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Ailurus Fulgens Animal Personality, 1 , Peter Moller ) 2 , David M.Powell Red Pandasandtheimpactthey Have Onthewelfare Ofthisspeciesincaptivity Andpossiblythewild

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Ailurus Fulgens Animal Personality, 1 , Peter Moller ) 2 , David M.Powell Red Pandasandtheimpactthey Have Onthewelfare Ofthisspeciesincaptivity Andpossiblythewild Research article Preliminary model of personality structure in captive red pandas (Ailurus fulgens) Tyler C. Andres-Bray1, Peter Moller2, David M. Powell3,4 1Department of Biological Sciences, Drexel University, USA 2Department of Psychology, Hunter College, City University of New York, USA 3Wildlife Conservation Society/Bronx Zoo, New York, New York, USA 4Department of Reproductive and Behavioral Sciences, Saint Louis Zoo, USA Correspondence: David Powell; [email protected] JZAR Research article Research JZAR Keywords: animal personality, Abstract personality dimensions, red panda, Animal personality is stable and contextually consistent and has an impact on an animal’s physiology temperament and psychological well-being. Personality, sometimes referred to as behavioural syndromes, personality dimensions, or temperament, impacts health, reproductive success and survival, and is Article history: thus an important factor to consider when assessing the welfare of captive animals. In this study, eight Received: 25 Aug 2018 red pandas (Ailurus fulgens) from three institutions in New York City were observed to determine if Accepted: 13 Jul 2019 personality dimensions can be assessed in this species using an ethological approach. Two personality Published online: 31 Jan 2020 dimensions were described: 1) “Active/Exploratory” and 2) “Maintenance”. The “Active/Exploratory” dimension is consistent with several personality dimensions found in other mammalian species, while the “Maintenance” dimension may be related to “Tense” or “Fearful” dimensions found in other species. Both personality dimensions have ecological and welfare implications. Individual red pandas that score highly in the “Active/Exploratory” dimension may travel further and find more resources, and may require more enrichment in captivity to avoid frustration. Red pandas that score highly in the “Maintenance” dimension may have higher stress levels and require more areas of seclusion in captive environments. This study can serve as the start of a deeper investigation into personality dimensions in red pandas and the impact they have on the welfare of this species in captivity and possibly the wild. OPEN ACCESS Introduction a given behavioural context and across time and ecological contexts (Sih et al. 2004b). Commonly, personality models Research on non-human animal personality has become in humans and non-human animals describe personality prevalent as a result of empirical and conceptual advances that as comprised of discrete and non-overlapping dimensions, demonstrate personality to be in fact stable, quantifiable and and each individual organism exists along a continuum in consistent (Sih et al. 2004a; Gosling 2008; Pennisi 2016). This those dimensions that reflects their dispositions and internal is evident in a wide array of taxa (e.g. social spiders: Grinsted motivating factors (Watters and Powell 2011). et al. 2013; Pruitt and Goodnight 2014; water striders: Sih and Personality dimensions are variable between individuals Watters 2005; great tits: Dingemanse et al. 2012; cockatiels: (Gosling 1998; Wielebnowski 1999; Gartner and Powell 2011), Fox and Millam 2014; domestic cats: Gartner and Weiss 2013; heritable (Sih et al. 2004a; Dingemanse et al. 2012), and affect domestic dogs: Gartner 2015; cheetahs: Wielebnowski 1999; survival at both the individual and the group level (Bergvall snow leopards: Gartner and Powell 2011; spotted hyenas: et al. 2011; Grinsted et al. 2013), making these consistent Gosling 1998; and giant pandas: Powell et al. 2008, Martin- individual differences an important factor in the evolution of Wintle et al. 2017). Scientists use several terms to discuss a population. Personality serves an important ecological role, the concept of animal personality, including personality, affecting species distributions and response to environmental behavioural syndromes and temperament (Gosling 2001). No change by maintaining individual variation in behaviour (Sih et comprehensive definition of animal personality exists across al. 2004a; Sih et al. 2012). Broadly, personality can be a vital core disciplines. For the purpose of this study, personality refers to of interdisciplinary studies that connect the ecological impacts suites of correlated behaviours that remain consistent within of behaviour with the developmental bases of behaviour and Journal of Zoo and Aquarium Research 8(1) 2020 29 Andres-Bray et al. genetics due to their nature of variability, heritability, and their Table 1. Ethogram of red panda behaviours. impact on survival, reproductive success and dispersal (Sih et al. 2004b). Behaviour Description Red pandas (Ailurus fulgens) are generally solitary, territorial Lying-sleeping Lying-sleeping (either curled in a ball or lying flat out); mammals endemic to the Himalayan temperate forests (Hodgson unresponsive to noise/activity 1847; MacClintock 1988). Mature individuals interact only briefly Lying or Lying or sitting, head up, eyes open, reaction to with conspecifics during the breeding season (mid-January to sitting-alert surroundings in some manner (head, eye, ear or tail March), and at other times inhabit large, overlapping territories movement) 2 2 of about 2.5 km (females) to 5 km (males). Individuals generally Standing Standing on all fours or on back two paws travel over 25% of this range during the day to mark territory Locomotion/ Using all four limbs running or bounding on ground, (MacClintock 1988). Red pandas are currently listed as endangered Climbing or moving along vertical or horizontal plane off of the by the IUCN Red List. A Species Survival Plan exists in AZA- ground. accredited zoos to maintain population genetic and demographic Self-play Purposeless activity with self (i.e. rolling, tail-chasing) health in this species (AZA Small Carnivore TAG 2012; Glatston et but not repetitive al. 2015). Personality is already a consideration in the rearing of captive Pro-social Interaction with conspecific: grooming, social play, interaction courtship, mating red pandas, particularly in breeding and maternal care, but personality in these cases is based on keeper observations Anti-social Interaction with conspecific: aggression and impressions rather than empirical evaluation of individual interaction personality. The AZA Red Panda Care Manual (2012) denotes two Carry object Carrying an object in mouth or hand while locomoting methods of management keepers may use for mothers and new Grooming/ Grooming or scratching own body, not repetitively cubs, and the manual states that the “personality of the dam scratching self will determine which management style or combination works Eating Eating provisioned food or browse in enclosure best (AZA Small Carnivore TAG 2012)”. The mother and cub may either access the exhibit before, during and after parturition, Drinking Drinking water in enclosure or be kept in the nest area until the cub is 2–3 months old (AZA Vocalisation Quack-snort or grunt, any noise the animal emits Small Carnivore TAG 2012). The personality recommendation from mouth comes from the knowledge that red panda mothers may become Exploratory Territorial investigation of enclosure, can involve intolerant of public disturbance when they have young cubs, and sniffing, digging, interaction with furnishings within despite being used in red panda captive management, no work enclosure has been done to categorise personality in this species. A more Approach-c Approach keeper or other animal management staff detailed understanding of specific personality dimensions in this without displaying any aggressive signals species and the effect they have on aspects of captive welfare may Approach-a Approach keeper or other animal management staff help improve their quality of life in captivity. Identifying behaviours in aggressive manner that serve as major indicators of personality dimensions will aid in the analysis of individual personality, regardless of familiarity with Marking Rubbing genitals on an object, or frequent urination on objects the subject. The goal of this study is to examine if a purely ethological Out of sight Believed to be active, but not visible to observer approach can provide clear assessment of personality dimensions Stereotypy Purposeless, excessive and/or repetitive action (i.e. in a small sample of captive A. fulgens. Based on natural red locomotion, grooming, body movement) panda behaviour, the authors anticipate isolating personality dimensions that pertain to activity or territoriality. Personality dimensions reflecting activity have also been found in a variety of other mammalian species (dog: Kubinyi et al. 2009; cheetah: Wielebnowski 1999; snow leopard: Gartner and Powell 2011; spotted hyena: Gosling 1998; giant panda: Martin-Wintle et al. 2017; sea lion: Ciardelli et al. 2017; chimpanzee: Weiss et al. 2007). This project can serve as a starting point for examining the structure of personality in captive red pandas and provide a foundation for further study. Methods study. The Prospect Park and Central Park subjects are both mated pairs and were housed together. Subjects This study includes eight red pandas (males: n=4) from the Bronx Video Collection (n=4), Central Park (n=2), and Prospect Park zoos (n=2). Ages of This study consisted of 150 10-minute videos from two periods subjects ranged from 3–9 years at the start of the study (x=5.25̄ in 2012: spring (April–June) and winter (October–December). years, σ=2.43 years). All subjects were born in captivity and were Animals were filmed using a Kodak
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