MACEDONIA: THE CONFLICT AND THE MEDIA SEENPM / BHRN Macedonian Institute for Media, Skopje, Macedonia 1 This book is published under the cross-cutting project Media coverage of the Macedonian Conflict of the South East European Network for Professionalization of the Media (SEENPM) and Balkan Human Rights Network (BHRN) with the kind support of FRESTA SEE Program of the Danish Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Foundation Press Now, Netherlands We would like to thanks to all contributors and partners who assist us in putting together and publishing this book: authors, editor, copy editors, interpreters, collaborators, our partner organizations from SEE region, members of SEENPM and all others involved in the execution of the project. This book is published in the following languages: Macedonian, Albanian and English. 2 MACEDONIA: THE CONFLICT AND THE MEDIA Macedonian Institute for Media Skopje, 2003 3 MACEDONIA: The Conflict and The Media Publisher: Macedonian Institute for Media Porta Bunjakovec A2/1, 1000 Skopje R.Macedonia www.mim.org.mk [email protected] Copyright @ 2003 by Macedonian Institute for Media, Macedonia All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the Publisher. Editor: Alistair Crighton Copy editors: Annabel Egan & Bronwyn Jones CIP - Katalogizacija vo publikacija narodna i univerzitetska biblioteka “Sv. Kliment Ohridski”, Skopje 316.774:355.48(497.7)”2001” 355.48(497.7):316.774”2001” MACEDONIA: the conflict and the media / [editor: Alistair Crighton]. - Skopje: Macedonian Institute for Media, 2003. 195 str.; 23 sm fusnoti kon tekstot ISBN 9989-2182-3-4 1. Crighton, Alistair a) Vojna - Makedonija - 2001 - Mediumi b) Mediumi - Vojna - Makedonija - 2001 COBISS.MK - ID 53551114 4 CONTENTS Forewords [7] Alistair Crighton Albania’s Media: A professional approach [15] Llazar Semini The war in Macedonia was Bosnia-lite [27] Senad Slatina Macedonia, the hub of the Balkans [35] Nikolay Petrov Whatever happened to objectivity? [53] Takis Diamandis Shedding light on an invisible crisis [63] Athamadia Baboula & Lina Roussopoulou Misunderstandings and the threat of permanent friction [81] Hakif Maliqi Foreign media coverage: manipulation or ignorance? [87] Aleksandar Damovski Fact and fiction: the media’s negative role [97] Iso Rusi Far Away from South Serbia [115] Dragan Djokovic The clashes in Macedonia and the Turkish media [129] Oral Calislar 5 In defence of international coverage [141] Bill Hayton A British perspective [159] Paul Wood War and Peace [165] Andrei Tsapliyenko The Macedonian Crisis in the American Media [177] German Filkov 6 Foreword Alistair Crighton has reported from Russia and Lebanon, and has worked for UK newspapers including the Daily Mail, the Sunday Times and the Scotsman 7 8 Foreword By Alistair Crighton Taken as a whole, this book offers a later that other parties joined in the fascinating insight into how the media killing”. This cynicism is taken further in different countries reacted to and by the same country’s Dani magazine: reported on the conflict in Macedonia in 2001. “First, there is a crazy idea launched by ambitious and criminal minds. It also shows that the media in the Then the media come along. After the region is much more than a mirror of media, comes the fear. After the fear, society; while it can and does reflect there is the first fool that pulls the the public opinion, it also plays a major trigger. Then, the names of the dead role in shaping that opinion in the first in the newspapers. The names become place, through the selective reporting numbers and no one remembers them of facts and a bias to one source, any more. At the end, there are false official or otherwise, over another, as promises and peace conferences.” well by allowing free reign to certain political ideas through editorials, It was not the aim of this introduction commentary and analysis. to draw too many conclusions or give a potted history of the conflict (attem– The Bosnian journalist Senad Slatina pting to summarise even recent events takes a very negative view of the press in the Balkans, especially as part of a in the region in his piece, titled The project like this, is inherently difficult War in Macedonia was Bosnia Lite — and fraught with dangers; here, at a rather disparaging, cynical allusion least, we can let the facts – the repor– to lower-alcohol, reduced calorie tage – speak for themselves.) How– beers. The rather war-weary tone of ever, a few common trends emerge this piece reflects a deep distrust of the which deserve closer attention. media’s role in Balkan conflicts: “the first combatants in the conflict in A faintly disturbing seam, which runs Macedonia were the media, both through many of the pieces from the Macedonian and Albanian. It was only Balkans, is the cry of ‘It’s not our fault!’ 9 The events in Macedonia – and almost nonsense, which amounts to little any in the Balkans – are not as a result more than scaremongering against its of longstanding ethnic tensions, poli– neighbours. tical rivalries or historic disputes: rather they are the result of outside Indeed, the Albanian media dismissed machinations, be it militant extremists the idea of a Greater Albanian striving to establish a mythical Greater outright. If, as is alluded in so many of Albania, or the West coming up with these articles, such an idea was the yet another grandiose scheme to keep cornerstone of the UCK’s actions, not the Balkans in its place, or find a new one of the 14 articles in this book can route for oil. point to a single line in the Albanian, ethnic Albanian or Kosovan media In the regard, the Greek press appears supporting such an aim. Indeed, to be bordering on the paranoid – and According to the analysis in this book, irresponsible. In Athamadia Baboula the Albanian media strove to achieve and Lina Roussopoulou’s excellent balanced, fair coverage of the events; and extremely comprehensive re– given the media’s lack of resources, search into coverage of the events by and of course the ethnic ties and two of the leading Greek papers, Ta expected natural sympathy to the Nea and Elepftherotypia, one report Albanian Macedonians, that the media cannot go unquestioned: the unnamed managed to pull this off with a fair foreign diplomat who says that the fear degree of success is a major achieve– of a Greater Albania – taking in ment, showing a sophistication among Greece, or parts of it – is very real the private and state broadcasters and indeed. But the same diplomat then newspapers that many outside the exposes this statement as being utterly country may find surprising. fatuous by saying a) lacking a sizeable Albanian minority, there would be No such luck in Macedonia itself, absolutely no support for such a however, where the media drew its movement, and b) Greece is a member own battle lines across familiar ethnic of Nato, the world’s most powerful divides, and journalists, according to military alliance, which puts the idea the Bosnian analysis, were practically of a Greater Albania incorporating combatants. Indeed, in one infamous Greece into the realms of the incident, seeking to spice up a broad– preposterous. cast, one Macedonian TV presenter fired a rocket-propelled grenade The Greek press does itself no favours towards the UCK lines. by reporting such xenophobic 10 Another common complaint from the explanations of how a modern authors of these articles is the lack of Western newsroom is run (‘selling’ the financial and technical resources faced story to editors, etc) ring all too true by journalists. This had serious from my experiences, where one day repercussions for those trying to cover a foreign desk journalist can be re– the conflict: the inability of many quired to write an “expert” comment broadcasters and newspapers to put on child soldiers in Sierra Leone; the their own correspondents in on the next, an analysis of the latest political ground forced most media in the machinations in a region as complex region to rely on agency copy and as the Balkans. pooled video footage for the bulk of their reports. Thus, nations with an I do believe Filkov could be a little intimate knowledge and possibly more forgiving; I also disagree with his political interests in Macedonia were view that the mutation of publishing articles written and edited “Macedonian Army and Police” into by journalists with insufficient know– “security forces” during the course of ledge of the problem, and tailored to the conflict by some US newspapers is entirely different market in the West. prejudicial, especially since the so- called “special police” had now come With this in mind, it is interesting to into play. Terms such as “paramilitary see the vehemence with which one of police” are far more loaded, and the Macedonian pieces attacks the security forces has been used for many Western press — and its alleged years as a catch-all for the British hidden agenda – despite the fact that security presence in Northern Ireland, most of the Western media was relying to give just one example. on exactly the same sources. Of course, he is correct in that German Filkov is happy to rip apart semantics and vocabulary play a huge the Western coverage, but frequently part in conflict reporting, especially in resorts to nit-picking almost every places such as Macedonia where the printed fact and figure in his pedantic names of villages and towns, and even analysis. the country itself, can be politically loaded. While I have tried to achieve a Bill Hayton’s defence of Western basic consistency of style between coverage makes for compelling read– these diverse pieces, I feel I would be ing, largely for his deep insight into defeating the aims of this project by how and why the Western media homogenising everything: thus, the makes errors of judgment.