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GENDER DYNAMICS and AMERICAN EVANGELISM in a MICRONESIAN MISSION DURING the HIGH TIDE of PACIFIC IMPERIALISM, 1884-1899 By

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GENDER DYNAMICS and AMERICAN EVANGELISM in a MICRONESIAN MISSION DURING the HIGH TIDE of PACIFIC IMPERIALISM, 1884-1899 By “A FIEND ABOUT WOMEN”: GENDER DYNAMICS AND AMERICAN EVANGELISM IN A MICRONESIAN MISSION DURING THE HIGH TIDE OF PACIFIC IMPERIALISM, 1884-1899 by John Hanebuth A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of George Mason University in Partial Fulfillment of The Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts History Committee: ___________________________________________ Director ___________________________________________ ___________________________________________ ___________________________________________ Department Chairperson ___________________________________________ Dean, College of Humanities and Social Sciences Date: _____________________________________ Summer Semester 2019 George Mason University Fairfax, VA “A Fiend About Women”: Gender Dynamics and American Evangelism in a Micronesian Mission During the High Tide of Pacific Imperialism, 1884-1899 A Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts at George Mason University by John Hanebuth Bachelor of Arts College of the Holy Cross, 2014 Director: Benedict Carton, Professor Department of History Summer Semester 2019 George Mason University Fairfax, VA Copyright 2019 John Hanebuth All Rights Reserved ii DEDICATION This is dedicated to my father who instilled an appreciation of history in his son from a young age. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank the many friends, relatives, and supporters who have made this happen. Thank you to Benedict Carton, the director of this thesis, who encouraged me to pursue this project from my first semester in George Mason’s graduate program. I would also like to thank Lincoln Mullen for providing several key methodological suggestions. Sam Lebovic has provided clear examples of dissecting historical arguments and helped me to analyze pieces of scholarship. Thank you to all the professors at Mason. Thank you to my undergraduate advisor, Robert Green, who taught me how to think critically about the world. Thank you to Kyle Filter and Benjamin Hurwitz who have both taken time to edit the manuscript and provide helpful suggestions. Any faults that remain are mine alone. This project was made possible by a generous grant from the George Mason University College of Humanities and Social Sciences which provided funding to conduct research during the summer of 2019. During this time, I received invaluable assistance from the archival staff at Houghton Library. A special thanks goes out to Zachary Schrag for recommending me and this project to receive that grant. While I lived in Chuuk, several individuals assisted me and welcomed me into their homes as family. Many thanks to Tommy Hartman, Danis Rodriguez, Cecelia Hartman, Lynn Sipenuk, and Masiko Sipenuk. Thank you also to the administrators of Chuuk High School: Principal Jason Reiong and Vice-Principal Isuwen Lukas. The support and comraderie of the faculty at Chuuk High School are hard to match elsewhere and I would like to express my appreciation for the opportunity to work with colleagues there including Raisa Chiwi, KS Sana, V-Three Raisom, Esther Mori Asor, Allen, Akius, and many others. In addition, thank you to TR Mori, Chase Mori, Hiroyuki Mori, Brian Mori, and GR Mori for immense hospitality, for teaching me about Chuukese culture, and for their unflagging support of education in Chuuk. Kinisou chapur ngeni kemi. Thank you also to James Benito and Corky Stinnet Benito. Thank you to Paul Hadik and Clark Graham who mentored me while I was in Chuuk and who inspired me to continue working with issues confronting the Pacific. I would like to thank Jerry Swanson, Ashley Thorington Swanson, Alexander Hoffman, Brian Wallace, Dane Kiker for refreshing levity while I lived in Chuuk and upon my return to the United States. Thank you to everyone who has helped me grow in faith. Thank you to John Denninger, Father Tom, Furacy Bonochou, Kathy Forsythe, and Stacy Adducci. Thank you to my iv mother, Mimi Seyferth, and to my girlfriend, Caitlin Cantor, for unflagging support and understanding. v TABLE OF CONTENTS Page List of Figures .............................................................................................................. viii List of Abbreviations...................................................................................................... ix Abstract .......................................................................................................................... x Introduction .................................................................................................................... 1 Narrative Background .................................................................................................. 1 Historiography ............................................................................................................. 8 Structure .................................................................................................................... 10 Chapter 1: Scholarship on American Influences in the Pacific Basin ............................. 12 Women in the Mission ............................................................................................... 18 American Women in American Christianity .............................................................. 21 Indigenous Views of the US Mission in the Pacific .................................................... 27 Chapter 2: The Logans in Chuuk: A Married Couple and Their Mission........................ 31 General Overview of the ABCFM in Micronesia and of the Logans........................... 33 The Logan Mission Station ........................................................................................ 41 Proselytization and Fear for his Safety ....................................................................... 52 Imperial Mediator and the Wife at Home ................................................................... 57 Chapter 3: New Beginnings in a Familiar Place ............................................................. 64 Appraisals of the Field ............................................................................................... 68 Views of Micronesian Christians and Capabilities ..................................................... 72 “Women’s Rights . Is Sinfully Nonsense” .............................................................. 74 Undermining the Masculine Authority ....................................................................... 77 Removal of a Molester............................................................................................... 80 A New Missionary ..................................................................................................... 82 A Call for Removal ................................................................................................... 86 Chapter 4: Futility and Fracture: Missionary Rivalry and Divisions in an Indigenous Christian Community .................................................................................................... 91 vi Chuukese Reaction to Snelling’s Ostracism ............................................................... 92 New Beginning and Old Drifting ............................................................................... 93 From Rivalry to Conflict and Exploration .................................................................. 97 Mary Logan’s Return and the Struggle for Equal Pay .............................................. 101 Contested Frontier of Christianity: The Mortlocks, 1896.......................................... 105 The Other Side of Snelling ...................................................................................... 107 Frustration with the Board ....................................................................................... 112 Conclusion .................................................................................................................. 116 Departures ............................................................................................................... 116 Summary of Findings .............................................................................................. 117 References .................................................................................................................. 122 vii LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page Figure 1 Image of Present-Day Weno, Chuuk (FSM) ...................................................... 2 Figure 2 Map of Chuuk Lagoon ...................................................................................... 3 Figure 3 Image of Christmas Service in 2016 at the Logan Memorial Church in Mwan, Weno .............................................................................................................................. 4 Figure 4: The Evangelizing Couple ................................................................................. 5 Figure 5 Map of Present-Day Pacific Territories............................................................ 14 Figure 6: Full Political Map of Micronesia .................................................................... 15 Figure 7: Mary and Robert Logan ................................................................................. 32 Figure 8 Current Map of the Federated States of Micronesia ......................................... 36 Figure 9 Map of Chuuk Lagoon .................................................................................... 42 Figure 10 Map of Weno Island .....................................................................................
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