HHISTOISTO RYRY— PAST AND P ER SPE CTIV E Ideological Bedfellows

Il Duce, “The Leader”: of gained renown and influence as a Marxist before becoming a Fascist. Toward the end of his days, he became a Marxist again. AP Images College professors and the media tell us that there are right-wing totalitarians and there are left-wing totalitarians, but is this an accurate assessment?

by Bruce Walker leading leftist in Italy, he was one of the After the First World War began, Mus- most important communists in the world solini worked hard to get Italy to join the enito Mussolini has an infamous (communism is here defined as a system side of Britain and France. He succeeded. place in modern history, as well of government in which the state plans After the war, began to grow into B he should. Nearly everyone knows and controls the economy, and a single, a serious political movement in Italy, with Mussolini as the dictator of Fascist Italy often authoritarian party, holds power — Benito at its head. Hitler admired Musso- and the ally of Nazi Germany in the Sec- in order, in theory, to be fair and spread all lini intensely and considered Fascism in ond World War. But that is only part of the goods equally amongst the people) . Italy to be a precursor to National Social- story. Mussolini began his political career In 1914, Mussolini organized “Red ism in Germany. Mussolini brought Fas- as an avowed Marxist (defined as the athe- Week,” which was aimed at causing a vio- cist Italy into the Second World War as an ist philosophy which holds that capitalism lent revolution against the corrupt capital- ally of Nazi Germany about the time that is bad because it enriches a few capital- ist world. The very name “Duce” (an Ital- the Nazis defeated France in mid-1940. ists to the detriment of masses of labor- ian word for leader) was given to him at Italy surrendered to the Allied Powers in ers and that laborers should take control a banquet hosted by Marxists after his re- 1943 and ousted Il Duce. But that is not the of all means of production — in order, in lease from prison for protesting the “impe- end of the biography of Benito Mussolini. theory though not in practice, to be fair rialist” Italian war in Libya, at which one Hitler had him rescued and set Mussolini to the masses). Mussolini was not just a veteran socialist said: “From today you, up as the head of a puppet state in north- Benito, are not only the representative of ern Italy, the Italian Socialist Republic. The Bruce Walker is author of Sinisterism: Secular Reli- Romagna Socialists, but the Duce of all constitution of this odd polity was written gion of the Lie . revolutionary Socialists in Italy!” by Nicola Bombacci, a communist and a

www.TheNewAmerican.com 31 HHISTOISTO RYRY— PAST AND P ER SPE CTIV E friend of Lenin. In February 1944, the So- cialist Republic issued a “Legislative De- cree for the Socialization of Enterprises” that provided that all enterprises with capi- tal of over one million lire or employing more than a hundred persons would be run by a committee composed of an equal num- ber of management and workers. After that it moved even more radically to the Left. In 1944, Mussolini praised Stalin and said that if he had to choose which nation should dominate Europe, it would be the Soviet Union. Both Mussolini and the movement he led were left-wing at their inception and even more left-wing extremist in the end. Yet Wiki pedia, an online encyclopedia, claims:

The terms extreme right or ultra right are used by some scholars to dis- cuss only those right-wing political groups that step outside the bound- aries of traditional electoral politics. Library of Congress This generally includes the revolu- Power-mad pals: Though and Benito Mussolini were sometimes enemies, sometimes tionary right, militant racial suprem- allies, sometimes enemies again, Hitler admired Mussolini’s socialist methods of governance and acists and religious extremists, neo- modeled Germany’s institutions after Italy’s. fascists, neo-Nazis and Klansmen. In this usage, the terms are distinct Such a definition of “right-wing” would and Hitler, then serious Americans would from other forms of right-wing poli- lead one to believe that two of the vilest begin to cherish more deeply the legacy of tics such as the less-militant sectors totalitarian regimes of the 20th century our Founding Fathers. of the far right, right-wing populists. — Bolshevism and — were mor- tal enemies at opposite ends of a politi- Back in the Day Though this definition, which includes cal spectrum. If such a contention is true, It is hard to find objectivity when talking fascists and Nazis, is accepted and pro- an argument could be made that neither a about Nazism today. It was, of course, a mulgated by media and educators, how right-wing, “conservative,” limited-gov- ghastly movement that few defend. What does this fit into any rational system of ernment ideology nor a left-wing, “lib- most people know of it is disseminated understanding political ideology? It does eral,” big-government one is more funda- by college professors, who tell their stu- not, of course, but whenever any group mentally sound than the other; therefore, dents that Nazism was a movement of the displays any activity that does not adhere there is no reason not to try to create an “Right” and that it was the tool of indus- to a politically correct agenda, and can be enlightened, all-powerful government. trialists and religious extremists. This slant pronounced by liberals as being racist, But if Nazis and Bolsheviks were not is seldom questioned; however, books sexist, bigoted, or intolerant — whether mortal enemies, but were instead identi- written while the Nazis were in power this description is accurate or not — the cal twins, then the whole argument of col- tell a much different story. Contemporary group is deemed “right-wing.” lectivists disintegrates. If moving in the authors — though of different religious direction of Barack Obama’s beliefs, different partisan and political policies, for example, meant orientations, and different nationalities — It seems incredible that anyone who moving in the direction of all agreed that Nazis and Bolsheviks were both Stalin and Hitler, then identical twins, not polar opposites. has studied history could believe for only a madman or a mon- Consider the nature of Bolshevism and a second that Nazis were anything but ster would ever want what Nazism. Obama wants for America. Herbert Hoover wrote in his 1934 The socialists. The platform of the National If embracing the small- Challenge to Liberty that the systems run- Socialist German Workers (Nazi) Party government philosophy of ning Germany and Russia were simply George Washington, Thomas collectivist, whatever names were used. was strongly collectivist, and it was never Jefferson, Patrick Henry, and Max Eastman, an early communist who repudiated by the Nazis. other early American patriots later saw the light and rejected commu- always led away from Stalin nism, wrote in his 1937 book The End of

32 THE NEW AMERICAN • Nov EM bER 9, 2009 Socialism in Russia that the Soviet Union spread by the dictators to the workers in raised that highest rate again to 55 per- was “a totalitarian state not in essence dif- the democracies was “Socialism, or Na- cent. A decree of September 9, 1939 again ferent from that of Hitler and Mussolini.” tional-Socialism, against Plutocracy.” increased income taxes, but exempted Eastman later wrote in a subsequent book, incomes of 2,400 Reichmarks a year or Reflections on the Failure of Socialism The Socialism of National less. Comparative Major European Gov- (1955): “Stalin’s totalitarian police state Socialism and Bolshevism ernments , a 1937 book, notes that through is not an approximation to, of something It seems incredible that anyone who has the enactment of several new laws on like, or in some respects comparable with studied history could believe for a second December 4, 1934, banking, credits, and Hitler’s. It is the same thing, only more that Nazis were anything but socialists. stock exchanges passed under complete ruthless, more cold-blooded, more astute, The platform of the National Socialist government control. Moreover, the Loan- more extreme in its economic policies, German Workers (Nazi) Party was strong- Stock Law limited stock company divi- more explicitly committed to world con- ly collectivist, and it was never repudi- dends to six percent in some cases and to quest, and more dangerous to democracy ated by the Nazis. Movements outside of eight percent in others, with profits over and civilized morals.” Germany that adopted the name “National that required to be transferred to the Gold Erica Mann in 1938 noted the com- Socialist” were Marxist in attitude as well. Discount Bank, which in turn required mon war waged by Bolsheviks and As one example, in America the “National that the profits be invested in government Nazis against God and family, and wrote: Socialist Party” was formed in Detroit, loans or municipal debt service bonds. “Again, all we have to do is replace ‘Bol- Michigan, in 1921, and this National So- Nazi hostility to individual wealth was shevism’ with ‘National Socialism’ to get cialist Party was enthusiastically endorsed matched by its hostility to business. An act a fairly exact picture.” Sir Arnold Lunn by the Soviet government. of October 16, 1934 removed the exemp- wrote in his 1939 book Communism and The Bolsheviks acted like collectiv- tion on business taxes for many types of Socialism : “The quarrel between Commu- ists in power, but how did the Nazis act businesses and increased the progressiv- nists and Nazis or between Stalin’s Com- in power? ity of the business taxes; an act of August munists and Trotsky’s Communists is not Industrialists who utterly subordinated 27, 1936 raised the general business tax an economic controversy, but a struggle their business interests to the state could rate from 20 percent to 25 percent and to for the spoils of office.” prosper, but they were the exception. Busi- 30 percent for each year thereafter; then Herman Rauschning, the Danzig Nazi ness in general suffered under the Nazis. on July 25, 1938 corporate profits of more leader who later repudiated Nazism, wrote The Nazis on October 16, 1934 raised the than 100,000 Reichmarks per year were in his 1939 book The Revolution of Nihil- highest income tax rate from 40 percent subjected to an additional tax of 35 per- ism : “It is in the nature of things that the to 50 percent, and on February 17, 1939 cent, with that rising to 40 percent for each planning and methods of work of the So- viet State and the Fascist and the National Socialist States should be growing more and more similar.” Two years later, in The Conservative Revolution , Rauschning AP Images noted that itself was part of a single great revolutionary movement that included Marxist socialism, Nazism, com- munist Bolshevism, fascism, and nihilism. Dorothy Thompson, at the time the great- est female journalist in the world, wrote in her 1938 Dorothy Thompson’s Politi- cal Guide that Nazism and communism were both forms of collectivism and that although a great many people believed that there was a war going on between the two, the idea of such a war was invented by Nazis and Bolsheviks. Marcel Fodor wrote in 1940 after the defeat of France that he pitied the appeas- ers in the democracies who believed that Nazi Germany would be a bulwark against the Soviet Union, not knowing that both regimes were children of the same ideas. Count Carlo Sforsa, an Italian diplo- mat who fled Italy after Mussolini came The Bolsheviks, including Joseph Stalin (left), were almost identical to the Nazis in their beliefs. to power, noted in 1941 that the slogan

Call 1-800-727-TRUE to subscribe today! 33 HHISTOISTO RYRY— PAST AND P ER SPE CTIV E year thereafter; and on March 20, 1939, the was almost completely closed to private erty will inevitably follow, as well as the Nazis imposed an excess profits tax. In four issues and banks were subject to a suc- complete abolition of private enterprise.” years, Nazis had raised taxes to approxi- cession of compulsory levies, confiscated Fodor in 1940 wrote: “It was mostly under mately one-fourth of the national income. reserves, and increasingly high taxes. In Doctor Goebbel’s and Doctor Ley’s in- The Nazis passed legislation to make it March 1939, a decree liquidated virtually fluence that National Socialist Germany difficult to form or maintain corporations all holdings of foreign securities. has become increasingly a socialist state and to limit the authority of directors of The Nazis also simply expropriated, where the capitalist had only a very sorry corporations or of stockholders in corpo- with or without compensation to the busi- role to fulfill.” In 1941, Otto Tolischus, rations. Directors of corporations, for ex- ness owners, canals, dams, roads, and Berlin correspondent for the New York ample, were allowed to grant bonuses only other private enterprises if ownership Times , wrote: “Hitler’s fundamental the- upon condition that they were directly tied was deemed in the interest of the Reich. sis is that democracy and capitalism are to profit and upon condition that the board The owners themselves could not request doomed and must give way to some kind of directors authorize “voluntary social compensation for virtual seizure of their of ‘socialized’ or ‘planned’ economy.” contributions” to employees, granting em- businesses when the government wished ployees effectively an automatic share in to seize them. The same year, the Reich The Enemy of Christians and of Jews corporate profits. Later, the tax on direc- Supreme Court for Finance and Taxation Communists and Nazis both hated Chris- tors’ fees was increased from 10 percent invalidated claims for tax deductions, not- tians and Jews. The communist persecu- in March 1933 to 20 percent in February ing that prior law could be ignored and tion of is fairly well known. 1939. The capital market in Germany that tax laws had to be interpreted accord- The Nazi hatred of Jews is very well ing to a “National-Socialis- known. But hatred of both Christianity tic” perspective, to the great and Judaism was violently embraced by detriment of business. both Nazis and Bolsheviks. Nazi hatred Hitler stated in 1932, before his ascension Commentators noted of Christianity was announced before the to power: “We are not against the hundred as war came that Nazism/ Nazis took power in early 1933. Dimont, and one different kinds of Christianity, but socialism grew stronger. a highly respected historian of Jewish his- Rausch ning in 1939 wrote tory, observed in his 1962 book Jews, God against Christianity itself.” of Nazi economic policies, and History that Nazi propaganda had “The expropriation of prop- been anti-Christian since 1919. Hitler stated in 1932, before his ascension to power: “We are not against the hundred and one different kinds of Christianity, but against Christianity itself.” Gustavus Myers noted this as well in his posthumously pub- lished History of Bigotry in the United States (1943): “Early in the Nazi movement Hitler had avowed his scorn for Christian- ity.” A.S. Duncan-Jones, in his 1938 book The Struggle for Re- ligious Freedom in Germany , also quoted Hitler describing his attitude toward Christianity before gaining power: “I insist on the certainty that sooner or later, once we hold power, Christianity will be overcome. Of course, I myself am a hea- then to the bone.” This hatred of Christian- ity grew more open and intense once the Nazis came into power. University Nazis in Keil wrote Nazis, like all statists, subsumed individuals to the point of swallowing the individual whole. in 1935: “We Germans are hea- Either one was all on board with their ideology, or one was an enemy. thens and want no more Jewish

AP Images religion in our Germany. We

34 THE NEW AMERICAN • Nov EM bER 9, 2009 AP Images Anti- Christian zeal: Though it is well known that Nazis persecuted the Jews, it is less recognized that the Nazis considered the God of Christians and of Jews as their mortal enemy. Here the pictures show the Nazis’ enemies, and the banner says, “We don’t admit any sabotage of the constructive work of the Fuhrer.” no longer believe in the Holy Ghost; we effort to de-Christianize Germany.” The banned the teaching of Hebrew and reli- believe in the Holy Blood.” In February same year, John Gunther wrote of Nazi gious instruction in Judaism. In the next 1937, Hanns Kerrl, Minister of Religion Germany in his book Inside Europe Today : decade, anti-Semitism began to appear in in the Third Reich, said: “The question of “Germany continued its implacable hostil- Communist Party propaganda, with refer- the divinity of Christ is ridiculous and in- ity to the Protestant Church and to Roman ences by Stalin against “Talmudists.” On essential. A new answer has arisen as to Catholicism also.” Jacques Maritain wrote holy days, the Soviets organized vitriolic what Christ and Christianity are: Adolph in his 1939 book Anti-Semitism about a anti-Judaic street campaigns, and Jews in Hitler.” Preaching from the pulpit against great madness and “anti-Christianity” that the Soviet Union could not even get some- Nazi propagandist Alfred Rosenberg’s ra- was “ravaging German hearts.” Charles thing as simple as a Jewish calendar. cial theories was forbidden by the Nazis, Shulman wrote the same year in Europe’s The Bolsheviks even derisively regard- and Law 130 threatened penalties against Conscience in Decline : “The Christian ed Hitler’s anti-Semitism as ineffectual. any priest who preached “against the inter- Cross, symbolic of mercy, goodness, Commenting on the April 1933 boycott in est of the sta te.” Göring ordered that the peace and justice, is being torn from the Germany, the Soviet press said, “In a few Hitler Gruss (the Hitler salute) was the steeples of churches to be replaced by the days you will find that all the big Jewish only religious gesture allowed. hooked cross, the swastika, symbol of in- stores still exist, that Jewish bankers, capi- This animus affected ordinary aspects tolerance and hate.” This is similar to what talists and stock jobbers are still carrying of German life. As early as 1937, death no- Pierre van Paassen wrote in his 1939 book on their businesses, and that no Jewish in- tices in Germany stated that the decedent Days of Our Lives , when he observed that dustrialist has suffered any damage.” “died in the faith of Adolph Hitler.” The Germany was even farther down the road The Soviets supported Palestinian riots Nazis replaced the Julian calendar with a to de-Christianization than the Soviet against Jews in August 1929 and the much new calendar, in which the new year began Union. In 1941, Jewish German emigrant more violent riots against Jews by Palestin- on January 30, the day Hitler ascended to Konrad Heiden wrote in The New Inquisi- ians in 1936. The Bolshevik position was power. Dr. Muller, the Nazi-appointed tion that Christianity preached salvation to that the Jews were a privileged minority in boss of the church, not only attacked Jews men of good will, then added: “But that is Palestine and that the Jews had destroyed but attacked anyone who claimed that not National Socialism. It only makes the practically all Arab industries. The cause Jesus was a Jew. young men and the S.S. laugh. They know of the Palestinians, even as early as 1936, Justice William H. Black, in his 1938 all such holy talk — priest and the Jew, it’s was described as an “heroic struggle.” The book If I Were a Jew , wrote: “It is appar- all the same.” Kremlin in the 1930s was denouncing “Zi- ent on all sides that since his rise to power What of the Bolshevik attitude toward onist imperialist oppression of ” and there has been a persistent and deliberate Jews? From December 1918, the Soviets even calling Jewish immigrants into Pales- www.TheNewAmerican.com 35 HHISTOISTO RYRY— PAST AND P ER SPE CTIV E

— the Soviet state security that it lacks the most elementary historic, organization — interrogation geographic, and industrial prerequisites Both regimes were racist or not racist as it and torture of Jews increas- for sovereignty and viability.” Max East- suited the interests of power. The Soviet ingly included crude anti- man, in his book on the failures of social- Semitic venom that had not ism, quotes Marx as writing, “Thus we Union, though, practiced a brutal Great existed before. After the Red find every tyrant backed by a Jew,” and Russian racism against the nationalities Army established communist writing about his fellow socialist Ferdi- governments in nations like nand Lassalle, “It is perfectly obvious within that empire. Ukrainians, Volga Czechoslovakia, “” from the shape of his head and the way his Germans, Tartars, and other groups faced became a crime, and perse- hair grows that he is descended from the genocide under the Soviets. cutions of Jews commenced, Negroes who joined Moses on the journey such as the Slansky purge of out of Egypt, unless perhaps his mother or 11 high-ranking Jewish com- grandmother had relations with a nigger.” tine “Zionist-imperialist-Fascist soldiers.” munists. In some cases, Bolshevik antipa- Marx referred to Lassalle as “the little Bolsheviks sent hundreds of German thy toward Jews reached surreal extremes, Kike” and the “Jewish nigger.” Jews who had entered the Soviet Union such as when Jewish socialists Henryk The Nazis ignored race when it served to escape the Nazis back to Germany and Erlich and Victor Alter were executed by their purposes. Their important wartime certain death, directly into the hands of the Soviet government as “Nazi agents.” allies — Finns, Hungarians, Rumanians, the Gestapo; Jewish refugees from other Bulgarians, Italians, and Japanese — were countries were sent to the Gulag during Racism either non-Aryan or were considered by the Non-Aggression Pact. In the Soviet- What about the infamous racism of Nazis Nazis to be the lowest form of Aryan. Her- occupied half of Poland, all elements of and the putative racial tolerance of Bol- man Rauschning in 1939 observed that the Jewish religious life were suppressed. sheviks? Both regimes were racist or not Nazis had already stopped believing their The Soviets launched campaigns against racist as it suited the interests of power. racial theories: “The crucial fact is that “The Jewish National Counterrevolution,” The Soviet Union, though, practiced a bru- the revolution has progressed far beyond and the Soviet government scrupulously tal Great Russian racism against the na- its racialist origins and is now using this avoided mentioning anything about Nazi tionalities within that empire. Ukrainians, doctrinal armory of its youth, in so far as it persecution of Jews (in stark contrast to Volga Germans, Tartars, and other groups retains any of it, merely as a necessary ele- Britain, America, France, , faced genocide under the Soviets. ment in propaganda. Racialism is its make- Sweden, and other countries which con- Karl Marx, the father of Marxism, dis- believe; the reality of the revolutionary ex- demned the obvious racialism and hate of played appalling racial hatred. He called tremism revealed not in its philosophy but the Nazis toward the Jews.) for the “annihilation” of “reactionary in its tactics.” Perhaps one of the most in- After Operation Barbarossa, the Ger- races” like “Croats, Pandurs, Czechs and teresting examples is the Nazi repudiation man invasion of Russia in June 1941, So- similar scum,” and also wrote: “The Slav of anti-Semitism in 1935, when Goebbels viet hostility to Jews continued. The Cheka people has no future for the simple reason sent the following message to the press of the Reich: “Very important! The atten- tion of the German press is drawn to the fact that the National Socialist movement may be called anti-Semitic no longer, but only anti-Jewish. We have nothing against Arabs and other Semitic peoples, not even against the Jews in Palestine.”

Central Government Those who grasp the link between robust state governments and individual liberty will appreciate how important it is for to- talitarians to destroy state governments; Bolsheviks and Nazis understood that as well. After the Bolshevik victory in the Russian Civil War, the Soviets began the re-conquest into the Soviet Union of all those people and nations that had gained independence after the fall of the Ro- Martyrs in the making: High dignitaries of the Russian church gather to protest the Bolsheviks. In Soviet Russia, as everywhere, only people of faith openly defied the party. manovs. The Ukraine, Georgia, and the But the people of faith faced persecution. Moslem lands of central Asia all fell back

Library of Congress into conquered fealty to Moscow. The Bal-

36 THE NEW AMERICAN • Nov EM bER 9, 2009 New allegiance: The only “god” of Nazis, Bolsheviks, or Fascists — power. Bolsheviks became Nazis and Nazis be- came Bolsheviks — but that is just what one would expect if the two evil move- ments were identical. Before the Non-Aggression Pact, many communists, on orders from Moscow, had joined the Nazi Party and risen to high positions within the Nazi Party. German communists even joined the Nazi Party after Hitler came to power. How did Nazis view non-Jewish German communists? In his 1936 book Government in the Third Reich , Morstein Marx states that Nation- al Socialist attorneys were told to never refuse a case from any non-Jewish com- munist because communists were merely misled. Later, former Nazis slipped seamlessly into the power structure of the East Ger- man government. Former SS Obenstrum- fehrer Adelbert Baumler, for example, ran counterintelligence for the East German AP Images communists; Dr. Leo Lange, who had be- tic States, East Poland, and other lost lands Reich” of March 1933 was intended to longed to the Gestapo, was put in charge came later — as allies of Hitler. break down the differences between the of East German communist radio and the Weimar Germany had strong states’ various Laender , and new elections for press; and a number of German generals rights, which the Nazis quickly destroyed Laender legislative assemblies were for- who served Hitler also served the new East in order to create an all-powerful state. bidden. The Second Act for “co-ordinat- German government. Hamilton Fish Armstrong, hardly a friend ing the Laender and the Reich” of April Those who did not become members of of local governm ent, writes in his 1933 1933 brought the novelty of Reich Regent the East German political apparatus often book Hitler’s Reich : “Federal Germany is (Reichsstatthalter ), or State Governor, ap- became members of the Social Democrat gone. The Gleichschaltung law disposes of pointed by the Reich President on advice Party (SDP), the most leftist party in West the prerogatives of the separate States, and of the Reich Chancellor. The last step was Germany, and significant numbers regu- Nazi leaders have been named Statthalter , in the Reconstruction Act of 1934, the sec- larly met with the Soviet KGB or with the with power from Berlin to dismiss State ond “organic” act of the Third Reich, in East German StB secret services. Other governments should they not prove fully which all sovereign powers of the states prominent former Nazis were so Marx- amenable.” Clarence K. Streit, also a glob - were transferred to the Reich. ist in thought as to be indistinguishable alist usually sympathetic to big govern- This eventually extended to cities and from communists. Gunter Grass, political ment, wrote in his 1941 book Union Now towns. On February 16, 1934, the Nazis activist and winner of the Nobel Prize in With Britain : “One of Hitler’s first acts nationalized all state and local courts. In Literature, opposed the reunification of was to abolish the German federal system. January 1935, the Municipal Code re- Germany and has had only contemptuous Once he had removed the powerful brake placed the municipal codes of the different things to say about America, religious which state rights provide, totalitarianism cities of Germany with a single municipal people, conservative groups, and “capi- sped on.” Of course, neither Armstrong code. State and local judges also became talism.” What was his political pedigree? (longtime editor of the Council on Foreign simply officers of the Reich, instead of of- In late 2006, Grass revealed that he had Relations journal Foreign Affairs ) nor ficers of the Laender or cities. been a member of the Waffen-SS in Nazi Streit were political conservatives. Germany. In Governments of Continental Europe , The Commu-Nazi The collectivist enemies of human free- Karl Lowenstein writes of Nazi Germany Communists and Nazis were viewed as dom wear many masks, but they are all that, next to the single-party totalitarian twins by authors writing in the 1930s. the same: Bolshevism, Nazism, radical rule, the most conspicuous development Both implemented collectivism, hated , or Fabian Socialism. Hate freedom? in government in Nazi Germany was the Christians and Jews, used racism when it Hate God? Want every decision made in complete subordination of the Laender helped them (but not when it did not), and Washington? Want to use racism — either (the federal states of Germany) into the centralized government power. There was harming or aiding disparate racial groups federal Reich, and that this change seemed once a popular term used to describe the — as a tool to get power? Then realize most likely to be permanent. The First Act common evil of Bolshevism and Nazism: that the club you have joined is that of the for “co-ordinating the Laender and the the Commu-Nazi. It is curious how easily Commu-Nazi and all its evi l. n

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