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IAI Research Studies According to UN projections, Africa’s population is set to double to 2.4 IAI Research Studies are monographs written by one or 3 ISSN 2611-867X billion by 2050, and it is expected to hit 4.3 billion by the end of the century. IAI Research Studies more authors (IAI or external experts) on key global issues, 1. Andrea Dessì, Ettore Greco (edited by), The Search for Stability in Libya. By then, about one-third of all of humanity will live on the continent. While mainly linked to international politics and international OSCE’s Role between Internal Obstacles and External Challenges, 2018 Y relations. The aim is to promote greater and more up to date many studies have focused on the present and the future of Africa and its OUTH knowledge of emerging issues and trends and help prompt 2. Lorenzo Kamel, Asli Selin Okyay (edited by), Realizing Youth Potential interconnections with Europe, it is rare to hear how young people from AND public debate. in the Mediterranean. Unlocking Opportunities, Overcoming Challenges, 2018 Africa view and interpret current developments unfolding in their A 3. Lorenzo Kamel, (edited by), Youth and Africa, 2020 countries. To fill this gap, Youth and Africa brings together seven FRICA IAI is a private, independent non-profit think tank, founded outstanding young professionals from the Maghreb and sub-Saharan in 1965 on the initiative of Altiero Spinelli. IAI seeks to Africa. They shed light on challenges and opportunities, and remind us that Kamel Lorenzo edited by promote awareness of international politics and to contribute “Africa is a voice to be heard, not a problem to be solved”. to the advancement of European integration and multilateral cooperation. Its focus embraces topics of strategic relevance such as European integration, security and defence, Book cover: African School Girl. international economics and global governance, energy, climate and Italian foreign policy; as well as the dynamics of cooperation and conflict in key geographical regions such as the Mediterranean and Middle East, Asia, Eurasia, Africa and the Americas. Established in June 2014, New-Med is a research network of Mediterranean experts and policy analysts with a special interest in the complex social, political, cultural and security-related dynamics that are unfolding in the Mediterranean region. The network is developed by IAI, in cooperation with the OSCE Secretariat in Vienna, the Compagnia di San Paolo of Turin, the Italian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation, and the German Marshall Fund (GMF) of the United States. At the core of the New-Med activities stands the need to rethink the role of multilateral, regional and sub-regional organizations, to make them better equipped to respond to fast-changing YOUTH AND AFRICA local and global conditions and to address the pressing demands coming from Mediterranean societies all around the edited by basin. Lorenzo Kamel 9788833653075_120_LM_2 SEGUICI SUI SOCIAL NETWORK 17.00 EURO IAI Research Studies YOUTH AND AFRICA edited by Lorenzo Kamel in collaboration with Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation Edizioni Nuova Cultura This edited volume has benefited from the financial support of the Fondazione Compagnia di San Paolo and the Policy Planning Unit of the Italian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation pursuant to art. 23-bis of Presidential Decree 18/1967. The views expressed in this volume are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily re- flect the views of the Fondazione Compagnia di San Paolo, the Italian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation, the OSCE, its participating States or the institution- _________________________al partners of the New-Med Research Network. Series Editor Lorenzo Kamel First published 2020 by Edizioni Nuova Cultura For Istituto Affari Internazionali (IAI) Via Angelo Brunetti 9 – I-00186 Roma www.iai.it Copyright © 2020 Edizioni Nuova Cultura - Roma ISBN: 9788833653075 ISSN: 2611-867X Cover design: Luca Mozzicarelli. Cover photo: Riccardo Mayer. Graphic Composition: by Luca Mozzicarelli. The unauthorized reproduction of this book, even partial, carried out by any means, including photocopying, even for internal or didactic use, is prohibited by copyright. Table of Contents List of Contributorsby Lorenzo ........................................................................................................................ Kamel 9 List of Abbreviations .................................................................................................................. 11 Introduction, ............................................................................................. 15 by Margaret Monyani 1. Regional Migration Regimes and Border Security in the Horn of Africa, ............................................................................................................. 19 1.1 Historical background of IGAD ................................................................................ 20 1.2. Migration drivers and trends in the Horn of Africa ..................................... 22 1.3. IGAD’s migration regime structure ...................................................................... 25 Conclusion .................................................................................................................................. 28 References ..................................................................................................................................by Aya Damir 29 2. The Women of Sudan in Times of War and Peace, ...................... 33 2.1.1 Women in peace negotiations 2.1 A brief history of Sudanese women’s political engagement ....................... 34 ......................................................................... 36 2.2.1 Juba Peace Negotiations (JPN) 2.2 The role of women in overthrowing al-Bashir ................................................. 37 2.2.2 Gender analysis of the Constitutional Declaration ....................................................................... 38 ................................ 39 2.3.1 The identity of Sudanese women 2.3 Conclusion and policy recommendations ........................................................... 40 2.3.2 Policy recommendations ................................................................... 40 .................................................................................. 42 References .................................................................................................................................. 46 by Nabil Ferdaoussi 3. (Vulner)abilities of Sub-Saharan Women Migrants in Morocco, ................................................................................................................. 49 3.1 Vulnerability reconsidered in the context of Sub-Saharan female migration in Morocco ................................................................................................... 51 3.2 Sub-Saharan female migrants: Deconstructing (vulner)ability .............. 52 3.3 Morocco’s new migration policy fails: Instrumentalising human-trafficking discourse .................................................................................... 53 3.4 Disproportionately vulnerable: Female Sub-Saharan migrants amid the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic ............................................................. 56 Conclusion and policy recommendations ................................................................... 58 References .................................................................................................................................. 61 TABLE OF CONTENTS by Victor O. Achem 4. Nigerian Youths: A Euro-African Strategy for Climate Change Adaptation, ........................................................................................ 65 4.1.1 Changes in seasonality and spread of diseases 4.1 Ecological damage from climate change ............................................................. 66 4.1.2 Changes in ecosystem productivity ........................................ 67 .............................................................. 68 4.2.1 Herders–farmers conflict 4.2 Conflicts related to land resource management ............................................. 70 ................................................................................. 70 Conclusion .................................................................................................................................. 72 References .................................................................................................................................. 73 by Hadjar Aounaf 5. Environmental Degradation and Climate Change in Africa: The Challenge of Raising Awareness, ....................................... 77 5.1 Climate change: Causes and consequences ........................................................ 77 5.2 Climate change in security studies debates ...................................................... 79 5.3.1 Food and health security 5.3 Impacts of and vulnerabilities to climate change in Africa ....................... 80 5.3.2 Economic and political security .................................................................................. 81 5.3.3 Civil conflicts and internal violence .................................................................... 82 5.3.4 A nurturing environment for terrorism and organised crime ............................................................. 82 5.3.5 Environmental
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