Activity Guide Levers/Simple Machines Levers/Simple Structure Andstructure Function/Adaptations Ratios/Graphing

FOR EDUCATOR

X X X High School

X X X School

X X X X X School Elementary Middle

Activity Guide Levers/Simple Machines Levers/Simple Structure andStructure Function/Adaptations Ratios/Graphing

of Types Interactions Conservation of Energy Energy and Transfer Force and Motion Motion and Force Relationship between Energy Forces and Structure Function and Adaptation

NGSS* ALIGNMENT: ALIGNMENT: NGSS*

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MATHEMATICS – MATHEMATICS PHYSICAL SCIENCES – PHYSICAL LIFE SCIENCES – APPLICATIONS IN: APPLICATIONS in different ways? in different How are biological levers advantageousbiological levers How are ADVANTAGES OF LEVERS ACTIVITY OF ADVANTAGES GUIDE FOR EDUCATOR It may be helpful to introduce basic levers to your your to basic levers be introduce It helpful to may of an understanding have students your sure Make height linear the measure to asked are students The arc. The difference is is negligible, to may wish you but difference The arc. discuss this with students. students and then ask them to think of examples ask to them then of and students wheelbarrows, crowbars, in everydaylevers (e.g. life etc). totters, teeter independent vs. dependent variables. is applied. This is as an force effort difference an not along correct rulertechnically as the rotates TIPS In General: Speed Activity: Advantage .

to use to experiment or

demo “concept overview,” overview,” “concept

Students can apply their knowledge to create argumentsStudents can apply knowledge their create to Students will explore the basic types the Students will explore of levers They describeto force will be able between a trade-off the about whether animals are adapted for speed or force speed adaptedabout force or for whether animals are advantages. advantage and speed and advantage advantage. and hand out if you wish. out hand if you and We have provided pre-made pre-made provided have We think about” to “questions sheets”, “record You can everything do You either as a according your needs. You can have students simply students can have needs. your You according quantitative approach. a more ideasexplore or follow The materials are segmented specifically for you to segmenteduse The materialsyou for are specifically HOW TO USE HOW TO LEARNING GOALS animals that are adapted to eat “zippy” prey, such as fish. “zippy” eat adapted to are animals that prey, levers can also offer a speed cancan alsoadvantage that be offer seen levers in it into a larger force. There are adaptations in animals that are There a larger force. it into However, jaw. of this, advantage take as hyena’s such the their force advantage: taking a small force and translating translating and taking advantage: a small force their force The lever is a simple machine often seen in nature, the jaw the jaw seenoften in nature, machine is a simple lever The being prime a example. particularly Leversare known for OVERVIEW

Introduction for Educators Introduction for LEVER EXPERIMENTS — EXPERIMENTS LEVER EXHIBITION MAP

EMERGENCY EXIT 11 B3 B2 Wings & Fins C1 10 Legs & Springs Beyond Eyes & Ears EXIT 8 13 9 12

B1 14 Jaws & Claws 7

4 3 A2 A1 Pumps & Pipes Skins & Structures A3 2 Insulation & Radiators 5 6 1 ENTRANCE

Activity Connections 1 Domes Array Case 6 Bergman’s Rule 11 Gaits Array Video

Interactives 2 Materials 7 Leverage 12 Reynold’s Number

3 Giraffe Heart 8 Fish Jaws 13 Flapping Wings

4 Spider Legs 9 Hard Biters Case 14 Eye Diversity

5 Insulation 10 Fast Biters Case FOR STUDENT OR EDUCATOR

load mechanical load L

force you need to exert need you to force × (pivot point), the (pivot

load F

effort = to the fulcrum the to needs be to fulcrum effort force on the load times the distance ofload times the the on force L

× load = Mechanical Advantageload = Mechanical (MA) Work = Force × Distance. = Force Work effort L L effort Work = Force(F) × Distance (L) = Force(F) Work

, which can be found by using by principle the of can, which be work found load . The mechanical advantage is the ratio of the ratio effort advantage is the mechanical . The effort = F F

effort force times the distance times force effort

DefinitionMechanical of Advantage:

Work In Equals Work Out: In Equals Work Work Definition of Work: Definition of

Mathematical Expression, Advantage: Explaining Force distance). the fulcrumthe effort the over distance load the (or force load the to force the same for the resulting resulting the samethe for The the force that moves the load. This can you load. a the moves give that force the advantage to lift the load. They work by translating the effort force into into force the effort by translating Theywork lift load. the to Levers of a rigid a consist bar, the and move) to want you (what

Basic Physics of Levers CONCEPT OVERVIEW — OVERVIEW CONCEPT FOR STUDENT OR EDUCATOR distance results in a smaller force over a larger over a smaller force in results distance force gaining for lever not This is a distance. great because often quite but itadvantage, is seen in nature advantage – speed. it can give a different cont’d

effort effort effort effort effort effort > Distance < Force < Distance > Force = Distance = Force MA < 1 MA > 1 MA = 1 load load load load load load

Force Force Force

Distance Distance Distance

when the fulcrum is close to the load. Similarly, a fulcrum fulcrumwhen the Similarly, load. the is close to a small over force means a small effort the force, closer to that translates to a large lifting force over a small distance a small distance over a large lifting to force translates that If the distances are equal, then the force “in” is equal to the the is equal “in” to equal, force the then If are distances the a larger distance, is small over But force if the “out”. force

Basic Physics of Levers, CONCEPT OVERVIEW — OVERVIEW CONCEPT FOR STUDENT OR EDUCATOR of levers. A wheelbarrowof levers. is a good example of a class arms both and our jaws and examples are of 2 lever, class 3 levers. on either side either on side

effort and and load , like a teeter-totter; however, that is only one one is only that a teeter-totter;, like however,

fulcrum

have made. However, there are other orientations classes or are there However, made. have class of lever, one that is commonly seen humans in tools is commonly that one class of lever, The basic lever involves the the involves lever basic The of a

Lever Classes Lever CONCEPT OVERVIEW — OVERVIEW CONCEPT FOR STUDENT OR EDUCATOR

load L

× load F MA

effort = F = effort load L

F ×

load = Mechanical Advantageload = Mechanical (MA) L effort Work = Force(F) × Distance (L) = Force(F) Work F

effort = F

Jaws as Levers OVERVIEW — OVERVIEW Definition of Mechanical of Definition Advantage:

Work In Equals Work Out: In Equals Work Work Definition of Work: Definition of

Solve for The Load Force in terms in Mechanical of Advantage: Force The Load Solve for Mathematical Expression, Advantage: Explaining Force determined by the muscle strength attached to the jaw, determined jaw, the muscle the by to strength attached is still translated. initialbut that force rotates. The rotational point actsrotational as a fulcrum.point results The This rotates. partially is force total teeth. The front the at in a force muscle vertical pulls the on that portion it and ofjaw the The jaw is an “L” shape with the effort force provided by a shape with the force effort “L” is an The jaw point, but the system still behaves the same. the point, still behaves but system the An excellent example of levers in nature is our jaw. Its shape is our jaw. example in nature of levers An excellent plankpivot than a simple and is just a littlebit different FOR STUDENT OR EDUCATOR t load H load = MA effort L load = L v t load = effort , effort H H H load = effort = effort v v

v *Note that we are assuming height are the we is a linear that distance. *Note but in at smallan arc, anglesrotates technically lever The as motion a straight that line. can approximate we same of amount time. This speed advantage comes from solid body rotation. rotation. solid body This from speedcomes advantage When a rigid everything body rotates, together. moves farther The point the fulcrum point) from (rotation has a larger turning it meaning has a larger radius, turn. jaw whole the in to in which Since circumference farther the along point together, needs move to rotates keep same up, in the of amount time to arc a longer The speedmuscle a at which faster. meaning it rotates gets then close translated jaw the to order in contracts The speed jaw. of end the a longer a faster at to same in the amount moves lever the which at distance of between time is proportional distances the the to fulcrum. velocity the over The is just those distances

Far from fulcrum from Far provided by the muscle making the force advantage more more advantage muscle the by making force provided the a speedhowever is advantage. There non-existent. less or to the load is much longer than the distance to the effort the to than distance the longer is much load the to is equal to or more at the end of the jaw, resulting in a hard in a hard resulting of end jaw, the the at more or is equal to distance meaning the slender, and long are Some jaws bite. comparable and the force provided by a jaw muscle (effort) a jaw by provided force the and comparable In nature there is a wide variety there shapes. of jaw Some are In nature short,rather effort meaning the lengths load and are Close fulcrum to

Speed and Force Trade-Offs Speed and Force CONCEPT OVERVIEW — OVERVIEW CONCEPT FOR STUDENT

2 Work = Force × Distance = Force Work

Set up your lever as shown in picture 3. Then try 3. Then asSet shown in picture lever up your to Set up your lever as shown in picture 2. Then try 2. Then asSet shown in picture lever up your to Set up your lever as shown in picture 1. Then try 1. Then asSet shown in picture lever up your to lift lift the book by using one finger at the at the lift book the finger using by effort one and point 1. of step rest the repeating repeating the rest of step 1. of step rest the repeating lift the book by using one finger at the at the lift book the finger using by effort one and point and the effort the and fulcrum. and the pen (fulcrum)Move lift book, the to harder easier or it’s see to where around again. distances the recording the bookthe pushing by at the with finger effort one point. Keep books lift with them adding can’t just one until you between fulcrum and distance the load the Record finger.

A pencil of some kind (books a cup or full of pennies) Weight A Ruler

3) 2) 1) WHAT TO DO: WHAT TO MATERIALS: How do levers help lift help object? do levers How distance to equal a larger force over a small distance. over equal a larger to force distance A lever works by putting in a little force over a large over works putting by in a littleA lever force

of force and distance trade-offs: distance and of force machines that can help you lift heavy objects can you help that machines with little Levers use advantage take principle the to of work force. to jaws that act like levers. Levers are amazingly Levers levers. simple are like act that jaws to Have you ever wondered how different animals can bite animalsso bite can different how wondered ever you Have muscles attached strong all because they have It’s hard? EXPLORING LEVERS EXPLORING FOR STUDENT

Pennies (or other small, relatively heavy objects other (or small, relatively Pennies Tape Cups A scale A Ruler A pencil such as glass beads) MATERIALS:

fulcrum is 5 centimeters from the load? 10 centimeters? load? 10 centimeters? the fulcrum from is 5 centimeters 20 centimeters? How many pennies will lift it take 10 pennies to How if the PREDICT: out with other classes. lever to simplify the process. Challengeit try simplify and process. the to yourself lever define the advantage of levers. Though there are different are different Thoughdefine advantage levers. of the there classes of this activity levers, with class is done first the to jaws that act like levers. This activity This levers. like act will quantitatively that jaws to Have you ever wondered how different animals can bite so bite animals can different how wondered ever you Have muscles attached strong all because they have It’s hard?

continued on page next CALCULATING FORCE ADVANTAGE FORCE CALCULATING FOR STUDENT

. Record this information. . Record 2 Start effort the putting penniesat a into one end fulcrum Repeat with points all steps different of vs. mechanical results advantage your Graph time until the load lifts up. Record the number the of liftsRecord up. time load until the mass the of pennies. the pennies calculate and of the effortthethen is massthe force of The pennies x 9.8 m/s between(equal effort and distance load 2 times and effort). the information all the closer to Record information. effort distance. 5) 6) 7)

1 2 x 9.8 m/s book

5 Make a prediction for how many pennies it will in take many how for a prediction Make Calculate the force of the pennies on the load end end of pennies the load the on force the Calculate Set up a first class lever using a pen for the fulcrum the Setfor upclass a first using a lever pen and Measure the mass of a single penny and record this mass the of record a single and Measure penny the effortthe cup. load to lift the cup exerting downwards as a result of gravity. of gravity. as a result exerting downwards = mass Force than effort Then the tape a cup tapeto the and it ruler. Place about 15 pennies of either ruler. end in the the to end. cup load the on information. information. Place pen the (fulcrum)ruler. load the 2 times closer to

4) 3) 2) 1) WHAT TO DO: WHAT TO

continued from previous page previous continued from CALCULATING FORCE ADVANTAGE FORCE CALCULATING FOR STUDENT

Repeat steps 1-4 with the fulcrum at different points Repeat 1-4 with steps fulcrum the different at speed shows the a plot that vs. effortto Create distance Use the information recorded to calculate the speed the calculate to of recorded Use information the Push that end of the lever. Then measure and record the the record and measure Then of end lever. Push the that Measure the height the will be of you pushing end the Measure on Setplacing by a class up a first pen underneathlever the the fulcrum.the ruler: Speed = height/time. ruler. the under the end you pushed speed the you and end the of other of the end the height of other As the end. can time push how you you it or is too a stopwatch itlong takes. If not do have you fast, assume 1-second. it took and record that information. that record and distance of the pen (fulcrum) from the point where you of you pen the (fulcrum)distance point the where from other the will push ruler the on from distance the and this information. Record end. ruler. Place it anywhere you want to begin to want you the Place note and it anywhere ruler.

Math! 2 Rulers a Pencil (optional) Stopwatch

6) 5) 4)

3) 2) 1) WHAT TO DO: WHAT TO MATERIALS: can offer; however, they can also offer a they speed can also advantage! offer however, can offer; commonly considered in terms of the force advantage they advantage terms in of force the considered commonly use levers for a speed advantage! This activity will involve a speedactivity This advantage! for use levers will involve most Levers are calculating speed the of a lever. advantage know this is not an easy task. Explore animals can how Some animals effortlesslytheir in mouths. fish catch If youhands, yourbare a fish triedwith ever catch you’ve to EXPLORING SPEED ADVANTAGE SPEED EXPLORING FOR STUDENT Rank theRank by least trial (1) to mostdifficult (3) Rank theRank by least trial (1) to most (3) difficult theRank by least trial (1) to most (3) difficult Ratio of Effort Distance of Effort Ratio Distanceto Load Ratio of Effort Distance of Effort Ratio Distanceto Load Distance of Effort Ratio Distanceto Load Load Distance Distance Load Distance Load

Explain the relationship between the ratio of effort distance and load distance to the to the fulcrum: Explain of effort distance betweenload and ratio the relationship distance the Effort Distance CLASS 3 LEVER CLASS Distance CLASS 2 LEVER CLASS Effort Distance CLASS 1 LEVER CLASS Effort

Exploring Levers Exploring RECORD SHEET — SHEET — RECORD FOR STUDENT Effort Force Effort to lift Load Actual: Number of Pennies Prediction: Prediction: Number of Pennies of Effort Ratio Distanceto Load

Load Distance

Effort Distance Force Advantage Force RECORD SHEET — SHEET — RECORD *Be sure to label to axes*Be sure FOR STUDENT Ratio Speed Load Effort Speed Height Load Effort

Load DistanceHeight

Effort Distance Force Speed Advantage Force RECORD SHEET — SHEET — RECORD *Be sure to label to axes*Be sure FOR STUDENT Notes:

Based on what you have learned identifyBased can you have you what on What quantitative) or (qualitative relationship is the What Explain. kind is a jaw? of lever Is there a trade-off between force and and speed? force between a trade-off Is there How does the lever offer a force advantage? force a offer does lever the How a speedadvantage? offer levers do How whether or a not an animal is speed or force adapted whether a not or an animal is speed force or based shape the on of its mouth? Explain. between levers and their speed/force advantage? between their speed/force and levers

6) 5) 4) 3) 2) 1) QUESTIONS TO THINK ABOUT TO QUESTIONS FOR STUDENT ) ) ) Plantanista gangetica Plantanista Crocuta crocuta Crocuta Mycteria americana Wood Stork ( Stork Wood Spotted ( Hyena Ganges River Dolphin ( River Dolphin Ganges ) ) ) Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus

Homo Sapiens Homo Gavialis gangeticus

Hyacinth Macaw ( Macaw Hyacinth Gharial (

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National Geographic Bite Force: - Piranha National http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WIWdFDLBzbY http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mrXI18hO5vE Science Channel - Mammals vs. Dinos – T-Rex Bite Force: ChannelScience - Mammals vs. Dinos – T-Rex Bite Force Videos Force Bite Public Broadcasting Station - Lever Broadcasting Public Lift Activity: http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/education/activities/27po_sle2phar.html Science BuddiesScience - Lifting With a Lever: http://www.sciencebuddies.org/science-fair-projects/Classroom_Activity_Teacher_Levers.shtml Other Lever Activities OTHER RESOURCES OTHER