfamily are plurtophagous and are usually limited to either coniferous or deciduous plants. The black carpenter ant, camponotus m-

oanus pomsylvanicus, was reported by Craighead (1950), to attack

the dead heartwood of living trees and almost any wood materials and so was considered to be native to all three woodlots. The ants of the m La__s_i£_s_ live in soil or under wood and attend honey—dew excreting insects and were native to both types of woodlot. The undetermined species of ants could not be considered since the feeding habits vary so greatly among ant species. Vespula msculifrons, 19

a vespid wasp, was considered native to all the woodlots since the

adults were reported to be partially predaceous. The sphecid wasps,

Gorytes sp. and Ectemnius sp. were considered.native to all three woody

lots since all of the wasps of this family are either inquilinous

or predaceous in the adult form. Andrena spp. and E22222 ragga: are pollen and nectar feeding bees and so were not considered native to the pine stands. The halictid bees, Lasioglossum.spp. and Augochlors

page, were probably native to both types of woodlot since the majority

of the members of this family nest in the soil.

Approximately one out of five insect species recorded was found

to occur in both the coniferous and deciduous woodlots. However, the preceding discussion, which reviewed the life histories and feeding habits of these species, revealed that only one half of them could be considered to be native to both the pine and oak-hickory woodlots.

The majority of species common to both types of woodlot were found

to be either scavengers, parasites or predators. The other one half

of the insect species recorded from both woodlot types were found

to be nonenative to one or the other forest type or in some cases

to be atypical of any forest stand. The presence of these insects was probably due to one of the following reasons: the atypical deciduous vegetation occurring beneath openings in the overstories

of the pine woodlots, the presence of the Augusta Creek passing within about five hundred.yards of all three woodlots, or the possibility that some of the 2i.)

aerial insect forms migrated.from one woodlot type to the other.

The elimination of the atypical insect species reduces the number of insect species native to both the coniferous and deciduous woodlots to approximately one out of every ten insect species recorded during the study.

Summation of the numbers of insect species recorded from each

'woodlot,(Table h), revealed that more insect species were native to the oak-hickory woodlot than to either of the pine woodlots. The red.pineawhite pine woodlot was found to have more insect species than the red pine woodlot. It seemed that the greater the numbers and types of vegetation occurring in the woodlot, the greater the number of insect species recorded.from.the woodlot. ThiS‘WRS supported by the fact that the oak-hickory woodlot had more vegetation than either of the pine woodlots. To further support this conclusion the red pineawhite pine woodlot had one more tree species and much more atypical deciduous vegetation in the understory than did the red pine woodlot. It appeared probable that the increase in plant species brought a similar increase in the presence of phytophagous insect species and their predators and hence increased the total number of insect Species common to the woodlot. 21

' SONAR! AND CONCLUSIONS

The insect comunities of coniferous and deciduous forests seemingly differ both in species and in species numbers. The deciduous plot studied showed the greater number of insect species due to the greater number of species of plants. It was found that as the number of plant species increase the number of insect species also increase. Approximately 10% of the insect species were native to both the pine and oak-hickory woodlots. The majority of these species native to both forest types studied were either scavengers, parasites or predators. Very few phytophagous insect species were comon to both types of forest. Thus it seems that the majority of insect enemies of forest stands are typically limited to one or the other forest types. APPENDIX

Table 1 o Insect species Recorded from'WOOdlot Surveys in the

Kellogg Forest, Kalamazoo County, Michigan . . . . . 23 .

...

.—.l.. T‘blﬂ 2 o Insect Species Recorded In Both Pine and Oak-Hickory ‘woodlots From Woodlot Surveys in the Kellogg Forest, Kalamazoo county. I"ichigano ...... Sb

Table 3. Recorded Insect Species Which Appear to be Native to Both the coniferous and Deciduous Weedlots Studied at The Kellogg Forest, Kalamazoo county, Michigan. , , , 66

Table ’4 o Approximate Totals of Numbers of Insect Species Recorded from the Kellogg Forest, Kalamazoo County, Michigan. 72 TABLE I

INSECT SPECIES RECORDED FROM WOO-DLOT SURVEYS IN THE

KELIDGG FOREST, KAIAMAZOO COUNTY, MICHIGAN

‘—

Family and Scientific Name Woodlot

ORDER ORTHOPTERA

Family Tettigoniidae

Scudderia septentrionalis (Scrv.) 7, 10

_ ceuthophillis sp. 10

Family Acrididae

chloealtig abdominalis -C'hom.) 6

Orphulella sp. 7

Trimerotropis Eritima‘marr.) 10

Hippiscus phoenicopterus (Bum) 7

lielanopus femur-gum (060.) 7

Melanopus sp. 7

Family Phasmidae

Diaphoremera femorata (Say) 6, 7,10

Family Blattidae

Ischn_o_ptera pennsylvanica (DeG.) 7, 10

Ischnoptera uhleriana (Sauss.) 10

Family Gryllidae

6211113 spp. 6, 7 7"-“ I .

TABLE I continued

Family and Scientific Name Woodlot

ORDER EPHEMEROPTERA

Family Ephemeridae

Hexagenia limbata (Say) 6

ORDER ODONATA

Family Gemphidae Ophiggonmhus edmunde Need. 7

Family Aeschnidao

Boyeria vinosa Say 7

Family Libellulidae

Tetragoneuria ﬂosura Say 6, 10

Smotrum vicinum Hag. 6:7

Sympetng -rubictmdulum Say 7, 10

Family Agriidae

Agri on V maculatum Beauv. 7, 10

Family Lestidae

Lestes cengen_e_r Hag. 7,10

Lestes rectangularis say 6,10

Family Coenagrionidae Argia sp. 7

Coenagrion resolutum ﬂag.) 6, 7,10

Coenagrion sp. W“ 7

Ischnura verticalis (Say) 7, 10

an“ v.2!!- a_.(§‘ ,_ .Iil’tlr ...? gliOIFIWH

a ar n _ ‘4 ...... TABLE I continued

7 Family and Scientific Name Weedlot

ORDER PLECOPTERA

Undetermined spp. 6,7,10

ORDER ISOPTERA

Family Rhinotermitidae

Roticulitcrmesflavipes Kol. 6,7,10

ORDER PSOCOPTERA

Family Psocidae

Undetermined spp. 6,7

ORDER THISANOPTERA

Family Phloeothripidae

Undetermined spp.

Family'Thripidae

Undetermined sp.

\ ORDER HEMIPTERA

Family Cynidac

Thyreocoris_lateralis (Fabr.) 10

Family Pentatomidae

Euschistus variolarius (Pal. do Beauv.) 10

Acrosternum hilaris (Say) 10

Banasa sordida (Uhl.)

TABLE I continued

Family and Scientific Name Weedlot

ORDER HEMIPTERA

Family Coreidae

Acanthocephala terminalis (Dall.) 10

Family'Aradidae

Aneurus tenuicornis champ. 10

Family Neididae . asides‘mnticus (Say) 7,10 Jalysus spinesua (Say)

Family’Lygaeidae

Blissus leucopterus (Say)

Family'Tingidae

Corythucha spp.

Cerythucha gydoniae ?tch. 6,7

corythucha contracts 0. & D.

Family Phymatidae

Phymata fascists (Gray) 6,7,10

Family Reduviidae

Zelus exsangiu§_(Sta1.) 10

Pselliopus cinctus (Fabr.)

Sinea ‘diadema (Fabr.)

Family Nabidae

Nabis sordidus Rout. 10

Nabis annulatus Reut. 10

TABLE I continued

Family'and Scientific Name ‘Weodlot

ORDER HEMIPTERA '

Family Miridae

Neurecolpus nubilis (Say) 10

Horcias dislocatus (Say) 10

goeciloscytus lineatus (Fabr.) 6,7

Eygughpratensis (Linn.) 6,7

EZEEE vitticollis Rout. 7

BEE s intersectus (Uh1.) 10

Hyaliodes vitripcnnis (Say) 7,10

Stroggylocoris stygicus (Say) 7

Phagionathus politus (Uhl.) 7

ORDER HOMOPTERA

Family Cicadidae

Tibicen spp. 6, 7 , 10

Family Cercopidae

Aphrophorasaratogensis (Ftch.) 7

AphfrOphora quadrinotata Say 10

Philaronia bilineata (Say) 6,7,10

Family Membracidae

ceresa spp. 6

TABLE I continued

Family and Scientific Name ‘Woodlot

ORDER HOMOPTERA

Family cicadellidae

Agalliopsis novella (Say)

Agallia quadripunctata (Prev) 10

Idiocerus spp. 7,10

Neokolla ggthica (Sign,) 10

Graphocephala coccing§_(Forst.) 6,7,10

Gyponia sp. ‘ 10

Stagggylocephalu§_agrestis (Fall.) 7

Aphrodes albifrons (Lirm.) 7

Paraphlepsius irroratus (Say) 6,10

Jassus olitorius Say 7,10

Macrosteles dizigg' Barr. 10

Balclutha spp. 7,10

Empoasca £§b§g_ Harr. 6,?

Family Cicadellidac

Typhlocyba Spp. 10

Erythroneurg sp. 6

Forcipata spp. 7,10

Flexamia sp. 10

Family Fulgoridae

Scolops spp. 10 TABLE I continued

“. _— ‘

Family and Scientific Name Woedlot

ORDER HOMOPTERA

Family Fulgoridae

Landus sordidipennis Stal. 10

Acanalonia bivittata (Say) 10

Acanalonia conica (Say) 10

Otiocerus degeerii Kby. 10

Otiocerus abbotti Kby. 10

Otiocerus schellenbergii Kby. 10

Family Chermidae

Trioza tripunctata (Ftch.) 7

Family Aphididae

undetermined spp. 6,7,10

ORDER NEUROPTERA

Family Wmeleonidae

Wrmeleon absoletus 3;! 10

Family .Hcmerobiidae

Homerobius spp. 6,7,10

Egalionius sp. 10

Family Chrysopidae

Allochrysa virginica Ftch. 10

Chrysopa lateralis Guer. 7

Chrysopa harrisi Ftch. 7

chrysopa Egricornis Burn. 7

(‘h man an: 9m -

TABLE I continued

Family and Scientific Name WOOdlot

ORDER MECOPTERA

Family Bittacidae

Bittacus strigosus Rag.

Family Panorpidae

Panorpa debilis Westw. 6,7,10

Panorpa sp.

ORDER TRICHDPTERA

Family Psychomiidae

Neureclipsis bimaculatus (Linn.)

Family Phryganeidae

Ptilostsmis ocellifera (Wlk.)

Agrypnia vestita (Wlk.) 6, 7, 10

Banksiola selina Bett. 10

Family Limnephilidae Platycentropusgradiatus (Say) 7,10

ﬁgsperophylax designatus (Wlk.)

Ironoquia parvula Banks 6,7,10

Undetermined 8p.

Family Loptoceridae

Oecitis cinerascens (Rag.) 6,7,10

Family Hydropsychiidae

Ifydrgpsyche spp. 7,10

TABLE I continued

_ .______1; w *— T:

Family and Scientific Name ‘ Woodlot

ORDER TRICHOPTERA

Family Calamoceratidae

Undetermined spp. 7

ORDER COLEOPTERA

Fanily Cicindelidae

Cicindela sexguttata. Fabr. lO

Cicindela lecontsi Bald. 10

Family carabidae

carabus sylvesus Say 6

£32}: scapularis ch. 10

Legissp. 10

Pterostiohus m (Say) 10

Ptcrostichus spp. 6,10

Calathus sp. 10

Wis __c'yanescens Dej . 7

Chlasniini 8p. 7

ORDER COLEOPTERA .

Family PUdrophilidae

Dibolocelus ovalus Zeigl. 7

Family Silphidae

Silpha surinamensis Fabr. 7

TABLE I continued

Family'and Scientific Name [ woodlot

ORDER COLBOPTERA

Family'Staphylinidae

antholestes cingulatus (Grav.) 10

Fhmily Historidae

Platyaoma coarctatum Lac. 6,7,10

‘_

Family Lycidae ‘5‘

Galapteron reticulatum Fahr. 7,10

Calopteron terminals (Say) 10

Plateros modestus (Say) 7,10

Family Lampyridae

Lucidota 92352332 (Linn.) 10 Lucidota docipiens (Harr.)

Phqtgpus marginallus Lac. 6,7,10

Family Cantharidae

chauliognathns pennsylvanicus EKG. 10

Podabrus ragusalus Lec. 7,10

‘ggdabrus diadems Fabr. 7,10

Podabrusyspp. 10

Cantharis nanulns Lec. 10

cantharis linaolg Fabr. 7,10

Cantbaris tibialis Lee. 10

cantharia spp. 10

Cantharis sp. 10

TABLE I continued

Family and Scientific Name Woodlot

ORDER COLEOPTERA

Family Melyridae

Collops gpadrimaculatus (Fabr.) 10

Family'CIeridae

Enoclerua qgndriguttatus Oliv. 7

Thanaaimus EEEEEE (Fibr.) 6

Family'OStomidae

Undetermined sp. 10

Family'Cephaloidae

Cephalpon lepturidea Kenn. 6

Family'ucrdellidae

Mordellietenn grammica Lee. 10

Ibrdelliatena Eicildbria Hellm. 10

Mondellistma morula Lec. 10

Mbdelliatena ambuata Lee. 10

Family Ryrochroidae

Dandroides concolor Newn. 10

Nquzrochroa flabellata Fabr. 10

Fhmily Elateridae

Adeloceru-gzitg_(say) 10 Linguine basillari§_(S¢Y) 10

Ludius kendalli (Kby.) 10

TABLE I continued

r I

Fundly'and Scientific Name ‘woodlot

ORDER CGLEOPTERA

Family“Elateridae

Eggigg.nendax (lec.) 10

Hemicrepidiua leaneniue (Hbet.) 10

Henicrepidiue bilebatne (sqy) 6,7,10

Agriotee collarie (Lec.) 10

Agriotes avulnua (Lec.) 10

glgtgg eellatus D03. 10

Melanotua castanipes (quk.) '37

Inlanntua canadeneil 01nd. 7

Melanotns fiasilﬁs (Bey) 10

Melanotus Ezllogi van 2!. 7,10 rundly'Buprestidae

qureetie naculativentrie Say 6

Bnpreatil consuleria Gory 6

Agrilil bilineatua (web.) 10

AgrililAgggigg_Gory‘ 10

Findly Ptilodnctylidae

Ptilodgcgyle eerricellil (Smy) 6,7,10

Fililleitidnlidne

Glilchrochilu- fiecintua (011v.) 10

Premetqpie lexmncnlata (de) 10

TABLE I continued

Jr-

Family and Scientific Name Woodlot

ORDER COLEOPTERK

Family Erotylidae

Iacnyrus quadripunctatus (Oliv.) 10

Family'Coccinellidae

glgig»gig§g_(Rand.) 7

coccinella Eesglexa mule. 7,10

chloneda sanguinea (Linn.) 6,10

Adalia frigida (Schn.) 7

Hyperaspis_ep. 7

Psyllobog liMmaculata (Say) 6, 7,10

£92. 1313 Say 7,10

Angtig_sp. 10

Family'uelandnyidae

Dicaea quadrimaculata (Say) 10

Family Tenebrionidae

Alqygtes pennsylvanica (Deg.) 6

Mcracantha contracta (Beauv.) 6,7,10

Scotobates calaratue (Fibr.) 6,7

Family‘Alleculidae

nycetocharres 3p. 10

Family'scarabaeidae

Copris minutis (Dru.) lO

TABLE I continued

Family and Scientific Name i Woodlot

ORDER COLEOPTERA

Family Scarabaeidae

Belboceroeoma farctum (Fabr.) 10

m vespertina (Gyll.) 6,7,10

Serica evidens Blatch. 10

m iricolor (Say) 10

_S_e_r_i_ca_ sericea (111.) 10

Phyll0phaga pmmina Lec . 10

Pglloghaga £13511 (63111.) 7,10

Dichelorgx (51011233; (Fabr.) 10

Dichelonyx albicollis Bum. 7

Camderma eremicola Knoch. 10

Aphrodius sp. 10

Family Cerambycidae

Derobrachus brunneue (Forst.) 6

Pidonia ruficollis (Say) 10

Gaurotes ganipennis (Say) 10

Anoplodera ‘vittata (Oliv.) 10

Typocerus velutina (Oliv.) 6

Menochamus carolinensif (Oliv.) 6

Monochamus scutellatus (Say) 6

TABLE I continued

r Family and Scientific Name Weedlot

ORDER OOLEDPTERA

Family Cerambycidae

Saperda calcarata say 10

Stenoephenue notatus (01iv.) 10

Oberia 8p. 7

Lamiinae sp.. 6

Family Chnyeomelidae

Netodenta trietis (Oliv.) 6,7,10

Zygogramma euturalie (Fabr.) 10

Zeugophera 223132? Cr. 7,10

Gaetroidea cyanea Helen. 7

Oreedacne atra (Ahr.) ‘ 10

Lema trilineata (Oliv.) 6

inOplitie inaegualis (Web.) 6,10

Diachus catarius (Suffr.) 6,10

£29§3.39' 10 Family Mylabridae

mylabris discoideus Say 10

Family Brentidae

Eupsalis minute Dru. 7

Family Curculionidae

Apion walshi Sm. 10

TABLE I continued

Family and Scientific Name ‘Woodlote

ORDER COLEOPTERA

Family’Curculionidae

Apion decoloratum Sm. 6

golydrusue americanus Gyll. lO

Anametis eetosus Batch. 6

Brachyrhinus ovatus (Linn . ) 6, 7, 10

Brachyrhinus rugifrons Gyll. 7

Otidocephalus 1aevicollis Horn 10

Curculio uniformie Lec. 6,10

Pissodee strobi (Peck) 6

Family Scolytidae

Den droctonus r'ufipennis Kby. 7

Dendroctonus zglgngy Lec. 6,7

Orthotomicuecaelatus (Eich.) 6,7

Ips grandicollis (Eich.) 6

Ips perroti SW. 6,?

Pityogenes hopkinsi SH. 7

ORDER LEPIDOPTERA

Family Papilionidae

Papilio Egoilus Linn. 6,10

Papilio glaucus Linn. 6,10

TABLE I continued

Family and Scientific Name Woodlot

.Q - ‘ _ - - . _- A uM»~--—' . ORDER LEPIDOPTERA

.Fhmily'Papilionidae

Papilio EQEE Linn.

Family Satyridae

Mogisto eurytua Fabr. 10

Satyrodes eurydice Joh. 10

Family Nymphalidae

Argynnis cybele Fabr. 10 r Nymphalig anti cpa Linn. 6,7,10

Eanessa atalanta Linn.

Limenitis arthemis astyanax Fabr.

Family Hesperiidae

Epargyreus tityrue Fabr. 10

Poanes hobomok QHarr.)

Erynnis horatius (S, & B.)

Erynnis sp. 10

Family Sphingidae

Poanias mygg§ A.& S. 6,10

Family Saturniidae

Automerus ig Fabr. 10

Family Amatidac

Ctenucne virginica Sharp. 7,10

scepsia falvicollie an. 10

n wi‘ f1... , .v in In r.(“.v., ...... pl'l P {ADI-'3‘ ‘_T If. TABLE I continued

___L

Family and Scientific Name I woodlot

ORDER.LEPIDOPTERA Family Arctiidae

Halisdota teeeellaris A.&.S. 10

Eubaphe anrantieca rubicundaria an. 7,10

Eubaphe ggella Grt. lO

Family Phalaenidae (Noctuidae)

~ Raphia frater Grt. 6,7

Sphaelotie clandestine (Harr.)' 6,7

Rhynchagrotie cupida Grt. ‘ lO

Rhynchagrotia placide Grt. 7

Protolampra‘brunneicellis (Grt.) 6,10

Plathypena scabra Fabr. 7

Epizeuxis protumnusalie Wlk. 6,7,10

Epizeuxis obscuripennis Grt. 7,10

Camptylochila aemula an. 7

Amphipyra pyramidoides Gn. 6,7,10

Feltia herilis (Grt.) 6

Calpe canadensis Beth. 10

Caenurgina erechtea Cram. 6

Septis erotica Frr. 6

Leucania unipuncta Haw. lO

Rania flavipunctalie Gy. lO

TABLE I continued

---1

woodlot Family and Scientific Name

ORDERﬂLEPIDOPTERA

Family Phalaenidae

Sideris Egggg_(Harv.) 7

Erastria carneola On. 7

Catocala innubens On 10

Fhmily Thyatiridae

Eutnyatira 239323 On. 10

Family'Drepanidae

Greta roegg Wlk. 6

Eudeilinia herminiata Gn. 6,10

Family Geome tridae

Lygris molliculta Wlk. lO

£z§522.diversilineata an. 7,10

Scopula enucleata On. 6,?

scapula quadrilineata Pack. 7

Scepula nivosata Gn. 6,10

Scopula inductata Gn. 7,10

Pero marmoratus Grossb. 6,7,10

Vitrinellg pampinaria Gn. 7,10

Semiothisa aequiferaria Wlk. 7,10

Sabuloides caberata Gn. 7

Metarranthis duaria Gn. 10

TABLE I continued

_' "i .'A' ~ V'T Family and Scientific Name Weedlot

ORDER LEPIDOPTERA

Family'Geometridae

Haematopis grataria Fabr. 10

Xanthotype soepeta Dru. 7

Synchlora 235223 Fabr. 7,10

ggtracis crocallata On. 7

Dichorda iridaria Gn. 6,10

metanema inatomaria Gn. 6,7,10

Timandra amaturaria Wlk. 6,7

Dyspteris abortivaria an. 6,7,10

Apicia confuearia an. 7,10

gyggretie amicaria H.S. 6,7,10

gnnomos subsignarius an. 10

Stelania postugaria Ga. 7

Family'Notodontidae

Fmtania martheeia Cram. 6

Gluphieia ggptrionalis Wlk. 10

Family Lasiocampidae

Epicnaptera americana Harr. 7,10

Family Eucleidae

Euclea cippua jram. lO

TABLE I continued

Family'and Scientific Name 1 Weedlot

ORDER LEPIDOPTERA

Family Pyralidae

Desmia funeralie an. 7,10

Crambus leachellus chk. 7

Family Pterophoridae

Pterophorue epp. 7,10

Family olethreutidae

Undetermined spp. -6,7,lO

Family Tortricidae

Archips £25323 Linn. 7

Sparganothis sulfureana Clem. 6

ORDER DIPTERA

Family Tipulidae

Tipula longiventrig Loew 7,10

Tipula eerta Loew 6,7,10

Tipula perlongipes Johns. lO

Tipula taughannock Alex. 10

Tipula hirsuta Due. 10

Tipula submaculata‘ Loew lO

Iigulg spp. lO

Helobia 2123323 (Meig.) 7

Geranomyia diversa O.S. 7,10

“Win {1*

TABLE I continued

Family and Scientific Name Weedlot

ORDER.DIPTERA

Family Tipulidae

Geranomyia sp. lO

Dicranomyia liberta 0.8. 7,10

Dicranomyia sp. lO

Limnobiinae spp. 7,10 meily‘Anisopidae

Anisopue sp. 7

Family Simnliidae

Simmlium sp. 6,7,10

Family Tendipedidae

subfamily Tendipedinae

Tendmpedini spp. 6,7,10

calopsectrini spp. 6,7,10

subfamily Pelopiinae Undetermined app. 6,7

Family'Heleidae

Undetermined spp. 7,10

Family Culicidae’

Aedee vexane (Meig.) 6,7,10

Aedesstimulans Wlk. 6,7,10

£25133 app. 6, 7,10

Chaoborue sp. 7 TABLE I continued

Family and Scientific Name Woodlot

ORDER DIPTERA

Family Sciaridae

Undetermined spp. 6,7,10

Family FUngivoridae

Undetermined spp.‘ 6,7,10 .

Family Bibionidae 21.1222 sp- 6,10 Family Cecidomyiidae

Undetermined app. 7,10

Family Stratiomyiidae

Adoxomyia sp. 10

Family Rhagionidae

Rhagig vertebratus (Say)

Rhagio mystacus Maeg.

Chrysopilus ornatus Say 10

Family Asilidae

Leptogaster sp. 10

Neoitamus app. 53218. SP?-

Ommatius sp.

Family Therevidae

Psilocephala epp. 10

TABLE I continued

Family and Scientific Name 'Woodlot

ORDER DIPTERA

Family'Tabanidae

Tabanua £23535” Whit. 10

Tabanue-atratue Fabr. lO

chryeops.aeetuane WUlp. lO

chryeope aberrane Phil. 7,10

chrysope carbonaria Wlk. 7

chryeope geminata Wied. 6,10

chryeops montana 0.8. 7

chryeops striata 0.8. 10

Chrysope vittata Wied. 7,10

Hybomitra metabola (McD. ) 6

Family Bomhyliidae

Bombylius fratellus Wied. 6,7,10

Family Empididae

Undetermined app. 6,7,10

Family Dolichopodidae

Laxina sp. 10

Undetermined Sp. 6,10

Family Phoridae

Undetermined Spp. 7,10

Family Pipunculidae

Verrallig sp. 7

Pipunculua Sp. lO

. .. I. 1": ill

TABLE I continued

Family and Scientific Name I Weedlot

ORDER DIPTERA

Family Syrphidae

Toxomerus flavipes (Loew) lO

Milesia chalybia (Wied.) lO

Brechypalpus earns 10

syrphus rebesi vittafrons Shan. 7

Symhus BM» 6, 7,10 Undetermined spp. 6,7,10

Family Ryrgotidae

Pyrgota undata ‘Wied. 10

Family Otitidae

Undetermined sp. 10

Family Trupaneidae

Zonosema spp. 10

Family Lonchaeidae

Lonchaea Sp. 7,10

Family Lauxaniidae

Homoneura compedita Loew 10

Homoneura sp. lO

Minettia lupulina Fabr. 10

Minettia spp. 7,10

Undetermined spp. 7,10 TABLE I continued

Family and Scientific Name Neodlot

ORDER DIPTERA Family Droeophilidae

Drosophila spp. 6,7,10

Family Milichiidae

Pholeomyia sp.

Family Chloropidae

Undetermined spp. 10

Family Clusiidae

clusia lateralis Wlk. 7,10

Undetermined sp.

Family Chamalmyidae

Chamaemyia sp. 10

Family Sciomyzidae M 8P- 10

Family Psilidae 2.222. 8m» 6,7,10 Family Rycodromidae

Coelopa sp. 10

Family Helorrwzi «Sat?

Allophyla sp.

Family Cordyluridae

Allomyella sp.

TABLE I continued

Family and Scientific Name WOOdlot

ORDER DIPTERA

Family Anthemyiidae

Hylemyia sp. 6, 7, 10

lvlemia tes tacea Stn.

Anthomyia sp. 10

Peyomyiavspp. 6,7,1:)

Undetermined spp. 6, 7,10

Family Tachinidae

Epalpus signilerus Wlk. 6,7,10

Alophora sp.

Pateloa sp. 10

Tachinalia sp. 10

Undetermined spp. 6,7,10

Family'Muscidae

Pyrellia serena Meig. 6,7,10

Muscina assimilis Fall. 6, 7, 10

Family Calliphoridae

Phenicia seriouta (Meig.) 10

Calliphora vomitoria Linn.

galliphora sp.

Family Sarcophagidae

Metopia canpestris Fall. 13

SarCOphaga Spp. 7,10

TABLE I continued

Family and Scientific Name Woodlot

ORDER HYMENOPTERA

Family Diprioniidae

Neodiprion sp. 6,7

Family Tenthredinidae

Craterocerus sp. 10

Leucopelmonus Sp.

Dalerus 3p.

Tomostethue multicinctus (Rohw.)

Phrontoeoma belfragei (Cres.)

Nematini sp.

Family Argidae £182.81»). 6,7,10

Family Braconidae

Undetermined spp. 6,10

Subfamily Gheloninae

undetermined Spp. 6, 7, 10

Subfamily Braconinae m S??- 6, 7,10 Lysiphlebus sp. 6,10

Undetermined Spp. 7,10

Subfamily Welconinae

Undetermined spp. 10

Subfamily Emphorinae

Undetermined sp, IO

TABLE I continued

Family and Scientific Name Weedlot

ORDER HYMENOPTERA Family Ichneummnidae

EZEEEE Sp. 7

Undetermined Spp. 6,7,10

Superfamily Chalcidoidea

Undetermined spp. 6,7,10

Family Pteromalidae

Undetermined Spp. 6,7,10

Superfamily Cynipoidea

undetermined spp. 6,7,10

Family Charipidae

Undetermined spp. 6,7,10

Superfamily Proctotrupoidea

Undetermined Spp. 6,7,10

Family Evaniidae

Eyptia sp. 10

Family Formicidae

myrmica americana Web. 6,?

myrmica Sp. 6, 7

~Aphaenogaster‘fulva aquia (Bkly.) 6

Aphaenogaster Sp. 6,7

Leptothorax sp. 6

gamponotus merculeanus pennsylvanicus (Deg., 6,7,10

Liiiui Spp. 6,7,10

Undetermined Spp. 7,10 , ill

TABLE I continued

__. ' l Family and Scientific Name [ woodlot ORDER HYiMIOPTERA

Family VeSpidae

Vespulamaculifrons (Buys.) 6,10

vespula maculata (Linn.) lO

Vespula Sp. 10

Folistes fuscatus aurifer Seuss. 6,7

Family VeSpidae

’ Ancistrocerus tigrig (Sauss.) lO

.Symmorphus canadeneie (SauSS.) 13

Stenodynerug pedestris (Sauss.) lO

Eumenes fraternug Say 7

Family Pompilidae

Undetermined Sp. lO

Family'Sphecidae

Nysson lateralis Pack. 6,7

Gorytes atriconris Pack. 10

Gorytes Sp. 7,10

Ectemnius spp. 7,13

Pemphredonini Sp. 10

Family Colletidae

ﬂylaeus sp. ' 7

7 Family Andrenidae \

Andrena spp. F 6,10

TABLE I continued

Family and Scientific Name Woodlot

omnﬁrﬁnopmm

Family Halictidae

Lasioglossum spp. ‘ 6,7,10

Augochlora pura (Say) 6,10

Family’Megachilidae

Heriades carinata 3res. 10

Family Apidae

E22293 Sp. 6,10

Bombus impatiene Cres. 10

Bombus vagangv 5; 5m. 6,10

Psitnyrus laboriosus (Fabr.) 6,7

TABLE II INSECT SPECIES RECORDED IN BOTH PINE AND OAK-HICKORY

WOODLOTS FROM WOODLOT SURVEYS IN THE KELLOGG FOREST, KALAMAZOO COUNTY, MICHIGAN

Family and Scientific Name [ WOOdlot

ORDER ORTHOPTERA

Family Tettigoniidae

Scudderia septrionalie 7,10

Family Phasmidae

Diapheromera femorata . 6,7,10

Family Blattidae

Igchnoptera pennsylvanica 7,10

ORDER ODONATA

Family Libellulidae

Tetragoneuria cynosura . 6,10

Sympetrum rubicundulum 7,10

Family Agriidae

Agrion maculatu_r_n 7, 10

Family Leetidae

Lestes congener 7,10

Lestes rectangularis 6,10

Family Coenagriidae

Coenagrion resolutum 6,7,10 r Ischnura vertisalis 7,10

an I, ill ialAIi. 1 .. TABLE II continued

AAA 1L4 Family and Scientific Name Weedlot

ORDER ISOPTERA Family Rhinotermitidae

Reticulitermes flavipes 6,7,10

ORDER HEMIPTERA

Family Neididae

Neides muticus 7,10

Family Phymatidae Phymata fasciata 6,7,10

Family Miridae

Hyaliodes vitripennis 7, 10

ORDER HOMOPTERA

Family Cicadidae

Tibicen Spp. 6,7,10

Fanily'CerCOpidae

Philaronia bilineata 6,7,10

Family Cicadellidae

Idiocerus Spp. 7,10

Graphocephala coccinea, 6,7,10

Paraphlepsius irroratus 6,10

Jassus olitorius 7,19

Balclutha Spp. 7,10

Forcipata Spp. 7,10 TABLE II continued

Family and Scientific Name 1 ‘Woodlot

oéfifih Hfifiifiififil Family Aphididae

undetermined Spp. 6,7,10

ORDER NEUROPTERA

Family Hemerobiidae

Hemerobius Spp. 6,7,10

ORDER MECOPTERA

Family Bittacidae

Bittacus strigosue 6,10

Family'Panorpidae

Panorpa debilis Westw. 6:7:19

ORDER TRICHOPTERA

Family Phryganeidae

Agrypnia vestita 6,7,10

Family Linmephilidae

Platycentropus radiatus 7,10

Ironoquia parvula 6,7,10

Family Leptoceridae

Oecitis cinerascens 6,7,10

Family Hydropsychiidae

Hydropsycne Spp. 7,10

. 'ﬁ' ‘ | TABLE II continued

Family and Scientific Name Woodlot

ORDER COLEOPTERA

Family'Histeridae

Platysoma coarctatum 6,7,10

Family Lycidae

CaIOpteron reticulatum 7,10

Plateros modestus 7,10

Family Lampyridae

Photinus marginallus 6,7,10

Family Cantharidae

Podabrus ragusalus 7,10

Podabrus diadema 7,10

Cantharis lineola 7,10

Family Elateridae Hemicrepidius bilobatus 6,7,10

Melanotus nyslope 7,13

Family Ptilodactylidae

Ptilodactyla serricolliS 6,7,10

Family Coccinellidae

Coccinella perplexa 7,10

_chlcneda sanguinea 6,10

Psyllobora viginti—maculata 6,7,13

Anatis mall 7,10

TABLE II continued

Family and Scientific Name WOOlet

ORDER COLmPT—ER—A

Family Tenebrionidae

Meracantha contracta 6,7,10

Family Scarabaeidae

Serica vespertina 6,7,10

Phy110phaga knochi 7,10

Family Chrysomelidae

Notodonta tristis 6,7,10

ZeugOphora varians 7,10

AnoplitiS inaequaliS 6,10

Diachus catarius 6,10

Family Curculionidae

Brachyrhinus ovatus 6,7,10

curculio uniformiS 6,10

ORDER LEPIDOPTERA

Family Papilionidae

Papilio glaucus 6,10

Papilio troilus 6,10

Family Nymphalidae

Nymphalis antiopa 6,7,10

Family Sphingidae

Poanias myops 6,10

TABLE II continued

Family and Scientific Name Woodlot

OH LLLLL ORDER LEPODOFT‘ERA Family Amatidae

Ctenucha yirginica 6,7,10

Family Arctiidae

Eupaphe aurantiaca rubicundaria 7,10

Family Phalaenidae (Noctuidae)

Protolampra brunneicollis 6,10 ......

Epizeuxis protumnusalis 6,7,10

Epizeuxie obscuripennig 7,10

Amphipyra pyramidoides 6,7,10

Family Drepanidae

Eudeilinia herminiata 6,10

Family Geometridae

Lygris diversilineata 7,10

Sc0pula nivosata 6,10

Scopula inductata 7,10

Pero marmoratus 6,7,10

Vitrinella pampinaria 7,10

Semiothisa aequiferaria 7,10

Synchlora aerata 7,10

Dichorda iridaria 6,10

Metanema inatomaria 6,7,10

-DySpteris abortivaria 6,7,10

ZED I». CO

TABLE II continued

Family and Scientific Name I WOodlotS

ORDER LEPIDOPTERA ’

Family Geometridae

Apicia confusaria 7,10

Hyperetis amicaria 6,7,10

Family Lasiocampidae

Epicnaptera americana 7,10

Family Fyralidae

Beanie funeralis 7,10

Family Olethreutidae

Undetermined Spp. 6,7,10

ORDER DIPTERA

Family Tipulidae

Tipula longiventris 7,10

Tipula Serta 6,7,10

Geranomyia diversa 7,10

Dicranomyia liberta 7,10

Limnobiinae Spp. 7,10

Family Simuliidae

giggling sp. 6,7,10

Family Tendipedidae

Tendinedini spp. 6,7,10

Calonsectrini spp. 6,7,10 24.7 - I

TABLE II continued v

- Family and Scientific Name ‘Woodlct

ORDER DIPTERA Family Heleidae

Undetermined Spp. 7,10

Family Culicidae

Aedes vexanS 6,7,10

Aedes stimulans 6,7,10

Aedeg spp. 6,7,10

Family Sciaridae

Undetermined Spp. 6,7,10

Family Fungivoridae

Undetermined Spp. 6,7,10

Family Bibionidae

Bibic Sp. 6,10

Family cecidomyiidae

Undetermined spp. 7,10

Family Tabanidae

chrysops aberrans 7,10

chrysops geminata 6,10

chrysops vittata 7,10

Family Bombyliidae

Bombylius fratellus 6,7,10

Family Empididae

Undetermined Spp. 6, 7,10

TABLE II continued

Family and Scientific Name [ Woodlot

ORDER DIPTERA

Family Dolichopodidae

Undetermined Sp. 6,10

Family Phoridae

Undetermined Spp. 7,10

Family Syrphidae

Syrphus spp. ' 6,7,10

Undetermined Spp. 6,7,10

Family Lonchaeidae

Lonchaea Sp. 7,10

Family Lauxaniidae

Minettia spp. 7,10

Undetermined Spp. 7,10

Family Drosophilidae

Droeophila Spp. 6,7,10

Family Clusiidae

Clusia lateraliS 7,10

Family Psilidae

Psila Spp. 6,7,10

Family Anthomyiidae

Hylemyia Spp . 6, 7 , 10

Peyomyia Spp. 6,7,10

Undetermined Spp. 6,7,10 TABLE II continued

Family and Scientific Name Woodlot

ORDER DIPTERA Family Tachinidae

Epalpus Signilerus 6,7,10

Undetermined spp. 6,7,10

Family Muscidae

Pyrellia serena 6,7,10

Muscina assimilis 6,7,10

Family Sarcophagidae

Sarcophaga Spp. 7,10

ORDER HYMENOPTERA

Family'Argidae

££§g_epp. 6,7,10

Family Braconidae

Undetermined Spp. 6,10

Subfamily Cheloninae

Undetermined Spp. 6,7,10

Subfamily Braconinae Braggn Spp. 6,7,10

Lysiphlebus Sp. 6,10

Undetermined spp. 7,10

Family Ichneumonidae

Undetermined Spp. 5,7,10 .2. 6h

TABLE II continued

Family and Scientific Name Weedlot

01mm Hmmopﬁﬂ superfamily Chalcidoidea

III Undetermined spp. 6,7,10

Family Pteromalidae

Undetermined spp. 6,7,10

Superfamily Cynipoidea

Undetermined spp. 6,7,10

Family charipidae

Undetermined spp. 6,7,10

Superfamily Proctotrupoidea

Undetermined spp. 6,7,10

Family Formicidae

Camponotus herculeanus pennsylvanicus 6,7,10

Lagigi spp. 6,7,10

Undetermined spp. 7,10

Family Vespidae

Vespula maculifrons 6,10

Family Sphecidae

Gorytes sp. 7,10

Ectemnius Spp. 7,10

Family Andrenidae

Andrenil Spp. 6,1C TABLE II continued

Family and Scientiiic Name Woodlot

ORDER HYMEI‘IOPTERA

Family Halictidae

Lasioglossum Spp. 6,7,10

Augochlora pura. 6,10

Family Apidae

Nomada sp. 6,10

Bombus XEEEEE 6,10

TABLE III

RECORDED INSECT SPECIES WJICH APPEARED TO BE NATIVE

TO BOTH TUE CONIFEROUS AND DECIDUOUS WOODLOTS STUDIED AT THE KELLOGG FOREST, KALAMAZOO comm, rncwom

ORDER ORTHOPTERA

Family Blattidae

Ischnoptera pennsylvanica

ORDER ODONATA

Family Agriidae

Alrion maculatum

ORDER ISOPTERA

Family Rhinotermitidae

Reticulitermes flavipes

ORDER HEMIPTERA

Family Phymatidae

Phymata fasciata

Family Miridae

Hyaliodes vitripennis

ORDER HOMOPTERA

Family Cicadidae

Tibicen spp.

ORDER.NEUROPTERA

Family Hemerobiidae

Hemerobius spp.

‘ Iv‘ ..Illlllf

4%. M TABLE III continued

ORDER NEUROPTERA

Family Femerobiidae

Hemerobius spp.

ORDER MECOPTERA

Family Bittacidae

Bittacus strigosus

Family Panorpidae

Panorpa debilis

ORDER COLEOPTERA

Family Histeridae

Platysoma coarctatum

Family Lycidae

Calopteron reticulatum

Plateros modestus

Family Lampyridae

Photinus marginellus

Family Cantharidae

Podabrus ragusalus

Podabrus diadema

Cantharis lineola

Family Coccinellidae

Coccinella perplexa

Cycloneda sanguinea

Psyllobora viginti-maculata

Anatis mali

TABLE III continued

ORDER COLEOPTERA

Family Tenebrionidae

Meracantha contracta

Family Curculionidae

Brachyrhinus ovatus

ORDER DIPTERA

Family Tipulidae

Tipula longiventris

Tipula serta

Geranomyia diversa

Dicranomyia liberta

Limnobiinae spp.

Family Culicidae

Aedes vexans

_Aedes stimulans

529.9... spp-

Family Sciaridae

Undetermined spp.

Family Fungivoridae

Undetermined spp.

Family Bibionidae

Family Tabanidae

Chrysops aberrans

chrySOps geminata

Chrysops vittata

TABLE III continued

ORDER DIPTERA

Family.Bomby111dae

Bombylius fratellus

Family Phoridae

Undetermined spp.

Family Syrphidae

Syrphus spp.

Undetermined spp.

Family Lonchaeidae

Lonchaea sp.

Family Lauxaniidae

Minnetia spp.

Undetermined spp.

Family'Drosophilidae

Drosophila Spp.

Family Clusiidae

Clusia lateralis

Family Tachinidae

Epalpus signilerus

Undetermined Spp.

Family Muscidae

Pyrellia serena

Muscina assimilis

Family Sarcophagidae

Sarcophaga spp. TABLE III continued

ORDER HYMENOPTERA Family Braconidae

Undetermined spp.

subfamily Cheloninae

Undetermined spp.

Subfamily Braconinae .B__22 spp. Lysiphlebus sp.

’ Undetermined Spp.

Family Ichneumonidae

Undetermined spp. superfamily Chalcidoidea

Undetermined spp.

Family Pteromalidae

Undetermined spp.

Superfamily Proctotrupidea

Undetermined spp.

Family Formicidae

camponotus herculeanus pennsylvanicus

Lasius spp.

Family Vespidae

Veepula maculifrons

Family Sphecidae

Gorytes sp. Ectemnius Spp. +.I TABLE III continued

ORDER UYMPN OPTERA

Family Halictidae

Latioglossum spp.

Augochlora pura

¢ TABLE IV

APPROXIMATE TOTALS OF NUMBERS OF INSECT SPECIES RECORDED

FROM THE KELLOGG FOREST, KALAMAZOO COUNTY, MICHIGAN.

‘Woodlot Type & No. Total Number of species

NO. 6 Red. Pine 0 o o o o o o o o 0 151‘

No. 7 Red Pine and White Pine . . 228

NO 0 10 oak-'HiCkOI'y o o o o o o o o o 308

No. 6 & 10 Species from

N0. 7 & 10 Both Pine and

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