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An Overview on Cotton Leaf Curl Disease: an Emerging Potential Threat to Cotton

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An Overview on Cotton Leaf Curl Disease: an Emerging Potential Threat to Cotton Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2017) 6(10): 2154-2162 International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 6 Number 10 (2017) pp. 2154-2162 Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com Review Article https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2017.610.255 An Overview on Cotton Leaf Curl Disease: An Emerging Potential Threat to Cotton Anupam Maharshi1, N.K. Yadav1, Praveen Kumar3, Prachi Singh2*, Jagjeet Singh2 and Arpan Mukherjee2 1Cotton Research Station, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Sirsa -125055, India 2Department of Mycology and Plant Pathology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, BHU, Varanasi-221005, India 3Cotton Section, Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar -125055, India *Corresponding author ABSTRACT K e yw or ds Cotton leaf curl disease (CLCuD) caused by cotton leaf curl virus (CLCuV), a geminivirus is one of the most destructive disease of cotton. The losses due to cotton leaf curl disease Cotton leaf curl vary from 10-90% across the cotton growing areas of Punjab, Haryana and Rajasthan. disease (CLCuD), Cotton leaf curl virus belongs to family Geminiviridae, genus begomovirus and consists of Cotton leaf curl monopartite genome with circular, single stranded DNA. Typical symptoms of CLCuD, virus (CLCuV), includes thickening of veins and upward or downward curling of leaves, vein darkening and Cotton and enations. CLCuV subsist on alternate hosts like Brinjal, Cucurbits, Convolvulus arvensis, geminivirus . Rumex dentatus , Water melon, Cow pea and Lilly plants from where it is transmitted Article Info exclusively by vector whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) to the healthy cotton crop. CLCuD lowers fiber quality traits like ginning out turn, fiber length, fiber uniformity index, fiber fineness, Accepted: fiber bundle strength, and maturity ratio also deteriorated because of change in 21 September 2017 composition of major fiber components including cellulose, protein, wax and pectin. The Available Online: obliteration of alternate host and restraining of vector whitefly will be advantageous in 10 October 2017 control of CLCuD. Introduction Cotton has an eminent position in Indian emerged as one of the most important one. agricultural, industrial and economic Among four cotton cultivated species, only development. In India main cotton growing two viz., G. hirsutum L. and G. arboreum belt is north-western region including Punjab, L. are grown in Haryana. G. hirsutum L. is Haryana and Rajasthan. In India, it occupies susceptible whereas, G. arboreum is resistant an area of about 118.81 lakh ha with total to Cotton leaf curl disease (CLCuD). The production 352 lakh bales and average yield is disease is caused by whitefly transmitted 503 kg/ ha (Anonymous, 2016). Several Geminivirus which was first noticed in constraints are responsible for decreased Nigeria on Gossypium peruvianum and G. production as well as productivity of cotton in vitifolia (Farquharson, 1912). In India the India among them cotton leaf curl disease has disease was first reported on G. barbadense at 2154 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2017) 6(10): 2154-2162 Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New (PaLCuV), Cotton leaf curl Bangalore virus Delhi in 1989, followed by American cotton (CLCuBV) associated with alphasatellite and (G hirsutum) in Sriganganagar district of betasatellite molecules (Mansoor et al., Rajasthan in 1993 (Ajmera, 1994) 2003b; Briddon 2003) and Cotton leaf curl Burewala virus (CLCuBuV) (Amrao et al., Cotton leaf curl disease (CLCuD) caused by 2010). single stranded circular Geminivirus consisting of DNA-A and two satellites, PCR-mediated amplification showed the exclusively transmitted by the insect vector presence of a begomovirus named Cotton whitefly (Bemisia tabaci). It belongs to genus Leaf Curl Virus (CLCuV) in CLCuD-infected Begomovirus, and is transmitted by its cotton. A smaller (approx. 1350 nucleotides) exclusive vector whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) in single stranded DNA molecule (termed DNA- circulative and persistent manner. Apart from 1) was shown to be associated with CLCuD cotton, the virus can infect several collateral (Mansoor et al., 1999). This molecule capable and alternate hosts that act as source of of self-replication in plant cells but requiring inoculum for its spread from one season to the CLCuV for spread in plants as well as in other by its vector i.e. whitefly. However, insect transmission was shown to play no part symptoms of the disease have not been in inducing symptoms. This DNA 1 shows properly defined on weeds. A number of high level of similarity to nanovirus weeds as well as other hosts harbour this virus components which encode the replication in the off season and serve as the main source associated protein (RAP). Attempts to of primary inoculum for the development of identify a second genomic component (DNA- disease on cotton. Identification of weeds Beta) were not successful earlier, suggesting which carrying CLCuV inoculum and its that CLCuV is a monopartite begomovirus. timely detection can help in rouging of weed plants to prevent further spread of the virus. However, full length clones of CLCuV, although infectious, were unable to induce the Cotton Leaf Curl Virus symptoms typical of CLCuD in cotton and other host plants. This indicated that it A notorious group of the virus family requires one other factor to induce symptoms Geminiviridae, causes major threat to cotton of the disease in plants (Briddon et al., 2001). crop and a well-known threat is Cotton leaf The genome component designated DNA-A curl disease (CLCuD) caused by Cotton leaf encodes viral functions required for curl virus (CLCuV), transmitted in persistent replication and also plays an essential role in manner by whitefly i.e. Bemisia tabaci insect transmission. The second component (Brown et al., 1995). CLCuV is most closely encodes the products involved in movement related to 'Old World' viruses such as Indian within and between the cells in host tissues cassava mosaic and tomato yellow leaf curl. (Briddon et al., 2001). Seven diverse species of begomoviruses have been found which is associated with the However, a small number of begomoviruses CLCuD in the Indian subcontinent such as CLCuV, Tomato yellow leaf curl specifically Cotton leaf curl Multan virus virus (TYLCV), Ageratum yellow vein virus (CLCuMV), Cotton leaf curl Rajasthan virus (AYVV) etc. have a monopartite genome. In (CLCuRV), Cotton leaf curl Alabad virus monopartite begomoviruses, these genes are (CLCuAV), Cotton leaf curl Kokhran virus present in DNA-A. Recently a single stranded (CLCuKV) and Papaya leaf curl virus DNA molecule approximately 1350 2155 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2017) 6(10): 2154-2162 nucleotides in length has been isolated and Symptomatology of CLCuD identified which when coinoculated with the begomovirus to cotton, induces symptoms Cotton leaf curl disease symptoms were first typical of CLCuD, including vein swelling, reported in Nigeria in G. Barbadense cotton vein darkening, leaf curling and enations (Farquharson, 1912). In 1924, similar (Briddon et al., 2001; Briddon et al., 2003; symptoms were reported to be widespread in Mansoor et al.,2003; Kirthi et al., 2004; the Sudan cotton crop (Golding, 1930), Radhakrishnan et al., 2004). A distinct strain Symptoms of cotton leaf curl virus disease of cotton leaf curl Burewala virus (CLCuBV) may vary from variety to variety but a also was identified in C49 isolate collected specific virus produces the same symptoms in from CLCuD symptomatic cotton plant in different hosts (Kirkpartrick, 1931; Bedford et Layyah district, Punjab. The newly identified al., 1994). strain of CLCuBV lacks an intact transcriptional activator protein (Shuja et al., Tarr (1951) reported spirally twisted petioles, 2014). fruiting branches and tall stems and elongated internodes in G. barbadense. Most varieties in Genome of CLCuV monopartite Africa infected by CLCuGV exhibit dwarfing, overall stunting, reduced boll number and boll Genome of CLCuV is monopartite genome, weight. Two types of vein thickening are but in some species of CLCuV small circular produced by CLCuD i.e., main and small vein single-stranded DNA satellites are associated thickening. Main vein thickening was with some monopartite begomoviruses, described by the dark green thickening of the including cotton leaf curl Multan virus distal end of the large veins of younger leaves (CLCuMV), tomato yellow leaf curl China while thickening of small veins was virus (TYLCCV), and they have been shown characterized by dark green or pale green to be important for the induction of disease thickening of fine veins of young leaves. symptoms (Briddon et al., 2001). DNA β satellites are approximately 1350 bp and These irregular thickenings of veins gradually require a helper virus for replication and extended and resulting in more or less encapsidation (Mansoor et al., 2003; Briddon continuous reticulation of veins (Nour and & Stanley, 2006). Analysis of DNA β Nour, 1964; Watkins, 1981). Begomoviruses sequences has revealed a conserved generally produce three types of prominent organization consisting of a single symptoms: leaf curl, yellow vein and yellow complementary-sense gene (βC1) an adenine- or golden mosaic. Enation formation, rich region and a satellite-conserved region thickening of veins and upward or downward that carries sequence similarity to the Tomato curling of leaves are typical symptoms of leaf curl virus (ToLCV) satellite-DNA CLCuD (Mansoor et al., 1993). (Briddon et
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