DOCSLIB.ORG

Second Edition Neel Burton Bsc, MBBS, Mrcpsych, MA (Phil), AKC Green Templeton College University of Oxford, Oxford, UK

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Second Edition Neel Burton Bsc, MBBS, Mrcpsych, MA (Phil), AKC Green Templeton College University of Oxford, Oxford, UK Psychiatry Psychiatry Second edition Neel Burton BSc, MBBS, MRCPsych, MA (Phil), AKC Green Templeton College University of Oxford, Oxford, UK A John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Publication This edition fi rst published 2010, © 2006, 2010 by Neel Burton Blackwell Publishing was acquired by John Wiley & Sons in February 2007. Blackwell’s publishing program has been merged with Wiley’s global Scientifi c, Technical and Medical business to form Wiley-Blackwell. Registered offi ce: John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK Editorial offi ces: 9600 Garsington Road, Oxford, OX4 2DQ, UK The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030-5774, USA For details of our global editorial offi ces, for customer services and for information about how to apply for permission to reuse the copyright material in this book please see our website at www.wiley.com/wiley-blackwell The right of the author to be identifi ed as the author of this work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of the publisher. Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books. Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks. All brand names and product names used in this book are trade names, service marks, trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners. The publisher is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book. This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information in regard to the subject matter covered. It is sold on the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. If professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional should be sought. While every effort has been made to ensure the accuracy of the information contained in this book, no responsibility for loss or injury occasioned to any person acting or refraining from action as a result of it can be accepted by the author or publisher. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Burton, Neel L. Psychiatry / Neel Burton. – 2nd ed. p. ; cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-4051-9096-1 1. Psychiatry. I. Title. [DNLM: 1. Psychiatry–methods. 2. Mental Disorders. 3. Mental Health Services. WM 30 B974p 2010] RC454.B844 2010 616.89–dc22 2009021670 ISBN: 9781405190961 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Set in 9.5 on 11.5 pt Minion by Toppan Best-set Premedia Limited Printed and bound in Singapore 1 2010 Contents Preface to the second edition, vii Preface to the fi rst edition, viii Foreword, ix Part 1 1 A brief history of psychiatry, 3 2 Patient assessment, 11 3 The delivery of mental health care, 35 Part 2 4 Schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders, 51 5 Affective (mood) disorders, 77 6 Suicide and deliberate self-harm, 109 7 Neurotic, stress-related, and somatoform disorders (anxiety disorders), 117 8 Personality disorders, 133 9 Organic psychiatric disorders (delirium and dementias), 145 10 Mental retardation (learning disabilities), 159 11 Substance misuse, 165 12 Eating, sleep, and sexual disorders, 183 13 Child and adolescent psychiatry, 197 So, why a career in psychiatry?, 207 Self-assessment EMQs, 209 Answers to self-assessment, 216 Answers to EMQs, 221 Appendix: Some psychiatric questionnaires and rating scales, 222 Index, 224 v True, we love life, not because we are used to living, but because we are used to loving. There is always some madness in love, but there is also always some reason in madness. Friedrich Nietzsche, Thus Spake Zarathustra Preface to the second edition This second edition of Psychiatry is the product of exten- ally become) often stigmatise people with a mental disor- sive feedback from students and lecturers, both from the der; and second, because this stigma extends to psychiatry UK and other English - speaking countries. Whilst I have and to psychiatrists, and has a deleterious effect on the made a large number of changes and additions, I have also recruitment of talent into the profession. tried to preserve what was most liked about the original Of the medical specialties, psychiatry is by far the most edition: its clear style and presentation, its appropriate fascinating, the most challenging, and the most obviously balance of breadth and depth, and its strong ‘ character ’. relevant to us as thinking and feeling human beings who, Psychiatry continues to include a fair bit of material in reality, aim at nothing more than happiness. Students from the arts and humanities. This material aims to help often tell me that this book stops them from falling asleep: the student engage with the subject; better understand if so, this has little to do with me, and much to do with the human emotions, behaviours, and thoughts; and question subject matter of psychiatry – namely, human life. commonly held assumptions about mental disorders and Neel Burton the people who suffer from them. This is important, fi rst, Oxford, August 2009 because students (and the professionals that they eventu- [email protected] vii Preface to the fi rst edition Art is long, and Time is fl eeting, pursuit. For in psychiatry each patient is unique, and And our hearts, though stout and brave, each patient has something unique to return to the Still, like muffl ed drums, are beating psychiatrist. Funeral marches to the grave. Having been a medical student not long ago, I have Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, tried to make this book as readable as possible: clear and A Psalm of Life concise yet comprehensive and detailed. I have empha- sised important areas such as suicide risk assessment but ‘ Psychiatry ’ derives from the Ancient Greek, psyche have also included a fair bit of material from the arts and and iatreia , and means ‘ healing of the soul ’ . Just like humanities that is not on the core curriculum. In so doing philosophy differs from other academic disciplines, so my aim has been to make psychiatry ‘ come alive ’ by psychiatry differs from other medical specialties. Psychia- highlighting some of its more interesting or challenging trists train medically because an understanding of the aspects, and to challenge the stigmatisation of mental dis- body is integral to the practice of psychiatry, but psychia- orders that continues to prevail even amongst healthcare try is about more than just an understanding of the professionals. body. It is, indeed, about the very essence of what it means I hope that you enjoy reading this book, and that it to be human. inspires you to get the most out of your necessarily short Like philosophy then, psychiatry faces empirical and rotation. Art is long, and Time is fl eeting . conceptual challenges that hinder its progress and leave it exposed to criticism. Yet it is precisely these challenges Neel L. Burton that make psychiatry such a satisfying and meaningful Oxford, August 2005 Foreword Welcome to Neel Burton ’ s fascinating and beautifully put So, surprise yourself. Allow yourself to enjoy your together book and, even more importantly, welcome to placement in psychiatry. You ’ ll get out more or less exactly the world of psychiatry. Perhaps you are approaching the what you put into it. You ’ll probably also fi nd out some subject with excitement and enthusiasm – as a chance to interesting things about yourself. What could be more put into practice what you ’ ve learned about communica- fascinating? tion skills and rapport or to see the reality of how neuro- If you think you want to train as a GP, consider psychia- science maps onto feeling and thinking. Alternatively, try as a specialty within which you will really get to know psychiatry might be something you are dreading. Will the your patients and become involved in their lives by spend- patients be frightening and dangerous? Will the psychia- ing hours with them rather than the regulation four trists be only a little better? minutes. For those of you who think you want to become Spend a little time browsing this book – stop and read neurologists, think of psychiatry as a career where your the sections that seem most interesting to you – and you’ ll patients get better and where neuroscience advances are have picked up a roadmap to psychiatry. When you’ ve going to make the biggest impact within your working seen a patient with a particular diagnosis, skim the section lifetime. For those of you who want to become psychia- that relates to him or her. Ask yourself what you learned trists, stick with it. You have a fabulous opportunity to from the patient that wasn ’ t in the book. For this is what join the best club in medicine with a career that guarantees psychiatry is all about – extending the boundaries of fascination, reward and challenge. understanding of people and conditions beyond the very patchy written knowledge base. I have found a lifetime of Professor Robert Howard fascinating learning and discovery in psychiatry and that Dean of the Royal College of Psychiatrists the stories of my patients are better than going to the theatre. ix Part 1 ‘In that direction, ’ the Cat said, waving its right paw round, ‘ lives a Hatter: and in that direction, ’ waving the other paw, ‘lives a March Hare.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Bipolar Longings of Thumos: a Feminist Rereading of Plato's Republic
    The Bipolar Longings of Thumos: A Feminist Rereading of Plato's Republic CHRISTINA TARNOPOLSKY, McGill University Plato's treatment of thumos in the Republic might seem like an odd place to look for mining fresh feminist insights into the complex and political character of human desire. 1 The dialogue itself is often seen as one in which human desire is down played in favor of the godlike and self-sufficient philosopher-kings who are quite unlike the erotic, needy, and striving Socrates of Plato's Symposium (Bloom 1968, 423; Williams 1993, 98-102). For this very reason, feminists have usually looked to the latter dialogue in order to derive a notion of classical desire, either from the Aristophanic notion of eros as a striving for one's better half or from Diotima's notion of eros as a striving for wholeness and as the desire to give birth to a new self in the presence of the beloved. More pro­ blematically, Plato's treatment of thumos in the Republic has primarily been co-opted by conservative, anti-feminist thinkers who see it as the manly and warlike passion of anger or spiritedness that animates men's souls (Berns 1984, 335-348; Bloom 1968, 355, 376). Even commenta­ tors who do not share these kinds of political views tend to see Platonic thumos as that element of the soul which counters desire or eros be­ cause it counters those desires that are lodged in the epithumetic (appetitive/desiring) part of the soul (Koziak 2000, 75, 77; Allen 2000b, 252).2 In this paper I hope to challenge all of these views of the Republic by looking at the complex bipolar longings that characterize Plato's notion of thumos.
    [Show full text]
  • Aeschynē in Aristotle's Conception of Human Nature Melissa Marie Coakley University of South Florida, [email protected]
    University of South Florida Scholar Commons Graduate Theses and Dissertations Graduate School 3-20-2014 Aeschynē in Aristotle's Conception of Human Nature Melissa Marie Coakley University of South Florida, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd Part of the Philosophy Commons Scholar Commons Citation Coakley, Melissa Marie, "Aeschynē in Aristotle's Conception of Human Nature" (2014). Graduate Theses and Dissertations. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/4999 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Scholar Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Aeschynē in Aristotle’s Conception of Human Nature by Melissa M. Coakley A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Philosophy College of Arts and Science University of South Florida Major Professor: Joanne Waugh, Ph.D. Bruce Silver, Ph.D. Roger Ariew, Ph.D. Thomas Williams, Ph.D. Date of Approval: March 20, 2014 Keywords: Shame, Anaeschyntia, Aidōs, Aischynē, Ancient Greek Passions Copyright © 2014, Melissa M. Coakley DEDICATION This manuscript is dedicated to my husband Bill Murray and to my parents: Joan and Richard Coakley. Thank you for your endless support, encouragement, and friendship. To Dr. John P. Anton, I have learned from you the importance of having a “ton of virtue and a shield of nine layers for protection from the abysmal depths of vice.” Thank you for believing in me, my dear friend.
    [Show full text]
  • Moving Thumos: Emotion, Image, and the Enthymeme Eric D
    University of South Florida Scholar Commons Graduate Theses and Dissertations Graduate School 2007 Moving Thumos: Emotion, image, and the enthymeme Eric D. Mason University of South Florida Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd Part of the American Studies Commons Scholar Commons Citation Mason, Eric D., "Moving Thumos: Emotion, image, and the enthymeme" (2007). Graduate Theses and Dissertations. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/2279 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Scholar Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Moving Thumos: Emotion, Image, and the Enthymeme Eric D. Mason A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of English College of Arts and Sciences University of South Florida Co-Major Professor: Lynn Worsham, Ph.D. Co-Major Professor: Debra Jacobs, Ph.D. Gary Olson, Ph.D. Elizabeth Hirsh, Ph.D. William A. Kealy, Ph.D. Date of Approval: March 29, 2007 Keywords: rhetoric, affect, politics, visual, composition © Copyright 2007, Eric D. Mason Table of Contents Abstract ............................................................................................................iii Chapter 1 – Introduction: A Vision of Thumos .................................................. 1 Internal Di-visions .................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Glory-Seeking: a Timeless and Puzzling Craving of the Human Soul
    Glory-Seeking: A Timeless and Puzzling Craving of the Human Soul Author: Eric Marturano Persistent link: http://hdl.handle.net/2345/3865 This work is posted on eScholarship@BC, Boston College University Libraries. Boston College Electronic Thesis or Dissertation, 2014 Copyright is held by the author, with all rights reserved, unless otherwise noted. BOSTON COLLEGE GLORY-SEEKING: A TIMELESS AND PUZZLING CRAVING OF THE HUMAN SOUL A Senior Honors Thesis Submitted to The College of Arts and Sciences Philosophy Department By ERIC MARTURANO May 1, 2014 © Copyright by ERIC THOMAS MARTURANO 2014 ABSTRACT Glory-seeking: A Timeless & Puzzling Craving of the Human Soul Written by: Eric Marturano Advised by: Professor Christopher Constas Philosophers throughout the ages have grappled with the concept of glory-seeking and have offered many different references, analyses, insights, and explanations. Three great thinkers in particular stand out above the rest: Plato, Thomas Hobbes, and Jean-Paul Sartre. While these three minds span from circa 420 BC all the way up to 1980 AD, they all would agree that glory-seeking certainly matters – they would most likely argue over the following: In what way? For Plato, glory-seeking is an inherent part of the human soul. It matters because it is an essential part of our being. Plato’s model for the soul found in The Republic as well as a comparable illustration in the Phaedrus expresses this claim most thoroughly. Additional support for the idea of glory-seeking being an existing precondition of humanity can be found in other ancient works as well, most notably Homer’s Iliad.
    [Show full text]
  • The Passions of Achilles
    The Passions of Achilles and Aeneas: Translating Greece into Rome The great critic I.A. Richards produced an abridged translation of Homer's Iliad under the title, The Wrath of Achilles (1950), and to most scholars, the title will seem well chosen (cf. Robert Graves' translation of the entire poem, under the title, The Anger of Achilles [1959]). The poem begins, famously, with the word mênis, an elevated term that, like wrath, is often associated with divine anger: the anger is that of Achilles, who, enraged by the demeaning treatment he receives at the hands of Agamemnon, withraws from the war and nurses his resentment until his dearest friend, Patroclus, is slain by the Trojan leader Hector; at this point, overcome by grief, he returns to battle to avenge the death by killing Hector. In his anguish, Achilles abuses the corpse of his enemy, until even the gods are appalled at his inhumanity; in the end, he accepts a ransom from Hector's father, Priam, and the poem concludes on a note of reconciliation, though it is mixed with mourning among the Trojans over the loss of their champion. Virgil's Aeneid, which is modelled on both Homeric epics, the Iliad and the Odyssey, in almost obsessive detail and yet transforms them at every turn, begins and ends with anger. Instead of the mutual regard between Achilles and Priam that 1 characterizes the final scene of the Iliad, Virgil chose to conclude with a duel between the champions on either side, Trojan and Latin: Aeneas slaughters Turnus in an access of fury brought on by an accidental reminder of the death of his young ally, Pallas, at Turnus' hands.
    [Show full text]
  • Bipolar Disorder
    Bipolar Disorder PDF generated using the open source mwlib toolkit. See http://code.pediapress.com/ for more information. PDF generated at: Thu, 08 Dec 2011 00:32:40 UTC Contents Articles Overview 1 Bipolar disorder 1 History 18 History of bipolar disorder 18 Emil Kraepelin 20 Karl Leonhard 24 John Cade 26 Mogens Schou 29 Frederick K. Goodwin 31 Kay Redfield Jamison 33 Symptoms 36 Hallucination 36 Delusion 44 Emotional dysregulation 50 Anhedonia 51 Dysphoria 53 Suicidal ideation 55 Sleep disorder 58 Hypersomnia 63 Insomnia 66 Psychosis 78 Racing thoughts 89 Bipolar spectrum 90 Bipolar spectrum 90 Bipolar I 91 Bipolar II 93 Cyclothymia 101 Dysthymia 103 Major depressive disorder 108 Schizoaffective disorder 138 Mania 147 Mixed state 153 Hypomania 155 Major depressive episode 159 Treatment 163 Treatment of bipolar disorder 163 Carbamazepine 170 Gabapentin 176 Lamotrigine 186 Oxcarbazepine 195 Topiramate 199 Valproic acid 206 Sodium valproate 215 Valproate semisodium 220 Lithium pharmacology 222 Lithium carbonate 229 Lithium citrate 232 Lithium sulfate 234 Non-pharmaceutical treatment 236 Clinical psychology 236 Electroconvulsive therapy 253 Involuntary commitment 274 Light therapy 285 Psychotherapy 291 Transcranial magnetic stimulation 304 Related subjects 311 Affective spectrum 311 List of people with bipolar disorder 312 Bipolar disorder in children 324 Organisations 330 International Society for Bipolar Disorders 330 Icarus Project 332 References Article Sources and Contributors 335 Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors 343 Article
    [Show full text]
  • Daniel-M.-Haybron-The-Pursuit-Of
    THE PURSUIT OF UNHAPPINESS This page intentionally left blank The Pursuit of Unhappiness The Elusive Psychology of Well-Being DANIEL M. HAYBRON 1 1 Great Clarendon Street, Oxford ox2 6dp Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide in Oxford New York Auckland Cape Town Dar es Salaam Hong Kong Karachi Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Nairobi New Delhi Shanghai Taipei Toronto With offices in Argentina Austria Brazil Chile Czech Republic France Greece Guatemala Hungary Italy Japan Poland Portugal Singapore South Korea Switzerland Thailand Turkey Ukraine Vietnam Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries Published in the United States by Oxford University Press Inc., New York © Daniel M. Haybron 2008 The moral rights of the author have been asserted Database right Oxford University Press (maker) First published 2008 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organization. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above You must not circulate this book in any other binding or cover and you must impose the same condition on any acquirer British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Data available Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Data available Typeset by Laserwords Private Limited, Chennai, India Printed in Great Britain on acid-free paper by Biddles Ltd, King’s Lynn, Norfolk ISBN 978–0–19–954598–8 13579108642 In memory of Alice and Ron This page intentionally left blank Preface We cannot think clearly about a plant or animal until we have a name for it.
    [Show full text]
  • Epinician Precepts
    CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Provided by University of Birmingham Research Archive, E-theses Repository EPINICIAN PRECEPTS: A STUDY OF CHIRON AND THE WISE ADVISER IN PINDAR By JONATHAN MILES HALLIWELL A Thesis submitted to The University of Birmingham For the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Department of Classics School of Historical Studies The University of Birmingham September 2008 University of Birmingham Research Archive e-theses repository This unpublished thesis/dissertation is copyright of the author and/or third parties. The intellectual property rights of the author or third parties in respect of this work are as defined by The Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988 or as modified by any successor legislation. Any use made of information contained in this thesis/dissertation must be in accordance with that legislation and must be properly acknowledged. Further distribution or reproduction in any format is prohibited without the permission of the copyright holder. EPINICIAN PRECEPTS: A STUDY OF CHIRON AND THE WISE ADVISER IN PINDAR ABSTRACT This thesis offers a fresh appraisal of the wise adviser in Pindar's epinician poetry. By focusing on the prominent figure of Chiron, it shows how Pindar engages with the paraenetic tradition in a way that reveals the distinctive character of the epinician poet. The first part of the study explores the function of Chiron as an interactive model for Pindar as poet-teacher. Chapter 1 examines how the mythical pedagogue enhances the status of the poet as wise adviser by illuminating the moral character of his advice. It shows how the relationship between teacher and pupil in the myth provides a model for that of poet and addressee and enables the poet to present his advice indirectly.
    [Show full text]
  • Thumos and Doxa As Intermediates in the Republic
    OLIVIER RENAUT | 71 Thumos and doxa as intermediates in the Republic Olivier Renaut Université Paris Nanterre [email protected] ABSTRACT Broadly speaking, something can be called intermediate for Plato insofar as it occupies a place between two objects, poles, places, time, or principles. But this broad meaning of the intermediate has been eclipsed by the Aristo- telian critique of the intermediate objects of the dianoia, so that it has become more difficult to think of the intermediates as functions of the soul. The aim of this paper is to show how, in the Republic, thumos is analogously treated as an intermediate with other kinds of intermediate ob- jects, and tentatively to relate this psychological intermediate in a broader theory with doxa, as its epistemological ground in the course of action. Keywords: intermediate, thumos, doxa, opinion, spirit, metaxu https://doi.org/10.14195/2183-4105_18_6 72 | Thumos and doxa as intermediates in the Republic INTRODUCTION soul (with reason and desire) to a tripartition, thumos introduces a new way of thinking of When it comes to “intermediates” in Plato, the relation between reason and desire: thumos one is tempted to think solely of mathematical is immediately thought to be a metaxu. As for intermediates, the objects of dianoia in book 6 doxa, which we take to mean opinion, but also of the Republic. Whether or not it comes from belief, this is certainly an ubiquitous concept Aristotle’s critique on such intermediates, one in Plato’s dialogues which is not tied with any must admit that he himself forgets to describe systematic presentation; nevertheless, as it will as intermediates some of the most important be shown, doxa is presented in the Republic as a aspects of Plato’s psychology and ethical the­ metaxu too, between knowledge and ignorance, ory1.
    [Show full text]
  • Human Nature in Hobbes and Thucydides
    Human Nature in Hobbes and Thucydides by Jonathan Wensveen A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Political Science Carleton University Ottawa, Ontario Canada © 2013 Jonathan Wensveen Abstract As a close reader, translator, and self-professed admirer of Thucydides, Thomas Hobbes was heavily influenced by the former’s account of human nature, provided in his History of the Peloponnesian War. In fact, many scholars (in both political theory and international relations) have been keen to point out just this. Passages, they argue, such as the Plague at Athens and the Civil War at Corcyra, both of which reveal human nature at its darkest, undoubtedly shaped Hobbes’s own understanding and conception of man, the most comprehensive account of which appears in the first part of his most famous and mature work, Leviathan. What many of these scholars fail to acknowledge, however, is that for all of their similarities Thucydides’ account of human nature is also somewhat different from that of Hobbes. Indeed, although Thucydides often describes man at his worst, his History also provides moving examples of man at his best. In contrast to passages such as the Plague at Athens and the Civil War at Corcyra, passages such as the Mytilenean Debate and Pericles’ Funeral Oration highlight the human concern and capacity for virtue and justice, and indicate a recognition on the part of Thucydides (as opposed to Hobbes) that, despite what the primordial imposes on human beings they nevertheless and at the same time yearn for something higher.
    [Show full text]
  • Plato and the Hero
    PLATO AND THE HERO Plato's thinking on courage, manliness and heroism is both profound and central to his work, but these areas of his thought remain under-explored. This book examines his developing critique of both the notions and embodiments of manliness prevalent in his culture (particularly those in Homer), and his attempt to redefine them in accordance with his own ethical, psychological and metaphysical principles. It further seeks to locate the discussion within the framework of his general approach to ethics, an approach which focuses chiefly on concepts of flourishing and virtue. The question of why courage is necessary in the flourishing life in its turn leads to Plato's bid to unify the noble and the beneficial, and the tensions this unification creates between human and di- vine ideals. The issue of manliness also raises problems of gender: does Plato conceive of the ethical subject as human or male? ANGELA HOBBS is Lecturer in Philosophy at the University of Warwick. PLATO AND THE HERO Courage, Manliness and the Impersonal Good ANGELA HOBBS University of Warwick CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, Sao Paulo Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 2RU, UK Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521417334 © Cambridge University Press 2000 This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press.
    [Show full text]
  • Mind and Brain: Toward an Understanding of Dualism
    Chapter 18 Mind and Brain: Toward an Understanding of Dualism Kristopher G. Phillips , Alan Beretta , and Harry A. Whitaker 18.1 The Views of Antiquity Starting two and half millennia ago in Greek antiquity and continuing to twenty- fi rst century paradoxes, the story of dualism – the mind-brain problem – has many varia- tions but retains some common themes. One of the earliest natural- philosophical investigations of the mind can be found in Homer’s Iliad and Odyssey, epic poems thought to have been written in the seventh or eighth century BCE (Green and Groff 2003 ). While one assumes that Homer’s main intention was to write heroic poetry and not to describe a psychological theory, his work nevertheless contains some interesting insights into the precursors of Western theories of mind. First, the Homeric Greeks appear not to have had a cohesive conception of mind nor of body (Jaynes 1990 ); there are no terms in Homer for words comparable to “soul” or “mind” or “thinking” or “perceiving” (Russo and Simon 1968 ). Instead in the Iliad and Odyssey we fi nd terms such as psyche , thymos , menos , phrenes , a n d ate (Green and Groff 2003 ) . The word psyche appears in the fi rst sentence of the Iliad. In both the Iliad and the Odyssey, psyche is compared to a “phantasm” or eidolon (Sandywell 1996 ). Like a phantasm, psyches are capable of haunting people after they have departed the body, as Patroclus haunts Achilles until Achilles will properly care for Patroclus’ body. The psyche is ostensibly useless while inhabiting a living body; it does not appear to engage in cognition, emotion, or will.
    [Show full text]