An Interview

A Profile by Jim Anderson

Uncharted Waters: U.S. Foreign Policy in a Time of Transition by Laurence S. Eagleburger

After FSX: A New Approach to U.S.-Japan Relations by Kevin L. Kearns "Insuring the "Storing the furnishings valuables you leave you move in Washington also overseas calls for Security.”

Roland Showalter, Vice President Overseas Division, joined Paul Wood, Manager, Security in 1947. Insurance Division has worked with Security since 1956.

When you’re posted abroad, you can insure You can store rugs, furs and clothing in household goods in-transit or at your overseas temperature-controlled Security-at government residence—at special low rates. expense. And, you can give your valuables and art the Security's Government Service Policy covers Security of a bank vault. Call Roland Showalter at furnishings and personal effects including automobiles 1202)797-5679. anywhere outside the U.S. Call Paul Wood at Your move overseas calls for the expertise of the (202)797-5625. world's most experienced moving and storage company.

Since 1 890 «<

MOVING & STORAGE

1701 Florida Avenue NW Washington DC 20009 Can your insurance company do all of this for you?

Auto Provide an overseas package “Ship and Drive” auto policy which includes “All-Risks” protection plus transit coverage.

Household Effects Provide a package policy combining transit “at post” and U.S. commercial storage. Full Replacement Cost Coverage is available.

Scheduled Property Provide a separate “All-Risks” policy covering your high-valued items such as jewelry, fine arts, silver.

Stateside Coverage Anticipate the domestic insurance needs of the American Foreign Service in the Metropolitan Washington Area. We can provide a full spectrum of policies including Automobile, Homeowners/Rentors, Rental Property, and Personal Liability coverages.

Credit Card Premium Payment Provide a convenient payment option using VISA, or MASTERCARD.

Claims Provide prompt payment directly through our office.

International Medical Insurance New for contract employees. Complete Major Medical insurance including international emergency device facilities and evacuation services.

CLEMENTS AND COMPANY

Specialists in Insurance for the Foreign Service at Home and Abroad

1730 K Street, NAY, Suite 701

Washmgton, DC 20006 Contact ns today Telephone: (202) 872-0060 for a free brochure, Fax:(202)466-9064 "Foreign Property Policy Analysis.” Gable: CLEMENTSAVASHINGTON Telex: 64514 e were able to make better, more informed choices of what to see, “...we knew at that where to go.” moment we just First, each one of these informative enlightening had to go.” videos is a potential destination for you. Every video is filled with ideas and inside tips on how to Video Visits presents an unparalleled make your trip a richer experience. Your opportunity for you to visit your next post. Video Visits Library will point the way to Or, for anyone who's planning their own the special places that you'll want to discover. once in a lifetime odyssey, or who wants to enjoy an archair tour of the world's most beautiful destinations. “After we ordered one, we began collecting You can begin selections from Video Visits Library today. The library consists of over the full set." sixty gorgeous video tours of such countries With over 60 titles to select from, there will as China and Tibet, Singapore, New Zealand, certainly be several that match your interests. Hawaii, India, Australia/ Spain plus many, many more. Order today. The romance of Paris, the adventure of Hong Kong and Macau, the magnificent There are so many enjoyable, useful reasons to experience of Alaska, or any of the others can make the Video Visits Library a permanent part of enrich your life, fill your leisure hours with your video collection. enjoyment, and bring the world to your home. *1988 New York International Film Festival Gold Medal Winner “After a few minutes it seemed like we were really halfway ’round the world...”

pTo order your Video Visits selections: I A spedal discounted offer. Check any one of the titles below for I only $24.95 or receive three for 19.95 each. “Each time we watch, we see something we | □ Hawaii □ Germany □ Ireland □ Kenya Safari I □ Japan □ India □ Switzerland □ The Bahamas You'll want to enjoy I □ China □ Brazil □ Paris □ Alaska your Video Visits | To order your videos by phone, simply call 1-301-596-2337. Library selections I If payment is being made by credit card, please complete the spaces again and again. I below. (Indicate one:) Snare them with I □ VISA □ MasterCard □ American Express Date Expires — friends. Travel ■ Account Number 1 I 1 1 Zl I 1 I 1D I 1 1 1 Zl 1 1 1 1H there anytime you ' Mail this completed certificate VIDEO VISITS like. No need to with your check or money 9350-F Snowden River Parkway pack. The world is waiting order, or the completed credit Suite 243 as close as your VCR. card information to: Columbia, Maryland 21045 "Makes a great gift." Be sure the number of videos you have checked matches the amount enclosed or indicated. Add $4.50 for handling and return postage. Maryland residents add $1.47 tax for each video ordered. TOTAL AMOUNT OF ORDER: $

MAILING INFORMATION: (Please prim plainly)

NAME

ADDRESS —

CITY

STATE ZIP

PHONE

SIGNATURE (Required for credit card orders) Perceptions and Realities Some of our readers may have been lulled into a false sense of security by the kind words of President Bush, who singled out the men and women of the Foreign Service for special appreciation on the day after his election a year ago, or by the frequent and warm words of respect and encouragement that we have heard from Secretary Baker and his predecessors. We have no doubt that these messages are sincere, but there is another AMERICAN FOREIGN world out there with different views, even here in Washington. Consider SERVICE ASSOCIATION for a minute what the Foreign Service is really like today, in the eyes of Governing Board other observers: President: THEODORE S. WILKINSON State Vice President: GEORGE P JONES “I have complaints from time to time about professionals within the State AID Vice President: CHARLES UPHAUS Department, not a complaint about their knowledge of the State Depart¬ USIA Vice President: VANCE PACE Retiree Vice President CHARLES A. SCHMITZ ment, but a complaint about their knowledge of America. . . . [For Ambas¬ Secretary: MICHAEL COTTER sador in Spain] I would rather have someone who understands our system, Treasurer: MICHAEL DAVILA State Representatives: PURNELL DELIA' what we are all about, what we are trying to do, titan have someone who EILEEN HEAPHY knows all about the State Department but who has relatively little experi¬ DAVID T. JONES ence in the business of America.” Senator Phil Gramm (R-TX) ROSS QUAN DAVID SMITH “Many Foreign Service officers are timid and lack political finesse . . . AID Representatives: WENDELL MORSE intelligent and professional . . . but prone to arrogance, careerism, and a SAMUEL SCOTr USiA Representative: OMIE KERR propensity to go native. . . . ‘They maintain an abiding conviction that Retired Representatives: JOHN J. HARTER foreign policy is too important to be shared with the secretary of state, L. BRUCE LAINGEN Congress, or the White House.’” Newsweek, October 30, in an article entitled DAVID SCHNEIDER “A ‘Drone Class’ of American Diplomacy?” Staff Executive Director: SABINE SISK “There’s never been a case of a political ambassador being disloyal to the General Counsel: SUSAN Z. HOLIK United States. There have, regretfully, been some cases where some of the Controller: CATHY FREGELETTE Membership Coordinator: JANET L. SCHOUMACHER State Department people have been disloyal.” Senator Rudy Bosclmitz (R- Director for MN) or. ABC Nightline, July 24. Member Sendees: CHRIS BAZAR Don’t take all of this to heart, dear reader. Senators Boschwitz and Gramm Member Services Representatives: AMY L. MACEACHIN can be explained if not forgiven; they had been saddled with the uneviable CATHERINE SCHMITZ Dttal Assistant: CHRISTOPHER PERINE task of countering Senator Sarbanes’ devastating critique of the administra¬ U)v Clerk: JAY EISENBERG tion’s more egregious ambassadorial nominations. Newsweek didn’t bother LINDA VEGA Conference Coordinator: BRIAN HENNESSEY to consult AFSA—in contrast to most journalists who write about the Administrative Assistant: CHAMPA JARMUL Foreign Service—and instead relied on nameless rivals in the NSC. Newsweek Executive Assistant: MONIQUE COPELAND finds us to be both “timid” and “prone to arrogance.” Next week another Professional Issues RICHARD S. THOMPSON journal will no doubt sagely inform the public that the U.S. Foreign Congressional Liaison Service is “demure” and “opinionated,” or “self-effacing” and “aggres¬ ROBERT M. BEERS, RICK WEISS sive.” Scholarship Programs CRISTIN K. SPRINGET In fact, it isn’t easy to generalize about today’s corps of 4,000 FSOs, as some who know us better realize. To those who find die Foreign The American Foreign Service Association, founded Service “out of touch with America,” Elliott Abrams after eight years in 1924, is the professional association of the For¬ here replies in The National Interest: “No one can spend time in the Depart¬ eign Service and the official representative of all Foreign Service employees in the Department of ment of State without realizing that it is inhabited by real Americans, State and the Agency for International Development from places like Iowa and Colorado. The old Ivy League and East Coast under the terms of die Foreign Service Act of 1980. domination is simply gone.” Active or Retired membership in AFSA is open to all current or retired employees of the U.S. foreign We need, however, to do a better job of getting that message across. affairs agencies. Associate membership is open to For its part, AFSA is giving increased attention to outreach. A promising persons having an interest in or clo.se association with the Foreign Service. Annual dues: Active Mem¬ first step is our International Associates program for U.S. corporations bers—$80-165; Retired Members—$45-55; Associ¬ interested in the world market—which ought to be just about all of them ate Members—$45. All AFSA members are mem¬ if we are going to deal seriously with our staggering trade deficit. We bers of the Foreign Service Club. Please note: AFSA dues and Legislative Action Fund donations may inaugurate the AFSA program November 30 with an ambitious one-day be deductible as an ordinary and necessary business conference in the State Department (see page 67 for details). One of our expense for federal income tax purposes. Scholar¬ objectives is to make helping American businessmen compete overseas a ship and AFSA Fund donations may be deductible as charitable contributions. Foreign Service priority. • AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE ASSOCIATION But AFSA alone cannot turn around the public’s confused image of the 2101 E Street NW, Washington, D C. 20037. Ex¬ ecutive offices, Membership, professional issues, schol¬ Foreign Service. All senior department officials must find ways to respond arship programs, insurance programs, JOURNAL of¬ to these muddled attacks on career staff. And every Foreign Service em¬ fices: (202)338-4045. Governing Board, standing ployee who talks to a congressman, a home-town newspaper, or Rotary committees, general counsel, labor-management rela¬ tions, member services, grievances: (202)647- Club helps to bring the perception into better alignment with the reality. 8160. We serve our country well. That isn’t arrogance; that’s just a fact that • Foreign Service Club (202)338-5730. ought to be better known and more often acknowledged. Ted Wilkinson

4 Editorial Board FOREIGNSEKVICE Chairman ANTHONY C.E. QUAINTON

JIM ANDERSON LAWRENCE FUCHSBERG JOHN D. PIELEMEIER BERNARD REICH LYNN SEVER THEODORE WILKINSON DAVID E. ZWEIEEL

“The Independent Voice of the Foreign Service”

Editor ANN LUPPI 30 Managing Editor The President’s Man NANCY JOHNSON Assistant Editor/ Advertising Manager A stylistic review of James A. Baker III JULIA T. SCHIEKEN Intern LAURA ZIELINSKI Jim Anderson

The FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL is pub¬ lished monthly except August by the Ameri¬ can Foreign Service Association, a private Interview with the secretary of state 34 non-profit organization. Material appear¬ ing herein represents the opinions of the writers and does not necessarily represent the views of AFSA or die JOURNAL. Writer queries invited. Uncharted Waters 38 JOURNAL subscriptions: AFSA Mem¬ bers—included in annual dues; Others, S20. Overseas subscriptions (except Canada), add Lawrence S. Eagleburger $3 per year. Airmail not available. Second-class postage paid at Washington, D.C., and at additional post office. Postmas¬ ter: Send address changes to AFSA, 2101 E Street NW, Washington, D.C. 20037. After FSX: U.S. policy toward Japan 43J Microfilm copies: University Microfilm Library Services, Ann Arbor Michigan 48106 (October 1967 to present). Indexed Kevin L. Kearns bv Public Affairs Information Service (PAIS). Advertising inquiries invited. The ap¬ pearance of advertisements herein does not imply AFSA endorsement of the services Departments or goods offered.

° American Foreign Service Association, 1989 Letters 6 ISSN 0015-7279 December 1989, Vol. 66, no. 11 Clippings 7 Books 12 Cover photo: People: Intercultural Marriages 22 Department of State Public Affairs 10-25-50 28 In Memory 50 AFSA Annual Report 57 AFSA News 67 1989 Index 75

DECEMBER 1989 5 Letters

Study FSN Impact to attract and retain quality employ¬ academic value. However, great care ees, it can’t slow down promotions at must be taken before any real-world To the editor: the same time it is forced to underpay action is taken on their results. It is In the real world, the U.S. govern¬ its employees. up to AFSA to drive this point home ment will require a better educated, The Thomas and Bremer Reports to department management. better trained work force at the same publish numbers and recommenda¬ William Burke time that it faces a shrinking labor tions without considering our 20,000 Helsinki, Finland base. A difficult enough situation, but Foreign Service national employees even more troubling when you con¬ (10,000 direct hire and 10,000 per¬ Alive and Well sider that government pay has stead¬ sonal service contracts). Our senior ily become uncompetitive and the officers are expected to manage this To the editor: government’s new retirement system large and valuable human resource. The short author information about is completely portable (high barrier In addition, we should not forget that my wife [FOREIGN SERVICE JOUR¬ to entry, low barrier to exit). many of our senior FSNs serve in NAL, September 1989] has caused This real-world situation becomes both professional and middle manage¬ some of our friends concern and absolutely frightening when you cou¬ ment roles at our missions abroad. others amusement. It is misleading, ple it with the “never-never world” of I’m convinced that recommendations and I should like to set the record the Foreign Service, where we pro¬ pertaining to the number and percent¬ straight. No matter what the FSJ said duce studies like the Thomas Report age of Senior Foreign Service posi¬ about us, we are both alive and still and the Bremer Report, which sug¬ tions which ignore the impact of our married. gest changing our personnel system FSN employees on department opera¬ Windsor G. Hackler to slow down promotions to prolong tions are meaningless. Studies that are Honolulu, Hawaii FSO careers. ... If the Service wants conducted in a vacuum certainly have

ASSIGNED We concentrate on only ONE thing ... TO Managing your property. EUROPE PROFESSIONAL PICK UP A SAAB OR MERCEDES BENZ AND SAVE. PROPERTY If you’re being relocated, here’s a great strategic maneuver: Simply order a MANAGEMENT new Saab or Mercedes Benz here and OF NORTHERN take delivery in any number of European cities. VIRGINIA INC. That way you’ll be able to tour Europe in one of the world’s finest Join our growing number of sports sedans; and then, when your tour owners from Athens to Zaire is up, bring the car home at who trust the management of considerable savings. You’ll not only save money by their properties to PPM. Pro¬ taking delivery in Europe . . . you’ll save fessional service with a per¬ even more just for being in the military sonal touch. or Diplomatic Corps. Stop by or call to get the full Discounts on appliances details and more! Monthly comput¬ erized statements.

5105K Backtick Rd. Randy Merry Annandale, VA 22003 International and Diplomatic Sales 703/642-3010 Mercedes Benz / Saab 11325 Seven Locks Road 7020 Arlington Road Suite 217 Bethesda, Maryland 20814-2996 Potomac, MD 20854 Tel. (301) 986-8800 / Telex 440155 301/983-2323 FAX: (301) 986-0679 Factory Authorized Dealer We also service Montgomery County, Maryland

6 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL Clippings

Dead Duck Call tent, or that it seeks a negotiated, like Colombia and Peru. The U.S. diplomatic solution to all problems, ambassador in such countries today is The National Interest, Fall 1989 avoiding confrontation at all costs. constandy in great peril, as are his By Elliott Abrams Here it is worthwhile to recall that wife and children; other embassy staff The Department of State is a dead the Foreign Service is but one of members may be at even greater risk, duck: Americans will always distrust three career national security bureau¬ for they receive less protection. Some the institution whose very role is, cracies in Washington, the others posts are so hazardous that no spouses precisely, foreign entanglements. Thus, being the CIA and the uniformed or children are permitted to live in most of the criticism of the State military. ... All three bureaucracies the country. Yet in Congress, the Department—being rooted in fear, have their dunces, although most of institutions which reap popularity from not fact—is generally immune from them are winnowed out by promo¬ the drug issue are the law enforce¬ factual refutation. tion boards over the years; all three ment agencies like the Drug Enforce¬ Begin with the “social” critique: have their geniuses, although the na¬ ment Agency and Customs, not State. the Foreign Service is comprised of a ture of bureaucracy itself all too often If these criticisms of State are haughty elite. ... No one can spend forces out idiosyncratic officers, even largely invalid, one is more telling: time in the Department of State when the idiosyncrasy is brilliance. that it lacks expertise about key coun¬ without realizing quickly that it is Man for man, our diplomats are tries. There is a virtual lack of Mexico largely inhabited by real Americans, arguably smarter than our spies or experts, for example, despite the enor¬ from places like Iowa and Colorado. our soldiers, and they certainly write mous importance of Mexico to the The old Ivy League and East Coast and speak more coherendy. United States; and the real expertise domination is simply gone. On the front line [of the drug about many other countries is slim. Then there are the “substantive” effort] sit Foreign Service officers, The Foreign Service encourages mo¬ criticisms: that State is simply incompe¬ risking their lives each day in places bility among its officers, and most

Coldwell Banker, one of America's largest real estate companies, has provided superior leasing and property management services ARE YOU AN to absentee home owners since 1933. Our full-time staff of expertly ABSENTEE trained property managers is ready to serve your needs. OWNER? Our top-notch services include: • complete screening of potential • prompt disbursement of tenants income to you • on-site property inspections • substantial discounts on • monthly statements Sears replacement appliances • year-end tax statements

We offer a money- □Yes! I would like more information on WE ARE back guarantee on Coldwell Banker’s property manage¬ SENSITIVE our management services! ment services and fee structure! TO YOUR Call us today at (703) Name: 556-6100 or (800) Address: NEEDS AND 336-4567 — or mail WANT TO the attached coupon! Telephone:

_ A member cf the [71 Rental Property Address: HELP! Sears Financial Network IMJ COLDUJGLL BANK.GR □

DECEMBER 1989 7 Free 30-minute personal financial If nf inn Find out with our free eUHS>Ull/cU/lUIl. 30-minute personal financial consultation. Just fill out and Leasing IDS wants to help you mail the coupon or call: achieve greater financial (301) 585-6456 security. Insurance is offered by IDS Life and Insurance Company.

Anthony S. Kochanek, Jr. □ Yes, I want to take advantage of this valuable offer. I understand Management FSO (Ret.) there is no cost or obligation. Personal Financial Planner Name of With over 90 years of Address experience and 1.1 million City/State/Zip clients, the IDS Family of Home Phone Companies (IDS) knows how Fine Homes important balanced financial Business Phone planning is for you. Mail to: Anthony S. Kochanek, Jr. is an Just consider the wide range of IDS Financial Services Inc. Suite 600 financial options we make 8405 Colesville Road available: Silver Spring, Maryland 20910 • Personal Financial Planning • Thx-Exempt Investments ytrfr. . . • IRA/Keogh Plans • Money Market and Mutual Funds • Unit Investment Trusts • Investment Certificates • Insurance • Pension & Profit Sharing Plans © 1987 IDS Financial Corporation • Limited Partnerships All rights reserved.

ARLINGTON, VIRGINIA as Walk to metrorail • 5 minutes to State Department well as a National Winner 1987 Inn of the Year Business! ENTERPRISE SQUARE 1211N. Glebe Road. (1-66 and Glebe Road.) Arlington, Virginia 22201 (800) 228-5150 CALL TOLL FREE "We care for your home • Facilities* Accommodations as if it were our own" 126 rooms and suites with climate control Restaurant and Lounge offers room service from 6:30 AM to 10 PM Northwest DC Chevy Chase Bethesda Potomac

7315 Wisconsin Ave. Suite 1020 East Bethesda, MD 20814

8 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL Clippings Associations, Schools and Commissaries

A child falls at your day care center... have served in more than one region. No doubt they are the broader for it, ' A member slips climbing out of your pool... but it means they lack the number of years concentrating on Germany or A fire damages your inventory... the USSR that they need in order to acquire true depth. What is remark¬ An employee pockets portions of the weekly receipts able about this thinness in country expertise is how little remarked upon A commercial vehicle is stolen... it is. The critics appear to be less interested in analysis of serious prob¬ lems than in easier and more enjoy¬ When the unexpected happens, are you able attacks on the institution. properly covered? And this is precisely the point. The criticisms of State are not founded in Put Clements & Company’s worldwide expertise to work for real assessments of its performance. you in today’s changing insurance market. We represent a num¬ The basic problem is not elitism, hot ber of major companies with local offices in most countries. incompetence, not avoidance of con¬ flict, or any of the other customary We can provide insurance portfolios for your organization lines of State-bashing. Basically, Ameri¬ that are comprehensive and competitively priced. cans dislike the State Department Contact Lawrence Hastings or Maureen Caruso in our Foreign because they dislike its mission. It is not that the department performs its Commercial Department today for information on: mission poorly; it is the very nature • Commercial Property of that mission itself. They do not like the constant reminders of interde¬ • General Liability pendence, of inescapable involvement, • Fidelity Bonding of entanglement; they do not like the reminders that problems are complex, • Worker’s Compensation that other countries’ interests must be • Commercial Automobile understood, that we will not always have our way. And this is why State • Group Health is a dead duck. • Ocean Cargo Under Pell • New Package Plans

The Washington Post, October 10 By Helen Dewar Splendidly arrayed on a dais in front of a wall-sized map of the world, the Senate Foreign Relations Committee was once again trying to pull itself together. In a typical performance for this once-illustrious committee, mem¬ bers were drifting in and out, and CLEMENTS AND COMPANY Senator Jesse Helms (R-NC) was taking hostages from a list of diplo¬ 1730 K Street, NW Suite 701 matic nominees while committee chair¬ Washington, DC 20006 man Claiborne Pell (D-RI) fretted (202)872-0060 over the absence of a quorum. As the committee struggled to com¬ Fax:(202)466-9064 Telex: 64514 plete action on numerous State De¬ Cable: CLEMENTS/WASHINGTON partment nominations before Con¬ gress left town for its August recess,

DECEMBER 1989 9 Clippings

Helms . . . outlined his terms for a one of them put it, and the Iron blind people for the career diplomatic deal: He would stop blocking the Curtain framed world issues in stark, service. Bush administration’s nominee to head relatively simple terms. Now, issues Officials attributed the decision to the Foreign Service and the Service’s seem to be painted more in shades of hire the blind to the new director promotion list if Democrats would gray than in black and white, bold general, Edward J. Perkins. . . . guarantee swift action on two ambas¬ moves are discouraged by budgetary Rabby is a graduate of Oxford Uni¬ sadorial nominations. and other constraints. versity in England with degrees in Hours later—hours in which com¬ Spanish and French and has a mas¬ mittee members from both parties Policy Reversed ter’s degree in business administration wandered off, leaving Pell helpless to from the University of Chicago. conduct official business—a deal was The Washington Post, October 17 finally struck. ... It was one of the A blind man who has been trying to committee’s better days. join the State Department since the Erratum The genteel, deferential, and often Ford administration will be given a absentminded Pell and the wily, ideo¬ Foreign Service appointment in a Due to an editing error there logically driven Helms took over the reversal of a policy dating back to the were typographical inaccuracies committee in early 1987, and ever 1700s. in Joanne Thompson’s comments since, the committee has fallen on Avraham Rabby was informed of as quoted in “Bias Claims” in the hard times. . . . the decision Friday after the State October Clippings column. Moreover, some observers say, there Department notified Congress [at hear¬ was more glamour and glory to serv¬ ings on the Thomas and Bremer ice on the Foreign Relations Commit¬ Reports held by Representative tee when the “U.S. ran the world,” as Sikorski] that it would hire qualified

SHOP IN AN AMERICAN DRUG STORE BY MAIL! WANT INSTANT TAX RELIEF? CONSIDER An ice cream soda is one of the few items we cannot mail. Drugs, cosmetics, sundries TAX FREE mailed to every coun¬ try in the world. We MUNICIPAL BONDS! maintain permanent family prescription Phone — Write — Visit records. SEND NO MONEY — pay only after satis¬ AG Edwards&Sons, Inc factory receipt of order. Members New York Stock Exchange 373 BRANCHES NATIONWIDE

PLEASE send me information on Municipal Bonds. FSJ

Address. City Stete Zip Bus. Phone Res. Phone. I am a client of A.G. Edwards Yes □ No □ EDWARDS — Washington, D.C. Mrs. Ruth G. Adler, Vice Pres. Spring Valley Center Morgan PharmacyTM 4801 Massachusetts Ave. N.W. Washington, D.C. 20016 3001 P Street, N.W. (202) 364-1626 Washington, D.C. 20007 ANB-256-EDC SIPC FAX: (202) 337-4102

10 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL Right at home, anywhere in the world The world-dass Ford Taurus.

mmmrn Ipn

One American car is gaining more and more year, Taurus even offers optional anti-lock brakes attention overseas. The world-class Ford Taurus. and a standard driver-side air bag supplemental Clearly, its aerodynamic shape puts it right at home restraint system—further proof that this design anywhere in the world. But looks alone don’t make leader is dedicated to staying a leader. Ford Taurus. a world-class sedan. So Ford engineers used a rath¬ Right at home, anywhere in the world. er ambitious approach when they created Taurus: they identified the features of the world’s finest cars, with the goal of meeting or exceeding the Best-built American cars. best features. We call it the “best-in-class” design The best-built American cars are built by Ford. philosophy; but you’re more likely to call it a re¬ This is based on an average of consumer-reported sounding success. Because the end result is a car problems in a series of surveys of all Ford and com¬ that boasts some exceptional performance features. petitive ’81-’89 models designed and built in North Like responsive V-6 power, four-wheel independent America. At Ford, “Quality is Job 1!’ suspension and power rack-and-pinion steering.

They all help make Taurus maneuver beautifully, FORD INTERNATIONAL no matter where in the world you are. And this EXPORT SALES

Please send me information to purchase a new

WRITE TO: DIPLOMATIC SALES NAME FORD MOTOR COMPANY ADDRESS 815 Connecticut Avenue, N.W. CITY STATE Washington, D.C. 20006 Tel: (202) 785-6047 . COUNTRY ZIP Books

The Enigma of controlled by, rather than control it. is the best of all possible ones and Japanese Power. The system is, in van Wolferen’s view, that the system serves them well, as By Karl van Wolf even, inherently undemocratic. long as they serve it willingly. The Alfred A. Knopf, 1989. Van Wolferen will have a powerful police provide the system with coer¬ impact on people interested in Japan. cive power which it uses—along with The Eagle and the Rising A Dutch journalist, he has used his more subtle tools—to isolate or- Sim: America and Japan in wealth of experience in Japan to emasculate dissent. the Twentieth Century. examine how Japan works and to put Van Wolferen acknowledges that By John Emmerson & Harrison together a strong if in the end uncon¬ since World War II, the system has Holland, Addison-Wesley, 1988. vincing argument. He argues that the been remarkably successful in build¬ Japanese system is often difficult to ing Japan into an industrial giant. Reviewed by Ted Kloth understand and to deal with practi¬ The result has been an overall im¬ Van Wolferen’s new book is easily the cally or intellectually because it has provement in the living standard of most important work on Japanese no center. No person or group runs the average Japanese, but he argues, politics of the last decade and will Japan. Instead, the system controls because of the drive for industrializa¬ undoubtedly join Clyde Prestowitz’s the country through a delicate balanc¬ tion and protectionist policies, the Trading Places as a book that shapes ing of competing forces, the most benefits have been less than they many Americans’ understanding of powerful of which are bureaucrats, should be. The policies are a function Japan. The thesis of the book is that businessmen, and politicians. The of the system’s need to preserve itself Japan is, and historically has been, press, courts, and opposition parties in the face of the potentially upsetting run by a “system” whose main goal is are lap—not watch—dogs. The chief forces of the modern world, intellec¬ self-perpetuation. The Japanese, espe¬ function of Japanese education is to tual as well as economic. It is a cially Japan’s able bureaucrats, are the produce able workers and mothers modern-day equivalent of the closed instruments of the system, but are convinced that their present situation country policies of the Tokugawa era

There Is Only One Place BUY To Stay In Washington SELL YOUR PLACE

SHORT OR LONG TERM LUXURY INVEST APARTMENTS, TOWNHOUSES. "A Hotel Alternative PENTHOUSES For The Prudent Spender.” Ail Suites Tastefully Furnished & Fully Equipped Kitchens * Telephone * Cable Ed Joyce Television * Security Intercom System Complete Health Spa * Concierge * Parking Retired FSIO Laundry and Valet * Maid Svc (optional) * Convenience Store LICENSED IN

VIRGINIA SPECIALIZING IN RELOCATIONS SERVING CORPORATIONS * PENTAGON THE STATE DEPARTMENT * INSURANCE INDUSTRY * EXTENDED TRAVEL CONVENIENT METRO LOCATIONS AT: oMOUNT ROSSLYN CAPITOL HILL GEORGETOWN PERRON FOGGY BOTTOM DUPONT CIRCLE "REALTY m V ,NC * Visa and Master Card Honored - 6257 Old Dominion Dr. TLC Development Corporation 1700 N Moore St, Suite 714 Art, Va. 22209 McLean, Va. 22101 Off: 821-8300 Res: 821-2109 REAL ESTATE * SALES * RENTALS f (703)527-4441] MANAGEMENT

12 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL Allied Owners Are Serving at 32 Overseas Posts • Highest rental value • Staff of trained agents • Qualified, responsible tenants • Monthly computerized statements • Skilled maintenance personnel for your home management needs

AARON DODEK, CPM Property Manager /Allied THEODORE ARTHUR, USIA Ret. Associate Broker Realty ) CORP

7001 Wisconsin Avenue / Chevy Chase, MD 20815 657-8440.656-8600 40 Years of Managing Foreign Service Properties in the Washington Metropolitan Area

MERCERSBURG WASHINGTON, DC AREA r/ LOW COST ACCOMMODATIONS Call ACADEMY

, for any Located in South Hotel-Suites Central Pennsylvania 420 North Van Dorn Street less than two hours easy Alexandria, VA 22304 ft book drive from Washington, (800) 368-3339 * (703) 370-1000 “An Equipped Kitchen in Every Room” D.C., Mercersburg • Immediate shipment 1989 GOVERNMENT RATES worldwide • Credit cards offers an excellent academic pro¬ OFFICIAL OR LEISURE or check • Ask about our gram in a friendly and supportive Daily Weekly Monthly overnight gift delivery environment. Efficiency $60 $300 $1100 1 Bedroom 72 400 1200 nationwide • Free monthly A diverse student body and new title forecast • Mail 2 Bedroom 86 500 N/A faculty, small classes, a beautiful State/City taxes included orders welcome • Open 24 campus, and numerous athletic SAVE MEAL & INCIDENTAL EXPENSE $$ hours every day • Write or phone for free holiday gift and extracurricular activities pro¬ * An Equipped Kitchen in Every Room catalog vide a wonderful setting for a rich * Free Cable TV with HBO/ESPN and rewarding experience for boys * Free Utilities/Free Parking * Pool/Laundry/Convenience Store 1'800'255'2665 and girls grades 9-12. * Complimentary Newspaper/ In CT or Worldwide Continental Breakfast For more information write or call: (203)966-5470 * Metro Bus at Front Door to Metrorail DIRECTOR OF ADMISSIONS | For a color brochure and more rate flyers [ Mercersburg Academy I Mail to: The Towers Hotel/Suites (FSJ) t, Mercersburg, PA 17236 | 420 N. Van Dorn Street (717) 328-2151 Alexandria, VA 22304 [ 59 Elm Street FAX: (717) 328-2151-9072 1 Name. j New Canaan, or CT 06840 L. Bruce Laingen, Executive Director I Tel No ; National Commission on the Public Service i Address i (202) 638-0307 L - J WALK TO STATE Books Short Term Rentals Remington Condominium, 24th & G Streets NW of pre-modern Japan. Fully furnished and accessorized with balconies. Van Wolferen says that the system Included in each unit are: has been able to survive in no small Weekly housekeeping service, washer and dryer, microwave part because of the indulgence of the 11/2 blocks to the Foggy Bottom Metro United States. Americans, partly out Low rates and no deposit for Foreign Service Personnel of their own interest in creating an Remington Associates, Inc. anti-Communist, Asian ally and partly 601 24th Street NW, #106, Washington, D.C. 20037 out of naive misunderstanding of the (202) 466-7367 system’s nature, have tolerated, even unwittingly fostered, the continuance of the system. Japan’s leaders are unable to bring their country into the modern, interdependent world, ex¬ cept on terms—mercantilist economic policies—which threaten to overturn the open-trading regime on which Japan depends. Van Wolferen concedes that the Japanese believe the system has deliv¬ ered economic prosperity and that they can vote freely. But he spurns the idea that Japan is “democratic,” mainly because he rejects the world view shared by so many Japanese: we live on a small island devoid of natural resources and must make cer¬ tain sacrifices in personal living stan¬ dards in order to grow in a highly competitive and often hostile world. Van Wolferen can help us under¬ stand Japan better, even if we reject his main thesis. American policymak¬ ers must deal with Japan and Japanese world views as they are, not as foreigners wish they were. His book contains many solid observations and usefully reminds us that power rela¬ tionships as well as the culture make Japan work. He is right that dealing with a Japan where there are no clear “leaders” with whom to cut deals is a challenge for foreign states. But the danger is that those who read just this book alone will come away with only enough appreciation of the fascinat¬ ing complexities of what makes Japan tick to be considered “armed and dangerous.” The authors of The Eagle and the Rising Sun are charter members of the “Japan Club” and have written a very good book on U.S.-Japan relations in the late 1980s. Both authors spent many years in Tokyo. The perspective

14 What if you’re hit by a typhoon in Rangoon? If you only had the coverage American Foreign Service Associa¬ away and your possessions have been provided by the U.S. Government tion-your insured possessions swept away. Call or send for your Claims Act, most of your possessions would be covered, without deprecia¬ free brochure today. might be gone with the wind. And tion, up to the limit of coverage you the rains. And the mudslides. Typi¬ have chosen. Payment under the I AFSA Desk, The Hirshorn Company Plan would allow you to replace I 14 East Highland Avenue cally, under the Claims Act, you are | Philadelphia, PA 19118 I only covered for a maximum of insured items lost or destroyed with l "telephone: 215-242-8200. I $1000 per furniture item, $50 a similar, new items.. And settlement | In Wash. D.C. area: 202-457-0250 | lamp, and $2500 in clothing per per¬ of your claim would be swift and I Please send me your free brochure that son. And in some situations, you may uncomplicated. I answers questions about overseas insurance. I not be covered at all. The AFSA Plan has been specifi¬ Name_ To make matters worse, the Gov¬ cally designed for members of the I Address I ernment will most likely only reim¬ American Foreign Service Associa¬ City I burse you for the depreciated value tion on active service abroad. I State Zip of your possessions. And they hardly Through the Plan, you can also get comprehensive moving insurance, pay you at all for items with “limita¬ |_THE Mr 5/= INSURANCE PLAN tions,” such as jewelry, furs, cameras, personal liability insurance, com¬ fine arts, and antiques. plete theft coverage, and itemized Don't go overseas On the other hand, if you had valuable articles protection. the AFSA Plan-sponsored by the So don’t wait until you’re far undercovered.

The AFSA Plan is underwritten by Federal Insurance Company, one of the Chubb Group of Insurance Companies. PA UDOE G HA H A K i; A i i: s r A r n , 1 N C. 6729 CURRAN STREET, MCLEAN, VA 22101 (703)734-7020

WHY PARDOE & GRAHAM?

•Ask the Wolffs. •Ask the McCahills. •Ask us for other references.

TOUR INTERNATIONAL RELOCATION SPECIALISTS ARE:

DIANA CAMPBELL PAMELA GRANVILLE NANCY SHAHIN ITTEILAG 24-hour service (301) 469-0910 FAX (703) 356-7033

“YOUR COUNTRY TEAM AT HOME” [g REALTOR*

16 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL Books ATTENTION... of the book reflects their personal questions that have generated much experience with not just the economic controversy ever since. Modem Chile PEOPLE on the juggernaut of today, but the aggres¬ is an effort to sort out this unique and sive, then defeated, then determined complicated story that many in the MOVE. . . to rebuild stages of Japan’s progress Foreign Service should find of inter¬ through the last four decades. est and value. Don’t be misled by the The book is an excellent, short title. The book focuses almost entirely “brief’ on our somewhat troubled on the Allende regime in 1970-73. relations. Having been active partici¬ Only a brief chapter at the end Cathie Gill, inc. pants in U.S.-Japan affairs, the authors addresses the subsequent period of feel strongly that the key is for both 1973-89. sides to better understand one an¬ Falcoff draws on a wealth of writ¬ Opens Doors other and to remember that our ten materials and interviews. He has nations are bound to each other by chosen to organize the book around mutual interests too easily forgotten selected key topics—the election of We specialize in in the heat generated by our current 1970, the nature of Allende’s coali¬ trade disputes. The authors do not tion, his economic policy, agrarian sales and property belittle the need for change and ad¬ reform, social vs. private property, management in the justment, lest those disputes do seri¬ the copper question, and the U.S. Metropolitan Washington ous damage. Nevertheless, these two role. This approach is effective in area. veterans are clear on where they providing both a summary and an stand: “While the trade issue is cur¬ analysis of the critical events of the rently in the spotlight, defense is Allende regime. Given the amount of Our name means more fundamental to the ultimate controversy surrounding these events, health of the alliance.” With the Falcoff has taken pains to be balanced Personal Attention, strong focus on the problems in in his presentation. Service, and Results. U.S.-Japan relations, this book is a In an excellent first chapter, the particularly timely reminder that we author demonstrates convincingly that and Japan have an alliance of tremen¬ Allende’s electoral victory was a politi¬ dous importance to our mutual secu¬ cal accident and not, as some argue, a rity and well-being. result of any sea change in Chile’s body politic or because Chile was ripe for revolution due to basic economic Modern Chile, 1970-1989. or social factors. From that premise By Mark Falcoff, he goes on to dispel further myths Transaction Publishers, 1989. about why the Allende regime failed. Basic reasons, he argues, were lack of Reviewed, by Henry Johnson a clear mandate, the fragility of Al¬ Chile caught the attention of the lende’s Popular Unity coalition, and CathieCiilL \nc. world when Salvador Allende, the fundamental contradictions inherent REALTORS ® first Marxist chief of state freely elected in Allende’s attempt to bring about anywhere, was overthrown in an un¬ revolutionary change within the frame¬ usually violent military coup in Sep¬ work of open and democratic institu¬ 4801 Massachusetts tember 1973 and was succeeded by a tions. repressive and authoritarian military A brief final chapter on Pinochet's Avenue, NW regime. Chile’s prior reputation for Chile, 1973-89, serves more as an Suite 400 the longest and strongest traditions epilogue to the story about Allende Washington, DC 20016 of democracy and civilian control than any bridge to understanding the over the military among Latin Ameri¬ present and tire likely future of Chile. (202) 364-3066 can nations further underscored the A rather annoying frequency of typos drama of those events. What hap¬ undermines credibility in what other¬ pened to Chile’s democracy and the wise appears to be a carefully re¬ Serving Washington, DC, role played by the United States are searched and developed work. Maryland & Virginia

DECEMBER 1989 17 Tis the Season

We’ve found that perfect 3 in 1 gift!

1. It requires no shopping or wrapping 2. It’s TAX DEDUCTIBLE! 3. Best of all — it benefits the AFSA Scholarship Fund

PROFESSIONAL POSITIONS NOW OPEN IN INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT Remain up to date about professional opportunities in the international field by receiving the JOB OPPORTUNITIES BULLETIN. The bimonthly Bulletin provides coverage of employment needs of private organizations and non-profit agencies. For the generalist and the specialist the Bulletin describes positions open overseas and in the U.S. and the way to explore them.

Order a one year subscription by sending the Order Form with a check: SUBSCRIPTION FORM

TransCentury Recruitment Center NAME. 1724 Kalorma Road, N.W. STREET. Washington, D.C. 20009 CITY STATE. Telephone (202) 328-4400 Telex 6491168 Transcen ZIP COUNTRY. Fax (202) 328-4428 RATES - ONE YEAR

$25.00 (1 st Class to US/Canada/Mexico

$40.00 (Airmail to all others)

18 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL Books RADCLIFFE COLLEGE The Arthur and Elizabeth Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in America Mindsets: The Role of Culture and Perception in International Relations. By Glen Fisher, The Schlesinger Library Inter cultural Press, 1988. on the History of Women in America Reviewed by John J. Crowley at Radcliffe College is interested in collecting cookbooks Borrowing terms from the computer world, Glen Fisher explains in his published by American women latest book how we are all “pro¬ while serving at posts abroad. gramed” by our respective cultures and so acquire mindsets, which pro¬ vide a unique, if inadequate, focus on the world beyond our borders. More importantly, he also offers some sound The Schlesinger Library advice on how to break out from the has a significant cookbook collection confines of this cultural tunnel vision. which is widely used by researchers. As Fisher demonstrates, there are The books the Library hopes to collect techniques we can use to learn to will form a discrete collection empathize (but not necessarily sympa¬ thize) with foreign viewpoints. We and will be used by students can become wiser foreign affairs prac¬ and professors titioners by acquiring a deeper under¬ of women's history to understand standing of the motives, attitudes, women's roles abroad and perceptions of our non-American during the last 150 years. counterparts. A Foreign Service officer for 22 years (including an assignment as dean of area studies at the Foreign Service Institute), Fisher has designed The Library would be interested his scientifically based but very down- in any documentation to-earth guide for those involved in which you could provide about the daily practice of foreign relations. the cookbook. He pays academic analysts their due, but also points out the large gap that How and why it was written, usually exists between what the spe¬ how it was funded and produced, cialists write about and what prob¬ and how the author worked lems practitioners face on the ground. with the residents Fisher has aimed for practicality of the host country. even to the extent of providing a comprehensive checklist for use in assessing cross-cultural interaction in international situations. His style is clear, readable, and not burdened If you would like to donate a cookbook, with academic jargon. Many of the please send it to: examples he uses to illustrate his arguments are drawn from his own Ms. Barbara Haber overseas tours of duty. A better book Curator of Printed Books on this subject for Foreign Service 10 Garden Street personnel would be hard to find. Cambridge, MA 02138 (617) 495-8647

DECEMBER 1989 19 Books

The Price of Empire. Johnson administration’s support for tor describes the feelers he received By J. William Fulbright, the Vietnam War; against increasing from President Kennedy regarding an Pantheon Books, 1989. arms expenditures; against the pro- appointment as secretary of state in Israel policy of his government. How¬ 1961. He believes he would not have Reviewed by Peter F. Spalding ever, on one occasion Fulbright’s lasted long—too much the dissenter— This compilation of essays—well- resolve was blown away by the force but he does conjure up visions of how known philosophy and less well- of Lyndon Johnson’s powers of per¬ this appointment could have saved us known biography—provide Senator suasion and flattery and he voted for from the Vietnam agony. Fulbright Ful bright’s views on the Cold War, the Gulf of Tonkin resolution. also takes the Department of State to the Vietnam War, the Middle East, Perhaps the most topical and task on the ABM treaty and has our militarized economy, and a plea thought-provoking essay is on the nothing kind to say about Abraham for the United Sates to see the world Cold War. Fulbright writes, “What Sofaer’s tinkering with that beloved as others see it. While the written does appeal to me—and more deeply treaty. eloquence of a George Kennan is than I can easily find words to express— The father of the Fulbright scholar¬ lacking, the eloquence of the ideas is the idea that if we could eliminate ship takes the objectives of this pro¬ expressed is not. There is much wis¬ the arms race we would have the gram—the erosion of culturally rooted dom here to benefit those of liberal opportunity to see which of (our) mistrust—as his leitmotif. Senator or conservative persuasion, junior offi¬ societies does function best.” The plea Fulbright’s call for his country to dare cer or seasoned diplomat. It is guaran¬ for dialogue and understanding be¬ to trust the intentions of those who teed to provoke lively thought and, tween the Soviet Union and the differ from us has in the past fallen in some, intense disagreement. United States is eloquent and mov¬ on deaf ears. Now that history is on Senator Fulbright has spent a ca¬ ing. the verge of vindicating him, it is reer swimming against the tide of There are some vignettes in the appropriate that we pay heed. popular sentiment: against mistrust book which will particularly appeal to of the Soviet Union; against the Foreign Service personnel. The sena¬ INDIAN MOUNTAIN SCHOOL The Best in Middle School Education For almost seventy years Indian Mountain — a boarding boys and coed day school for grades five through nine in rural northwestern Connecticut — has made the education of children ages nine through fifteen its specialty. VOLVO Just ninety-two miles from Manhattan, IMS draws students from across the United States and around the world from families seeking the very best in middle-school education for their children in an environment noted for its warmth, rigor, and support. IMS was founded to prepare students for the nation’s finest prep schools, and we would be glad to send you a 1989 secondary U.S.A.’s Largest school placement list and a catalog. A five to one student-faculty ratio, a well-developed learning skills program, honors courses, Diplomatic Dealer a participatory sports program, a broad range of activities, and an adventure education program make us special. To spend some time on our lovely New England campus to see what middle-school education can be, call the office of admissions, at 203/435-0871 or write: The Headmaster, Riggs House, Indian Mountain School, Lakeville, CT 06039. Reference: Ambassador and Mrs. Vernon D. Penner, Praia (DOS), Washington, DC 740 GLE Sedan 20520-2460. Diplomatic Discounts COLUMBIA PLAZA PHARMACY Worldwide Delivery to Diplomats, Members of International Organizations 516 23rd St. NW. Washington, D.C. 20037 & Military Personnel Telephone (202) 331 -5800 FAX (202) 452-7820 Contact: Dana Martens Diplomatic Sales Director ORDER ANYTIME BY MAIL and get our 20% discount on all prescriptions | You have credit with us; order all your drug items from us and pay upon receipt MARTENS You can always rely on us for fast, efficient service VOLVO OF WASHINGTON Satisfied customers all over the world 4810 Wisconsin Ave., N.W. Washington, D.C. 20016 We are anxious to service you (202) 537-3000 Fax: (202) 537-1826

20 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL It Made Heai

And now it can be a part of your future. Announcing Long-Term Care coverage for the American Foreign Service Family. Look for more Long-Term Care information coming your way soon, from

AMERICAN Fo REIGN Mutual, SERVICE ^t)maha, Companies PROTECTIVE Group Operation ASSOCIATION People

Intercultural Marriages: Personal Ups and Downs

ELIZABETH LEE One of the challenges a For¬ a sampling of intercultural Foreign can become surmountable obstacles. eign Service officer faces is Service couples reveals some common This technique helps especially with understanding and work¬ experiences among female foreign- communication, a major pitfall in ing with foreigners, but when the born spouses. (No male foreign-born most intercultural relationships. “Learn¬ foreigner becomes a spouse the chal¬ spouses were interviewed.) ing to communicate in the other lenge may be a 24-hour job. While While partners of lasting bi- person’s style” is the most important intercultural marriages in general are cultural marriages speak glowingly of factor in this type of marriage, Ro¬ subject to a whole litany of difficulties the enrichment it has brought them, mano says, as many cultures have and delights, Foreign Service life adds they also can reel off a list of prob¬ distinct do’s and don’ts that transcend its own unique burdens and benefits. lems. Author Dugan Romano has personal traits. This doesn’t necessar¬ The number of foreign-bom spouses laid out the ups and downs in her ily mean understanding the other’s in the American diplomatic commu¬ book Intercultural Marriages: Promises language, but rather the emotions nity is estimated at 30-40 percent, and Pitfalls. While the difficulties are and expectations behind it. and “apparendy it’s growing,” says to be expected, Romano said she’s Leena, who is Finnish, and her Leena Clarkson, former president of found that spouses in closed commu- FSO husband John had to learn the Foreign Born Spouse group in something from each other to com¬ the American Association of Foreign municate successfully. “He had a hard Service Women (AAFSW). The trend Many problems time expressing negative feelings,” in American society toward later mar¬ Leena recalls of their early years riages is partly responsible; whereas encountered in an together, “and I had a hard time Foreign Service personnel invariably intercultural marriage expressing positive feelings.” They used to marry first and then go can be traced to realize now the difference is cultural, overseas, nowadays many go to their not individual, and after almost 19 first post single. Also, with more and nationality rather than years of marriage can joke about it, more American women pursuing ca¬ personality. but Leena says seriously, “It took us reers of their own, there are fewer a long time to learn how to talk.” and fewer willing to follow an FSO “It’s not a question of language, husband around the globe. Many nities such as the Foreign Service it’s a question of thinking differ¬ women are becoming FSOs them¬ tend to lock away their problems ently,” explains Nadine Soriano. She selves. And whereas once male FSOs from public view, afraid that admit¬ gives an example of how she and her could not marry non-American women ting them could damage their spouse’s FSO husband Jim react differently in and remain in the Service, the State career. When asked about possible a stressful situation, such as the illness Department has, since the early 1970s, troubles, they smile and answer “eve¬ of a relative. Nadine, exhibiting her adopted a more open policy toward rything is fine,” though they may be Lebanese heritage, becomes extremely cross-cultural unions. A foreign-born suffering inside. agitated and emotional, while “Jim, spouse is no longer required to be¬ Keeping problems bottled up can the American pragmatic,” remains out¬ come an American citizen, although only make matters worse, Romano wardly calm. In the beginning she maintaining foreign citizenship re¬ counsels. She suggests joining a sup¬ was offended at his cool response, stricts the spouse from high-level secu¬ port group, such as AAFSW, to make while he couldn’t comprehend her rity clearance and foreign nationals contact with other people in the same hysteria. Nadine outlines their com¬ are still subject to fight security re¬ situation and experience file relief of promise: “I’m trying to be less emo¬ views. finding “you’re not alone.” One thing tional, and he’s trying to be more But beyond the career impact, how she herself learned after joining a human in his approach.” do intercultural couples surmount the support group in Italy, where she Patricia Webbink, a psychologist many personal strains such unions lived for 17 years with her Italian who counsels bi-cultural couples, may create? Naturally, every relation¬ husband, was that many problems stresses the importance of “non-verbal ship is unique, but conversation with one encounters in an intercultural communication,” such as tone of voice, marriage can be traced to nationality gestures, and eye contact. It’s im¬ Elizabeth Lee writes frequently on Foreign rather than personality. By keeping portant to understand the cultural Service issues. this in mind, irreconcilable differences differences behind non-verbal as well

22 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL |5ss:s:f:?sfs5f:ffsfs!ss!ffffffff ffffff f ffff |S Buick LeSabre

Chevrolet Lumina APV I::::::;:::::::; lliiilliiliiiiiiiiiilliliiiiljliiiniilliilllliliiiililllri

of delivery locations from coast-to-coast. Whether you want de¬ 1 General Motors automobiles available livery overseas or stateside, we’ll make sure that you receive your <* at exclusive foreign service prices! new vehicle on time, in the right location, exactly as ordered. You get a 100% satisfaction guarantee... If you're not completely VIP treatment from start to finish! satisfied with your vehicle at delivery, we’ll refund your money." 2 o Call or write to us for more information, or use the post card contained elsewhere in this publication. We’re sure you’ll agree When you take advantage of the Diplomatic Sales Program of that shopping for a new car has never been so easy. General Motors, you get much more than great transportation... You get the lowest prices available...Because of your special Uncompromising Value and Service Worldwide. diplomatic status, you’ll enjoy substantial discounts. Diplomatic Sales Program You get price protection... Should factory prices increase before 100 Crossways Park West • Woodbury, NY 11797 U.S. A. you take delivery, you’ll pay the same low price as originally Toll free: 1 (800) 654-1084 • From overseas: (516) 496-1806 agreed." Telex: #221623 NEWCAR UR; Attn: Diplomatic Sales You get effective service... As a privileged member of the United Telefax: (516) 921-2468 States Foreign Service, you’ll receive an uncommonly high level ‘Subject to terms and conditions. Ask for details. of individual attention and protection. You get the convenience of shopping where you live or work... We’re only a letter, phone call, telefax, or telex away—so you pi Military Sales Group can shop for your new car or truck when and where it’s conven¬ 1 Elllifl OASC, LTD. ' ient for you. CHEVROLET • OLDSMOBILE • PONTIAC ■ BUICK • CADILLAC • GMC TRUCKS You get convenient delivery... You can order a vehicle custom- built to your own specifications or you can choose immediate WORLDWIDE AUTOMOTIVE EXCELLENCE delivery from our large inventory of stock vehicles. We’ll arrange for you to pick up your new vehicle through our extensive network People as verbal communication, she empha¬ fited from such a situation. They met consciously or unconsciously, they sized: don’t interpret a partner’s reac¬ while he was serving in Colombia, expect their spouse to maintain that tion in terms of how “you would be and since he lived there he’s familiar dependent role during the marriage. feeling if you reacted that way.” with her national background, such But often the woman, upon entering Even if one masters such under¬ as the importance of birthdays. He the American community, acquires standing, bi-cultural couples have to knows now that Vicky is used to a new ideas that can upset the status accept that each may never com¬ big celebration, that family and friends quo. pletely understand the other’s state of give a small gift, at least a flower, Re-entering the United States can mind. USIA officer Robert Peterson along with a card or a call. But his also lead to disillusionment for some and his Japanese wife Kyoko are family doesn’t know that, and when foreign nationals who marry Foreign aware, he says with a tinge of regret, she received only a signed card from Service officers in the belief that they that “we never will be able to fully them—in keeping with American tra¬ are important dignitaries who com¬ appreciate the other’s feelings.” dition—she couldn’t help but feel mand attention and respect. When Though they may accomplish an intel¬ disappointed. the couple is posted to the United lectual understanding of the other’s Which leads to another problem States and the FSO becomes another language, culture, and traditions, emo¬ intercultural couples face: the in-laws. American among millions, a cog in tional empathy will remain an elusive While in-laws have been reviled for the bureaucratic wheel, the romantic goal. Even when the couple shares an ages, the problem is exacerbated when luster may fade. event that on the surface would seem they are from another culture. The Dr. Webbink also raises the specter to elicit a common response, such as of prejudice. Caucasian Foreign Serv¬ baseball, in reality dieir thoughts are ice personnel who marry a non- widely divergent. Robert conjures up Caucasian may have to deal with images of old-time players such as minority issues for the first time, not Babe Ruth and Ty Cobb, then his When the couple is posted necessarily in the Foreign Service mind wanders to such American tradi¬ to the United States, the community but in a wider social tions as picnics, office teams, and the romantic luster may fade. scene. The problem does not arise in Fourth of July. Kyoko thinks of the foreign-born spouse’s native coun¬ old-time players such as Oh Sadahareu try, but upon returning to the United and Nagashima, then drifts off to States can spring up suddenly and memories of college, where in Japan cause a painful readjustment of long- baseball plays an important role. Both held beliefs and assumptions. agree its harder when they assume extended family usually has a hard The list of pitfalls goes on and on. they’re experiencing the same thing. time understanding what the other’s In addition to those already men¬ Of course, communication is an culture is all about. If the family is tioned, author Romano adds politics, even greater obstacle when there is not supportive, it can break the mar¬ religion, money, sex, friends, food, minimal shared language. One benefit riage apart. social class, place of residence, val¬ of Foreign Service life is that since the In such a situation—separation or ues, time, and ethnocentrism. Some couple usually meets while the Ameri¬ divorce—the foreign-born spouse in areas may seem minor and are found can-born spouse is serving in the the Foreign Service faces an especially in any marriage adjustment, but piled foreign-born spouse’s native country, hard time. Having by necessity one on the other can break the bond. he or she has at least a working adopted many American ways and cut In Romano’s view, raising children knowledge of the other’s language. connections to one’s native country, is one of the thorniest issues. “When Also, by nature of the job, an FSO it is difficult for a divorced foreign- children arrive, buried beliefs resur¬ learns the culture as well. “The more born spouse to return. All those face,” she writes. From infancy to you learn about another culture, the interviewed agreed that any hard time adulthood, decisions are made that more you appreciate it,” Leena em¬ become harder for the foreign-born can pit one spouse’s cultural back¬ phasizes. Before John joined the For¬ spouse because there is no “home” to ground against the other’s. While eign Service, the two lived in Finland go to and no family to fall back on. these differences may have been re¬ for 11 years. That gave John time to Another stress on intercultural mar¬ solved between the couple, the intro¬ get acquainted with Finnish culture, riages is personal growth. American duction of a child can upset the and now she’s getting her turn at men sometimes marry foreign nation¬ balance. If the differences haven’t American life. als from countries where the gender been worked out to begin with, the Vicky Simons, who is Colombian, roles are similar to those found in the child may become the scarred battle¬ and her FSO husband Paul also bene¬ United States 30 or 40 years ago, and ground.

24 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL WELCOME NEW ARRIVALS WITH Many of those interviewed have have been grumblings in the Foreign remained childless, and express relief Service community about some foreign- at not having to tackle the issue. born spouses who are ignorant of Some with children, such as FSO American ways and are unwilling, or John Maisto and his Philippine wife unable, to learn them adequately Nini, have overcome the challenge. enough to handle their representa¬ Nini believes her family is extremely tional role. There are complaints that fortunate in that John was posted to many foreign-born spouses don’t at¬ Manila when their children were old tend parties, school meetings, and enough to understand Philippine cul¬ other social functions that bind the ture. They learned the language and mission into a cohesive community. traditions of her native country, so, The same problem may occur when although they consider themselves Foreign Service personnel marry an WELCOME KIT™ Contains American, they’re proud of their Phil¬ American-born partner with a differ¬ over 200 essential ippine heritage, she says. ent social background, but because household items to set up “It’s important,” Nini adds, “to people generally marry someone with housekeeping while keep ethnic characteristics,” not to similar education and interests, this awaiting personal effects. turn one’s back on the past. But for happens far less frequently. bi-cultural couples in the Foreign George Vest, former director gen¬ CREATE A Service, blending the two cultures in eral of the Foreign Service, says “it’s a balanced way may be the most a matter of the individual;” some FAVORABLE FIRST difficult task. The problem in this foreign-born spouses are wonderful IMPRESSION WITH case is not personal but professional: at fulfilling the representational de¬ WELCOME KIT™ fulfilling representational duties. There mands on the Foreign Service over- • BRAND NAME AND We keep your QUALITY ITEMS VOLVO prescriptions WELCOME KIT™ contains linens, towels, dinnerware, coming. glassware, flatware, cookina Factory-Set Discounts utensils, standard tools, and To Diplomats Posted Worldwide. light cleaning aids. OVER 200 Stateside and Abroad With our worldwide prescription NON-BREAKABLE brand service, it’s easy to have your prescrip¬ name items essential to run a tions sent where you need them. Just bring or mail a prescription from your household of 4 persons are U.S., U.K., European, or doctor to this store. We’ll do the rest and carefully packed in Overseas Specs mail them anywhere overseas or WELCOME KIT.™ stateside. • Overseas and Domestic ■ Orders filled and mailed promptly. ■ Pay Peoples low prices plus Deliveries postage and packing after receipt. WELCOME HOME ■ Your doctor stateside can order a refill by phone. with WELCOME KELLY COGHILL ■ Complete lines of National Brand KIT™ and Peoples Brand health and beauty DIPLOMATIC SALES SPECIALIST aids, sundries, and cosmetics are also available. EASY TO ORDER! Over 80 years of reliable service cJbDon Beyer Volvo to the diplomatic community. 1231 W. Broad Street PEOPLES Falls Church, VA 22046 Export Services International, Inc. One Export Drive (Suite A) (703) 237-5020 DRUG Sterling, VA 22170 USA 2125 E Street. N.W. 703/450-7844* Fax: 703/450-7262 TELEX:6503855759 Washington, D.C. 20007 Telex: 3791085 • Ans.Back:91085UB ESI FAX: (703) 237-5028 (202) 338-6337

DECEMBER 1989 25 People

seas, others disastrous. He says the limitations. Robert says proudly that and abroad. The initial aim of same of American-born spouses. The people would remark, “Oh, you’re AAFSWs foreign-born-spouse group problem was gready eased in 1970, married to the Japanese woman who was for American-born spouses to “when we declared that spouses are does iki bana”. He feels it was an help the foreign-born ones, but now entided to a life of their own,” he enormous aid in his work. there is a more equal exchange of says. However, ids still seen as more Vicky Simons believes she could information. “It’s not just a one-way advantageous for the Foreign Service be a huge help to her husband at a street,” Kauzlarich emphasizes. employee, and the Foreign Service in Spanish-speaking post because her She does recognize difficulties for general, for the foreign-born spouse language and cultural background foreign-born spouses in the Foreign to assume an “American” identity, would open up avenues for him that Service: they often are plagued by and this can be extremely stressful on otherwise wouldn’t be accessible. And uncertainty and rootiessness, wonder¬ the one who gives up old ways. Nadine Soriano is helping her hus¬ ing “Who am I? Am I doing what I’m Given a successful blend of the two band through his Arabic language supposed to be doing? Am I repre¬ cultures, many see the foreign-born training as he prepares for his next senting America properly? Where is spouse as an asset rather than a post in Baghdad. home?” And the newer the foreign- hindrance. Robert Peterson says his As Anne Kauzlarich, president of born spouse is to the game, the wife Kyoko “smoothed the way in AAFSW points out, foreign-born harder the questions are to answer. establishing certain contacts” while spouses can be very advantageous for But Kauzlarich, and many others, feel he was posted in Mauritius. Not only the U.S. government through person- the Foreign Service community is was her culture similar to that of the to-person rather than government-to- perhaps more understanding than a host country, but her work teaching government understanding. Also, she non-diplomatic setting. “We’re all in iki bana (Japanese flower arrange¬ says, the whole Foreign Service com¬ the same boat, we’re all here for the ment) gave her an entree to the local munity can leam much from foreign- same purpose,” she stresses. ‘We try community that surpassed professional bom spouses, both in Washington to look for the common denomina-

WORLDWIDE INSURANCE FOR FOREIGN SERVICE PERSONNEL ■ PERSONAL PROPERTY ■ AUTO MARINE ■ MARINE TRIP Exclusively administered by HUNTINGTON T. BLOCK INSURANCE 2101 L Street, N.W. Washington D.C. 20037 Telephone 1-202-223-0673 Toll Free 1-800-424-8830 Telefax 202-331-8409

Our customers often tell us we have the lowest rates among our competitors, and we offer: ■ Very broad coverage ■ Automatic replacement cost ■ Automatic coverage up to 10% of total insured value for new acquisitions ■ Foreign comprehensive personal liability ■ On the spot claims service by representatives in every major city of the world UndenA/ritten by London Insurers Join the ranks of our many satisfied repeat customers.Call toll free from anywhere in the United States or write our Overseas Division for more information. OVER 25 YEARS OF INSURANCE EXPERIENCE

26 FOREIGN SERVICE IOURNAL I 1 AUTHORIZED EXPORTER GENERAL ELECTRIC tor. We’re citizens of the world.” tial for incredible richness with two Rita Siebenaler, a licensed clinical different cultures to draw on. Chil¬ social worker with the State Depart¬ dren learn that there is “no one way ment’s Employee Consultation Serv¬ to do things,” and thus their world is ice, believes that intercultural couples vastly expanded. GENERAL ELECTRONICS can have much more in common than And Romano herself, after coming INC. two American-born partners of differ¬ up with a lengthy list of pitfalls, is an ent backgrounds. In this vein, Robert optimist after all. ‘There is no doubt □ REFRIGERATORS □ FREEZERS and Kyoko Peterson joke that his that intercultural marriages take more □ RANGES □ MICROWAVE OVENS Midwest home town is more foreign effort than other marriages because □ AIR CONDITIONERS □ DRYERS □ WASHERS □ SMALL APPLIANCES to the Foreign Service scene than there are so many more elements to □ AUDIO EQUIPMENT □ TELEVISION Japan. be blended,” she warns, but in the □ DISHWASHERS □ TRANSFORM¬ Siebenaler also downplays the diffi¬ same breath adds that Foreign Service ERS □ COMPLETE CATALOG (Please check box) culties children can introduce to a people have “the right psychological cross-cultural marriage. She believes equipment” to deal with the chal¬ Available for All Electric the only real problem they raise is the lenge. Currents/Cycles issue of bilingualism: if, when and While those interviewed seem to how to teach the child the foreign- have their own formula for success, Immediate Shipping/Mailing From our Local Warehouse born spouse’s native language. And everyone agrees that the path is much she doesn’t share Romano’s fear that smoother the more each knows about We Can Also Furnish a child may become a battleground in the others religion, values, and goals. Replacement Parts for a cultural war. She stresses the poten¬ Also, there is such a thing as love. □ Most Manufactures

SHOWROOM General Electronics, Inc. 4513 Wisconsin Avenue, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20016 D & M AUTO PARTS CORPORATION Tel. (202) 362-8300 FAX (202) 363-6538 Vehicle Parts Expediters TWX 710-822-9450 GENELECINC WSH • Serving U.S. Embassies and AID Missions for over 15 years • Prompt, efficient service our forte • Personal orders welcomed 3= & O 03

144 Jackson Ave., Syosset, NY 11791 .£ O Ph. 516-921-6620 TLX 316232 FAX 516-921 -8760 5 _c □ S' to ^ o Export Electronics, Inc. E _c OO 3 110/220 Volt Stereo - Video - T.V. - Appliances 1719 Connecticut Ave., N.W. (Near Dupont Cr.) ® !o ^3 O) to ^ 03 Washington, D.C. 20009 <® Phone (202) 232-2244 □ t wo FAX (202) 265-2435 03 "O TRANSFORMERS • WASHERS • DISHWASH¬ c 03 ERS • REFRIGERATORS • DRYERS • AIR -2 03' CONDITIONERS • FREEZERS • RANGES • ro 0) TELEVISIONS • VCRS • SMALL APPLIANCES O 'c/3 O 8 • AUDIO EQUIPMENT , n m 3 E fir'll f - "3*** i OLU Taj annum—a jBs|pjP|s§2r 1 S

DECEMBER 1989 27 OVERSEAS RELOCATION 10 • 25 • 50 FOR THE FAMILY PET DOG, CAT, OR BIRD IS NOW EASY. FSJ, December 1979: proposition that we are loyal servants of constituted authority. This princi¬ CALL, WRITE, OR FAX Roosevelt displayed an almost con¬ ple is never seriously attacked. On the THE PET RELOCATION temptuous indifference to the State other, we feel that as career officers, Department and the Foreign Service. we know, or should know, more than SPECIALISTS IN TAMPA, He considered career diplomats “fos¬ anyone else about how the Service USA/DOMESTIC SERVICES silized bureaucrats,” frivolous dilet¬ should be run, and that we have a ATTN: MILLIE WOOLF tantes, and reactionaries. According duty to indicate the path to those to one careerist, Roosevelt believed charged with making decisions. In OVERSEAS/INTERNATIONAL that the road to minister or ambassa¬ controversial and important matters ATTN: DR. WALTER WOOLF dor could be traveled by anyone who it comes down in the final analysis to STAFF VETERINARIAN remained loyal to the Service, of¬ a judgment as to where the dividing fended no one, and exercised a reason¬ line lies between constructive com¬ able degree of sobriety at public ment and obstructionism. We have functions. . . . Roosevelt continued resolved the dilemma by dissenting to save the most important European only on trivia, or in such cautious posts—London, Paris, Rome, Berlin— terms that our dissent is all but as political plums for worthy cam¬ inaudible. This accomplishes nothing. paign contributors and political friends, by William E. Knight a practice careerists feared would de¬ stroy the Service. And the profession¬ PET TRAVEL AGENCY als he did appoint had little role to FSJ, December 1939: 4120 WEST CYPRESS STREET play in the conduct of foreign affairs, A war-time Christmas message from TAMPA, FLORIDA 33607-2358 since he preferred to rely on hand¬ Secretary of State Cordell Hull to the (813) 879-3210 TELEX 808857 picked emissaries to deal with impor¬ Foreign Service: “The thanks and ap¬ tant foreign-policy questions. preciation which it is customary for “[Roosevelt] had litde or no under¬ me to convey each year to the officers standing for a disciplined hierarchical and clerks of the Foreign Service organization,” George Kennan ex¬ through the FOREIGN SERVICE JOUR¬ 1990 plained. “He had a highly personal NAL must this year be expressed with Combined view of diplomacy, imported from his particular warmth. For the past four domestic political triumphs. His ap¬ months the work of the Service has proach to foreign policy was basically been carried on in the midst of a war, histrionic, with the American political the consequences of which it is impos¬ public as his audience. Foreign Serv¬ sible to foresee. Dangers have had to ice officers were of little use to him be incurred, heavy duties have had to in this respect.” As demoralized as be undertaken, and personal sacrifices they were, it is not surprising diat a made as different in kind as in degree number of diplomats quit the service. from those characteristic of the Serv¬ However, the overwhelming majority ice in times of peace. That the Service did not leave. ... In a way, noted one has proved equal and more than equal careerist, Foreign Service officers se- to such conditions is a hopeful sign credy enjoyed their martyrdom, and for the troubled days which lie ahead rather derived a masochistic pleasure of us. There are many officers and from it. clerks whom I should wish to thank “The Social Organization of the personally and to assure that if for Diplomatic Community,” 1924-39, them the holiday season is such in by Hugh De Santis name only, I am both mindful and FSJ, December 1964: appreciative of their service and sacri¬ fices. I congratulate the Service on its Hdp Someone Have In truth the Service has never made record of the past year and I am up its collective mind about the proper confident of the continued devotion aBetterTomorruw role of dissent and open discussion. and efficiency of its members in the On one hand, we are dedicated to die future.”

28 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL JOUYEUX FROEHLICH WEIHNACHTEN CONTENTO NATALE This Holiday Si Give the Gift Of Knowledge: THE TRANSLATOR Translator is the world’s first multi-lingual YES, send me. TRANSLATOR (S) at *79.95 electronic pocket dictionary providing word (plus $3.00 shipping and handling)*. conversion in five separate languages: Call (301) 596-2337 for overnight delivery by • English • French • German Federal Express at only $10 extra. • Spanish • Italian All orders processed immediately. Just enter the word you need and the Check one: □ My check or money order for $ Translator gives you an immediate is enclosed payable to BDA&M. translation in any of the five languages at □ Please charge my American Express / Optima f the touch of a button. The Translator is Mastercard / VISA Card. Account Number: Expiration Date: completely versatile - French to German - Spanish to English - Italian to French - any combination of the five languages. Contains a 7,000 word data base.

And at only 6V2” high and 2V2” wide, Signature (if charged) Translator travels easily in pocket, purse or travel bag. It’s ideal for frequent travelers, Name students and business professionals. Gomes with a 90-day warranty. Address

Only $79.95 City / State / Zip For Credit Card orders call: Mail to BDA&M, 9350-F Snowden River Pkwy. Suite 243 Columbia, MD 21045 1-800-228-8258 * Residents of Maryland, please add $4.15 for state tax. FSJ © 1989 BDA&M The President’s

On November 8, 1988, as the first public action as president-elect, George Bush named James A. Baker III his secretary of state. In the year since then, Baker has begun to put his brand on the State Department. It is much too early to deal with the substance of Baker's tenure at the State Department—the successes and failures of this administration's foreign policy— but there has been enough time to identify his methods, his style. This article, based on several interviews with him, interviews with the people around him, and several long trips aboard his plane, is my impression of that style. Obviously, the personal view of a reporter who has covered seven secretaries of state is not the FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL'S, its editorial board’s (of which I am a member), or the American Foreign Service Association’s. It is mine alone.

Try thinking of secretaries of state contributors, and journalists. as vehicles: George Shultz is a Note, for example, the way he deftly used bulldozer, powerful, unyielding, western-style barnyard humor in a toast to and functioning best in a straight Soviet foreign minister Eduard Shevard¬ line; Alexander Haig is an army surplus jeep nadze when they were together in Wyoming with a folding windshield and a tendency to in September. (Even the site of that meeting, turn upside-down. pristine, rustic Jackson Hole at the height of James A.Baker III, if reborn as a vehicle, its autumnal colors, was calculatedly chosen might come back as one of those four-wheel- by Baker to establish good vibrations for the drive, cherry-red, gentrified pick-up trucks, Soviet-American ministerial meeting, which country on the inside with chrome wheel- was, in fact, a brilliant success.) At the covers, a rollbar and dual exhausts. Baker’s conclusion of their two days of talks, Baker style is to be tough and useful, with a certain gave the Soviet minister a pair of high- flair, deflecting attention toward the boss. heeled cowboy boots and told him: There is no doubt about who is at the wheel ‘There is something about the buffalo on of this particular pickup truck. Baker is the the range and about horses and cattle at president’s man in the State Department. ranches; wherever they go they seem to leave He flatly denies having any presidential things behind. Now you know why western¬ ambitions of his own. ers wear cowboy boots. They’re not just for Controlled, intelligent and smooth, Baker sartorial effect, they serve a practical pur¬ exudes a “good of boy” style that is fre¬ pose. They help folks out here negotiate quently used with effect on the important their way around some very difficult ground but ancillary members of the visible and sometimes.” invisible government in Washington— Then he brought home the point to diplomats, members of Congress, political Shevardnadze, a protege of Mikhail Gor¬ bachev’s, who had just witnessed the purg¬ Jim Anderson covers the State Department for ing of five conservative members of the UPI.

30 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL Man In the State Department JIM ANDERSON

Politburo. “I think that in our line of work, some basis in fact—that this intra-govemmen- a person might have to watch where he steps tal deal will have a cautionary effect on the and keep his feet firmly planted on the Sandinistas, who have a sharp understanding ground as well. So it occurred to me that of what is happening in Washington. But some cowboy boots might come in handy the deal occurred only after Baker spent for you in Moscow.” some 50 hours schmoozing, knocking on Shevardnadze, like Baker a political survi¬ doors and wheeling and dealing with key vor and thoughtful pragmatist, grinned hugely committee chairmen on the arrangements. at the political metaphor by Baker, who had Baker himself believes the issue still has a just cemented a useful friendship. high emotional potential, but Nicaragua The Wyoming encounter also gave a abruptly dropped off the front pages after his close-up look at Baker’s negotiating tech¬ deal was put together. nique, an amalgamation of lessons learned as Houston lawyer, political campaign man¬ Another illustration of the Baker ager, White House chief of staff, and secre¬ technique came when the Soviets, tary of the treasury (where he engineered the in advance of the Wyoming meet¬ massive Tax Reform of 1986, a fiscal up¬ ing, hinted, but did not say ex¬ heaval intended to begin the process of plicitly, that they might be willing to drop removing political favoritism from the tax their long-held insistence that there could be codes). no deal to cut offensive nuclear long-range George Shultz, as a negotiator, bull-dozed weapons until the United States abandons its his partners, either grinding them down or, plans for advanced testing and possible occasionally, running out of diesel fuel when deployment of the Strategic Defense In¬ his opponent turned out to be too nimble. itiative. Baker’s method, as demonstrated in the talks In a long session about strategic arms in with the Soviets and Congress, is to set a the lodge overlooking Jackson Lake, Baker goal, do his homework, wait for the mo¬ questioned Shevardnadze closely on the is¬ ment, move swiftly at the critical time, and sue. The Soviet foreign minister, according then nail the coonskin to the wall. to U.S. officials present, stated flatly that the One case in point is when he essentially Soviet government had “dropped the linkage removed Nicaragua from the American do¬ between SDI and completing a START mestic political agenda by surrendering to agreement.” Baker homed in. “You would Congress on military aid for the contras, but complete and implement a (strategic arms) putting the monkey on the back of Capitol treaty without an agreement on space and Hill to guarantee the Sandinistas’ perform¬ defense?” ance on moving toward democratic institu¬ Shevardnadze responded “yes.” But at a tions, as promised. In a neat example of session for reporters after the Baker- political jujitsu, he made the congressional Shevardnadze exchange, the Soviet spokes¬ Democrats certify that the Sandinistas be¬ man did not mention the break-through, a have, otherwise the iron fist will be required. possibly ominous hint that the Soviets were The theory was—and it appears to have going to backslide to their previous position.

DECEMBER 1989 31 Baker and his team took the precaution of reporting in which the suspects provided the drafting a carefully worded statement that evidence against themselves.” The informal would be read by a senior American official In moving to the State Department, Baker negotiator, at a “background” briefing for has ended the practice of high-level leaking. inner circle of reporters later that evening, but only if the He says that “the ship of state is not leaking Baker loyalists subject came up. It did indirectly, when a from the top,” which appears to be true. has been reporter asked a general question on the A trait demonstrated by Baker is that he space and defense talks. The reporters in the knows when to cut his losses. In February a broadened large room were electrified when the senior series of news stories, apparently fed by official (a former reporter himself) read the Democrats on Capitol Hill, suggested that it bombshell that the Soviets had made one of was a serious conflict of interest for Baker to the most significant bargaining concessions have a large holding of stock in Chemical in recent memory, the very issue that had Bank—a large lender to Third World clients— caused the 1986 Reykjavik Reagan-Gor- when he plays an important role in setting bachev summit to collapse. U.S. policy toward Third World debtors. By going public with the Soviet conces¬ Never mind that the issue was never brought sion, Baker, as he later put it, “pocketed up in his confirmation hearings, nor was it delinkage,” nailing Shevardnadze’s shoes to ever raised when he played an even more the floor in much the same way that a pivotal Third World debt role as secretary of political campaign manager—which is what the treasury. The point was that it was Baker used to be—might leak to a reporter becoming a political issue with a life of its the news of an endorsement from an uncom¬ own, so in the middle of a trip to all the mitted political figure, thereby making sure NATO capitals in February, he simply an¬ there would be no second thoughts. nounced that he was selling all his common stock and so were members of his immediate The Baker touch, characteristic of family. End of the news stories, end of the his years at the White House, was firestorm. having the carefully calculated state¬ It should not have been surprising to the ment on “background,” no attribu¬ professional Foreign Service (but apparently tion permitted in the news stories written was) that a large percentage of the Baker- about the revelation, so the Soviets couldn’t Bush choices for early ambassadorial posts directly contradict or blame the official. It were prominent advocates of the free market amounted to an exquisitely timed plant of a system, wealthy contributors to the Bush crucial piece of information in the press presidential campaign who might have been (including Soviet publications) in a way that otherwise unqualified for the business of deftly suited Baker’s tactical goals and U.S. running an embassy or dealing with a national interests. foreign government. Baker argues that this It’s a special style of operating in Washing¬ administration is doing better than in the ton and Baker, at the White House, became past on the question of career vs. political its maestro. He didn’t invent the technique; ambassadorial appointees, and will do even neither did Johann Sebastian Bach discover better in the coming years (when the 1988 the fugue. Baker has a reputation as the political obligations will have been paid). master of the planted news story. Baker says Some of the early ambassadorial choices he pleads “not guilty” to the charge of were so embarrassingly deficient that the leaking, but he didn’t mention those people administration reversed a 1983 agreement who worked for him and sometimes spoke with the American Foreign Service Associa¬ for him behind the cloak of anonymity. tion and ordered that the “Certifications of Baker’s successor at the White House, Demonstrated Competence” of the appointees Donald Regan, noted that it was Baker who be kept secret. AFSA brought suit in a U.S. shrewdly perceived there was no hope of the Federal Court, and successfully made the Reagan conservatives converting liberal re¬ certificates public. porters into partisans, so he turned them In Baker’s first year, a time when the into collaborators by appealing to their confirmation process was painfully slow, he professional self-esteem by giving them in¬ operated at the State Department with a side stories. White House model of organization, in Regan wrote, “they (the favored report¬ which the traditional formal bureaucracy was ers) seemed to imagine that what they were generally ignored or downgraded in favor of doing in accepting handouts of sensitive a trusted inner circle of advisers and confi¬ information was a form of investigative dants. There came to be two State Depart-

32 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL ments: the inner circle, where the real Department works. She may not know how business was conducted, and the traditional to pronounce “fiscal” or the name of the formal bureaucracy, which stamped the pass¬ current president of Iran but there should be ports, negotiated the tuna agreements, and no doubt in anybody’s mind that she knows Baker's kept the building clean. exactly what Baker is thinking, and reflects strength is That clear division is coming to an end as that precisely. that he die inner circle is enlarged to include some— but not all—of the assistant secretaries and The common denominator of those instinctively as Baker appointees begin to come on line. who were in that circle when he understands Now that the table of organization is filling arrived at the State Department what works up with Baker’s own people, the circle of and those who are now working Baker loyalists has been broadened. their way into the enlarged version of that and has a The four under secretaries each serve as a informal committee is intelligence, a willing¬ sense of what “basket” for the specialized bureaus under ness to work long hours, a proven loyalty to is right diem, with Under Secretary for Political Baker, and, by extension, to the president. Affairs Robert Kimmitt handling the largest The corollary of that trust by Baker is the group including all the regional bureaus. resentment felt by those who are left out 'and Some specialized bureaus, such as the legal feel that they are somehow regarded as adviser, report directly to Baker. Although disloyal, or less loyal, an assertion that Baker Baker meets every morning for about half an denies. hour with his under secretaries and the heads In keeping with his style, Baker has of the five regional bureaus (and then with ordered a reduction in the large security the functional bureaus, on a rotational ba¬ detail that Shultz used, including abolishing sis), the important business is conducted in the presidential-sized convoys for traveling brief encounters with his inner circle, a around town. He has deliberately cut down devoted core group that comes to work on international travel and, with it, die before he arrives at 7:30 a.m. and are still commotion that an American secretary of there when he heads home to northern state causes when he arrives in a foreign Virginia some 12 or 14 hours later. Baker capital. sees the president in scheduled encounters at In particular—and in a sharp break with least twice a week but, in practice, talks to his predecessors—he has decided that a him several times a day. high-profile trip to the Middle East is useless Although there is an under secretary of in the current Arab-Israeli deadlock, with all economic affairs, Richard McCormack, on the news coverage simply raising expecta¬ the organizational chart, the real economic tions that cannot be met. Given the strength thinking is the result of collaboration be¬ of the Israeli lobby in the United States, that tween Baker and Counsellor Robert Zoel¬ is another way of saying that Baker wants to lick, a youthful, scholarly looking aide who remove the Middle East question from the is also occasionally detailed to handle such domestic political agenda, something that issues as Central America. Policy Planning will not be welcomed in Israel and which Director Dennis Ross is Baker’s main man will be a radical change from his predeces¬ on the Arab-Israeli issue—not John Kelly, sors at the State Department. assistant secretary for the Middle East re¬ Baker’s strength seems to be that he gion, who would be responsible in terms of understands instinctively what works but the formal organizational chart. Ross also also has a sense of what is right. He also has deals with some Soviet matters. a close friend in the Oval Office who shares Margaret Tutwiler is the State Depart¬ the same general philosophy of operation, ment’s principal spokeswoman and assistant which includes Tallyrand’s advice to a young secretary for public affairs, but she is much diplomat, “Surtout, pas trop de zele.” (Above more. Reflecting Baker’s interest in control¬ all, not too much zeal). ling perceptions, she is almost his shadow, So far, with some glitches, things have sitting in on important meetings and serving gone well with Baker at the State Depart¬ as sort of a walking historical record, refresh¬ ment. The problems will arise later, when ing his memory and detecting and defusing things begin to fail, or—in his own terms— crises before they happen. As department are perceived to be failing. Then the words spokeswoman she has an ingenuous air that of the anonynmous philosopher will be may nonplus some professional diplomats remembered: “the thing about pragmatism who do not understand how Baker’s State is that it doesn’t always work.” □

DECEMBER 1989 33 This is the text of an interview with James assistant secretaries. . . . These are every bit A. Baker III, secretary of state, done in his as much a part of my inner circle as the three office on the seventh floor of the State or four political associates I brought into the Department on October 13, 1989. It has department. been slightly edited for clarity. Q These people who make the criticism QSome professionals believe that dur¬ believe that the regional assistant ing your tenure, there have come to secretaries don’t have the timely, meaningful be two State Departments—one, the inner access to you which they felt they had in circle of your trusted associates and the other previous administrations. the rest of the department. How would you respond to that? A Well, let me tell you what they have. I can’t judge previous administrations, A Well, I don’t believe that is at all the but if you look at that phone over there case. I don’t think it is warranted by you’ll find there are PL’s (Personal Lines) to the facts when you consider the very top of each and every assistant secretary, whether it the ladder, in the form of the deputy is functional or regional, direct PL lines from secretary of state (Lawrence Eagleburger), my phone to theirs. I phone them directly who spent 27 years as a Foreign Service on many, many occasions. Each and every professional. Moving to the under secretary one of them attends our every-morning staff of security assistance, Reg Bartholomew, meetings. whom I knew in my capacity as chief of staff (A Baker staff aide interjects that in the at the White House when he was our very previous administration this was not the courageous ambassador in Lebanon, to the case, that the regional assistant secretaries three out of five regional assistant secretaries attended such meetings only once a week. In who happen to be Foreign Service profes¬ the current administration that amounts to sionals; to Stapleton Roy, our executive 15 to 18 attendees at the daily staff meet¬ secretary, to any number of our functional ings).

34 FOREIGN SERVICE IOURNAL Department of State photo.

Secretary of State The meeting runs from 20 minutes to 40 QYOU pledged that this administration James A. Baker III minutes, but every day we have this meeting will have a 67 percent proportion of with President George with the career professionals and the political ambassadors. When will that happen? Bush at the NATO meeting, July 1989. appointees, from assistant secretary and above. Let me say one other thing. They all have direct access to me whenever they want it. A As you and I sit here today and speak, All they have to do is call. Any assistant we just made it. We have indeed secretary or the equivalent has the right to increased the number of career ambassadors come and see me at any time. That’s the from the numbers we inherited. (Note: A practice I followed at Treasury and that’s the paper prepared by Baker’s staff shows that practice I follow here. I do ask that the paper of the 141 overseas ambassadorial posts, 93 move through the under secretaries. ... I are career and 48 are non-career.) would argue that we have substantially rationalized the paper flow. In the first month I was here everything was coming helter-skelter, almost, from every different Q Going beyond the numbers is the direction. . . . Due to the nature of the concept of loyalty. Chase Unter- confirmation process, the fact that the ethics meyer (White House director of personnel), and all the paperwork takes a lot longer USIA Director Bruce Gelb, and Secretary of time, it was a while—even though we were Commerce Robert Mosbacher recently said ahead of any other department in the Bush the Bush administration wants to choose its administration—before we got the people officials with the idea of loyalty in mind. who were going to serve this administration They say that an excellent way to demon¬ in place. It’s quite natural people who were strate that loyalty is give money in a presi¬ going to be moving on or phasing out are dential campaign. Is that a philosophy you going to be resistant to change and will not would agree with? appreciate a successor administration.

DECEMBER 1989 35 A I don’t think loyalty depends on cials, some professionals believe they are whether you contribute money. The perceived to be somehow less loyal. You cannot first public announcement the president-elect have a made was my appointment as secretary of A Not by the secretary of state or the successful state, during the course of which he made president, and I don’t think the secre¬ his strong commitment to defend the For¬ tary of commerce or the White House chief foreign policy eign Service. That was the morning after his of personnel are in the chain of authority that does not election. Therefore, there should not be in with respect to the Foreign Service. have a the minds of anyone any doubt about whether or not he or I question the loyalty QDoes the presence of the Felix Bloch substantial of the Foreign Service. We do not. We have case make any difference to you or base of no questions about loyalty and I don’t define those around you in terms of loyalty? domestic loyalty—if I may say so as someone who has political participated in the political process—by the A No. None whatsoever. I think that it’s size of your checkbook. At the same time I significant this is the first suggestion support also don’t think that people who support the that there might be some problem since political process and support candidates for 1956, I think it is, and that is a rather the presidency of the United States should spectacular record. I don’t see how that therefore be disqualified. could raise a question in die minds of any rational person about the Foreign Service. QHOW does the process work now on ambassadorial appointments? QTO what extent do you think a secretary of state, or those around A We have a committee that is chaired him, should read the opinion polls? by Larry Eagleburger and has a num¬ ber of career people on it, including the A As a general proposition, you cannot director general of the Foreign Service who have a successful foreign policy that make recommendations to me for career does not have a substantial base of domestic ambassadors. Recommendations for political political support and it’s important that appointments come from the White House everyone recognize that. That doesn’t mean and are not considered by that committee. political support in die context of electioneer¬ ing or campaign politics. But our whole QHOW are the posts divided up (be¬ system of government is political in the tween political and career)? governmental sense, not in the election¬ eering sense. A The posts are divided up for the year. We have asked people who were QHow do you, as secretary of state, political appointees for the Reagan admini¬ judge that? stration to leave and we have appointed Bush political appointees. We have re¬ A I think you have to judge by whether appointed every single career ambassador or not you are able to marshal the who was serving—87 or something like support you need in Congress for a particu¬ that—and have said we want them to serve lar foreign policy and, frankly, by whether their full three-year term. Some political you are able to marshal the support of the posts have been converted to career, which American people. One of the problems we has permitted us to move from roughly 60 had in the Reagan administration was in percent career to roughly 67 percent. The marshaling the requisite public support for net effect is that we will have a number of our Central American policy. . . . The posts coming up in 1990, but for the most Congress is driven by public attitudes, re¬ part they will be career. We have made the member that. The public views are very political appointments. They will be for important in determining how a particular three years, just like the career tours of duty congressman is going to vote. are. In 1990, all the posts except for two will be career and will be replaced by career DO you think you have succeeded in people. Q removing Central America, particularly Nicaragua, from the domestic political agenda Q Nevertheless, as a result of some as a contentious issue? statements by administration offi¬

36 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL A I think there are still strong emotions on both sides of that issue. I think a lot is going to depend on whether the Sandinistas are going to permit fair and free elections.

QSome people describe your style as more “presidential.”

A I don’t know what they mean by that. I did spend four years in the White House as chief of staff to the presi¬ dent of the United States, but I also spent three and a half years as secretary of the treasury and I don’t think my management style differed. I think it’s the same here.

What changes do you see that are yet Q Department of State photo. to be made at the State Department? strongly to you that the ship of state is not The president and the Well, we’ve made some and I think leaking from the top over here at the State secretary of state in A the Oval Office. for the most part they are succeeding. Department. I don’t contemplate any major changes that have not been discussed or announced. I QWhat are your marching orders, for think pretty much what you see now is what example, to a desk officer who gets a you get. call from a reporter like me who wants to find out the background and context of a QHOW about changes in the way the foreign policy issue, and is not looking for State Department interacts with the secrets, but wants to improve his understand¬ rest of the national security machine? ing?

A I hope not. I think that our interac¬ Ain my three incarnations, White House, tion has been very good. By virtue of Treasury and State, I think you’ll find the fact those who are serving in the that there’s always been a policy of open important national security posts have worked access. No one has ever been ordered not to together in other capacities in the past means talk to the press. Nobody is ever constrained. that we are able to serve the president. That Of course, they’re expected not to talk to the hasn’t been possible in the past. That re¬ press about classified information. Once the dounds to the benefit of the foreign policy president has made a decision, I expect the and national security interests of the United people in this department to go along and States. support that decision. Once the commander in chief has made a decision, that’s it, as far QI wanted to ask you about your as I’m concerned, whether we’re on the relations with the press. Some, in¬ winning side of that decision or the losing cluding Alexander Haig, have suggested that side. That’s pretty much my philosophy. the first Reagan administration was a govern¬ Everybody is free to talk to the press in this ment by leaks, and suggested you were department, as far as I’m concerned. There’s doing some of the leaking. How do you no restraints, other than those imposed with plead? respect to classified information.

A I plead not guilty. I can’t speak for Q Final question. A lot of people, some everybody around me, but I will say in the journalistic community, have that leaks are endemic to government. They suggested you would like to be president. frustrate me here in the department, but I’ve Would you? been in government for nine years and I’ve learned to live with them. I don’t know of A No. Absolutely not. I have absolutely any way to prevent them. I would argue very no plans to run for president. □

DECEMBER 1989 37 Uncharted The Deputy Secretary’s bold call

LAWRENCE S. EAGLEBURGER

All of us are familiar with the cliche tance of American responsibility in the pres¬ about the fruits of victory being ervation of international peace and stability. sown in defeat. It is an expression of that But now, for the third time in this century, truism that human beings, as well as entire we risk becoming victims of our own suc¬ nations, are capable of learning from their cess. For we are hearing it said that the mistakes, of applying the lessons of defeat to remorseless political, ideological, and mili¬ their next rendezvous with destiny. tary competition between the United States We Americans, however, tend to be much and the Soviet Union known as the Cold less aware of the dangers inherent in success. War is now coming to an end. We are also We are a confident and optimistic people, hearing it said that this is a war which is and in our approach to international affairs, ending largely on our terms. we tend to focus on the challenges of the While much of the debate on this subject moment and pay little heed to the long run, is premature, it is indisputable that we are and to the need to prepare for an ever entering a new era in international relations, changing world. We won two great victories an era which is largely the product of our earlier in this century over the forces of successful post-war policies. Now is not the aggression and totalitarianism. But on each time, however, for us to be patting ourselves occasion, we neglected, during the course of on the back. Complacency over our success the conflict, to look very far beyond the is no substitute for hard-nosed thinking struggle at hand and the prospect of victory about the new order of foreign policy and to address the fact that our victories challenges that awaits us in the coming themselves would change the world and years. We are entering uncharted waters, and present us with a new set of problems, we are going to require a compass different challenges, and responsibilities. from the one which has thus far guided us To be fair, the United States did learn one safely through the second half of the 20th important lesson following the bitter experi¬ century. ence of the period between the first and But first, let me indulge in a bit of second world wars, and that was the need complacency of my own. History will record for an active American role and the accep- that the United States, while not anticipat¬ ing the Cold War, fully met the challenges Lawrence S. Eagleburger is the deputy secretary and the responsibilities as a global power of state. This essay was delivered as the ninth which it thrust upon us. What did we annual Samuel D. Berger Lecture at Geor¬ accomplish? First, we helped save Western getown University, September 13, co-sponsored Europe from economic ruin and perhaps by the Institute for the Study of Diplomacy and permanent decline, laying the groundwork the American Foreign Service Association. for the continent’s startling strength and

38 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL Waters to compass a new course of diplomacy

prosperity today. Second, we took the lead of our democratic ideals. On the other side, in establishing a number of multilateral communism as a philosophy of government institutions which permitted, for the first and as a guide to economics is in disarray. time in history, the rational management of Today, communism is the refuge of despots an interdependent free market world econ¬ and oligarchs who cling desperately to power omy. Third, we welcomed our former ene¬ but who know they are condemned by mies, West Germany and Japan, into the fold history. From Eastern Europe to Nicaragua, of democratic Western nations, burying the and from Ethiopia to Cuba, Communist enmities of the past and rendering war economies are recognized failures. The his¬ between and among ourselves permanently tory of the last ten years is an almost unthinkable. And fourth, we, together with unblemished record of movement toward our allies in NATO, stood firm against market-oriented reforms the world over and Soviet expansion in Europe and globally. of the victory of democratic forces over These were no small accomplishments. It dictatorships of the left and the right. is not easy for a democracy to maintain the I would like deliberately to provoke reflec¬ steadiness of purpose and the popular con¬ tion on the fundamentally different set of sensus essential to a successful and coherent challenges the United States is going to face foreign policy. The difficulty of our task was in the international arena as we move into compounded by the fact that we were but the next century. What we have to under¬ one of a coalition of democracies, and that stand is that the bipolar world of the we faced a formidable adversary whose post-war era, in which the United States and messianic zeal was matched only by its the Soviet Union dominated world events seemingly limitless ability to ignore the and set the agenda for their respective needs of its own people and devote vast alliances, is over. We are now moving into, resources toward acquiring the instruments or I should say back into—for such has been of intimidation and aggression. We suc¬ the nature of international affairs since time ceeded because we and our allies agreed that immemorial—a world in which power and the threat we faced in common was immi¬ influence is diffused among a multiplicity of nent and real, and because the peoples of the states. West were willing to bear the sacrifices Obviously, this development has been necessary to meet that threat. welcomed in the West insofar as it refleas a Our success speaks for itself. The West decline in Soviet economic power and the today is stronger collectively than at any time process of political decay which now seems since World War II. We are prosperous and endemic to Eastern Europe. But let us not we are secure. We are confident of our fool ourselves. If it is true that we have purpose and of the validity—and universality— emerged viaorious from the Cold War, then

DECEMBER 1989 39 we, like the Soviets behind us, have crossed back toward the dark days of autarky, the finish line very much out of breath. Both unilateralism, and protectionism which proved The United we and the Soviets are faced with a frankly so damaging to the West in the 1920s and diminished capacity to influence events and 1930s. States will promote our respective interests throughout The shift in the balance of power among remain for the world on the scale to which we have the leading Western countries does not mean long into the become accustomed. the United States must abandon its leader¬ next century the This is not to say that the United States ship role. On the contrary, the United States only power and the Soviet Union will cease to be the will remain for long into the next century able—or at least world’s only true superpowers, or that the the only power able—or at least willing—to willing—to think Soviets will not represent the principal threat think in global terms and to fashion policies in global terms to Western security interests for the foresee¬ in the overall political, economic, and secu¬ able future. Nor is the multipolar world into rity interests of the West. We have not which we are moving necessarily going to be always done this well, nor have we necessar¬ a safer place than the Cold War era from ily done so for selfless reasons, but the fact which we are emerging, given the existence remains that none of our Western partners and indeed the proliferation of weapons of has the global reach or the disposition to mass destruction. For all its risks and uncer¬ take the lead in safeguarding and expanding tainties, the Cold War was characterized by the institutional mechanisms which are vital a remarkably stable and predictable set of to the preservation of international economic relations among the great powers. A look at and political stability. Our capacity to play the history books will tell us that we cannot this role may have been diminished, but the say as much about the period leading from need for us to do so has not. the birth of the European nation-states up For the United States to continue to play through the outbreak of World War II. this role, however, will increasingly require a recognition by our Western democratic part¬ We live, in a time of transition, one ners that with increased wealth and influence of risks and opportunities. There is come increased responsibilities. For example, the prospect before us that the East Bloc the West Europeans, as they move toward countries will at last join the family of the creation of a single internal market as of democratic nations, and that the developing January 1993, will have to ensure a contin¬ countries will enjoy the fruits of progress by ued open trade relationship with the United embracing market-oriented reforms. But there States, if we are going to avoid a protection¬ is also the danger that change in the East ist spiral and a consequent deterioration in will prove too destabilizing to be sustained, the transatlantic relationship. Similarly, the and that the nations of the Third World will Japanese are going to have to accept the fact be crushed by the weight of debt and decay, that they cannot afford to pursue unilateral leading to instability on a broad scale. advantage to the detriment of the overall Our ability to meet the challenges in stability of the international system. In this East-West and North-South relations will respect, it is incumbent on both the United depend substantially on how well the major States and the West Europeans to find Western industrial nations manage the transi¬ institutional means of bringing the Japanese tion to a new set of relations and a new into a closer consultative relationship on a distribution of responsibilities among them¬ broad range of political as well as economic selves. Clearly, the balance of power among issues, so that they can play the creative and the United States, Western Europe, and positive international role which is rightfully Japan has shifted over the last decade. We and necessarily theirs. can do something about our trade and budget deficits, but we can do nothing to The problems of adjustment which we alter the fundamental fact that we are no in the West face pale in comparison longer going to be able to get our way in to those facing the Soviets today. The Soviet international affairs as we once did. How we Union is going through what can only be adjust to this fact, and how our Western described as a crisis of massive proportions. partners adjust to their new-found independ¬ Mikhail Gorbachev has had the wisdom to ence and responsibilities, will determine understand that radical change is necessary whether the stable international framework to save his country from permanent decline. the United States did so much to foster in This is not the first time, however, that the the post-war period will continue to function Kremlin has engineered an ideological re¬ for the benefit of all, or whether we will slip treat in order to stimulate national recovery.

40 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL Lenin first did so with his market-oriented New Economic Plan in the 1920s, and Stalin submerged ideology in favor of Russian nationalism during the Great Patriotic War against Nazi Germany. We need to keep this history in mind, as well as the fact that Gorbachev is no anti-Communist, and diat he intends to make the Soviet Union as strong as he possibly can. Nevertheless, it is true that the changes introduced by Gorbachev offer the first realistic hope for a transformation in the nature of the Soviet system and for a qualitative improvement in East-West rela¬ tions. As President Bush has argued, we have a historic opportunity now to end the post-war division of Europe on terms which reflect our democratic principles. This is because Mr. Gorbachev apparendy has un¬ derstood that his country will not be able to compete economically unless resources are shifted away from the military, and that the

Soviet Union will not be able to enter the Department of State photo post-industrial age unless it opens its society ship between East and West. Deputy Secretary to the outside world and establishes relations Obviously, it is in the Europeans’ interest Eagleburger (center with the West on a normal footing. It is for to avoid bankrolling merely cosmetic Soviet background) and these reasons that he has made hopeful reforms or to reach arms control agreements aides meet with pronouncements on arms reductions, and which undermine NATO’s ability to deter Brazilian representatives. has slowed the overseas adventurism which aggression. After all, the Europeans are did so much to galvanize Western solidarity condemned by geography to live in the in the early 1980s. shadow of Soviet military power whether or And herein lies a danger to Western not the Soviet Union in the long run interests: that with a perception growing changes as much as all of us hope. And while among the Western public that the Soviet the United States’ commitment to NATO threat has diminished, there will be a ten¬ will remain secure, it is increasingly incum¬ dency for the member states of the NATO bent upon our European allies—particularly alliance to compete in expanding their rela¬ as they unify their economies—to assume tions with the East. Already, we are hearing greater responsibility for their own defense it said that we need to take measures to and to establish a more equitable division of ensure the success of Gorbachev’s reforms. labor within the alliance that reflects the This, however, is not the task of American relative strength of our economies. foreign policy, nor should it be that of our Western partners. Our task, after all, is to There is an additional reason why the devise policies which will serve our interests Europeans will have to become more whether Mr. Gorbachev succeeds or fails. responsible for managing their own interests. And our common goal ought to be the We are now discovering that the process of maintenance of the security consensus which reform in the Soviet Bloc and the relaxation has served the West so well over the past 40 of Soviet control over Eastern Europe are years until the process of democratic reform bringing long-suppressed ethnic antagonisms in the East has truly become irreversible. and national rivalries to the surface, and This will be easier said than done. If the putting the German question back on the Western tendency toward unilateralism on international agenda. While American policy trade matters is matched in the field of can have a steadying influence in dealing security relations with the East Bloc, the with these questions, it is ultimately the Soviets may be able to play NATO members Europeans themselves who have the princi¬ off against each other, and obtain trade and pal political stake in making the transition to arms control concessions without undertak¬ a new and undivided Europe a peaceful and ing the kind of systemic reforms which alone orderly one. Moreover, the cooperative and can make for a stable and confident relation¬ multilateral approach which has made for a

DECEMBER 1989 41 prosperous and secure Western Europe in says that we have to set aside our ideological the post-war period will be key to overcom¬ differences and military competition in order to address the fundamental threats to the The dangers ing the inherent instability and unpredictabil¬ ity of the multipolar era into which the survival of the planet, he will find in the which exist can whole of Europe is now entering. United States a ready partner. But most of be turned into The United States will also face a new set the problems to which I refer—problems opportunities of challenges over the next decade in its which are likely to dominate the interna¬ relations with the developing world. Here, tional agenda in coming years—do not lend too, the post-war struggle between liberal themselves to solution in a stricdy East-West democracy and Communist or statist ideolo¬ framework. Take, for example, the problems gies for the hearts and minds of the peoples of pollution and weapons proliferation. We of the Third World appears to be moving in in the industrialized world now find our¬ ways favorable to the West. But we should selves in the awkward position of asking the be realistic about the underlying meaning of developing nations to eschew methods of the trend toward democracy and the move¬ economic development which we ourselves ment toward free market reforms that we are practiced in the not-too-distant past, and witnessing today throughout much of the which account in part for our current pros¬ developing world. The fact is that the trend perity. Similarly, we are asking many of is against incumbent governments every¬ these same nations to forego the production where, of all political stripes—governments of weapons which we ourselves possess, and which are overwhelmed by the problems of which contribute to our security in a danger¬ overpopulation, unemployment, and stag¬ ous and unpredictable world. nant economic growth. Clearly, East-West cooperation will be Clearly, many of the problems of the fundamental to resolving many of the under¬ developing nations are of their own making. lying political and regional tensions which But if they are willing to undertake the are at the root of transnational problems necessary reforms, we in the West must such as terrorism and weapons proliferation. respond with creative approaches to the debt The challenge of eradicating drug-trafficking problem and with a level of investment and eliminating the threat to the world which many of these countries formerly environment, in particular, are international shunned but now urgendy solicit. If we in scope and will require the cooperative should fail to respond adequately to the debt efforts of those nations wealthy enough to crisis, we may find the trend toward democ¬ mobilize the necessary resources. racy in the developing world to be short¬ I have not intended to paint a bleak lived. We may also find that some of the picture of the type of international environ¬ fragile nation-states of the Third World will ment that awaits us in the next decade and collapse into their ethnic or regional compo¬ into the next century. The period of transi¬ nents, while those who are well-armed may tion through which we are now passing can seek external solutions to their internal prob¬ be managed successfully if we but under¬ lems. And we may find instability in the stand the fact that we are facing a different developing world brought to the very door¬ set of challenges from those to which we step of the West, both in Europe and the have become accustomed over the past 40 United States. years. We are militarily strong today. We are strong economically. And we are on the verge of seeing our democratic values tri¬ Finally, there is a further host of umph in places which would hardly have problems we are going to face as we been imaginable only a few years ago. But move into the next century which will exceed the positive and indeed revolutionary changes the ability of the United States or any single which are sweeping the world today are nation to resolve, and which will, therefore, reversible, and they cannot be sustained by require a collective approach. These include the efforts of the United States alone. They the problems of weapons proliferation, inter¬ can, however, be sustained, and the dangers national drug-trafficking, terrorism, and the which exist turned into opportunities, if the imperiled state of the world environment. Western democracies renew their commit¬ These are problems which do not respect ment to a collective and cooperative ap¬ borders and for which national or stricdy proach to the major issues which confront unilateral solutions do not exist. the world. And this will require American If Mikhail Gorbachev is sincere when he leadership of the highest order. □

42 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL After rCV A New Approach to I U.S.-Japan Relations | m

KEVIN L. KEARNS

“The U.S.-Japan relationship is the of the relationship. It was also emblematic most important bilateral relationship in of the larger troubles that the relationship faces. The intensity and breadth of the the world, bar none.” opposition took proponents (and even crit¬ Ambassador Mike Mansfield made the ics) of the deal by surprise. Never before had above statement so often and it has a proposal to transfer defense technology to been quoted so many times that it has an ally come under such widespread scrutiny. become part of our collective political con¬ At least temporarily, the dust is settling. sciousness. Mansfield’s observation is not The administration won close floor votes in merely a good slogan; it is true. However, Congress in May and again in September that relationship is in serious trouble today. which permit the program to go forward. The two nations are on a collision course, However, the debate, as painful as it was, headed for a continuing series of confronta¬ should not be allowed to die down before tions on trade, foreign investment, technol¬ the United States faces up to its full implica¬ ogy transfer, foreign aid, industrial competi¬ tions. The many legitimate questions about tion, defense, and a number of other issues. the nature and future of the U.S.-Japan Both countries want to avoid the impending relationship raised during the FSX contro¬ battles, but neither seems to know how. versy have not been dealt with satisfactorily The debate that took place in Congress by our policy process. If they are not faced and the media this year over the administra¬ squarely now, they will lie in wait only to tion’s proposal to transfer F-16 technology erupt again during the next controversy. It to Japan to form the basis of a new Japanese is unfair both to ourselves and to the aircraft called the FSX shook the foundations Japanese not to address the underlying prob¬ lems.

Kevin L. Kearns served in Tokyo from 1986-88 and as a Pearson Program officer assigned to the Senate Foreign Relations Committee minor¬ A New National Effort ity staff in 1988-89. The views presented herein The United States must make a new effort are his own and not those of the Department of on the national level to formulate a coherent State.

DECEMBER 1989 43 policy toward Japan, one that covers the rence coalition on the policy process and many facets of the relationship, will be brought new thinking to bear on the Sovi¬ uniformly implemented by the various ele¬ ets. Its opponents were not banished forever The objective ments of the U.S. government, and will not and the debate continues to this day, as is of today’s leave the Japanese guessing what demand appropriate in a free society. The very Team B should the Americans are going to make next. existence of Team B created a political be to take President Bush, drawing on a concept that firestorm, with allegations that PFIAB and he courageously introduced when he headed others were manipulating the intelligence a critical the CIA, should set up a national ‘Team B” process for their own political purposes. In look at our approach on Japan, that is, a specially the end, however, the methodology of hav¬ relationship constituted, action-oriented policy team of ing Team B challenge the prevailing thinking with Japan alternative thinkers tasked to redefine U.S. came to be generally accepted as a valid policy toward our most important partner¬ analytical approach. ship. The objective of today’s Team B should When President Bush originally spear¬ be to take a critical look at our relationship headed the Team B concept, the task was to with Japan. Unlike its predecessor, which rethink our analysis of the Soviet strategic was limited to reviewing intelligence think¬ threat. There are significant parallels be¬ ing alone, it requires a broader mandate. It tween the situation that existed with regard needs to root around in all the government to our thinking about the Soviet Union then agencies that have significant business with and that which exists today about Japan. For Japan, and to focus not merely on the policy 25 years a single point of view had domi¬ (or lack of it) but also the process by which nated U.S. thinking about Soviet intentions a particular agency arrives at policy. Team and objectives in strategic forces. A coalition B’s goal should be not just to develop an of scientists and government officials had integrated game plan for dealing with the come to the conclusion that since nuclear Japanese across the board, but also to ensure war was unwinable, no rational actor would that a credible and effective policy formula¬ build up its nuclear arsenal beyond the point tion process on Japan is created in the U.S. of deterrence. The Soviets, however, began government. with a different set of assumptions and Only a broadly based effort like Team B reached a different set of conclusions, which can extricate us from the current policy they also acted upon by expanding their muddle, caused in no small degree by the strategic forces beyond the point of mere fact that U.S. drinking about Japan in deterrence. general and the U.S. government’s policy In spite of accumulating evidence to the process in particular is carefully guarded by contrary, the deterrence coalition controlled a coalition of Japan experts whose ideas have our policy process rigidly. They shut out held sway for most of the post-war period. alternative points of view and ostracized This collection of Japan insiders is known their opponents. All the while, they main¬ colloquially as the “Chrysanthemum Club” tained a special dialogue with their counter¬ (after the floral symbol of the Japanese parts in the Soviet Union, who were quick imperial household) or “Japan Club,” be¬ to reassure them about Soviet behavior cause they are generally in the position of seemingly inconsistent widt the Americans’ being defenders of Japanese points of view beliefs. In point of fact, the Soviets were and policies. The formulation of an alterna¬ manipulating them. tive and comprehensive set of policies by Team B itself grew out of an increasing Team B will break the hold that the Chrysan¬ concern on the part of the President’s themum Club has had on U.S. government Foreign Intelligence Advisor}' Board (PFIAB) thinking about Japan and provide the presi¬ that the National Intelligence Estimates it dent and other senior policymakers, who was receiving from the CIA drew incorrect inherited die present situation, with much conclusions from the available data and needed alternatives to our current ineffective misread Soviet intentions. When George policies. Bush took over the CIA, he changed the way When Japan was an impoverished and business was being done by agreeing to the decimated country struggling to recover PFLAB’s suggestion to get an alternative from the devastating effects of World War view of Soviet capabilities and intentions, II, there may have been a legitimate ration¬ and by setting up Team B in June 1976. ale for some special treatment. However, die Team B sat only for about three months, policymakers of the dme constructed a to¬ yet its report broke the hold of the deter¬ tally artificial environment in which Japan

44 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL could recover and grow. The problem today once again flouted free trade principles and is that the conditions that necessitated spe¬ that the transfer of F-16 technology was a cial treatment have long since gone. The massive giveaway. post-war period is at a close, both with the Politicians, reporters, editorial writers, and The FSX emergence of Japan as an economic super¬ public interest and industry groups feared became a power and the recoalesence of Western that the FSX was a critical element in the watershed in Europe. U.S. post-war foreign policy has long-standing Japanese government/industry relations proved very successful. Now it is time for a plan to form a viable Japanese aircraft new set of policies which respond to the industry that would be a formidable competi¬ between the current realities. But both the Japanese and tor against the world-leading U.S. aerospace U.S. and the Chrysanthemum Club have grown so industry (our one remaining high-tech indus¬ Japan used to operating within the confines of the try that generates trade surpluses in its special environment that they are not even sector). Intransigence on the part of Japa¬ cognizant of its artificiality, a situation which nese government and industry during the has led to unrealistic analyses and expecta¬ FSX negotiations and constant backped- tions. dling by the U.S. government only height¬ ened the onlookers’ suspicions. The FSX Deal Another key element was the fact that the FSX deal was taking place against a back¬ The Japanese and Chrysanthemum Club’s drop of Japan’s intractable trade surpluses perceptions of FSX are a case in point. The with the U.S. and of increasing Japanese heat generated by the deal caught the Japa¬ inroads into the U.S. economy. (One star¬ nese by surprise and stung them deeply. The tling example: the Japanese are now buying Japanese are clearly unhappy over the FSX an estimated 40 percent of the start-up debate and feel betrayed by the Chry¬ ventures in Silicon Valley.) Ultimately, the santhemum Club, which they perceive as FSX deal fed into a galloping sense of having mishandled the FSX process. They uneasiness in this country about Japanese had been assured that once the govemment-to- capabilities and intentions. government Memorandum of Understand¬ Thus it was that FSX generated a national ing (MOU) on FSX was signed, it would sail debate, one that was generally confined to through Congress. (The FSX program had the terms of the deal but which also spilled to be reviewed by the Congress since it over into questioning the fundamental terms surpassed certain statutory thresholds for of the Japan-U.S. relationship. While its overseas arms sales.) The MOU was, after proponents had claimed that FSX would all, a long, tedious, and technical document. open a new era of defense industrial coopera¬ It also was classified (at the Japanese govern¬ tion between the two countries, and its ment’s request). So there were few people detractors saw it as the latest in a series of who could examine the deal closely. There giveaways of critical technologies, the FSX was, therefore, little likelihood that the became more than either had bargained for: Congress or the press would pay much it became a watershed in relations between attention. the United States and Japan. Flowever, the Chrysanthemum Club, which Actually that description may prove too up until the congressional notification proc¬ large a claim, because right now it is only a ess had skillfully defused tensions associated half truth. FSX has certainly changed the with the deal, misread the situation entirely. way Japan will handle and approach the They had assumed that they would be able United States in the future, but it seems to handle the program strictly in their own hardly to have changed the general outlook channels, as they had so many other deals in in Washington. The Departments of Com¬ the past. It was a fair assumption based on merce and Defense have agreed to cooperate past experience, but, much to their chagrin, in some narrow areas in defense-related it proved dead wrong. MOUs, but that is it. Unfortunately, the A small number of senators had paid problems associated with FSX aren’t limited attention. Troubled by what they saw when to the defense aerospace sector alone. And briefed on the progress of the MOU negotia¬ as long as the Chrysanthemum Club contin¬ tions, this small circle set off the alarm inside ues to skew the policy process in our Congress. As details of the congressional government and paid Japanese lobbyists and concern became public, many in the media academics-for-hire continue to influence dis¬ also suggested that the Japanese refusal to proportionately the treatment of Japan in the buy outright a superior American fighter public realm, the United States will continue

DECEMBER 1989 45 its approach to Japan in the same tired, als of foreign takeovers of some of our best self-defeating way. assets with few guidelines and seemingly no The response to FSX in Japan is predict¬ second thoughts. Confusion, able: Japanese officials do not intend to be Thus not only are we not hard at work on not cohesion, put in such a position again. In their a credible new way to approach the Japa¬ appears to be thinking and planning, Japanese government nese, few in government, academia, or the the hallmark and industry are seeking to better anticipate media see the need for one. The widespread potential U.S. opposition and neutralize it view is that the executive branch does not of U.S. policy before proceeding. For example, they appar¬ have a major problem with the Japanese, but toward Japan ently intend to reduce further their 40-year only with the legislative branch. Many be¬ dependence on the Pentagon wherever possi¬ lieve that the FSX controversy was generated ble, alleging that the United States is an by domestic political considerations on the unreliable partner. Keidanren, the powerful Hill and by a few trade hawks who oppose Japanese industrial federation, has publicly growing Japanese economic power. advocated, on behalf of its defense manufac¬ However, such a conclusion is not only turing sector, a significant increase in the wrong but dangerous. While Washington is defense R&D budget. (However, this posi¬ absorbed by literally hundreds of foreign tion merely accelerates the push for inde¬ policy issues, the Japanese are evolving and pendence already existing, but with the implementing new long-term strategies for added benefit of being able to blame it on dealing with the United States. They plan the FSX.) The former close comraderie while we are distracted. We need new and between the Department of Defense and the more successful ways of dealing with Japan Japan Defense Agency—in part the result of across the board if a cooperative relationship years of one way technology transfers—has is to survive in tact. been replaced by frostiness. In addition, The policies which have guided U.S.- Japan has strengthened its resolve not to Japan relations since the end of the war have bend in the face of U.S. pressure as new been shown by the persistent trade deficits MOUs are negotiated. Consequently, unless and giveaways like the FSX to be bankrupt U.S. officials and industry organize to re¬ and incapable of application to changing spond to the new challange, it will be even circumstances. For example, while the U.S. more difficult to conclude equitable arrange¬ trade deficit with Europe dropped signifi¬ ments than it was with the FSX. cantly with the devaluation of the dollar over the last three years, the trade deficit with Japan remained steady. This phenomenon U.S. Policy Disarray has led some analysts on Capitol Hill and elsewhere to conclude that market forces are On the U.S. side in the post-FSX era, essentially irrelevant to the U.S.-Japan trade however, there is disarray in policy, not just problem. However, rather than replace worn in terms of the defense relationship, but out policies with new ones, the Chrysamhe- across the board. Confusion, not cohesion, mum Club doggedly continues down the appears to be the hallmark of U.S. policy same old path. toward Japan. Commerce Secretary Robert Mosbacher, one of the few in the administra¬ tion who is trying to address the policy The Unfortunate Alliance vacuum, seems to be shut down by the de facto alliance between the free-traders and ‘The U.S. must learn to grow lesser as Japan Chrysanthemum Club every time he suggests grows greater.” This quote from a Chrysan¬ a new initiative. U.S. Trade Representative themum Club member encapsulates the de¬ Carla Hills took a soft line on a recent trip featist philosophy at the heart of their to Tokyo, puzzling everyone—the Japanese, approach to the U.S.-Japan problem. Chry¬ the media, and other U.S. officials—about santhemum Club members seem to see their the current U.S. approach to trade problems function not as representing U.S. interests and access to the Japanese market. In spite but as balancing the competing demands of of cooperation pledged in the wake of FSX, both sides. For them a smooth relationship Defense and Commerce bureaucrats con¬ with Japan is an end in itself. In an age of tinue to fight over a range of issues. The Japanese ascendency, diey resignedly view little-known, Treasury Department-led Com¬ their role as one of trying to manage mittee on Foreign Investment in the U.S. America’s decline, to make increasing Japa¬ (CFIUS) rushes through dozens of approv¬ nese control of the U.S. economy as painless

46 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL a process as possible for our institutions and world problems. However, we will allow the the American people. Japanese to supply a lot of the cash to solve The Club is aided in its mission by an the problems. (No wonder the Japanese unholy alliance with the free-traders. Both chafe.) It is a curious somehow fail to see the trail from predatory Many in Britain also thought this way misfortune Japanese policies, to lost markets, to de¬ earlier in this century as their American that the U.S. stroyed industries, to large outflows of wealth cousins rose to world power status. But it has been so in the form of trade deficits, and finally to didn’t work then, with two countries that the resultant decline of American power and had many common points of view and rich for so long influence. They are not troubled because cultural similarities; and it certainly won’t they see a global economy as a good, and the work now with the very dissimilar American nation-state as an atavistic political and and Japanese cultures. If the United States economic organism. They may not articulate can’t maintain the lead through its economic their world view in quite these terms, but it and technical might, then we’d better get is implicit in their handling of U.S.-Japan ready to live with the Japanese agenda, relations. which is quite different from our own. An additional problem is the hubris that exists in the country today about the U.S. Toward a Real Policy position in the world and in history. The hubris stems from the fact that so many What is needed right now, today, is a refuse to even consider whether America is national effort to come to grips with this in a state of decline and, therefore, lack the defeatist viewpoint and the larger Japan will and conviction to ensure continued U.S. problem. We must counter the inordinate economic and technological leadership. The influence that various entrenched groups reaction to Paul Kennedy’s provocative book have over policy toward Japan and bring in The Rise and Fall of Great Powers was telling fresh ideas and new policies. Efforts of in this regard. Although Kennedy’s thesis individuals or think tanks toward this end may be faulted for being overly deterministic are an essential part of the process but are (i.e. that great powers cannot reverse their not enough. A more sustained and serious ultimate falls through corrective actions), the national effort must be undertaken. This is reaction of many in the policy community what Team B would be all about. was simply denial: it can’t be happening to Since the conventional wisdom on Japan us, we’re America. holds sway in many executive branch bu¬ It is a curious misfortune that the United reaucracies and to a large extent in academia States has been so rich for so long, and thus and the media, to staff Team B the president so used to being rich, that the connection should draw solely on those with alternative between money and power eludes so many points of view both within the government Americans today. Instead, they believe that (although there aren’t many) and without, America’s strength comes solely from its particularly including the so-called trade moral vision and the freedom and openness hawks. Their instructions should be to re¬ of American society. The implicit thinking is think radically our relationship with Japan that when a country has moral vision, it will and to come up with a comprehensive set of command attention regardless of its relative proposals for dealing with the allegedly position and wealth. Unfortunately, money, intractable problems with the Japanese. The not moral vision, is at the root of power in goal should be to settle these problems in a international politics. We didn’t defeat Japan way that secures long-term U.S. national and Germany in World War II because we interests, even if the relationship has to be had superior morality on our side (which we redefined to do so. did), but because we had a far superior After Team B’s recommendations are de¬ industrial plant, which was able to sustain veloped, then let a debate ensue. The Chry¬ our effort until we were victorious. santhemum Club and the free-traders can Today, while we are transferring our have their cut at the proposals at that time. wealth to the Japanese and others at an Putting members of either group on the B unprecedented rate, neither the Chrysant¬ panel would subvert its mission and defeat hemum Club, the free-traders, nor others see its very purpose. It is important that Team much of a problem. In spite of the rise of B not be run under the auspices of the Japan, they believe we Americans will retain National Security Council or any other world leadership because we have the supe¬ government agency. Team B must be inde¬ rior moral vision and experience to apply to pendent of the existing bureaucratic struc-

DECEMBER 1989 47 ture, which is so heavily influenced by stale closed and under Japanese control.) thinking about Japan, and report through its Japanese companies live in corporate para¬ leadership directly to the president. dise now: they have a free trader’s access to This debate is The president alone can act on this issue. the American market and mercantilist protec¬ about our Only he can allow Team B to get inside the tion against foreign competition in their national various government agencies and examine home market. Japanese planners see an even future and their thinking in detail. In addition, it is greater day ahead when Japanese industry appropriate that die president himself act to dominates all the key sectors in the next the future counter die growing sense of national frustra¬ century as the world technology leader. of our tion with this issue. Polls have shown for Would any nation abandon the current relationship some time that the American people feel very system which is producing such well-being, with Japan uneasy about encroaching Japanese domi¬ especially in the face of demands from what nance. And while it would be unwise to they see as a corrupt and declining United make foreign policy in response to opinion States trying to bully its former client state polls, nevertheless they are a useful barome¬ into extending its reign as a superpower? It ter of what is on the mind of the American is not likely that the Japanese will acquiesce people. Furthermore, there can be no doubt willingly. Any attempt to implement a newly that the Japan question is going to play an defined relationship is certainly going to be increasing role in our presidential and con¬ rough sledding at first. However, if we gressional election process. implement sound policies and the Japanese know we are serious, the end result will be a more solid and realistic partnership. Japan’s Reaction We need the Team B approach imple¬ mented on a national level to begin to None of this is to assume that, even if the achieve an equitable distribution of burdens president makes and implements a new and benefits with Japan. The current U.S.- foreign policy with respect to Japan, the Japan relationship was built in an economic Japanese are going to be so struck by its and political milieu that does not exist today. logic and forcefulness that a new, harmoni¬ It cannot endure on that false foundation. It ous era will emerge. After all, the Japanese is time that we realize the stakes in the FSX have been largely shielded from die give-and- program were a lot higher than whether take of international power politics for some Japan could build one military aircraft. This time. They are deriving enormous benefit debate, which continues today in another from the status quo. They spend litde on form, is about our national future and the defense relative to the size of their GNP, yet future of our relationship with Japan. are protected by the American umbrella from It’s time for a new Team B to formulate all harm. Their production/trade machine is effective policies for that future, based on generating enormous wealth for Japan, which sound strategic concepts, just as President instead of being used to better the standard Bush’s original Team B defined new strategic of living for the Japanese people is being thinking on the Soviet Union. Do we really used to fuel the Japanese government/ have to fear the clash of fresh ideas with the industry drive for industrial domination of old? Must we really behave ourselves so that America. the noise and heat and light of a free society Under the current system, the Japanese openly debating critical issues don’t disturb can delay opening their markets (while we the Japanese the way the FSX debate did? complain) until they can neutralize any given If we don’t have the foresight and resolve challenge in a particular market. Where they to face this challenge squarely, then we will can’t beat the competition, they buy or deserve the second-rate status to which we coopt it. (For example, Japan can’t grow are rapidly sinking. Let President Bush, who enough oranges and cattle to be competitive demonstrated leadership and vision in grant¬ with America’s farmers in die Japanese mar¬ ing the first Team B its charter, establish ket. When finally forced to open these now a Team B on Japan while we still have markets partially to American products, as the passion and the power to protect Amer¬ they were recendy, the solution has been to ica’s sovereignty and national interests and move on a large scale to buy the American to achieve a balanced relationship with our farms producing the products. The net result Japanese partners. □ is diat the Japanese markets in effect remain

48 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL Enjoy The American Foreign Service Club

Autumn at The Club You are a member of America’s finest diplomatic community. And your club, The American Foreign Service Club, reflects this prestigious standing with excellent cuisine, a dedicated staff and the following new services:

Begin your morning at the Club with homemade muffins, pastries, yogurt & fresh fruit, cereals, juices and freshly brewed teas and coffee. Available for your reading pleasure: Washington Post, The New York Times, and Wall Street Journal. Monday through Friday, 7:30-9:30 a.m.

ISIew Luncheon Menu Enjoy our Black Forest Sandwich, the famous Foreign Service Burger, Thai Chicken Salad, Fresh Seafood - all with prompt and courteous service. Our delicious lunches are less than a block from the Department of State. 11:30-2:00 p.m.

Cocktail Hour Offering your favorite beverages, relaxing music and a selection hors d'oeuvres. Provided daily: Daily White House & Department State Briefings. 4:30-7:30 p.m.

Parties & Special Events Celebrations, Wedding Receptions, Reunions, Business Meeting From 20 to 200 guests, The Foreign Service Club is available for your private party needs. Plan Your Holiday Office Party Now

THE ★ AMERICAN ★ FOREIGN ★ SERVICE ★ CLUB Serving America's Diplomatic Community American Foreign Service Association 2101 E Street, N.W., W ashington, D.C. 20037 ★ 202/338-5730 (Directly across from the Department of State)

DECEMBER 1989 49 In Memory

WILLIAM SIMMLER, JR., 82, of years, 406 Amherst Rd., Bryans Road, Peace and Voluntary Assistance in Boynton Beach, FL, died at home MD, survivors include a son, Fred, Washington when he retired in 1986. April 25. Mr. Simmler, originally Jr., of Miami; two daughters, Vir¬ Born in Cairo, Egypt, Mr. Atwell from Philadelphia, completed three ginia Arango of Panama and Nora joined the U.S. Army after high successful careers in the field of law Ott of Bryans Road; a sister and two school and served in the infantry in enforcement. Entering the Philadelphia brothers, all of Panama; seven grandchil¬ France. He was recalled to active duty police force in 1932, he rose to the dren; and 10 great-grandchildren. during the Korean War. He received rank of captain and headed the Detec¬ a B.A. degree from Denison Univer¬ tive Bureau. He joined the Naval RITA ANN MALLET, 58, wife of sity in 1949 and a Ph.D. from Clark Reserve prior to World War II, retir¬ retired FSO Raymond C. Malley, University in 1959. ing in 1967 as a chief warrant officer. died at the Hospice of Northern Mr. Atwell’s work with AID began He entered the Foreign Service in Virginia in Arlington on June 12. in 1954 when he joined the Foreign 1957 and served as senior U.S. advi¬ Mrs. Malley was a director of and Operations Administration. He served sor to the Republic of Korea Police teacher at several nursery schools in in various capacities as a foreign aid Academy in Seoul, followed by duty the Washington, D.C. area and in program officer in Tunisia, the with the AID program in Saigon, Pakistan, Zaire, and France, where Cameroon, Zaire, and Algeria. He Vietnam. He concluded his career as she accompanied her husband. later was posted to Upper Volta (now director of the AID Public Safety She attended Framingham State Burkina Faso) to manage the U.S. Department in Manila. College and the University of Chi¬ government’s major reconstruction and He is survived by his wife of 55 cago and graduated from St. John the rehabilitation program in that area. years, Vera, of Boynton Beach, FL; a Evangelist. She is survived by her Mr. Atwell is survived by his wife, daughter, Dale Ransom, of Annapo¬ husband, 6224 Loch Raven Dr., Corrian L. Atwell of 6608 Virginia lis, MD; a brother, Jack, of San Mclean, VA; three sons, Keith, Bruce View Court, Bethesda, MD 20816; Francisco, CA; three grandchildren; and Gregory; and two grandchildren. three daughters, Margaret Atwell of and four great grandchildren. Arlington, VA, and Jean and Cather¬ BONNIE PUGH, wife of Ambassador ine Atwell, both of Bethesda, MD; EDWARD A. Dow, JR., 76, who Robert Pugh, was killed September and a sister, Mrs. Jean Sweitzer, of retired in 1970 as charge d’affaires in 22 in the crash of a French airplane Honolulu. Lesotho, died of cancer June 11 at in Niger. Georgetown University Hospital. Mrs. Pugh, who was born in Los WILLIAM M. BLAISDELL, 87, a re¬ Mr. Dow served in Belgium and Angeles, accompanied her husband of tired AID economist, died Sept. 6 at Cairo. After studying economics at 34 years on assignments to Ankara, Georgetown University Hospital after Princeton University, he served in Isfahan, Athens, London, and Beirut, a heart attack. He lived in Washing¬ Paris as an economic officer. In 1949 where he served as deputy chief of ton, D.C. he was named U.S. representative on mission during the bombing of the Dr. Blaisdell was a native of New the United Nations Commission for American embassy and the Marine York. He was a graduate of Indonesia. Later assignments included barracks in 1983. She remained in Swarthmore College and received a posts in New Delhi and Morocco. Beirut throughout her husband’s tour. doctorate in economics from Temple Dow was born in Omaha, the son of Mr. Pugh was subsequendy appointed University. After wartime service with the late FSO Edward A. Dow, Sr. ambassador to Mauritania, and cur¬ the War Assets Administration, he Survivors include his wife, the for¬ rently is ambassador to Chad. On the joined the Economic Cooperation Ad¬ mer Mary Virginia Burke, 3133 Con¬ day of the crash Mrs. Pugh was flying ministration, which ran the Marshall necticut Ave., N.W. #514, Washing¬ from Chad to Washington, D.C. to Plan. He joined AID in 1960, work¬ ton, D.C., and a sister. help make arrangements for her daugh¬ ing as an economist in Turkey and ter Ann’s wedding on Oct. 14. Senegal before retiring in 1968. MATHDE ROHRMOSER DURLING, 80, Mrs. Pugh is survived by her hus¬ His wife, Barbara J., died in 1985. died June 22 after a stroke. band Robert; a daughter, Ann; and a Survivors include a son, Barry, of 82 For 30 years, from 1935-66, she son, Malcolm. Thomvine Lane, Houston, TX, 77079; accompanied her husband, Fred a daughter, Christy Blaisdell, both of Durling, to posts in Panama, Vene¬ DONALD ATWELL, 63, a retired AID Houston; and two grandchildren. zuela, and Spain. They retired to senior program officer, died of cancer South Carolina in 1962. June 25 in Washington, D.C. Mrs. Durling was a native of Costa Mr. Atwell was chief of program Rica. Besides her husband of 61 operations in the Bureau of Food for

50 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL Confused about RELOCATING? f your real estate options? \ To the Washington, D. C. Metro area or any¬ where in the USA? We can provide you with So were we. complete information about your new commu¬ We ore former foreign service nity. Ask our relocation department for a free professionals, now living in rhe relocation package. Washington area, who con empathize with your needs in rhe fasr-changing RENTAL real estate market. As you make your assignment transitions, questions arise about buying and selling MANAGEMENT? your home, investment property and We can find the best tenants for your home property management. and provide a variety of management services Let us help you with the answers. tailored to your needs. Ask our property man¬ Call or write: agement department for an information pack¬ (202) 362-4666, FAX (202) 364-6951 age.

Foreign Service References Available

FRAZEE, A REALTORS® ■ ■ ™ ™ and Gardens^

Sales • Rentals • Property Management • Relocation 1801 Rockville Pike Rockville, MD 20852 (301)881-9000 CALL TOLL FREE 1-800-842-MOVE

We Think You'd Like... To Know:

•Where to get reliable information on Washington, Maryland, and Virginia housing •Whether to sell, buy, rent or refinance •The financial implications of each •If you already own, how much your house is worth now •How to find the best property for your needs with an agent who knows the market

We're in our fourth decade of caring real estate service. We'd be happy to answer your questions and share your concerns. Drop us a line.

JOANNE PERNICK

4801 Massachusetts Ave., N.W. Washington, D.C. 20016 Tel. 202-363-9100 I* Experienced Real Estate Agent With Well-Established Company • Buying • Selling • Investing We Give • Refinancing • Property Management You Please write or call Anita Murchie, Long & Foster, 5845 Richmond Highway #150, Alexandria, Virginia_22303 (703) 960-8900 OurBest

25 years as a Foreign Service wife enable Linda Wilson Hurley, GRl me to understand your special needs. Linda, a former Foreign Service spouse for 16 years, has first-hand knowledge about Foreign Service relocations. She is a member of the Chairman’s LEASING AND PROPERTY MANAGEMENT BY Club, WDCAR Top Producers and Multi-Million Stuart & Maury, Inc. Realtors Dollar Sales Club and the MCBR Million Dollar Results since 1956 Sales Club; she is listed in “100 of the Best Real For over 30 years we have professionally Estate Agents in Washington, D.C. and Maryland.” MANAGED AND LEASED She is also licensed in Virginia and is a Graduate of thousands of residential & condominium properties. the REALTOR^, Institute. Our experience—Personal Inspections, Monthly Statements and In-house Guidance— ® Mount Vernon TAKE THE WORRY OUT OF RENTING INTOWN PROPERTIES, INC. If you are considering renting your 5008 Connecticut Avenue, N.W. HOME OR APARTMENT Washington, D.C. 20008 Call Susan Bader today for more information Office: (202) 364-8200 (202) 244-1000 Residence: (202) 363-9337 5010 Wisconsin Avenue, N.W. Fax#: (202)364-1194 „ „ , Washington, D.C. 20016 Excellent references upon request

"McLean's ASK ANYTHING YOU WANT TO KNOW ABOUT MOVING NUMBER ONE WITH 14 MOVES IN 27 YEARS AS A Property Management Firm for more than 40 years." FOREIGN SERVICE WIFE BETTY M. MATTHEWS REALTOR® TAUGHLIN understands your needs Write to her at: REALTORS i Mount Vernon Quality Brokerage Since 1933 E A L T Y INC. To find out more about Property Management: 4420 NORTH FAIRFAX DRIVE ARLINGTON, VIRGINIA 22203 Call Anne Gonzalez, Associate Broker OFF: (703) 527-3300 RES: (202) 338-1722 Guaranteed Sales Program 356-6520 Home Warranty Protection Plan 1388 Chain Bridge Road • McLean America’s No. 1 Relocation Network

Let e?qperience LONG & FOSTER, REALTORS® zvorfcjor you ANNE M. CORRERI Let the experience of dedicated, AMC knowledgeable realtors work p / REALTOR® for you, whether you are buying Licensed in D.C. and Virginia or selling. LONG & FOSTER, REALTORS® Gordon or Loretta Noffsinger 7010 Little River Turnpike D.C. Office: 363-9700 Annandale, VA 22003 VA Office: 750-2800 Better Homes Realty CERT|HED RESIDENTIAL SPECIALISTS 6045 Wilson Blvd., Members: Better Homos Chiefs Club Home: 256-9248 Arlington, VA 22205 NV0R“"|^^alesClub Former Foreign Service and Foreign Service Spouse The largest Realtor exclusively serving No. Virginia Consultant on residential and investment properties Off: (703) 532-5100 Ho: (703) 243-7889

52 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL Sales, Rentals, Investments and Careful, Expert Property Management D.C., Maryland, and Virginia Moving? JOHN ANDERSON, JR. ♦JOHN A. BAKER PATRICIA GARRISON BOORMAN HELEEN BUYTEN Please letAFSA know KEVIN CAULFIELD JOSEPH M. CLEMENTE BETTY GELDARD . ♦CHRISTINA GRIFFIN MARY HANSTAD If you are being transferred, HAKON HANSTAD CAROLE B. HERS MAN please include AFSA in your ♦JOSEPHINE HOLLIDAY CARRIE LEE KENYON change-of-address notices. Your ♦MARIELLA LEHFELDT ISABELLE MACKIE ♦LYNN MOFFLY MAGRUDER agency will NOT notify us when ♦JOHN Y. MILLAR MARGARET MOSELEY you move from one post to an¬ DIANE NOBLE JOHN NOBLE other or back to Washington. SUZY H. NORTH ROBERT O’DONNELL SUSAN RAEHN Send address changes to: CAROLINE RAYFIELD DOUG SCHOCKE ♦ROBERT W. SKIFF ♦HOWARD SCHWARTZ ♦JOHN TURNER AFSA Membership RICHARD S. WILLIAMS VERA WILLIAMS 2101 E Street, N.W. MGMB, inc. Realtors Washington, D.C. 20037 362-4480 Foxhall Square • 3301 New Mexico Avenue Washington D.C. 20016

'Foreign Service

ANNE GOMEZ AND ASSOCIATES ARE PROUD TO ANNOUNCE THE OPENING OF McGrath Management Corp. DIPLOMAT X 3065. OAKTON, V PROPERTIES, INC. Experienced Staff Providing Personalized Service DEDICATED TO SERVING THE REAL Specializing in the NORTHERN VIRGINIA AREA * Property Management ^g ESTATE NEEDS OF THE FOREIGN * Residential Sales I r>AY OR NIGHT SERVICE COMMUNITY * Investment Properties ^ n 2970A Chain Bridge Rd. rim t •MULTIPLE LISTING ‘RENTALS Oakton Virginia 22124 —' Property Management (703) 281-6700 •RESIDENTIAL SALES 'PROPERTY MANAGEMENT Residential Sales (703) 938-5050 Far?Machine # (703) 281-4196 THE UNBEATABLE COMBINATION OF REAL ESTATE EXPERIENCE SINCE 1974 AND 20 YEARS OF ASSOCIATION WITH THE FOREIGN SERVICE ALLOWS US TO BETTER SERVE YOUR REAL ESTATE NEEDS! Returning to Washington? HOUSE KEEPING. WRITE ANNE GOMEZ FOR A Make sure your Northern Virginia home is kept in FREE WELCOME KIT WITH good care while you're away. Our staff has extensive NO OBLIGATION! experience with absentee property owners — we under¬ stand the personal service that's necessary to keep your WRITE OR FAX: home running smoothly. In fact, we're sure you'll find DIPLOMAT PROPERTIES, INC. our attention to detail like that of no other property Anne Gomez ATTN: ANNE GOMEZ management firm . . . Principal Broker 3900 N. FAIRFAX DR., SUITE 204 Call, FAX or write: Jeff Surdyk ARLINGTON, VA. 22203 3110 Fairview Park Drive, Suite 1010 (Near Virginia Square Metro) Falls Church, Virginia 22042 703-641-5910 FAX 703-641-5924 (703) 522-5900 (703) 528-0448 FAX: (703) 525-4713 Mark Tracz Real Estate, Inc. Tap a world market.

America’s diplomats—a global need. And when posted back to Washington audience of untapped potential they look for the people whose services will make their next overseas tour easier. No From Oslo to Ouagadougou, the Foreign other magazine gives you this entire market Service Journal reaches the diplomatic —well educated, affluent, select and community like no other medium. Our influential. When you advertise in the audience of Foreign Service members and Foreign Service Journal, you have the their families is spread around the world at world on tap. more than 250 posts in 134 countries. In most cases, they find themselves isolated FOREIGN SERVICE from the American goods and services they

The Magazine for Professionals in Foreign Affairs • 2101 E St. NW, Washington, DC 20037 • (202) 338-4045 Foreign Exchange

20814. (301)951-4111. Reserve WINTERGREEN-VACATION TOUR GUIDES early! Avoid disappointment! CONDO, 2 bedroom, Fireplace, MAILORDER spectacular view, all amenities. Ex¬ LARGEST TOUR GUIDE ALEXANDRIA LUXURY HIGH- clusive resort in Blue Ridge Moun¬ THE MATCHETT CONNEC¬ AGENCY in Washington is look¬ RISE APARTMENTS, 1, 2, 3 tains near Charlottesville. Tennis, TION makes the significant differ¬ ing for English speaking and bilin¬ bedrooms including utilities and golf, pools, skiing etc. Call Mike. ence to easy, complete, profes¬ gual individuals interested in tour many amenities. Short/long term (804) 946-5976; Write P.O.Box sional, one-stop shopping. We are guide training. Should enjoy work¬ rentals, fumished/unfurnished. The 771 Amherst, Virginia 24521 your connection to gift giving, ing with people and must be avail¬ Summit, 260 S. Reynolds, Alexan¬ personal luxuries, electronics, house¬ able for spring guiding. Hours dria, VA 22304. hold and sundry items. What would flexible. Training class will begin TAX RETURNS you expect from 20 years of cus¬ in early January. Call 202-628- WILL YOU NEED A FULLY FURNISHED apartment five min¬ tomer service?—“The Best.” For 2842 for interview. FREE TAX CONSULTATION utes walk from FSI and Rosslyn information write: The Matchett for overseas personnel. We process subway? We have first class efficien¬ Connection, P.O. Box 3340, Am¬ returns as received, without delay. PROPERTY MANAGEMENT cies, 1 bedrooms and some 2 bler, PA 19002. Call (215)542- Preparation and representation by bedrooms and penthouses in River 7054. Enrolled Agents, avg. fee $195 Place. They are completely fur¬ MARKET HOMES PROPERTY includes return and ‘TAX Trax,” AVON Cosmetics, Jewelry, and nished including cable TV, tele¬ MGMT.: Expertise and personal unique mini-financial planning re¬ Gifts—for FREE catalog mailed to phone, all utilities, linens and park¬ attention to detail are the hall¬ view with recommendations. Full you write, or call: Stephanie Y. ing. Short term leases of 1 to 6 marks of our established Northern planning available. Milton E. Carb, Hughes, 713 Grandview Drive, months available. Write Foreign Virginia firm. Call or write for a E.A., and Barry B. De Marr, E.A. Alexandria, VA 22305 (703)836- description of our professional serv¬ Service Associates, P.O. Box 12855, CFP, FINANCIAL FORECASTS, 8522. Arlington, VA 22209-8855. Chil¬ ices. References provided. Jim metro location 933 N. Kenmore dren welcome. Please send us dates. CUSTOM HAMILTON EM¬ Fahey, 9520 B Lee Highway St. #217 Arlington, VA 22201 Fairfax, VA 22031 (703)-691- BLEM WRISTWATCH inscribed EXECUTIVE CLUB ARLING¬ (703)841-1040. 2006. “Department of State United States TON AND OLD TOWN ALEX¬ AFSA TAX COUNSELING: Prob¬ of America” around the great seal ANDRIA. Immaculate and beauti¬ WASHINGTON MANAGE¬ lems of Tax and Finance: Never a of the United States. UNIQUE! fully furnished apartments with full MENT SERVICES: Specializingin charge to AFSA members for tele¬ Goldtone case, stainless back, quartz hotel services. One-two bedrooms, property management services for phone guidance. R.N. “Bob” Dus- calendar movement, water resis¬ some with dens, all with equipped the FS community. Residential prop¬ sell (ex-AID) enrolled since 1973 tant, black leather strap. Price kitchens. Complimentary shuttle to erty management is our only busi¬ to Tax Practice. At tax work since $83.25 includes shipping. Send ness. Call, write, fax or telex Mary metro, Rosslyn and Pentagon. 1937 and now still in practice check or M.O. to: FSO-Retired, Health Club and outdoor pool. Beth Otto, 2015 Q St. NW, Wash¬ solely to assist Foreign Service L.J. Scioli, 1005 Barberry Road, Many extras. Rates within your ington, DC 20009. Tel(202)462- employees and their families. Also Reading, PA 19611. per diem. Shorter or longer terms 7212, Fax (202)332-0798, Telex lecture ‘Taxes” monthly at FSI in available. Executive Clubs, 610 350136 Wash. Mgt. Rosslyn, VA. Office located across Bashford Lane, Alexandria. from Virginia Square Metro Sta¬ INVESTMENTS (703)739-2582, (800)535-2582. RENTALS tion, 3601 N. Fairfax Dr., Arling¬ WASHINGTON D.C. APART¬ ton, VA 22201. (703)841-0158. BROKERAGE SERVICES. MENTS. Short or long term. Stocks, bonds, tax-free municipals, WASHINGTON, D.C./ARLING- ATTORNEYS specializing in tax Decorator furnished, fully equipped: CDs, U.S. Gov’ts, professional TON, VA, Personalized reloca¬ planning and return preparation microwave, cable, phone, pool, spa. money management, annuities. Call tion, short or long term. We spe¬ for the Foreign Service Community Two blocks FSI and Metro, 5 min. collect worldwide (202)857-5425. cialize in walk-to-Metro sales and available for consultation on the State, Georgetown. Photos. Garrett A. Martin, S.V.P., Smith furnished rentals. Arlington Villas, tax implications of investment de¬ (703)522-2588 or write Adrian Barney, 1919 Pennsylvania Ave., 1-1/2 blocks from Metro, luxuri¬ cisions, business related deductions, B.B. Templar, 1021 Arlington NW, Suite 610, Washington, DC ous studio, one, two, three bed¬ separate maintenance allowances, Blvd., PH 1214, Arlington, VA 20006. room. Fully furnished. Washer/ real estate purchases and rentals, 22209. Member AFSA. dryer, microwave, cable, linens. home leave deductions, audits, etc. American Realty Group, 915 N STUDENT SERVICES WARRENTON. Beautiful house Contact Susan Sanders or Paul Stafford St., Arlington, VA 22203. available on weekly basis. Five Clifford—Clifford, Farha, Stamey, (703) 524-0482 or (703) 276- SCHOLARSHIPS AVAILABLE. miles from training center. Linens, & Sanders, 1606 New Hampshire 1200. Children welcomed. Pets on Details: “EARS,” Box 1664, Manas¬ dishes, microwave, dishwasher, Ave., NW, Washington, D.C. approval. sas, VA 22110. washer/dryer, phone, TV/VCR. 20009 (202)667-5111, FAX (202)265-1474. BACK FOR TRAINING? HOME Same cost as hotel. Call (703)349- EMPLOYMENT 9136 or FAX (703) 347-5260 LEAVE? DC TOUR? We are TAX PREPARATION BY AN Attention Ed Gogerty. THE Washington Metro Area ATTORNEY who is a retired For¬ South American specialist, bilingual, Short-Term Rental Specialists. Ex¬ COME HOME TO GEOR¬ eign Service officer and is familiar MA SAIS, 5 years in Columbia, cellent locations. Wide price range. GETOWN Your tour is over. Your with Foreign Service problems. Peru, 2 years in top D.C. think In Virginia walk to FSI. In DC tenanted townhome on the correct M. Bruce Hirshom, Esquire, Suite tank, research, writing. P.O. Box and Maryland walk to metro. Large side awaits your arrival. Upper E, 307 Maple Ave. West, Vienna, 18304, Washington, DC 20036. selection of furnished and equipped levels, 2 bedroom, 2 baths, also VA 22180. (703)281-2161. efficiencies, 1-bedrooms, 2-bed- large English Basement apartment rooms and some furnished houses. TAX PREPARATION AND AD¬ with bedroom and bath and gar¬ Many welcome pets. For brochures VICE by T.R. McCartney E.A., den. Sensibly priced at $425,000. 8c info: EXECUTIVE HOUSING (ex-FS) and staff. Enrolled to prac¬ Bonnie B. Foster R.E. (202)-234- CONSULTANTS, INC., Short tice before the IRS. Business Data 7267 2800 Dunbarton St. N.W. Term Rental, 7315 Wisconsin Ave., Corp., P.O. Box 1040, Lanham, Washington, D.C. 20007 Suite 1020 East, Bethesda, MD MD 20706-1040. (301)731-4114. DECEMBER 1989 Foreign Exchange

N.W., Suite 608, Washington, D.C. BOOKS VIDEO ENTERTAINMENT I WILL TAPE TV programs for 20006 (202) 659-2537. you. VHS only. Free information. BRITTON, 8703 S.E. Jardin, YOUR PERSONAL BOOK¬ HAVE YOUR WILL REVLEWED- FOREIGN VIDEOTAPE CON¬ Hobe Sound, FL 33455. STORE AWAY FROM HOME: and updated by an attorney who is VERSIONS PAL/SECAM (Euro¬ Order any U.S. book in print. a retired FSO. M. Bruce Hirshorn, pean) to NTSC (American) or vice Store credit available. Salmagundi Esquire, Suite E, 307 Maple Ave. versa. Computerized DIGITAL proc¬ Books Ltd. 66 Main Street, Cold West, Vienna, VA 22180. ess with Image Enhancement. Fast HOTELS Spring, NY 10516. (703)281-2161. service. Reasonable rates. WASH¬ INGTON DC area. GINGER¬ HOTEL LOMBARDY Washing¬ HOUSE SITTER BREAD PRODUCTIONS (703) ton, D.C. overlooking historic Penn¬ ATTORNEYS/WILLS 450-7722. sylvania Avenue, the Hotel Lom¬ House Sitter Available. Very respon¬ bardy is conveniendy located four FORMER FOREIGN SERVICE sible, professional male, neat and blocks from the State Department OFFICER NOW PRACTICING orderly, wishes to house sit. FILM TO VIDEOTAPE/Vide- and The White House. A charm¬ LAW in D.C./Maryland, general (301)530-6442 otape Duplications/Digital Stan¬ ing European-style hotel with spa¬ practice, estate planning, real es¬ dards Conversions. Transfer your cious rooms and suites, featuring BUSINESS OPPORTUNITIES tate, domestic. Gregory V. Powell, 8mm, Super 8mm and 16mm film fully equipped kitchens, washers Furey, Doolan 8c Abell, 8401 Con¬ to videotape of any format (VHS, and dryers and a full-service restau¬ necticut Ave., PH-1, Chevy Chase, TRAVEL SECRETS OF THE Beta, Super VHS, 3/4‘, 1‘, Type- rant. Long or short-term stays. MD 20815. (301)652-6880. FOREIGN SERVICE. Frustrated C) or any video Standard (PAL, Near METRO. Government rates travel writer? Share your travel Pal-M, Secam, & NTSC). Highest1 available. 20191 Street, NW, Wash¬ REX R. KRAKAUER, ESQUIRE secrets, and earn money doing it! quality duplications and conver¬ ington, DC 20006. Tel: (202) Providing representation for the We will collect your special travel sions. Free brochure available. 828-2600. In U.S. (800) 424- special legal problems of Foreign experiences and market them to Video Labs Corp. 15237 Display 5486. Fax: (202) 872-0503. Service Personnel and Staff living travel publications. Write for free Court, Rockville, MD. 20850 abroad. Divorce, Pensions, Real information package to: Travel Se¬ (301)-217-0000. STATE PLAZA HOTEL Wash¬ Estate, Wills and other matters. 51 crets of the Foreign Service, 5233 ington, D.C. Charming all-suite Monroe Street, Suite #1400, Chevy Chase Parkway, NW, Wash¬ hotel with fully equipped kitchens. Rockville, Maryland 20850. Tele¬ ington, DC 20015 (202)244- Near U.S. State Department, ma¬ phone: (301)294-6100, Fax: 1365. V.H.S. MOVIES-Low Prices. jor monuments and downtown busi¬ (301)738-8802. Choose from hundreds of previ¬ ness district. Restaurant with out¬ REAL ESTATE, Large Interna¬ ously viewed popular movies at door terrace. Families and long¬ WORLDWIDE LEGAL REPRE¬ tional Firm listed on the N.Y.S.E. unbelievable prices. We have a “no term stays welcome. Reasonable SENTATION for Foreign Service seeks aggressive individuals for Part- questions asked guarantee.” Look rates. Tel: (202)861-8200 or in employment matters, including be¬ time or Full Time employment. into our exchange policy. Send U.S. (800)424-2859. Fax: fore Foreign Sendee Grievance No experience necessary. Will Train. S2.00 for list. Vagabond Video, (202)296-6481. TLX: 140181 Board and Federal Courts. Pass¬ Unlimited income. Flexible hours. 4600 Woodduck, S.L.C., UT (Wayside). man and Broida, 1735 I Street Call Shay (202)232-3430. 84117.

AN EXCELLENT MEDIUM OF EXCHANGE

You can reach 20,00 0 Foreign Service readers each month with a classified in the JOURNAL. For just $1.00 per word you can sell your product or sendees to a select and influential audience. Just write your message in the space below or on a sepa¬ rate sheet (please specify the category heading you prefer), note the months you want the ad to run, and enclose a check for the first insertion.

Name Billing address

Message

56 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL Annual Report of the Governing Board 1988-89

New Board Sets Ambitious Goals: follow-up to the 1988-89 Thomas Commission study on President’s Overview stability in the Foreign Service career structure and to Jerry Bremer’s parallel effort within State early this year, commis¬ Most members of AFSA’s current Board were elected by a sioned by new Under Secretary for Management Ivan Selin. comfortable majority this past spring as the “continuity and We disputed the Thomas group’s proposals for amendments renewal” slate. Many of us had served on the 1987-89 Board to the 1980 Foreign Service Act, but we supported both under Perry Shankle’s leadership, and we stood on a record of studies on the need for more administrative flexibility in the genuine accomplishment. At the same time, we promised an cone system, and we drew attention to the impact that ambitious agenda of new efforts. involuntary retirements in the last three years have had in the One of our goals is to increase AFSA’s “outreach.” Of top four grades of the service, particularly at the MC and 0-1 course we must constantly tend our political fences on Capitol levels. Some promising ideas for greater structural flexibility Hill, and we continue to cultivate key members and staff on have begun to emerge from new Director General Edward both sides of Congress, but beyond that we need to nurture Perkins’ leadership. Our own new State Vice President our own grass roots outside Washington. Our legislators need George Jones and I look forward to working out agreements to hear that their other constituents care about the Foreign to implement these ideas, but we remain concerned about die Service too! continuing brain drain at the top of the Service and the To that end, we developed a new category of dues-paying department’s failure to make better use of those we manage members called ‘international associates,’ and invited potential to retain. members—mostly major U.S. corporations—to a bicentennial We plan to track with equal care the implementation of the conference on November 30. We can’t tell you until it Leidel Report proposals for an improved professional environ¬ happens how successful this conference will be in broadening ment for secretaries and to encourage the department to carry our membership, but the response to date has been gratifying. out a similar study on careers for specialists. The Council of American Ambassadors (non-career ex¬ For our AID members, we put our case in support of a envoys) has decided to co-sponsor; Vice President Quayle, full-time AID vice president to acting AID Administrator Secretary Yeutter, and Deputy Secretary Eagleburger are Edelman in October and hope for a prompt and positive among a distinguished group of scheduled speakers. reply. We also have under serious consideration a proposal to We also hope to set up an AFSA speakers’ bureau to send challenge AFGE to regain AFSA’s status as exclusive bargain¬ more Foreign Service people further afield on minority ing agent for Foreign Service personnel of USIA next year. recruitment missions and other professional foreign affairs Our retirees benefited from the creation of a new vice career topics. presidency to look after the needs of diis growing constitu¬ Part of our outreach involves broadening the clientele of ency (now nearly a third of our membership), and from the your Foreign Service Club. To maximize use and minimize appointment of retiring State Vice President Chuck Schmitz our support costs for overhead, we have established an to diis new AFSA position. additional new membership category for “Embassy Associ¬ My report to members would be incomplete if I failed to ates.” Foreign embassies in Washington can now purchase mention the relatively high profile that AFSA took in public group memberships for their personnel that allow access to debate on ambassadorial qualifications in the last six months. the club during regular service hours (now including breakfast No one, least of all AFSA, should need to remind each and cocktails as well as lunch) and for certain other (but not successive administration that the costs of using embassies for all) special events, such as our lunchtime speaker series on pure political patronage are high. Yet because it is so central professional issues. to our interests, AFSA has always been drawn into this Both as a professional organization and as your exclusive debate, sometimes in outright opposition to specific non¬ bargaining agent, AFSA has also sought to stimulate positive career candidates. This year we sought to avoid naming

DECEMBER 1989 57 E O R T • 1 9 8 9

names, but the White House liaison office’s insistence on campaign is sufficiently painful that it will not be done as identifying “Team 100” members (contributors of more than often or as casually as in the recent past. $100,000) in the nominating documents sent to Congress On restructuring the Foreign Service, the new administra¬ made it clear enough who we were talking about. More on tion met one study in media res, the ‘Thomas Commission,” this neuralgic issue follows. established by the 1988 Authorization Act, and generated Ted Wilkinson, President another of its own, the “Bremer Committee,” established by State management to look specifically at the FSO generalist corps. AFSA representatives spoke to both groups, and the State Department Issues Bremer study emerged on May 1 with some energetic proposals, many of which AFSA leadership thought we could We expected diat 1989, the first year of the Bush administra¬ support. These proposals were considered in the State tion, would be marked by two traditional Foreign Service Standing Committee and were sent to the field for comment. issues for new administrations: political appointees as ambas¬ In contrast, AFSA leadership was caught completely by sadors and ideas for restructuring the Foreign Service. We surprise by a series of legislative proposals that suddenly were not disappointed, though both issues took directions we emerged in the same time frame by the Thomas Commission. had thought unlikely. Most were unrelated to the commission’s mandate and several On the first, political appointees, we had expected more would eliminate employee protections in serious grievance from a new administration that seemed to place a higher cases; one would split AFSA in two. In the July edition of the premium on professionalism and perhaps somewhat less on JOURNAL, we published the first side-by-side comparison of doctrinal orthodoxy. Our expectations seemed justified at the two studies for our membership. first. Career officers were nominated to several key embassy In October, two House subcommittees held hearings on and subcabinet jobs; others already at post were to be left in die reports, and AFSA gave detailed testimony. We supported place until the end of their three-year tours; and we were told die Bremer Committee view that needed reforms could be that the career to non-career ratio of ambassadorships would carried out without new legislation, and endorsed the director be raised back to about two to one from the nadir of three to general’s announcement that a new, fifth cone, for multifunc¬ two to which it had sunk a year ago. tional officers, would be created; die recruitment process The surprise was the list of political nominees for some 35 would be gready accelerated; and the comprehensive func¬ vacated posts that emerged in the early spring. From tional needs study recommended by Thomas and Bremer was everything we could learn, a high percentage of these already underway. Under Secretary Selin said he preferred to candidates had so few qualifications for their jobs that they postpone any more sweeping changes in the personnel system were almost sure to run afoul of serious Senate criticism, just until the needs study was completed and the new department as we had warned in our December 1988 letter to the leadership could determine in the light of that study whether transition team. Although our request for dialogue with the further reforms were desirable. AFSA has no quarrel with that new administration was never taken up, AFSA officers were decision, but believes that changes are needed and should not contacted daily by the media for reactions to the nominations, be indefinitely postponed. We intend to keep on top of and we offered op-ed pieces and press releases to ensure that management on this issue. our views were completely and accurately described. We Charles Schmitz, State Vice President invited the White House director of personnel to explain the nominations, and he did so, but the AFSA audience went away with the dubious reassurance that the administration’s USIA Standing Committee prime criterion was “loyalty.” We offered background material to Senator Sarbanes, who leveled his sights particularly on the After a year of dormancy, the USIA Standing Committee was candidacy of real estate developer Joseph Zappala to Spain. re-constituted in September. Vance Pace was elected in July Finally, we even sued the State Department to get copies as USIA vice president, to succeed Jake Jacobsen, who was of the ludicrous “certificates of competence” written in the subsequently appointed ambassador to Guinea-Bissau. Omie department by political employees and sent to the Senate with Kerr was approved in October by the Governing Board to fill every nominee. the vacant USIA representative position. In the process, we reeducated ourselves about public AFSA sponsored two successful programs during the past relations and working with Congress, and the need to do year. A discussion on the OER process included panel much more of both. Observers said AFSA (together with members from three selection boards and will be repeated. Trudeau and Herblock, etc.) achieved a level of public Ambassador Lannon Walker spoke to a group of interested indignation on the ambassadorial issue demonstrably higher USIA officers on the personnel system and recommendations than at any time during the last 35 years. Unfortunately, the he had for improving it. Now that the Thomas and Bremer level was just high enough to wing a few candidates: with a commissions have made their reports, AFSA will sponsor a few exceptions that may have been related to AFSA’s follow-up meeting. insistence that the nominees get close scrutiny, most of them AFSA hosted three JOT classes to lunch at the Foreign went off to their designated posts with only slight delays. Service Club during the last year. These highly successful Looking ahead, AFSA can only hope that we have programs gave new officers a chance to meet die AFSA demonstrated that nominating a candidate whose sole qualifi¬ president and other officers as well as key AFSA staffers. cation is the amount of money donated to a political A major disappointment was the USIA principals’ decision

58 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL not to attend AJFSA’s forthcoming bicentennial conference. treasurer’s signature reflects adversely on the financial condi¬ The office of the general counsel and the labor management tion of AFSA. A copy of the foil audit report may be obtained people in personnel ruled it an unfair labor practice to accept from AFSA upon request. such an invitation since AFSA is not the exclusive bargaining Michael Davila, Treasurer agent for USIA. This in spite of the fact that there is no labor management aspect to the conference, which is intended only to increase the private sector’s understanding and appreciation Legal Affairs of the Foreign Service (and vice versa). Lynn Sever continued on the Editorial Board of the The following summary describes some of the Legal Depart¬ FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL: our thanks to Larry Fuchsberg, ment’s activities over the past year. who served faithfully before transferring overseas. Bruce Byers Nondisclosure Forms. AFSA and seven members of completed his work on the election committee with the Congress sued the government, challenging a nondisclosure election of the new board. Karl Fritz has replaced Bill form which many Foreign Service employees are required to Weinhold on the scholarship committee after Bill was assigned sign. The form, SF 4193 (now 4355), prohibited disclosure as PAO in Burma. Our thanks to all these busy people who of “classifiable” material and prescribed penalties for its take time from their lives to help AFSA serve you. disclosure. The form applies to individuals with access to SCI. Your suggestions, complaints, or comments are welcome. AFSA took the case to the Supreme Court, which ruled in our Please write or talk to any of the officers or members of the favor and vacated the judgment of the district court. The standing committee. government has modified the form to meet most of our Vance Pace, USIA Vice President objections. We are working on a settlement of remaining issues with the Department of Justice, including the terms of a notice that will be sent to all signatories of the nondisclosure Finance Committee agreements. Overseas Option. AFSA sued the State Department for The year has been a difficult one with the AFSA Board and giving us misleading information and denying AFSA the staff coping with a budget deficit that is only now becoming opportunity to negotiate the revocation of its subsidy to the manageable, largely as a result of the membership’s approval American Foreign Service Protective Association, which re¬ of a dues increase in the June election. The newly elected sulted in the termination of the Overseas Option health Finance Committee has acted decisively to meet not only a insurance. The case is before the U.S. Court of Appeals, with short-run cash liquidity squeeze, but also the longer term oral argument scheduled for January 1990. On a parallel track, problem of deterioration of the building and equipment. The we challenged the department1s action administratively, filing Finance Committee has continued the previous Board’s an unfair labor practice charge. The Foreign Service Labor “stop-loss” procedures to stem the deficit, and also decided Relations Board made the initial decision not to prosecute the on a mortgage refinancing to confront not only the short-term charge, and we appealed that decision to the agency’s general cash flow problem but also problems associated with building/ counsel. The general counsel ordered that the case be pursued, equipment deterioration. With regard to the latter, a restricted and we await a trial date. fund for building maintenance has been established that will Rights of Untenured Employees. AFSA moved to inter¬ allow for necessary non-routine maintenance and replacement. vene in a USIA employee’s case currently at the United States For the coming year die committee plans to present a Court of Appeals. We requested the opportunity to be heard surplus budget, mindful that inflationary pressures will serve on two issues: (1) the use of the agency’s right to terminate to ratchet up the budgets of subsequent years. The committee limited appointments without cause as a pretext for discrimi¬ has supported the Board’s outreach efforts, mindful that while nation on the basis of sexual orientation where the employee these efforts pose some financial risk they also offer a means is not subject to compromise; and (2) the limitation of the of broadening AFSA’s financial base, not to mention broaden¬ Grievance Board’s jurisdiction to review allegations of im¬ ing public support for AFSA objectives. proper procedures in revoking an employee’s clearance. The The committee was not pleased with the financial perform¬ court has not ruled on AFSA’s participation in the suit. ance of the AFSA Scholarship Fund through 1988. The Ambassadorial Nominee Certificates of Competence. committee met with the fund’s managers and obtained more AFSA filed suit against the department to force disclosure of favorable terms (lower fees and commissions); additionally, the certificates of competence for ambassadorial nominees we instituted a quarterly monitoring process that will enable which the department had treated as confidential. Just prior us to evaluate objectively the fund’s financial management. to the date State’s answer was due in court, we reached a The committee expended considerable time and effort on settlement requiring the department to provide AFSA with the 1988 AFSA audit. The combined financial statements as the certificates of competence in a timely fashion and without of, and for the eighteen months ended, December 31, 1988, an erroneous or misleading classification notification. are contained on pages 65 and 66 in this issue of the Security Clearance Forms. AFSA sued the department JOURNAL. The auditors were unable to obtain a letter of over its use of a revised form SF-86 for reinvestigation of representation from the former AFSA treasurer. The new employees holding top secret clearances. We challenged many treasurer does not believe that the lack of the former of the form’s questions on constitutional grounds. The court

DECEMBER 1989 59 E O R T • 1 9 8 9

awarded much of the relief we sought and asked the parties Accountability Review Boards without proper regulatory to joindy draft an order to be issued by the court. We agree guidance. By law, these boards are established to investigate about the substance of the order, but are in dispute over the incidents involving injury, loss of life, or destruction of notice to be provided affected employees. We are trying to property, including making determinations as to possible settle the matter without further court involvement. breaches of duty' on the part of employees. We sought to AID’s Assignment of Non-career Appointees to Foreign negotiate formalized regulations governing the operation of Service Positions. AFSA filed an institutional grievance these boards. Our charge brought the department to the against AID, charging diem with assigning a non-career bargaining table, where we were able to negotiate procedural employee to a Foreign Service slot in violation of their safeguards for affected employees. regulations. We have received notice from AID that they have Tandem Couples. AFSA intervened in the grievance of a voided the assignment, thus apparently mooting our case. We tandem couple member who was denied shipment of house¬ are seeking assurances that they will not make such improper hold effects and consumables allowance upon assignment to assignments in the future. post. AFSA disputed the department’s position that a member The FS-1 “Cohort Grievance.” AFSA intervened in the of a tandem couple who travels to post on her spouse’s orders class grievance against the Department of State which is on leave without pay is not entitled to her own shipment of currently before the Grievance Board. AFSA supports the household effects or consumables unless she enters a funded employees’ charge that they were misled concerning their position within 60 days of arrival at post. AFSA and the opportunities for promotion and that the department violated employee reached a settlement agreement with the department the Foreign Service Act of 1980 in the way it implemented which provides that a tandem employee on leave without pay the senior threshold window. All parties have filed motions, who is paneled into a funded position will be issued travel cross-motions, and two rounds of briefs, and we participated orders authorizing appropriate allowances, as long as the in oral argument on October 18. position is to be held for more than 12 months. Language Incentive and Special Allowances. As reported Revocation of Security Clearances. An increasing number last year, we continue to await the decision of the Foreign of employees have been notified of the proposed revocation Service Labor Relations Board in our negotiability dispute or reduction of their security' clearances on the grounds that with the department over AFSA’s proposals to retain incentive their security eligibility is not “clearly consistent with the awards for hard language study and to retain the special interests of the national security.” AFSA has attempted to allowance for untenured employees working consistently long ensure that the agency’s regulations are scrupulously followed overtime hours. Pending a ruling by the FSLR Board, the and that suspension of an employee’s security clearance, under department has retained these employee benefits. which employees have relatively few rights, is not used as an D.C. Income Tax Lawsuit. The United States District end run around other forms of disciplinary or personnel Court for the District of Columbia upheld the constitutional¬ action in which employees would be afforded procedural due ity of the legislation that precludes Foreign Service officers process rights. from availing themselves of the long-standing exemption from Polygraph Testing. AFSA negotiated regulations with the D.C. income taxation for officers residing in the District but department on its polygraph testing program. The program domiciled in another state. The ultimate of legislative relief is will have an extremely limited scope that would currently not promising, but House Subcommittee Chairman Dymally include no more than 13 department employees. The regula¬ has at least promised to review the issue with us again and tions authorize polygraph testing under only three specific make another effort this year. circumstances, and then not until approval has been granted Psychological Testing. The department proposed a psycho¬ in each instance at high levels of the department and the logical testing program for Foreign Service personnel assigned employee volunteers to take the exam. The regulations further to Eastern Bloc countries. The program was to involve oral provide safeguards for the use of the exam’s results. and written psychological tests administered by M/MED. All Proposed Executive Order on Security Clearances. AFSA Foreign Service employees, their spouses, and any adult presented testimony to the House Civil Service Subcommittee dependents were to be tested. AFSA filed charges against the opposing a proposed Executive Order that would eliminate department opposing its implementation of the program and the appeals mechanism for individuals denied an initial actively lobbied Congress to oppose the program. The security clearance or a clearance upgrade. AFSA emphasized department withdrew the proposed program in its entirety. our commitment to national security concerns and the Post-employment Restrictions. AFSA actively opposed a imposition of all reasonable measures aimed at safeguarding bill barring all individuals leaving government service from classified information, balanced against the preservation of employment with any international organization of which the individual rights. In response to the overwhelming opposition U.S. is a member for a period of eighteen months. In to the proposed order, the subcommittee sought President communications with members of Congress and congressional Bush’s assurance that the proposed order would not be issued. staffers, AFSA argued that the proposed legislation was The administration has not pursued its proposal. counter-productive and stressed the importance of staffing Disciplinary Regulations. The foreign affairs agencies international organizations with people who have developed a initiated negotiations on proposed sweeping revisions to sensitivity to U.S. foreign policy objectives. The bill was agency regulations governing disciplinary action. The agencies defeated. are attempting to radically expand the grounds on which Accountability Review Boards. AFSA charged the depart¬ employees may be subjected to disciplinary action and to limit ment with violating our bargaining rights in convening employees’ procedural rights throughout the disciplinary

60 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL process. AFSA is acting to ensure that employees’ rights are ured employees are subject to stricter standards with respect not eroded. to prescriptive relief, has maintained that there are cases in In addition to these enumerated activities, the Legal which the Board has the authority to grant such relief. The Department devotes its resources to representing individual Grievance Board, in a recent decision, concurred with this employees in matters requiring legal action, including investi¬ view, finding that untenured employees scheduled to leave the gation by the Bureau of Diplomatic Security and the AID and Service simply because their limited appointments have State Inspector Generals, and providing employees with expired—as opposed to individuals whose appointments have information relating to federal and state tax issues. been terminated by the department under Section 611 of the Susan Holik, General Counsel Foreign Service Act—may be granted prescriptive relief by the Board. Group Grievances: Earlier this year, the Grievance Board Member Services decided in favor of a group of employees who had suffered financial hardship while posted overseas due to the depart¬ Some of you may already have become acquainted with the ment’s failure to adjust their cost of living allowance (COLA) newest additions to AFSA’s Member Services Department: during the 1987 holiday season. The Board determined that Amy MacEachin and Catherine Schmitz, both of whom began the grievants, who had been assisted by AFSA, were entitled as Member Services Representatives this past summer. Al¬ to the amount they had lost during the period in which the though much of our work continues to focus on the problems department had failed to adjust the COLA. of individual employees, a number of issues have arisen over Last year’s report noted that AFSA had assisted a number the past year of interest to the membership at large. of Diplomatic Security (DS) agents who had filed grievances Grievances: AFSA’s grievance caseload over the past twelve arguing that their entry-level salaries had been set in violation months has remained at levels comparable to the previous of applicable laws and regulations. In response to one of these year. We represented employees in approximately 200 com¬ grievances, the Grievance Board ordered the department to plaints, grievances, and setdements before the foreign affairs issue a new Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) under agencies and the Foreign Service Grievance Board. One which the salaries of all DS employees appointed between welcome trend has been an increased willingness by the State August 1, 1985 and June 1, 1988 were to be reevaluated. Department to initiate settlement discussions, or to respond Concerns about the equitability of the new SOP and its to settlement proposals made by the grievant. Whenever application prompted a number of DS employees to file a possible, AFSA encourages such informal setdements, which group grievance, which both the department and the Griev¬ spare employees the time and effort of the lengthy grievance ance Board found lacking in merit. process. Another positive note: the Grievance Board has Mission Review Panels: The State Department has re¬ almost completed a much-needed project which will establish cently enacted a new policy that authorizes the placement of an indexing system covering all past grievances and related negative comments in the personnel files of review panel court decisions. chairpersons. These panels are designed to ensure that On the down side, the concept of “prescriptive relief’—an employee evaluation reports are prepared in accordance with intregal component of the Foreign Service grievance system— department regulations. AFSA conducted prolonged negotia¬ has been attacked from a number of directions in the past tions with management on this issue, but the department year. Prescriptive relief provides a stay of action for employees decided to unilaterally implement its own proposal before an who are grieving a matter which is pending before the agency agreement could be reached. AFSA subsequently filed an or Grievance Board. Such relief is typically granted to institutional grievance charging the department with negotiat¬ employees who are being involuntarily separated from the ing in bad faith, in violation of both the law and our collective Service, or to those subject to wrongful disciplinary action or bargaining agreement. The grievance was denied at the agency improper garnishment of wages. This stay of action is critical level, but is currently on appeal to the Grievance Board. for members of the Foreign Service, particularly in cases of Payroll Problems: AFSA continues to come across a large involuntary separation. Eliminating prescriptive relief in a number of problems stemming from the department’s Office rank-in-person system makes it virtually impossible to make a of the Comptroller (M/COMP). The most common issues are successful grievant whole again, and wreaks havoc on the lives delays in travel voucher reimbursements and the unwarranted of employees (and their families) posted overseas. garnishment of employee paychecks. M/COMP claims to be In consultations with congressmen and staff, AFSA actively cleaning up accounts dating back to 1980, which will opposed Thomas Commission proposals to drastically curtail hopefully cut down on the percentage of problems resulting prescriptive relief and weaken the grievance process in other from inaccurate record-keeping. In the meantime, AFSA respects. Nevertheless, the State Department has since decided continues to troubleshoot for employees—chasing down to take a harder line in utilizing its authority to grant delayed checks, attempting to cut through bureaucratic red prescriptive relief, particularly with respect to untenured tape, arranging meetings with M/COMP, etc. employees. In addition to reducing the percentage of employ¬ In a related development, information contained in M/ ees to whom it grants prescriptive relief, the department has COMP’s “Travel Advance Status Report,” released to the argued, based on a 1983 U.S. District Court decision, that the public through a Freedom of Information Act request, has Board is not empowered to grant prescriptive relief to any been used by a group called “State Department Watch” to untenured employees. AFSA, while acknowledging that unten¬ harass Foreign Service employees. The information contained

DECEMBER 1989 61 in these reports was seriously outdated and largely inaccurate. bolder steps, and suggestions for reform of our aid programs, As a result, many individuals have received cards demanding including the structure of AID. payment to square “delinquent” travel accounts which were A bit of spice was added to the series September 8 when never in fact delinquent. In addition to investigating whether peppery British Member of Parliament Edwina Currie de¬ the department’s release of this information entails a Privacy scribed the British experience of women in politics. Those of Act violation, AFSA is pressing management to step up its you who are not able to attend these luncheons can read efforts to improve the accuracy of M/COMP’s record-keeping. about them in AFSA News. Secretarial Issues: Following a March seminar sponsored AFSA Awards. The awards were conferred on Foreign by AFSA on the “Changing Role of the Foreign Service Service Day (May 5) in the Dean Acheson Auditorium by Secretary,” the association formed a subcommittee to focus members of the Herter, Rivkin, and Harriman families, who exclusively on secretarial issues. After obtaining considerable have endowed these awards. Ambassador Bruce Laingen, input from the field, reviewing management efforts to address chairman of the AFSA awards committee, read the names of die problems affecting Foreign Service secretaries, and initiat¬ the winners of the Sinclaire Awards for outstanding achieve¬ ing discussions with those management officials most directly ment in hard language study, and a certificate of appreciation involved in these efforts, the subcommittee developed a set of was presented to retiring dean of the FSI School of Language goals and a plan of action for achieving them. One element of Studies Harry Thayer for his support of the Sinclaire Awards this plan was a formal proposal which has since been program. Thereafter Deputy Secretary of State Lawrence presented to management. The proposal—to which manage¬ Eagleburger spoke at a luncheon in the Foreign Service Club, ment has not yet provided a definitive response—focuses on honoring the winners. (Nominations for the 1990 awards are the following issues: salaries and other forms of compensa¬ due January 31.) tion; job titles and responsibilities; training and recruitment; Memorial Plaque. Secretary Baker read a message from assignments; and career development. President Bush at a solemn ceremony before die AFSA Pouch Service: Several changes over the past year have Memorial Plaque on Foreign Service Day honoring those who improved the quality of overseas pouch sendee. Unclassified have lost their lives under heroic or other inspirational mail will soon be sorted automatically in a new mail facility circumstances while serving their country abroad under the outside of Main State; only classified mail will continue to be direction of an ambassador. Six names—a tragically large handled in the department. In addition, the post office has number—were unveiled as the military color guard presented assigned a zip-code-plus-four number to each overseas post, arms. allowing for greater accuracy in sorting mail and a resulting Foreign Service Day Brunch. AFSA also welcomed a full reduction in delivery time. A computerized label-reading house of retirees to die Foreign Service Club for a brunch the program has also been introduced which should further day after Foreign Service Day, giving them an opportunity to reduce sorting time. AFSA continues to press management tor discuss issues of special interest to retirees with the AFSA additional improvements in pouch service, and frequently leadership and staff, and to meet old friends. assists employees who are experiencing post-specific delivery Foreign Service Day 1990. Next year will be the 25th problems. anniversary of Foreign Service Day, and AFSA is working Chris Bazar, Director of Member Sennces with die department and DACOR to make it a memorable occasion. Public Employees Roundtable. The coordinator for profes¬ Professional Issues sional issues is AFSA’s representative to this active coalition of public service associations, which has die mission of Luncheon Speakers. The speaker luncheons outgrew die enhancing the image and effectiveness of the public service library over the past year and brought AFSA members and and attracting young people to careers in government. friends many memorable moments. Chase Untermeyer, the In addition to the above activities, the coordinator has president’s personnel director, defended the administration’s supported die AFSA leadership with staff work on a number political choices for ambassadorships before a full house in the of professional issues. Foreign Service Club. The press covered this event, an Richard Thompson, Coordinator for Professional Issues innovation which we will repeat in the future as appropriate. Departing director general of the Foreign Service George Vest shared his view of the future of the Service. Elliot Retirement Interests Richardson spoke on the rewards and frustrations of the Foreign Service from his years of experience working with it, During 1989 the legislative issue dominating the attention of and in the light of the recent report on the public service of AFSA’s retired constituency was the Catastrophic Health Care the Volcker Commission. Ambassador Bremer and his study expansion of the Medicare program. In particular, the group colleagues discussed the conclusions of their report on opposition of our Medicare-eligible members was directed at Foreign Service generalists, and we will schedule future die financing mechanism with its mandatory sliding-scale speakers to examine the recommendations of the Bremer surtax calculated at 15 percent of one’s 1989 federal income group and the Thomas Commission as AFSA takes an active tax, up to an individual maximum of $800 or $1,600 for a role in reform efforts. couple. Equally objectionable was the obligatory aspect of the Other meetings discussed the changing role of secretaries, catastrophic care coverage, since virtually all Foreign Service an area in which AFSA is encouraging the department to take retirees already had this protection under their Federal

62 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL Employees Health Benefits (FEHB) policy. Foreign Service personnel. Thirty-five percent of these funds In coalition with a number of public and private employee/ were contributed by the AAFSW. These grants range from retiree organizations, AESA urged the enactment of legislation $200 to $2,000, depending on need and the amount allowed which would suspend both the surtax and the introduction of by individual schools. More than 90 percent of the AFSA all additional catastrophic care benefits for a year while scholarship funds distributed in 1988-89 were used for these Congress took a second look at the program. The reaction financial aid grants. from the Medicare-eligible population as a whole was so Contributions to the AFSA Scholarship Programs come as vigorous, however, that in September the House voted to memorial donations, contributions with dues, bequests, royal¬ repeal the entire catastrophic care bill while the Senate voted ties, and honoraria. The largest donation has come from the 99-0 to repeal the surtax and delete some of the more cosdy AAFSW BOOKFAIR receipts. During this reporting period, provisions in the program. At this writing the conflicting Ambassador Jack W. Lydman was chairman of the AFSA House and Senate bills have not yet gone to conference, but Committee on Education. Members included Charles Johnson, it appears likely that at year’s end only a few provisions of the AID; Janet Biggs, AAFSW; David Jones, State; David W. original catastrophic care measure will still be in effect. Smith, State; and William J. Weinhold, USIA. There is a general consensus that the FEHB program, now Cristin Springet, Scholarship Programs Administrator almost 30 years old, is due for a thorough overhaul. AFSA has participated in a number of preliminary hearings looking forward to a complete realignment of the program, and it Membership Department appears that a number of bills will be introduced in the second session of the 101st Congress in 1990, looking forward to the AFSA membership has increased steadily over the past year. inauguration of a revised FEHB structure in 1991. We have seen a particularly gratifying increase among retirees, AFSA continues to participate regularly in the department’s due in part to the retiree drive held in September. Currently pre-retirement seminars while servicing an increasing number membership stands as follows: of individual requests for advice and assistance on retirement matters from AFSA members. State 4773 AID 1153 Robert Been, Congressional Liaison USIA 176 Commerce 43 AFSA Scholarship Programs Agriculture 10 Associate 440 Retired 2796 Twenty bright, young Foreign Service dependents received AFSA/AAFSW Merit Awards in the spring of 1989. These Life 185 awards are given to high school seniors from schools in the Jubilee 45 United States and abroad in recognition of their outstanding Total 9621 academic records, their leadership qualities, and their extra¬ AFSA has instituted two new categories of membership, curricular activities. International and Embassy Associates. International member¬ This year the awards were raised to $750, and were in ship will be offered to organizations operating internationally honor of Dawn Cuthell, who administered the scholarship who wish to develop greater ties with the Foreign Service. programs from 1980-88. The recipients were honored on The Embassy Associates program will be offered to local area Foreign Service Day in May when Director General Edward embassies wishing to participate in AFSA symposia and J. Perkins presented a check and certificate to twin sisters selected speaker luncheons. Both programs are designed to Christine and Jennifer Johnson, who represented all the increase our outreach to other institutions interested in winners. There were also awards of $100 each for honorable foreign affairs. mention winners. The membership department underwent a brief period of The Merit Awards, created by AFSA and the Association staff transition during the summer months when Janet of American Foreign Service Women (AAFSW) in 1976, are Schoumacher, formerly a member services representative, determined by volunteer review panelists from AAFSW, AID, became the new membership coordinator. Lisa Schroeder, a State, USIA, and members of the retired Foreign Service student at George Washington University, is currently the community. Of the 20 winners, 15 graduated from high membership assistant. schools in die United States and five from schools in France, In July, the active and retiree categories of membership Austria, Italy, the Philippines, and the Dominican Republic. voted overwhelmingly to increase membership dues. The Fourteen winners were dependents of Foreign Service person¬ increase was the first in five years, and in most categories nel from the State Department, three from AID, two from reflected smaller rises than the consumer-price index. USIA, and one from the Department of Agriculture. Of the If you’re not already a member of AFSA, please join us! If $16,200 distributed in Merit Awards, equal amounts were you are a member, become more involved in AFSA activities. contributed by AAFSW and AFSA. The Financial Aid We value all sections of our membership and need to hear scholarships, first offered by AFSA in 1927, are for full-time from you. undergraduate study in U.S. colleges and universities and are Janet L. Schoumacher, Membenhip Coordinator determined solely on need. In academic year 1988-89, $101,750 was awarded to 85 dependent children of career

DECEMBER 1989 63 Communications Department Insurance Programs

AFSA Communications produces the FOREIGN SERVICE Oversight of AFSA’s Group insurance programs has been the JOURNAL, which goes to all members, a small number of responsibility of a Board of Trustees established for that associate members and subscribers, journalists who request it, purpose by die Governing Board in 1981. The Trustees and Congress. determine the scope of the program and contract with The JOURNAL has consistendy been tasked with two insurance companies or adminstrators as necessary to provide publishing goals. First, it must give the AFSA membership a viable and beneficial group insurance plans for our members. sense that it is reflecting the interests and addressing the Of particular interest this year is a new plan to provide concerns of the Foreign Service of the United States. Second, disability income insurance to members. By joining a large it should be relevant to the American public at large, both as “insurance trust,” AESA is able to offer this coverage at much a source on what Foreign Service employees are thinking and lower rates than would otherwise be possible. We are hoping doing and as a forum for discussion of U.S. foreign relations that a substantial number of members will join this program in general. during the charter enrollment period ending December 31, To reach these goals in 1989 depended, as in years past, on 1989. die active participation of the JOURNAL’S readership, who During tile past year three other AFSA-sponsored pro¬ have contributed opinions and views in the form of letters, grams were providing security and more tangible benefits for book reviews, issue-oriented articles, and fiction and non¬ many members. Under the personal insurance plan, covering fiction stories of Foreign Service life. Under the oversight of personal property and legal liability for members serving the Editorial Board, the JOURNAL’S contents have reflected the abroad, claims paid during the first nine months of this year tremendous range of topics engaging the Foreign Service exceeded $150,000. Our plan covering accidental death and community, both active and retired. dismemberment has paid more than $500,000 in claims since Fiscally, the JOURNAL is working to minimize its burden 1983, and the in-hospital income plan during the same period on AFSA resources, with advertising revenues above expecta¬ has paid over $70,000. tions and expenses under budget to date. For the future, the trustees are continuing the search for Julia T. Schieken joined the JOURNAL as assistant editor/ insurance to cover the cost of long-term nursing home and/or advertising manager in August; she is motivated to serve our custodial care, whether in institutions or one’s own home. advertisers and to obtain attractive and colorful advertising. Comments and suggestions from members are always wel¬ Nancy Johnson was promoted to managing editor in January, come. and she serves as the department’s pivot on getting the Hugh W. Wolff magazine from double-spaced typed pages to printed product. Chairman, Board of Trustees for Insurance Programs Ann Luppi, editor, was fortunate to join AFSA immediately following the conduct of the 1988 reader survey; readers’ comments and overall statistics continue to serve as clear guidelines on what readers want from the JOURNAL. Under (Note: The AID Standing Committee report is in the the direction of the Editorial Board and the overall guidance November {AFSA News.}) of the AFSA Governing Board, and, most importantly, with the continuing input and contributions of JOURNAL readers, there are many interesting editions ahead. Ann Luppi, Director of Communications

64 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE ASSOCIATION AND ASSOCIATED ORGANIZATIONS COMBINED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS for the year ended June 30,1989

COMBINED BALANCE SHEETS December 31,1988

Scholarship and AFSA AFSA Funds Combined

ASSETS

Current assets: Cash and cash equivalents $ 50,506 $ 260,803 $311,309 Accounts Receivable 22,352 — 22,352 Prepaid expenses and other 10,279 — 10,279 Net interfund receivable (payable) (2,300) 2,300 — Accrued interest and — 7,190 7,190 dividends 80,837 270,293 351,130

Marketable securities, at cost — 969,019 969,019 which approximate market value Land, building and equipment, 418,003 1,200 419,203 net of accumulated deprecia¬ tion Affiliate receivable (payable), (18,032) 18,032 — less current portion

Total assets $480,808 $1,258,544 $1.739,352

LIABILITIES AND FUND BALANCES

Current liabilities: Accounts payable $ 8,353 $ 32 $ 8,385 Accrued salaries and 21,908 577 22,485 vacation payable Other accrued liabilities 7,958 — 7,958 Current portion of mort- 18,446 — 18,446 gage payable Deferred revenue 171,104 — 171,104

227,769 609 228,378

Mortgage payable, less current portion 48,276 — 48,276

Total liabilities 276,045 609 276,654

Commitments Fund balances: Unrestricted 204,763 288,916 493,679 Endowment — 195,271 195,271 Quasi-endowment — 773,748 773,748 204,763 1,257,935 1,462,698 $480,808 $1,258,544 $1,739,352 COMBINED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS COMBINED STATEMENTS OF SUPPORT, REVENUE, for the eighteen months ended December 31,1988 EXPENSES AND CHANGES IN FUND BALANCES for the eighteen months ended December 31,1988 Scholarship and Scholarship AFSA AFSA Funds Combined and AFSA AFSA Funds Combined Cash flows from Public support and revenue: operating activities: Public support: Expenses over public sup¬ Contributions $ 68,488 $ 117,206 $ 185,694 port and revenue $ (32,430) $ (47,096) $ (79,526) Adjustments to reconcile Revenue: expenses over public Membership dues 952,233 — 952,233 support and revenue Advertising sales 206,466 — 206,466 to net cash provided by Subscriptions 137,558 — operating activities: 137,558 Club fees 8,677 8,677 Depreciation 59,224 270 59,494 Investment income— Loss on termination of dividends and interest 4,454 126,605 131,059 contract 11,323 11,323 Net loss on sale of Loss on sale of securities — 9.999 9,999 investments — Change in assets and liabilities: (9.999) (9.999) Miscellaneous 18,077 2,339 20,416 (Increase) decrease in receivables (13,713) 1,517 (12,196) Total revenue 1,327,465 118,945 1,446,410 Decrease in prepaid Total public sup- expenses 15,612 15,612 port and revenue 1,395,953 236,151 1,632,104 (Increase) decrease in Expenses: affiliate receivables (7,402) 7,402 Program services: Decrease in accounts Journal 415,490 — 415,490 payable and accrued Labor relations 372,761 — 372,761 liabilities (1,883) (3,633) (5,516) Legislative action 95,881 — 95,881 Decrease in deferred Club 54,015 — 54,015 income (14,045) (15,000) (29,045) Scholarship — 223,289 223,289 AFSA Fund — 47,232 47,232 Total adjustments 49,116 555 49,671 Total program services 938,147 270,521 1,208,668 Net cash provided (used) by operating activities: 16,686 (46,541) (29,855) Supporting services: Management and general 490,236 12,726 502,962 Cash flows from investing activities: Total expenses 1,428,383 283,247 1,711,630 Acquisition of equipment (56,347) (1,470) (57,817) Cash used by Expenses over public investing activities (56,347) (1.470) (57,817) support and revenue (32,430) (47,096) (79,526) Fund balances, beginning Cash flows from financing activities: of the period 237,193 1,305,031 1,542,224 Fund balances, end of Payment on debt (26,007) (26,007) the period $ 204,763 $ 1,257,935 $ 1,462,698 Proceeds from sale of investments 1,511,669 1,511,669 Purchase of investments — (1,222,147) (1,222,147) Net cash provided used by financing activities (27,007) 289,522 263,515 Net increase (de¬ crease) in cash and cash equiva lents (65,668) 241,511 175,843 Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of the period 116,174 19,292 135,466 Cash and cash equivalents at end of the period $ 50,506 $ 260,803 $ 311,309

Supplemental disclosure of cash flow infromation: Cash paid during the period for interest $8,585

66 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL AF S A ♦ N E W

AFSA's Bicentennial Conference

What economic compass will guide years ago largely because State, which larly, parallel panels in the afternoon us through our next century? If you had managed the account for the will address aspects of the U.S. think you know the answer, take previous 40 years, was accused of government response. Panel chair¬ yourself back to 1789 or even to subordinating commercial matters to men include Robert Hormats, Frank 1889 and ask if you could have other, more glamorous business. Carlucci, Victor Palmieri, Har ald predicted America’s current strengths Neglecting trade for more glamor¬ Malmgren, and C. Fred Bergsten. and weaknesses on the world eco¬ ous business is a luxury we can no Senior U.S. government economic nomic scene. longer afford, if indeed we ever policy officials, including Under Sec¬ Some may not recall why the could. What can we do about it? retary Richard McCormack, also plan United States has a “State” Depart¬ Our November 30 agenda brings to take part. The conference will ment, rather than a Foreign Affairs business leaders together with For¬ conclude with a plenary presenta¬ Department. There was so little eign Service practitioners to attempt tion on business-government col¬ foreign business 200 years ago that to find some of the answers. laboration and an Eighth Floor our first Secretary (Jefferson) did In addition to an introduction by reception. not report to his office in New York the vice president and luncheon City until six months after his nomi¬ statements by Secretary Clayton Yeut- Register Now for AFSA’s November 30 nation, and then only reluctandy. ter and Deputy Secretary Lawrence BICENTENNIAL CONFERENCE Congress decided to give our agency Eagleburger, we plan to cover trade additional “state” duties (since reas¬ “American Business & Government challenges in developing, developed, in a Turbulent World” signed), such as managing the mint and Communist countries in three Visit Room 3644 in State and taking the census. parallel panels in the morning. Simi¬ America’s diplomatic agents soon or call 647-8160 found a real mission abroad, how¬ ever. Through the ensuing century AFSA testifies at congressional hearings they were called on more and more to protect and promote American Two hearings on the Bremer and • There is strong congressional trade in Europe, Latin America, and Thomas reports on the Foreign Serv¬ concern that the department and the eventually Asia. Negotiations focused ice personnel system were held in Foreign Service should be doing on treaties of friendship, commerce, October by the International Opera¬ more, and faster, to make the Serv¬ and navigation. Mahan’s strategy to tions Subcommittee of the House ice fully representative of the Ameri¬ seek coaling stations worldwide but¬ Foreign Affairs Committee, chaired can people. A June GAO report, tressed freedom of the seas for by Representative Dymally (D-CA), starkly titled, “Minorities and Women American traders. By 1890, our and the Civil Service Subcommittee are Underrepresented in the Foreign historian tells us, our consular serv¬ of the Post Office and Civil Service Service,” was frequently cited in ice had 760 consulates, commercial Subcommittee, chaired by Repre¬ congressmen’s questions. There was agencies, and consular agencies—far sentative Sikorski (D-MN). Under no partisan division on this issue; more than we have today, by any secretary Ivan Selin, Director Gen¬ the concern, and the admonitions, count. eral Edward Perkins, AFSA Presi¬ were strong on both sides of the What has happened since to our dent Ted Wilkinson, Ambassador House. Mr. Selin pointed out that diplomatic mission in support of Hume Horan of the Bremer Group, promotion rates for minorities and trade? A simple answer is that it has and Graeme Bannerman of the Tho¬ women were not significantly differ¬ been overwhelmed in the host of mas Commission were among the ent from those for white males, but other functions that our Embassies witnesses. The most significant as¬ he acknowledged the GAO’s finding today have to perform. The Foreign pects of the testimony and the con¬ that minorities had a tougher time Commercial Service of the Depart¬ gressional questioning were the fol¬ at tenure than whites. (Women, ment of Commerce was created ten lowing points: however, were tenured at higher continued on page 68 DECEMBER 1989 67 rates than men.) He and Ambassa¬ Service, an analysis recommended AFSA calls for dor Perkins told the subcommittee by both Thomas and Bremer and that this was only one consequence already underway. ratification of of the department’s failure to do a • Little attention was paid, out¬ better job of recruiting, and they side of AFSA’s own testimony, to Montreal Protocols promised both a faster recruiting the problems of die junior and AFSA President Ted Wilkinson has process—appointment in six or seven senior thresholds or the selection written to Senate Foreign Relations months instead of the years it is now out of highly qualified officers at the Chairman Pell to express support for taking us—and one better targeted peak of their skills. Nor was any¬ the as yet unratified 1975 Montreal on outstanding minority and women thing said by anyone other than Protocols to the the Warsaw Con¬ candidates. AFSA supported them AFSA in support of the recommen¬ vention, urge hearings, and request dation of both study groups that the on both counts. We also welcomed to testify. The Montreal Protocols Mr. Selin’s announcement that the role of central Personnel, in both and a related compensation plan department had changed its policy career development and counseling would gready increase the compen¬ that the blind were by definition and in assignments, must be strength¬ sation paid in case of the injury or unqualified for the Foreign Service ened. Excerpts from Ted Wilkin¬ death of an international airline pas¬ son’s testimony for AFSA are printed and had just offered appointment to senger, and speed up payment by a blind applicant who had passed on page 74. reducing the scope for uncertain and both the written and oral exams. time-consuming litigation. • There appeared to be little sentiment for changing the Foreign Service Act at this time. Mr. Banner- man was the only witness to say new legislation was needed (as the Thomas Commission had recom¬ State Department yields mended). The department’s and AFSA’s witnesses said the reforms to AFSA lawsuit that were needed could be made Others contain exaggerated asser¬ without changing the Act. Represen¬ On October 2, the department qui- tions about the candidates’ qualifica¬ tative Sikorski volunteered the state¬ edy handed over to AFSA 51 “cer¬ tions to serve as envoys, with little ment that the legislative history of tificates of competence” of the ad¬ background evidence to support such the Act provided a sound basis for ministration’s nominees for U.S. am¬ claims. Several fall back vaguely on including senior FSOs within the bassadorships. AFSA had filed suit “loyalty” as a criterion for the ap¬ bargaining units for the foreign af¬ in the U.S. district court on Septem¬ pointments. fairs agencies, rather than severing ber 8 to obtain copies of the papers, Among numerous errors in the seniors from AFSA’s bargaining func¬ which the department had refused carelessly prepared certificates is the tions, as Thomas had recommended. to provide on grounds that they statement that the nominee for Gua¬ In order to make the 1980 Act work were confidential. temala is “an exceptional candidate better, Ambassador Perkins also AFSA stated at the initiation of for ambassador to Venezuela.” hopes to expedite open assignments the lawsuit diat it believed the de¬ Release of the certificates oc¬ by making ambassador and DCM partment was abusing the classifica¬ curred just before the Senate voted assignments at die outset and “reem¬ tion of “confidential” to avoid em¬ 79 to 20 to confirm Mr. Zappala as phasizing the importance of over¬ barrassment because many of the ambassador to Spain, despite the seas service by requiring that each “certificates” demonstrated only too observations by Senator Paul Sar¬ officer serve an oversees tour at each clearly that the nominees lack qualifi¬ banes (D-MD) and others that Mr. grade level.” cations for the ambassadorial jobs. Zappala’s qualifications as shown in • Mr. Selin announced that the The certificates handed over to AFSA the certificates were not consistent department had decided to make the on Monday had the word “declassi¬ with requirements in the Foreign cone system more flexible, first by fied” punched through the top and Service Act of 1980 for background not requiring new officers to select bottom of each sheet. After review¬ knowledge of the host country. a cone at the time of appointment, ing the certificates, AFSA President Despite delivery of the certifi¬ but instead at tenure; and second by Ted Wilkinson observed that the cates, AFSA continued to pursue its creating a new, fifth cone for “multi¬ department was understandably em¬ suit to ensure that proper proce¬ functional” officers, which he ex¬ barrassed by having the certificates dures were established to preclude pected more and more officers to opened to the public. He noted that suppression of this improperly classi¬ move into. Again, AFSA supported some certificates contain explicit ref¬ fied information in the future. AFSA both proposals. Mr. Selin said he erences to the nominees’ campaign has reached an agreement with the wanted to delay any more sweeping contributions, although the Foreign department in which the depart¬ reform of the cone system until Service Act states that money contri¬ ment agrees to release to AFSA completion of the functional analysis butions should not be a criterion for certificates generated in the future. of the jobs and skills needed by the ambassadorships.

68 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL State Standing Committee George Jones, State Vice President AFSA annual experienced or inexperienced” are membership meeting not casual choices, like paper or plastic. They are choices that affect December 7, 1989 4:45 pm ^summer after seven our national prestige and our na¬ Foreign Service Club years overseas, I tional security. Most of my time in these first Wine and cheese wanted to know, “Paper or plastic?” two weeks has been devoted to Cash bar available For one wild moment I thought preparing for and attending the two Visa had come to the grocery stores, House subcommittee hearings on Departing from past practice, we and I was being asked whether I the Bremer and Thomas reports. plan to have our annual meeting wanted to pay with a credit card or Although virtually everything Under in the AFSA building in the late with the funny green stuff I was Secretary Selin and Director General afternoon. Share some wine and learning to carry around again. The Perkins had to say was positive, and cheese and learn what AFSA has checker’s impatient gestures eventu¬ supported by AFSA President Ted been doing before and since the ally straightened me out. When I Wilkinson when he appeared before 1989 elections and change of got home, of course, my wife told the subcommittees, I was struck by officers. AFSA’s Governing Board me I had given the wrong answer. the fact that so little attention was members and staff will report My (as of this writing) first two paid, outside of AFSA’s testimony, briefly to you and answer ques¬ weeks in AFSA have been a some¬ to the problems of the junior and tions. A cash bar will remain what similar experience. Chuck senior thresholds or the selection open afterwards. Schmitz, whose capabilities as a out of highly qualified mid- and Under AFSA bylaws, members Foreign Service officer I have ad¬ senior-level officers at the peak of may propose and vote on mo¬ mired for years, is also a tough act their skills. Nor was anything other tions, and recommend a course to follow as State vice president. than the vaguest lip service paid by of action to the Board. Proposed Fortunately, we have had not only a anyone other than Ted in support agenda items must be received by brief overlap, but Chuck’s energy of the recommendation that the role AFSA no later than December 1, and experience remain available to of Central Personnel, in both career 1989. To help us in making AFSA as a Governing Board mem¬ development and counseling and in arrangements, please let us know ber and as our new vice president assignments, be strengthened. in advance at 647-8160 if you for the retired constituency. This last, in my view, is the single plan to attend. I do bring to the job a strong most important reform the Service belief in AFSA, in both its manifes¬ needs. Central Personnel has virtu¬ tations as a professional organiza¬ ally ceased to function. Assignments Court date scheduled tion and as a bargaining agent, and are not made; they are the product in the Foreign Service. In my experi¬ of negotiation or happenstance. Ca¬ The U.S. District Court of Appeals ence, no country’s diplomatic service reers are not planned; they are has scheduled oral argument for comes close to equaling our knowl¬ lucked into (or out of). Desperately January 1990 in AFSA’s lawsuit edge, our skills, and our profession¬ needed specialists are not given the contesting the elimination of the alism. Unfortunately, there are a assurance of stable careers, nor are AFSPA Overseas Option. AFSA sued number who exceed us in prestige generalists. Secretaries are not ade¬ the State Department for giving within their own country and gov¬ quately paid, or trained, or listened misleading information and denying ernment, and in die benefits, status, to. Training for all of us, including AFSA the opportunity to negotiate and protection from partisan politics the most basic of all, language train¬ the revocation of its subsidy to the that flow from that prestige. As long ing, has actually decreased 17 per¬ American Foreign Service Protective as the impression remains wide¬ cent since FY 1983. The depart¬ Association, which resulted in the spread that the Service is just a ment’s priorities are out of whack. termination of Overseas Option job—a job that just about anybody We in AFSA hope to contribute to health insurance. On a parallel track, can do, with good will and good getting them back on track. AFSA challenged the department’s intentions—the limited benefits Please let me hear your views, by action administratively, filing an un¬ AFSA and the department have won telegram, letter, or visit, when you’re fair labor practice charge. The For¬ for the Service over the years will be next in Washington. We’re in Room eign Service Labor Relations Board in danger, we will have difficulty 3644 N.S., and the State Standing made the initial decision not to recruiting the best of our young Committee meets every Monday at prosecute the charge, and we ap¬ people, and we will continue to fill 12:30. Visitors are more than wel¬ pealed that decision to the agency’s too many of our posts with less than come. I look forward to working general counsel. The general counsel our best. “Career or non-career, with you and for you. ordered that the case be pursued, and we await a trial date.

DECEMBER 1989 69 N E S

Unqualified ambassadors: AFSA's lessons learned

In early October, by a vote of 79 to (and get through to him) are more do not believe that traditional U.S. 20, the Senate voted to confirm important qualifications than all else. diplomacy makes much difference in Joseph Zappala as U.S. ambassador A part of this we bring on our¬ the scheme of things. The belief has to Spain. The vote was not really selves: If it were not for a talented, two separate roots: 1) diplomacy is about Mr. Zappala or Spain; it was professional, and loyal Foreign Serv¬ marginal to our interests: power, about maintaining the last vestige of ice, the ambassadorial spoils system and the willingness to use it, is the a 19th century spoils system, a would not exist today. No political only force that counts in interna¬ system that parasitizes and weakens contributor would want to be an tional relations; and 2) to the degree the U.S. Foreign Service. In this ambassador without efficient subor¬ that we need to talk to foreign vote, the spoils system won. dinates to carry out instructions, to governments about anything impor¬ In die Senate, opposition to Mr. recommend intelligently, to inter¬ tant, we can do that capably over Zappala’s candidacy was led by Sena¬ pret accurately, and to protect from the telephone or through special tor Paul Sarbanes (D-MD). Senator inconvenience and embarrassment. envoys. Sarbanes said that, after voting for a Being an ambassador without capa¬ The lesson for the Foreign Serv¬ number of candidates that he consid¬ ble minions is simply not much ftin. ice in the 1989 ambassadorial de¬ ered not up to snuff last spring, he But this is a digression—Foreign bate is this: The U.S. Foreign Serv¬ decided that he “just couldn’t take it Service people are too professional ice has a tricky, but serious, image anymore.” and loyal to the Constitution not to problem. Our image is compli¬ What the senator couldn’t take do their best to serve anyone who mentary and insulting. We are com¬ anymore was being asked repeatedly becomes a U.S. ambassador. ing across as both capable but irrele¬ to advise and consent to the appoint¬ The point of importance to the vant. It is painfully obvious that we ments of people carrying almost Foreign Service in the ambassadorial need to work on how Americans none of the qualifications to be debate is that most of our senators perceive the Foreign Service. We ambassador “extraordinary and pleni¬ do not care enough who our ambas¬ need a muscular public relations potentiary” of the world’s most im¬ sadors are. One reason for their not program; not just for ourselves, for portant country, and absolutely none caring is a compliment to the the country. of the qualifications described in the professionalism of the Foreign Serv¬ In the meantime, even though we Foreign Service Act. Although sev¬ ice; the other is a basic insult to our may not win a single Senate floor eral candidates were available to be life’s work. vote, AFSA has no alternative to test cases in that they had made The compliment is that the For¬ opposing ambassadorial nominations major contributions to political cam¬ eign Service makes it possible for an based only on political influence, paigns and had had no previous absolute neophyte in diplomacy to whether purchased outright through involvement in international rela¬ appear to succeed. The Foreign Serv¬ campaign contributions or devel¬ tions, government service, or the ice provides the set, the plot, the oped over time through political country to which they would be lines, and the bit players. In short, alliance. Indeed, regardless of the assigned, Mr. Zappala stood out the Foreign Sendee can make almost popularity of a given president, because of the importance of Spain anyone look pretty good as a U.S. AFSA’s opposition to his unqualified to the United States, because the ambassador. ambassadorial nominees must con¬ five most recent U.S. ambassadors The insult is that many senators tinue to be energetic and forthright. there had been career Foreign Serv¬ ice officers, and because Mr. Zap¬ "Cohort" grievance Impasse Foreseen pala spoke no Spanish. The case arguments heard AFSA foresees the possibility of a appeared strong on the merits for AFSA recently provided oral bargaining impasse in connection advising die president not to ap¬ argument before the Foreign with a number of the department’s point Mr. Zappala. Service Grievance Board on be¬ proposed changes to its disciplinary Appearances were deceiving. The half of the FS-ls who claim that regulations. Management is intent 79 to 20 vote in the Senate to they were misled by the depart¬ on broadening the grounds for in¬ consent to Mr. Zappala’s nomina¬ ment regarding their promotion definite suspension and increasing tion was not on the merits of his opportunity into the Senior For¬ its latitude in determining probable qualifications. To believe the public eign Service. The AFSA general cause for suspension and disciplinary rhetoric of the debate is to believe counsel stressed the department’s action. In order to prevent the that the “aye” voters were voting for responsibility to deal fairly with erosion of employee rights, AFSA the proposition that the president its employees, provide informa¬ has made several counterproposals. should be allowed unfettered discre¬ tion that must be used in mak¬ Because management has not been tion to appoint anyone he wants as ing career decisions, and com¬ receptive to our proposals, a formal U.S. ambassadors, and that political ply with the law governing impasse may be declared in the near loyalty and the asserted ability to management of its personnel future. We will continue to advise telephone the president personally system. our members on developments.

70 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL House Committee on Government questionnaire, which have been Department Operations was briefed. Shortly there¬ shared with AFSA. Replying to the after, Chairman John Conyers, Jr. questionnaire would be voluntary. to survey housing (D-Mich.) asked FBO to suspend Data provided by those who reply in Washington further work on the proposed policy would be used to help determine until the GAO and the OIG could what is “comparable” housing to Since October 1988, FBO has been review FBO’s methodology. GAO housing of employees of the same working on a new housing policy concluded that the methods were grade and family size assigned over¬ and space standards for U.S. gov¬ subjective and therefore the new seas. Some or all of the housing ernment employees assigned over¬ standards were not necessarily com¬ occupied by those participating in seas. According to FBO Director parable to housing occupied by State the survey would subsequendy be Richard Dertadian, the objective of personnel in Washington. measured (from the outside) by a the new policy is “to ensure equity FBO, with senior management commercial real estate appraisal firm. for employees by providing housing approval, decided in October to Any new set of housing space comparable to what the employee conduct a survey of such housing. standards obviously has major impli¬ would occupy in the Washington Employees would be randomly se¬ cations for Foreign Service employ¬ metropolitan area.” A draft was com¬ lected from a list of all Foreign ees. AFSA has asked management pleted in April which, according to Service employees in Washington to inform us of the results of the FBO, would have resulted in a two and all Civil Service employees of housing survey and of any subse¬ percent increase in total overseas equivalent grades and skills. Those quent congressional consultations. space requirements. The staff of the selected would receive a letter and a We will keep members informed.

Professional Issues British parliamentarian speaks at Ruben Memorial Lunch

by Richard S. Thompson, ability to succeed in politics, and to issues, a party based on gender is Coordinator for Professional Issues therefore she is not a role model but “doomed to failure.” On the issue rather a confirmation of the prob¬ of child care as a barrier in a Well-educated, articulate, and capa¬ lem. woman’s career, Currie noted that, ble women are poised to enter the Currie concluded that there is a as a Conservative, she believes mar¬ British Parliament in large numbers. new feminism now, “a well-edu¬ ket forces are what impel employers This was the message of Edwina cated, well-balanced, articulate and to find ways to provide child care Currie, Member of Parliament, and capable bunch who intend to have a and to permit women a “career in Britain the best-known Conserva¬ good career, financial success, and a break” to have children. She added tive politician in die UK after Prime home too, and who won’t be stopped that domestic help is easier to find Minister Thatcher. Currie spoke on by out-dated ideas.” While predict¬ in Britain than in the United States. September 8 at the Janet Ruben ing larger numbers of women in It may be cruel, she asserted, but if Memorial Luncheon held at the Parliament—there are currently 45 a woman can’t organize herself to Foreign Service Club and co¬ out of 600 members—Currie stated devote time to politics, how can she sponsored by AFSA and the that it remained to be seen if they claim the ability to solve the prob¬ Women’s Action Organizations of would be any better legislators than lems of 80,000 constituents? the Department of State, USLA and die men they replace. AFSA sponsors an annual lunch¬ AID. AFSA President Ted Wilkin¬ Responding to questions, Currie eon and other events in honor of the son introduced Mrs. Currie. dismissed the idea of a separate late Janet E. Ruben, a USIA For¬ Currie urged that the best prepa¬ “women’s party” in the United States, eign Service officer and a member ration for a political career is through saying that because voters respond of the AFSA Governing Board. active participation in local govern¬ ment or trade union politics, and through concern for all the voters not just women. She also noted that women would not get ahead unless they become more assertive and take on leadership roles. Paradoxically, she suggested that the success of

Prime Minister Thatcher has led Edwina Currie speaks at the many women to conclude that a Janet Ruben Memorial Lunch¬ woman must have vasdy superior eon held recently at the For¬ eign Service Club.

DECEMBER 1989 71 New USIA representative AFSA Governing Board Omie Kerr, cultural co¬ ordinator for the East Asian Area Office in USIA, oversees offi¬ cial cultural and aca¬ demic exchange pro¬ grams between the United States and Asian/Pacific countries. She was a junior officer in Singapore and director of the binational center in Guatemala. In Washington, she also has been a watch officer in USIA’s Operation Center. Prior to joining USIA, Omie taught high school English for a number of years in the United States, Germany, and Mex¬ ico. She has a bachelor’s degree in The AFSA Governing Board at a recent meeting, l-r: Wendell Morse, John political science from Miami Uni¬ Harter, Samuel Scott, (standing) Vance Pace, David Jones, Omie Kerr, versity and a Master’s degree in (seated) David Schneider, Ross Quan, George Jones, Ted Wilkinson, Teaching English as a Second Lan¬ Charles Schmitz, Michael Davila, Michael Cotter. Absent: Purnell Delly, guage from the University of Ari¬ Eileen Heaphy, David Smith, Charles Uphaus, Bruce Laingen. zona. She speaks Spanish and Ger¬ man. Scholarships 1989 Financial Aid Awards

Cristin Springet, co-director in 1988 ... a heavy Gertrude Stewart • Clare Timberlake Scholarship burden carried with skill and good VIETNAM Administrator nature.” For the 1989/90 Financial Edward T. Wailes • John Campbell White John Whitehead • Theodore A. Xanthaky All Financial Aid Aid Awards, AAFSW contributed grants are given as 57 percent of the total amount. The annual scholarships for this year named scholarships, The other named scholarships were awarded in the names of the and this year the come from perpetual and annual following people: awards. The perpetual awards are Association of Harry G. Barnes, Jr. • Suzanne M. Collins American Foreign Service Women established when donations total David C. Cudiell • Jane Fairweather has named its awards for two out¬ $10,000 or more; the annual awards Anne Scfimidt Gatch • James L. Holmes standing volunteers: Mary Carson are given when contributions exceed Sheldon T. Mills • Susan Lowe Modi $1,000. For the 1989/90 academic and Marguerite Anderson. We are pleased to announce that for year, die perpetual scholarships are “Mary Carson has worked as a the 1989/90 academic year, we have volunteer for BOOKFAIR almost in the following names: awarded 76 scholarships to de¬ since its inception 29 years ago. In Hope Rogers Bastek • BEIRUT pendents of Foreign Service person¬ 1988 she was asked to co-direct William Benton • Robert Woods Bliss nel representing the five foreign BOOKFAIR, and her calm effi¬ David K.E. Bruce • Betty Carp affairs agencies. Twenty-seven states ciency in dealing with the myriad of Wilbur J. Carr • Selden Chapin DACOR • Adolph Dubs are represented with the highest detail was an essential asset and John Foster Dulles • Arthur B. Emmons number going to schools in Vir¬ valued contribution.” Howard Fyfe • Oliver Bishop Harriman ginia. Fifty-seven percent are at¬ “Marguerite Anderson is a long¬ Landreth M. Harrison • Harry A. Havens tending private schools and 43 per¬ time AAFSW volunteer with a par¬ Julius C. Holmes • Charles B. Hosmer Robert E. & Florence L. Macauley cent, state colleges and universities. ticular interest in young people. She Marcia Martin Moore • PARIS Sixteen, or 21 percent, of the stu¬ was the prime mover in the creation Jefferson Patterson dents expect to pursue careers in of the now-traditional Holiday Ball. C. Montagu & Frances M. Pigott foreign languages, international rela¬ . . . For many years she has been in Lowell C. Pinkerton tions, or political science. charge of the foreign language sec¬ George & Helena Shultz Ernest V. Siracusa tion at BOOKFAIR. In addition, Jacq Bachman Siracusa • Clark W. Slade she assumed the task of BOOKFAIR Charles C. & Jane K. Stelle

72 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL A N E S

Congressional activities New staff Rick Weiss biggest budget loser in the appro¬ Congressional Liaison priation conference was contribu¬ tions to international organizations In October, congressional authoriz¬ and contributions for international ing and appropriation committees peace-keeping activities, with $90 met in conference to reach compro¬ million cut from the Senate-passed mises and decisions on the Depart¬ levels. ment of State and USIA budgets. USIA was disappointed that the While it appears that the foreign conference reduced the appropria¬ affairs agencies will be able to squeak tion level of the Senate-passed bill by without having to threaten per¬ by $10 million to $638,569,000. We welcome Julia T. Schieken sonnel cuts, the results of Congress’s The conference agreement includes (top) as the FOREIGN SERVICE final action are a disappointing out¬ $171,224,000 for VOA; JOURNAL’S new assistant editor come to a budget year that began $32,800,000 for television and film with a considerably more auspicious and advertising manager. Julia services; and $36,720,000 for other attended Virginia Common¬ OMB request. S&E. Finally, the appropriation con¬ The Smith and Hollings appro¬ wealth University and has ference, in the general provisions to worked at Sculpture magazine. priations subcommittee conference the legislation, provided that the met October 19 and agreed to final Other new staff members are House and Senate Foreign Rela¬ Monique Copeland, the execu¬ funding levels. In the administrative tions Committee have until Novem¬ salaries and expenses section, the tive assistant at AFSA’s State ber 30 to secure final passage of office, and Champa Jarmul, the conference agreement includes their authorization bill. Until the $1,741,239,000 and transfers of administrative assistant at the end of November, State and USIA AFSA building. $51,152,000 from the FBO account funding is at the rate available for to salaries and expenses. The confer¬ FY 1989 or at the rate passed by the ence agreement “also reflects $12 Senate in H.R. 2991 (the appropria¬ million in anticipated gains in for¬ tion bill). The House and Senate eign currency purchases above the foreign relations committees have rates in the budget estimates.” scheduled the initial meeting of their The 1990 appropriation legisla¬ conference on the State authoriza¬ tion provides $16,465,000 for con¬ tion bill for FY 90 and 91 for tinued modernization of the tele¬ October 26. As for the AID appro¬ communications network (DOS- priation, a conference to reconcile TIN), $5 million for purchase of Senate and House bills is to be computers at the Beltsville Informa¬ scheduled shortly. Once again, it tion Management Center, $14 mil¬ appears that there will be no AID lion for the second year construction costs of the foreign affairs training center, and $4 million for the con¬ Contact reporting rules strengthened tinuation of the machine-readable visa project. Finally, the conference Effective no later than November all foreign nationals rather than only agreed to fund the Office of Security 15, 1989, all U.S. government em¬ contacts with nationals of countries Oversight in the Inspector General’s ployees under the jurisdiction of the on the list, and creation of a uni¬ office at the $2,328,000 level. chief of mission at a post abroad will form briefing form that all em¬ The appropriations conference be subject to a stricter policy regard¬ ployees must sign, stating that the agreed to fond the following capital ing reporting of contacts and frater¬ employee has read and understands projects in the FBO account: nization with foreign nationals. The the new policy. $88,484,000 for construction of a new policy is based upon a National Although AFSA supports responsi¬ new embassy in Bangkok; Security Decision Directive (NSDD- ble and rational procedures to safe¬ $11,400,000 for a new embassy in 197), issued by the National Secu¬ guard the national security, we be¬ Papua, New Guinea; $20 million rity Council in 1985. The major lieve that absolute prohibition of for security construction projects in changes instituted by the new policy any intimate relationships with na¬ other agencies; and $9,300,000 for include an increase in the list of tionals of countries on the estab¬ security supervision expenses at on¬ countries in which contact with lished list is unreasonably rigid and going construction projects. nationals must be reported, a prohi¬ difficult if not impossible to enforce. According to State Department bition of “intimate” relationships The department agreed to con¬ officials, the S8cE account is very with nationals of countries on the sider our concerns prior to tight, but they believe they will be list, a new requirement that employ¬ implementation of the policy. able to squeeze through 1990. The ees report suspicious contacts with

DECEMBER 1989 73 AFSA Testimony to Hill Committee

The following remarks are excerpted cent are currently not tenured.) Bremer but AFSA believes that most affected from AFSA President Ted Wilkinson’s would select out 15 percent at this Foreign Service officers would support statement on the Thomas Commission point, while Thomas would grant ten¬ the idea of a separate multifunctional and Bremer Committee reports, intro¬ ure only to the extent of vacancies and cone as an interim solution, and possi¬ needed skills at mid-levels. Many of bly a lasting one. . . . duced at time of testimony to the House AFSA’s junior officer members have Career Pattern: The Thomas model Subcommittees on Civil Service and expressed concerns about both lengthen¬ would establish substantially slower pro¬ International Operations on October ing tenure and tightening the threshold, motions and longer careers, with promo¬ 17, 1989. (Full text available on and we do not see any reason to increase tions strictly limited to vacancies at request). arbitrarily the time the junior officers higher levels. Bremer also proposes to must spend in untenured status. We do abolish the senior window (which he Implementation of Common Recom¬ believe tenuring should be seen as a thinks the secretary of state could bring mendations: Our constituents are largely more meaningful threshold than it now about without legislation), and suggests active duty Foreign Service personnel is, and would propose the gradual phas¬ various time in class limits which his whose interests would be adversely af¬ ing in of stricter qualitative criteria .... analysis indicated would slow down fected by radical change without ade¬ Cone system: There is much criti¬ promotions slightly but would assure a quate provisions for transition. But we cism within the Service that the present 25-year career for tenured officers. do believe that many of the recommen¬ system of four cones in State (political, AFSA would not oppose in principle dations proposed by Thomas and Bre¬ economic, consular and administrative) the idea of slightly reduced promotion mer represent earnest efforts to deal is too rigid in two senses. First, officers rates, but the financial impact on already with real problems, and that manage¬ assigned to cones at entry have no real strained family resources must be consid¬ ment must either adopt them, in some understanding of their job requirements ered. What is more urgent is the restora¬ modified form or come up with solu¬ and career prospects, yet they have great tion of pay parity between government tions of its own. difficulty later switching to other cones. professionals and the private sector. Workforce Requirements: The de¬ Others do not wish to change cones, Moreover, reduced promotion rates partment has a clearly defined position but encounter obstacles—not the least should not be implemented unless and structure, but the Bremer Report urges of which are diminished promotion until it can be demonstrated clearly and that it be reviewed and redefined as prospects—when they seek out-of-cone objectively that such a step is necessary workload requirements evolve. The Tho¬ assignments to broaden themselves for to establish a more stable career pattern mas Commission stresses the need for eventual management responsibilities. To and reduce the present loss of experi¬ long-range personnel planning. In AFSA’s overcome these rigidities, Bremer pro¬ enced and still relatively young officers view, both annual reviews and long) range poses reducing the four cones to two who fail to pass the senior threshold. projections are essential for developing more general “disciplines” (Policy Devel¬ The Foreign Service is not the NFL, and validating the “stability” of the opment and Operations/Resource Man¬ and an officer is not necessarily less Foreign Service career. Yet the depart¬ agement) with an undefined number of useful at age 50 than when he was ment apparently still has no plans to “sub-specializations” in each, while Tho¬ younger. We need seasoned diplomats implement either of these important mas would instead increase the number with languages and experience who are recommendations. of areas of specialization by the establish¬ capable of handling many situations One impediment to making pro¬ ing of “functional categories” of which more effectively than younger, less- jections has clearly been the difficulty of he gives an illustrative list of 14 for the experienced officers. Overall, to keep in foreseeing future workforce requirements. State Department. Both proposals would older officers who are still effective How could one have predicted 20 years have officers move around between the while giving younger officers a chance, ago, for instance, the need for narcotics disciplines or among the functional cate¬ we prefer the Bremer recommendations personnel? We think this difficulty can gories, and would require a variety of on timc)in)class requirements. . . . be overcome by making one simple, experience for promotion. Legislative Action: The two reports broad assumption about growth require¬ It appears from the remarks of Under differ sharply on the need for legislation. ments. An increasingly interdependent Secretary Selin last week that he and the The Bremer study concludes that neces¬ global community has led to an increase director general are moving towards a sary reforms can be made within the of about 30 percent in State’s Foreign third option: the creation of a fifth, or framework of the 1980 Foreign Service Service officer corps in the last 25 years. “interfunctional” cone for officers who Act. We agree with this conclusion. The Projecting the same trend into the fu¬ seek to move more freely among the Thomas Commission, on the other hand, ture would mean only one percent Foreign Service disciplines, leaving in¬ proposed a series of amendments to the growth per year. Congress should encour¬ tact the four existing cones for others Act. AFSA opposes many of these amend¬ age the State Department to proceed who prefer (or are counselled toward) ments, which are only distantly related with personnel needs projections studies developing deeper expertise in one area. or even contrary to the Commission’s based on this premise. This would allow We think this is an enlightened interim mandate to develop a system that pro¬ development of flow-through rates, hir¬ course; in fact, it recognizes a recent vides career stability. ing to accord more precisely with pro¬ trend, which features selection for pro¬ If there is any need for legislation, it jected needs, and career projections which motion of a fixed percentage of middle- would be to implement a package of could truly be more “stable ... 7 grade officers each year on an “interfunc- complementary measures worked out by Tenure: Both reports propose a longer tional” basis. The process needs to be the Department of State and other period of assessment before granting regularized and spelled out more clearly, Foreign Service agencies in consultation tenure to junior officers, and making the so that officers can make informed with AFSA and other interested organi¬ threshold more stringent (Only 4 per¬ decisions about which track they prefer, zations.

74 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL Abrams, Elliott, Response to Frank McNeil March DIPLOMACY: Are Diplomats Patriotic?, by D.D. Newsom March Adverse Environments and Foreign Service Children, Eagleburger, Lawrence S., Uncharted Waters December by Robert W. and Sue M. Maule January Eton Training, by Teresa and David Jones October AFSA Annual Report December EUROPE: The European Community, by Felix S. Bloch July/Aug AFSA Merit Scholars September EUROPE: 1992 and the European Political Cooperation, After FSX, by Kevin Kearns December by Christopher W. Murray July/Aug AID: Back to the Drafting Table, by Richard E. Bissell February Fast Times at Hindi High, by Kitty Thuermer April AID: Development Specialists, Managers and Diplomats, Fine, Michael, Florida as a Hardship Post June by William Haven North May Fisher, Roger, Negotiations in Concert October AID: Population Funding Controversy, by N. Piet-Pelon January Fitzgerald, E. Lee, Court Orders End to Sex Discrimination June AID: Task Force Assesses AID Trends, by Lee Hamilton February Fitzgerald, Elizabeth Lee, Handicapped Children October AID: Trade Can Be Aid, by Karl Hofmann June Fitzgerald, Elizabeth Lee, Life after Retirement July/Aug AID: The U.S. and the Majority of the World, by R.J. BergFebruary Fitzgerald, Elizabeth Lee, The Unmarried Dilemma January Anderson, Jim, The President’s Man in the State Dept December Florida as a Hardship Post, by Michael Fine June Anderson, Jim, The Secretary Speaks, Interview December FOREIGN SERVICE: Adverse Environments and FS Children, ANGOLA: Delivering Grain to Angola, by R. Gordon November by R.W. and S.M. Maule January Are Diplomats Patriotic?, by David D. Newsom March FOREIGN SERVICE: Clientitis In Economic Reporting, ARMS CONTROL: New Initiatives in Force Reduction, by George Baker June by C.G. Stefan October FOREIGN SERVICE: Conventional Wisdom, by John E. Langjunc Back in the USSR, by Alan and Nicole Logan April FOREIGN SERVICE: Creating a Life Service, Back to the Drafting Table, by Richard E. Bissell February by Rhoda E.A. Hackler September Baker, George, Clientitis in Economic Reporting June FOREIGN SERVICE: Dear Mr.Secretary February Baker, Katharine G., Moving in Step June FOREIGN SERVICE: Earn Training, by T.&D. Jones October BAKER: The President’s Man, by Jim Anderson December FOREIGN SERVICE: Foreign Service Crystal Ball, BAKER: The Secretary Speaks, Interview, by Roger Dankert June by Jim Anderson December FOREIGN SERVICE: Foreign Service Heresy, by D.T. Jones June The Bank Robber, by Franklyn E. Stevens July/Aug FOREIGN SERVICE: Honor Roll, by D.T. Jones May Barry, Robert L., Virginia fames Byerly March FOREIGN SERVICE: Lost in Creation, by Nancy Tucker April Benton, N.F., State’s Press Briefing November Godsey, Fred, The Toughest Consul June Berg, Robert J., The U.S. and the Majority of the World February Goodison, R.A.C., Language Training June Bissell, Richard E., Back to the Drafting Table February Gordon, Robert, Delivering Grain to Angola November Bloch, Felix S., The European Community July/Aug Green, Marshall, Working with Dulles May Bushnell, Prudence, Leadership at State September Hackler, Rhoda E.A., Creating a Life Service September CENTRAL AMERICA: Response to Frank McNeil, by Elliott Hamilton, Lee, Task Force Assesses AID Trends February Abrams March Handicapped Children, by Elizabeth Lee Fitzgerald October CENTRAL AMERICA: Short-order Intelligence, Historical Perspective, by C. Naas and H. Precht April by Frank McNeil March Hi-Tech Diplomacy, by Teresa Chin Jones May CENTRAL AMERICA: 1,000 Points cf Light in Hofmann, Karl, Trade Can Be Aid June Central America, by Daniel J. Seyler October The Hostage Crisis, by Moorhead Kennedy November CHINA: The Last Americans in Hankow, 1949, Huddleston, Vicki, State’s Image on the Hill September by Rolf J. Huso September HUMAN RIGHTS: The Unaccepted Challenge, CHINA: Handling the China Evacuation, by Thomas A. Shannon May by Patty J. Meier September Huso, Rolf J., The Last Americans in Hankow, 1949 September Churchill, Malcolm, Up or Out July/Aug Ingraham, Edward C., Metriphobia, An American Disease January Clientitis in Economic Reporting, by George Baker June Intercultural Marriages, by Elizabeth Lee December Coming Together in Crisis, by Marian Precht November INTERVIEW: Conversation with George P. Shultz March Connors, Stephen Edward, Jefferson in Paris, 1789 July/Aug INTERVIEW: The Secretary Speaks, by Jim Anderson December Contrasts in History, by Stephen N. Sestanovich April IRAN: Coming Together in Crisis, by Marian Precht November Conventional Wisdom, by John E. Lange June IRAN: Historical Perspective, by H. Precht and C. Naas April Conversation with George P. Shultz, Interview March IRAN: The Hostage Crisis, by M. Kennedy November Court Orders End to Sex Discrimination, by E. Lee Fitzgerald June IRAN: Ten Tears Later, by Bruce Laingen November Creating a Life Service, by Rhoda E.A. Hackler September JAPAN: After FSX, by Kevin L. Kearns December Cruit, Bette J., The Winner is... July/Aug JAPAN: John Bingham...Who?, by Jack H. Shellenberger September Dankert, Roger, Foreign Service Crystal Ball June Jefferson in Paris, 1789, by Stephen Edward Connors July/Aug Dear Mr.Secretary February John Bingham...Who?, by Jack H. Shellenberger September Delivering Grain to Angola, by Robert Gordon November Johnson, Thomas F., Rough Road to Moscow October Develop Both Experts and Generalists, by Lannon Walker January Jones, Curtis F., The Microdot July/Aug Development Specialists, Managers, Diplomats, by W.H. North May Jones, David T., Foreign Service Heresy June DIPLOMACY: Jefferson in Paris, 1789, Jones, David T., Foreign Service Honor Roll May by Stephen E. Connors July/Aug Jones, Teresa Chin, Hi-Tech Diplomacy May DIPLOMACY: Uncharted Waters, by L.S. Eagleburger December Jones, T. and D., Econ Training October DIPLOMACY: Negotiations in Concert, by Roger Fisher October JOURNAL: Back in the USSR, by Nicole and Alan Logan April DIPLOMACY: Working with Dulles, by Marshall Green May JOURNAL: The Bank Robber, by Franklyn E. Stevens July/Aug

DECEMBER 1989 75 JOURNAL: Last Americans in Hankow, by R.J. Huso September Precht, Marian, Coming Together in Crisis November JOURNAL: Memorial Day in Kabul, by Mary Thomas SargentMay The President’s Man, by Jim Anderson December JOURNAL: Me triphobia, by Edward C. Ingraham January The Prune Book, by John H. Trattner January JOURNAL: The Microdot, by Curtis F. Jones July/Aug Reddy, Leo, Rejuvenate with Expertise January JOURNAL: Niger Storm, by Alice Slattery July/Aug Rejuvenate with Expertise, by Leo Reddy January JOURNAL: Rough Road to Moscow, by T.F. Johnson October Response to Frank McNeil, by Elliott Abrams March JOURNAL: The Toughest Consul, by Fred Godsey June Rough Road to Moscow, by Thomas F. Johnson October JOURNAL: Virginia James Byerly, by Robert L. Barry March Rubin, Barry, State’s Image: Legacy of200 Tears September JOURNAL: The President Comes Calling, by M. Kraus February Sargent, Mary Thomas, Memorial Day in Kabul May JOURNAL: The Winner is..., by Bette J. Cruit July/Aug SCHOLARSHIPS: AFSA Merit Scholars September Kearns, Kevin L., After FSX December The Secretary Speaks, Interview, by Jim Anderson December Kennedy, Moorhead, The Hostage Crisis November Sestanovich, Stephen N., Contrasts in History April Koenig, John and Odor, Sandra, Time on the Watch February Seyler, D.J., 1,000 Points of Light in Central America October Kraus, Max, When the President Comes Calling February Shannon, Thomas A., The Unaccepted Challenge May Laingen, Bruce, Ten Tears Later November Shellenberger, Jack 11, John Bingham... Who? September Lange, John E., Conventional Wisdom June Short-order Intelligence, by Frank McNeil March Language Training, by R.A.C. Goodison June SHULTZ: Conversation with George P. Shultz, Interview March The Last Americans in Hankow, 1949, by Rolf J. Huso September Single Parents, by Patty J. Meier September Leadership at State, by Prudence Bushnell September Slattery, Alice, Niger Storm July/Aug Lee, Elizabeth, lntercultural Marriages December Spaso House: Backdrop to History, by Rebecca B. Matlock April The Lessons of Islamabad, by James Thurber, Jr. November State’s Image: Legacy of200 Tears, by Barry Rubin September Life after Retirement, by Elizabeth Lee Fitzgerald July/Aug State’s Image on the Hill, by Vicki Huddleston September Logan, Alan and Nicole, Back in the USSR April STATE: Leadership at State, by Prudence Bushnell September Lost in Creation, by Nancy Bernkopf Tucker April STATE: State’s Image: Legacy of200 Tears, by B. Rubin September Luppi, Ann, Thomas vs. Bremer July/Aug STATE: State’s Image on the Hill, by Vicki Huddleston September Matlock, Rebecca B., Spaso House: Backdrop to History April STATE: State’s Press Briefing, by N.F. Benton November Maule, R.W. & S.M., Adverse Environments and Foreign Stefan, Charles G., New Initiatives in Force Reduction October Service Children January Stevens, Franklyn E., The Bank Robber July/Aug McNeil, Frank, Short-order Intelligence March Task Force Assesses AID Trends, by Lee Hamilton February Meier, Patty J., The China Evacuation September Ten Tears Later, by Bruce Laingen November Meier, Patty J., Single Parents September Thomas vs. Bremer, by Ann Luppi July/Aug Memorial Day in Kabul, by Mary Thomas Sargent May Thuermer, Kitty, Fast Times at Hindi High April Metriphobia, An American Disease, by E.C. Ingraham January Thurber, James Jr., The Lessons of Islamabad November The Microdot, by Curtis F. Jones July/Aug Time on the Watch, John Koenig and Sandra Oder February Mitchell, George C., World Affairs Councils July/Aug The Toughest Consul, by Fred Godsey June Moving in Step, by Katharine G. Baker June Trade Can Be Aid, by Karl Hofmann June Murray, C.W., 1992 and European Political Cooperation July/Aug TRAINING: Earn Training, by Teresa and David Jones October Naas, Charles and Precht, Henry, Historical Perspective April TRAINING: Hi-Tech Diplomacy, by Teresa Chin Jones May Negotiations in Concert, by Roger Fisher October TRAINING: Human Rights: The Unaccepted Challenge, New Initiatives in Force Reduction, by Charles G. Stefan October by T.A.Shannon May Newsom, David D., Are Diplonmts Patriotic March TRAINING: Language Training, by R.A.C. Goodison June Niger Storm, by Alice Slattery July/Aug Trattner, John H., The Prune Book January 1992 and European Political Cooperation, by C. Murray July/Aug Tucker, Nancy Bernkopf, Lost in Creation April North, William H., AID: Development Specialists, Managers, The Unaccepted Challenge, by Thomas A. Shannon May and Diplomats May Uncharted Waters, by Lawrence S. Eagleburger December 1,000 Points of Light in Central America, by D.J. Seyler October The Unmarried Dilemma, by Elizabeth Lee Fitzgerald January Odor, Sandra and John Koenig, Time on the Watch February Up or Out, by Malcolm Churchill July/Aug PAKISTAN: The Lessons of Islamabad, The U.S. and the Majority of the World, by Robert J. Berg February by James Thurber, Jr. November USSR: Rough Road to Moscow, by Thomas F. Johnson October PEOPLE: Fast Times at Hindi High, by Kitty Thuermer April USSR: Back in the USSR, by Nicole and Alan Logan April PEOPLE: Handicapped Children, by E. Lee Fitzgerald October USSR: Spaso House: Backdrop to History, by R.B. Madock April PEOPLE: lntercultural Marriages, by Elizabeth Lee December Virginia James Byerly, by Robert L. Barry March PEOPLE: Life after Retirement, by E. Ice Fitzgerald July/Aug Walker, Lannon, Develop Both Experts and Generalists January PEOPLE: Moving in Step, by Katharine G. Baker June When the President Comes Calling, by Max Kraus February PEOPLE: Single Parents, by Patty J. Meier September The Winner is. . ., by Bette J. Cruit July/Aug PEOPLE: Time on the Watch, by S. Odor and J. Koenig February Working with Dulles, by Marshall Green May PEOPLE: The Unmarried Dilemma, by E. Lee Fitzgerald January World Affairs Councils, by George C. Mitchell July/Aug PERSONNEL: Up or Out, by Malcolm Churchill July/Aug PERSONNEL: Thomas vs. Bremer, by Ann Luppi July/Aug PERSONNEL: Rejuvetmte with Expertise, by Leo Reddy January PERSONNEL: The Prune Book, by John H. Trattner January PERSONNEL: Develop Both Experts and Generalists, by Lannon Walker January Piet-Pelon, Nancy, The Population Funding Controversy January The Population Funding Controversy, by Nancy Piet-Pelon January 76 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL The Mona Lisa would he Safe and Secure here— So will Your Valuables!

44 During our two-year stay in 44 . this was not only the longest Indonesia, Interstate took excellent move we have made, it was the best! care of our prized belongings. Their Absolutely nothing was broken, A storage facilities are wonderful and Catherine Beale, they were responsive to our every Germany need. ^ Dorothea Judy, Fredericksburg, Virginia 44 It was a great comfort to see the way you handled my possessions, 44 We had a large number of from a pair of boots to my dishes priceless and irreplaceable antiques. and glassware to my very precious Interstate was meticulous in bric-a-brac. Imagine my relief and attention to every detail in terms of delight when I found that not one wrapping and padding the furniture piece of furniture had been scratched and in packing and unloading each nor one precious item damaged in item. ^ any way. 99 Henry L. Taylor, Connie Smith, Seymour, Illinois Helena, Montana

“WV ¥ hen it’s time to entrust your valuable belongings for moving or storage, you can select Interstate Van Lines with confidence. Since 1943 Interstate has represented a tradition of excellence and quality for all of your moving needs. A contractor for the Department of State, Interstate offers you trained professionals, custom-tailored and safe climate- controlled storage, personal consultation throughout your move, a world-wide network, and an enduring commitment to provide you the finest in service. D

A personal message from Arthur E. Morrissette, founder and president. INTERSTATE Van aCinei dfnc. In VA 703-569-2121, Ext. 233 • 800-336-4533 • In MD 301-773-3555 MC1745 5801 Rolling Road, Springfield, VA 22152 FF357 Eagle Talon Dodge Dynasty

Plymouth Voyager Jeep Cherokee

Chrysler LeBaron Convertible YOUR PASSPORT TO SAVINGS. As a member of the Diplomatic Delivery can be arranged for the United Corps, you are entitled to special States or most overseas locations. privileges through Chrysler’s Diplomatic It’s easy to take advantage of these Purchase Program. In addition to special privileges. Just mail in the professional service, you’ll receive convenient response card on page 7 and preferred savings on a full line of 1990 we’ll send you a catalog plus complete Chrysler Motors products. Choose from information on the Diplomatic Purchase Chrysler, Plymouth, Dodge and Eagle Program. Or call (313) 978-6526 or telex cars, or Jeep and Dodge Truck vehicles. 0235264 CHRYEXIMDET. 4^ CHRYSLER W MOTORS INTERNATIONAL OPERATIONS