DOCSLIB.ORG

The Influence of Major Geopolitical Factors on a Region's Tourist Industry and Perception by Tourists

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Influence of Major Geopolitical Factors on a Region's Tourist Industry and Perception by Tourists Cactus Tourism Journal Vol. 12, Issue 2/2015, Pages 22-32, ISSN 2247-3297 THE INFLUENCE OF MAJOR GEOPOLITICAL FACTORS ON A REGION'S TOURIST INDUSTRY AND PERCEPTION BY TOURISTS. CASE STUDY: CRIMEA Constantin Ștefan1 Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania ABSTRACT Periodically certain countries or regions of the world are affected by various types of political unrest, such as wars ‒ including civil, revolutions, power struggles etc. In some cases, these regions have significantly developed tourist industries. In case these political events are violent, the result is predictable: a complete or almost complete halt of tourism in the region, most often accompanied by the destruction of the tourist infrastructure. But when these events are not violent, the effects on tourism may vary. As of 2015, the Crimean Peninsula is one of Europe's geopolitical hotspots and one of the world's disputed territories. This reputation comes from the fact that in March 2014 the territory switched sovereignty from Ukraine to Russia, following what many other states have qualified as an invasion and/or an illegally-held referendum. The purpose of this article is to examine the effects this series of events has had on the area's tourist industry. The article features the results of a research based on a survey, which was meant to evaluate the respondents' perception of the region. This survey was conducted among subjects from numerous European and former Soviet countries. The results have shown that there are certain differences in the perception of Crimea between Europe and the former Soviet states. These differences have the potential to shape the tourist industry of the region in the near future. Keywords Crimea, Russia, Ukraine, tourism, influence of politics on tourism JEL classifications L83, F59 Introduction Crimea is a peninsula located in Eastern Europe, on the northern shores of the Black Sea. It is bordered by the Black Sea to the west and south, by the Azov Sea to the east and it is linked in three points in the north to the Kherson Province of Ukraine. The dominant type of landform in the peninsula is steppe, which covers all the area, except the south, which is home to the Crimean Mountains, located right next to the southern shores (Podgorodetskiy 1988). The climate of Crimea is temperate and less harsh than the one of the Russian and Ukrainian steppe, due to the influence of the Black Sea. Summers are quite warm with average temperatures around 24ºC along the coast (Parubets 2009). The southern part of the peninsula is the main tourist region of the peninsula, as it is there that starting with the 1950's numerous seaside resorts have developed. The most renowned of these are, from west to east, Foros, Simeiz, Alupka, Koreiz, Haspra, Yalta, Partenit, Alushta, Sudak, Koktebel and Feodosiya. This area has become known as the Crimean Riviera or the Ukrainian Riviera. The main points of interest on the eastern coast are the cities of Sevastopol (administratively separate from the rest of Crimea) and Yevpatoriya (Krymova 2015). There are some other point of interest inland, such as the districts of Simferopol and Bakhchisaray. The Crimean Peninsula has a very long and reach history, which was shaped by a long string of nations, such as the Taurids, Scythians, Greeks, Goths, Huns, Khazars, Bulgars, Crimean Tatars (who gave the peninsula's name), Karaites, Jews, Germans and finally, Russians and Ukrainians (Andreev 2013). But the theme of this article is mostly related to the region's more recent history. Crimea first became part of the Russian Empire in 1784, after its annexation by Catherine the Great, following the treaty of Küçük Kaynarca (Starikov & Belyaev 2015, p. 225). After this point it was the site of many wars which had a great significance to Russian and Soviet history: the Crimean War (1853-56), World War I and the Russian Civil War (1914-17; 1917-22) and World War II (1941-45). The forced expulsion of the Crimean Tatars represented one of the greatest mass deportations in Soviet history (Seitovna 2011). The 1 PhD Student e-mail: [email protected] Cactus Tourism Journal Vol. 12, Issue 2/2015, Pages 22-32, ISSN 2247-3297 most notable event in Crimea's post war Soviet history took place in 1954, when Nikita Khrushchev, the leader of the USSR decreed the transfer of the Crimean Province from the RSFSR to the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic. This transfer was motivated by the fact that the region had close economic, trade and cultural ties with the Ukrainian SSR, but also by the geographic proximity between Crimea and the Ukrainian SSR (Starikov & Belyaev 2015, p. 83). At the moment of the transfer, the political impact was limited, as it consisted simply of redrawing some internal borders of the USSR. This also marked the point when the development of tourism in the region truly began. Soviet authorities started investing in the development of various tourists establishments such as spas and resorts and it shortly became a well known and appreciated destination throughout the USSR and the Eastern Block. This state of affairs continued until the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, when following a referendum across the whole Ukrainian SSR, Ukraine became an independent state, encompassing Crimea. The following years were marked by growing political tensions in the newly formed only autonomous republic of Ukraine. The root of much of this tension were the ethnic differences between Crimea and the rest of the country. Another important issue concerning the peninsula was the Russian Black Sea fleet. Ever since its foundation, the bulk of this fleet was stationed in Crimea, more exactly in Sevastopol (Sosnovskiy 2014). ethnic and cultural differences reached their peak in early 2014, when following the toppling of the pro-Russian government of Viktor Yanukovich, major riots, which came to be known as Euromaidan, broke out in Kiev and across Ukraine and a new government, led by Arseniy Yatsenyuk. The reason why these riots spread to Crimea was the abolition of a law concerning regional languages which had the potential to cancel the privileges the Russian language held in many regions of the country (Shevchenko 2014). The end of February 2014 saw daily demonstrations in Simferopol, Crimea's regional capital, both pro-Euromaidan and anti-Euromaidan. On 27 February government buildings and military bases in many points on the peninsula were surrounded by unidentified and unmarked troops, which came to be known popularly as little green men, and checkpoints were established at the two points linking Crimea to the Ukrainian mainland, effectively cutting off ties with the rest of Ukraine in establishing a de facto government of the peninsula, completely autonomous from the one in Kiev. On 1 March 2014 Sergey Aksyonov, the leader of this self-proclaimed government, asked Russia for assistance in maintaining peace and public order in the region. By the next day Russian troops exercised complete control over the peninsula. On 16th March Crimean authorities held a referendum on the future status of Crimea, namely whether the region should join the Russian Federation or remain part of Ukraine. The official results were overwhelmingly in favor of becoming a federal subject of Russia, with over 95% of the votes in favor of such a union (www.ria.ru). The voter turnout was above 83%. A treaty of accession was signed on 18th March and the formal change of sovereignty was completed within days. Effects of Crimea's sovereignty change on tourism For most of the period from 2003 to 2013 tourism in Crimea has had an ascending evolution. The only exception was 2009, when the drop in tourist arrivals was due to the world economic crisis. For most of this ascending evolution the yearly levels of tourist arrivals were situated between 5 and 6 million tourists, both internal and international arrivals. It is also worth mentioning that for all this period the number of "organized tourists" was between 1-1,3 millions yearly (mtur.rk.gov.ru). Organized tourists are those who spent their holiday in officially registered establishments. The rest are those who preferred private apartments and other forms of accommodation. In 2014 a visible drop in tourist arrivals occurred, down from 6,1 million arrivals in the previous year to only 4 million. This change can be attributed to the political events that took place that year and their consequences, which were described in the previous sections. The target announced by the Crimean Tourist Authority for 2015 was 4,5 mil. (crimea.ria.ru). But as of September 2015, after the summer season, only 3,4 mil. tourist arrivals were registered in the Republic of Crimea (see fig. 1). Cactus Tourism Journal Vol. 12, Issue 2/2015, Pages 22-32, ISSN 2247-3297 Figure 1 Tourist arrivals in Crimea over a period of 12 years Source: mtur.rk.gov.ru From 2009 to 2013 most of the tourists who visited Crimea (65-74%) were internal tourists, (Ukrainian citizens). This share rose to levels above 85% in 2014 and the first three quarters of 2015, but the internal tourists are now Russian citizens, who formerly represented only about 25% of total tourist arrivals (crimea.ria.ru). The majority of the remaining after the annexation to Russia were Ukrainian citizens. As far as preferences for certain locations in the peninsula go, the vast majority of tourists, choose the southern coast. In 2013, more than half chose the biggest resorts in the south of the peninsula: Yalta 34,8%, Alushta 19,2% and also Feodosiya 6,7% (mtur.rk.gov.ru). A significant 19,2% chose the western coast resort of Yevpatoriya and 4,9% the nearby Saki.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Open Letter of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
    We would highly appreciate if you correctly attribute to Ukraine the publications produced by scientists based in Sevastopol, Simferopol, Kerch, Yalta, Nikita, Feodosia, Nauchny, Simeiz, Yevpatoria, Saki, and other cities and towns of the Crimean region, Donetsk, and Luhansk, in particular the Crimean Laser Observatory of the Main Astronomical Observatory, the Marine Institute of Hydrophysics, the Crimean Nature Reserve, the Karadag Nature Reserve, the O.O.Kovalevsky Institute of Biology of the Southern Seas, the Donetsk O.O.Galkin Institute of Physics and Engineering, and others. We insist on appropriate attributions of Crimean and Donbas research institutions to Ukraine in any publications, especially in international journals. In those cases when items with inappropriate country affiliation have been already published due to neglect or for some other reason, we request the soonest possible publication of corrigenda or editorial notes, explaining the temporary occupied status of the Crimea and the Donbas. In those cases when Crimean or Donbas authors, for fear of repressions, provide for communication reasons their current addresses as Russia or Russian Federation, the editorial disclaimer has to be made indicating the real status of Crimea and Donbas as a constituent and integral part of Ukraine, with proper reference to the relevant international documents adopted by the UN and/or other bodies. An example of such a disclaimer could be as follows: “The author(s) from the Crimea / Donbas of the article(s) appearing in this Journal is/are solely responsible for the indication of his/her/their actual postal address(es) and country affiliation(s). However, the Journal states that the country affiliation(s) indicated in the article is/are improper.
    [Show full text]
  • Land Auctions
    Dear friends, Today the autonomy has good prospects for investments, a priority region for the economic development of our country. It may and must turn from a subsidized region into a profitable one. This is our key target. Our Crimean strategy of social and economic renewal and development is based on it. No doubt that the Crimea will become a pearl of Ukraine, will be able to successfully implement the whole resort and tourist, agricultural, transport, industrial and certainly land potential. This and other similar publications of the Crimean government popularize the issues of improving business climate in the autonomy, activating investment activities in the region and transparent sales of land in the Crimea. For us holding open auctions is not merely the establishment of clear and understandable rules for doing investing business but also direct replenishment of the republican budget. At the same time this transparent method of selling land will put an end to the illegal schemes of enriching and will enable to use the land – a most valuable Crimean resource – for the benefit of the budget and all the Crimean citizens. I am convinced that this catalogue will become a reference book for a domestic and foreign investor and businessman. Chairman of Council of Ministers of Autonomous Republic of Crimea V.Djarty 22,0 HA LOCATION: BAKHCHISARAI REGION The land plot is situated out of borders of the settlements of Verkhorechie village council, in the area of the village of Verkhorechie 1 LAND PLOT DESCRIPTION Designation: the distance of
    [Show full text]
  • International Crimes in Crimea
    International Crimes in Crimea: An Assessment of Two and a Half Years of Russian Occupation SEPTEMBER 2016 Contents I. Introduction 6 A. Executive summary 6 B. The authors 7 C. Sources of information and methodology of documentation 7 II. Factual Background 8 A. A brief history of the Crimean Peninsula 8 B. Euromaidan 12 C. The invasion of Crimea 15 D. Two and a half years of occupation and the war in Donbas 23 III. Jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court 27 IV. Contextual elements of international crimes 28 A. War crimes 28 B. Crimes against humanity 34 V. Willful killing, murder and enforced disappearances 38 A. Overview 38 B. The law 38 C. Summary of the evidence 39 D. Documented cases 41 E. Analysis 45 F. Conclusion 45 VI. Torture and other forms of inhuman treatment 46 A. Overview 46 B. The law 46 C. Summary of the evidence 47 D. Documented cases of torture and other forms of inhuman treatment 50 E. Analysis 59 F. Conclusion 59 VII. Illegal detention 60 A. Overview 60 B. The law 60 C. Summary of the evidence 62 D. Documented cases of illegal detention 66 E. Analysis 87 F. Conclusion 87 VIII. Forced displacement 88 A. Overview 88 B. The law 88 C. Summary of evidence 90 D. Analysis 93 E. Conclusion 93 IX. Crimes against public, private and cultural property 94 A. Overview 94 B. The law 94 C. Summary of evidence 96 D. Documented cases 99 E. Analysis 110 F. Conclusion 110 X. Persecution and collective punishment 111 A. Overview 111 B.
    [Show full text]
  • Urgently for Publication (Procurement Procedures) Annoucements Of
    Bulletin No�1 (180) January 7, 2014 Urgently for publication Annoucements of conducting (procurement procedures) procurement procedures 000162 000001 Public Joint–Stock Company “Cherkasyoblenergo” State Guard Department of Ukraine 285 Gogolia St., 18002 Cherkasy 8 Bohomoltsia St., 01024 Kyiv–24 Horianin Artem Oleksandrovych Radko Oleksandr Andriiovych tel.: 0472–39–55–61; tel.: (044) 427–09–31 tel./fax: 0472–39–55–61; Website of the Authorized agency which contains information on procurement: e–mail: [email protected] www.tender.me.gov.ua Website of the Authorized agency which contains information on procurement: Procurement subject: code DK 016–2010 (19.20.2) liquid fuel and gas; www.tender.me.gov.ua lubricating oils, 4 lots: lot 1 – petrol А–95 (petrol tanker norms) – Procurement subject: code 27.12.4 – parts of electrical distributing 100 000 l, diesel fuel (petrol tanker norms) – 60 000 l; lot 2 – petrol А–95 and control equipment (equipment KRU – 10 kV), 7 denominations (filling coupons in Ukraine) – 50 000,00, diesel fuel (filling coupons in Supply/execution: 82 Vatutina St., Cherkasy, the customer’s warehouse; Ukraine) – 30 000,00 l; lot 3 – petrol А–95 (filling coupons in Kyiv) – till 15.04.2014 60 000,00; lot 4 – petrol А–92 (filling coupons in Kyiv) – 30 000,00 Procurement procedure: open tender Supply/execution: 52 Shcherbakova St., Kyiv; till December 15, 2014 Obtaining of competitive bidding documents: 285 Hoholia St., 18002 Cherkasy, Procurement procedure: open tender the competitive bidding committee Obtaining of
    [Show full text]
  • A Krím Földrajzi Nevei
    EÖTVÖS LORÁND TUDOMÁNYEGYETEM INFORMATIKAI KAR TÉRKÉPTUDOMÁNYI ÉS GEOINFORMATIKAI TANSZÉK TÉRKÉPÉSZ MESTERSZAK A Krím földrajzi nevei DIPLOMAMUNKA Készítette: Bánkúti Balázs térképész hallgató Témavezető: Faragó Imre mérnöktanár ELTE Térképtudományi és Geoinformatikai Tanszék Budapest, 2016 Ez a néhány vár - most rom, alaktalan, csupasz - Ez volt, óh, hálátlan Krím, őrződ és ékszered. Ma órjás koponyaként a hegy ormán mered, Féreg lakja s féregnél rusnyább ember-kukac. A toronyba fel! Ha ott címer után kutatsz, Felirást is találhatsz - tán épp egy hős-nevet, Tűnt hadak rémét, melyet a múlt fátyla befed, Mint begubózott hernyót szőlőlevél-kupac. Athén jeleit véste itt falba a görög, Itt verte bilincsekbe az olasz a mongolt, A Mekkából érkező itt namáz-dalt mormolt. Ma fekete keselyűk szállnak e sír fölött, S miként ott, hol egykoron gyilkos dögvész tombolt, E bástyák ormán a gyász lobogója örök. (Adam Mickiewicz: A balaklavai várromok. Radó György fordítása) - 3 - Tartalomjegyzék I. Bevezetés ........................................................................................................................................ - 5 - II. A Krím természetföldrajzi jellemzői ......................................................................................... - 7 - II. 1. Elhelyezkedése, határai ....................................................................................................... - 7 - II. 2. Tájfelosztása .........................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • The Simeiz Fundamental Geodynamics Area
    The Simeiz Fundamental Geodynamics Area A. E. Volvach, G. S. Kurbasova Abstract This report gives an overview about the as- 2 Activities during the Past Year and trophysical and geodetic activities at the the fundamen- Current Status tal geodynamics area Simeiz-Katsively. It also summa- rizes the wavelet analysis of the ground and satellite During the past year, the Space Geodesy and Geo- measurements of local insolation on the “Nikita gar- dynamics stations regularly participated in the Inter- den” of Crimea. national Network programs — IVS, the International GPS Service (IGS), and the International Laser Rang- ing Service (ILRS). 1 General Information During the period 2013 January 1 through 2013 December 31, the Simeiz VLBI station participated The Radio Astronomy Laboratory of the Crimean As- in 14 24-hour geodetic sessions. Simeiz regularly trophysical Observatory with its 22-m radio telescope participated in the EUROPE and T2 series of geodetic is located near Simeiz, 25 km to the west of Yalta. The sessions. Simeiz geodynamics area consists of the radio tele- scope RT-22, two satellite laser ranging stations, a per- manent GPS receiver, and a sea level gauge. All these components are located within 3 km (Figure 1). 2.1 Multi-Frequency Molecular Line RT-22, the 22-meter radio telescope, which began Observations operations in 1966, is among the five most efficient telescopes in the world. Various observations in the centimeter and millime- Study of the star-forming regions in molecular lines ter wave ranges are being performed with this tele- started in 1978. Two main types of observation are car- scope now and will be performed in the near future.
    [Show full text]
  • Crimea Guide.Pdf
    Crimea Crimean peninsula located on the south of Ukraine, between the Black and Azov Seas. In the southern part of the peninsula located Crimean mountains, more than a kilometer high. Peninsula is connected to the mainland of Ukraine by several isthmuses. The eastern part of Crimea separated from Russia by the narrow Kerch Strait, a width of less then ten kilometers. Crimea - is one of the most interesting places for tourism in Ukraine. On a very small territory - about 26,800 square kilometers, you can find the Sea and the mountains, prairies and lakes, palaces and the ancient city-states, forts and cave cities, beautiful nature and many other interesting places. During two thousand years, the Crimean land often passed from hand to hand. In ancient times, the Greeks colonized Crimea and founded the first cities. After them the Romans came here. After the collapse of the Roman Empire, Crimea became part of the Byzantine Empire. Here was baptized Prince Vladimir who later baptized Kievan Rus. For a long time in the Crimea live together Tatars, Genoese and the small principality Theodoro, but in 1475, Crimea was conquered by the Ottoman Empire. More than three hundreds years the Ottoman Empire ruled the Crimea. After the Russian-Turkish war in 1783, the peninsula became part of the Russian Empire. In 1854-1855 Crimea was occupied forces of Britain, France and Turkey. During the battle near Balaklava death many famous Britons, including Winston Churchill's grandfather. And now, the highest order of the British armed forces - the Victoria Cross minted from metal captured near Balaclava Russian guns.
    [Show full text]
  • Annoucements of Conducting Procurement Procedures
    Bulletin No�8(134) February 19, 2013 Annoucements of conducting 002798 Apartments–Maintenance Department of Lviv procurement procedures 3–a Shevchenka St., 79016 Lviv Maksymenko Yurii Ivanovych tel.: (032) 233–05–93 002806 SOE “Makiivvuhillia” Website of the Authorized agency which contains information on procurement: 2 Radianska Sq., 86157 Makiivka, Donetsk Oblast www.tender.me.gov.ua Vasyliev Oleksandr Volodymyrovych Procurement subject: code 35.12.1 – transmission of electricity, 2 lots tel.: (06232) 9–39–98; Supply/execution: at the customer’s address, m/u in the zone of servicing tel./fax: (0623) 22–11–30; of Apartments–Maintenance Department of Lviv; January – December 2013 e–mail: [email protected] Procurement procedure: procurement from the sole participant Website of the Authorized agency which contains information on procurement: Name, location and contact phone number of the participant: lot 1 – PJSC www.tender.me.gov.ua “Lvivoblenergo” Lviv City Power Supply Networks, 3 Kozelnytska St., 79026 Procurement subject: code 71.12.1 – engineering services (development Lviv, tel./fax: (032) 239–20–01; lot 2 – State Territorial Branch Association “Lviv of documentation of reconstruction of technological complex of skip Railway”, 1 Hoholia St., 79007 Lviv, tel./fax: (032) 226–80–45 shaft No.1 of Separated Subdivision “Mine named after V.M.Bazhanov” Offer price: UAH 22015000: lot 1 – UAH 22000000, lot 2 – UAH 15000 (equipment of shaft for works in sump part)) Additional information: Procurement procedure from the sole participant is Supply/execution: Separated Subdivision “Mine named after V.M.Bazhanov” applied in accordance with paragraph 2, part 2, article 39 of the Law on Public of SOE “Makiivvuhillia”; during 2013 Procurement.
    [Show full text]
  • CRIMEAN ALBUM: Stories of Human Rights Defenders IRYNA VYRTOSU CRIMEAN ALBUM: STORIES of HUMAN RIGHTS DEFENDERS УДК 342.72/.73(477.75-074)(092) К82
    IRYNA VYRTOSU CRIMEAN ALBUM: Stories Of Human Rights Defenders IRYNA VYRTOSU CRIMEAN ALBUM: STORIES OF HUMAN RIGHTS DEFENDERS УДК 342.72/.73(477.75-074)(092) К82 Author of text: Iryna Vyrtosu. Editor and author of idea: Tetiana Pechonchyk. Production photographer: Valeriya Mezentseva. Photographers: Mykola Myrnyi, Iryna Kriklya, Olexiy Plisko, as well as photos from the personal archives of the heroes. Transcription of the interviews: Yana Khmelyuk. Translator: Olga Lobastova. Proofreader: Arthur Rogers. Design composition and layout: Pavlo Reznikov. I. Vyrtosu К82 Crimean Album: Stories of Human Rights Defenders / I. Vyrtosu; edit. Т. Pechonchyk; Human Rights Information Centre. – Kyiv: KBC, 2019. – 232 p. ISBN 978-966-2403-16-9 This book contains evidence and memories of Crimean human rights defenders including their work experience before and after the occupation. There are twenty personal stories about the past, present and future of people, who continue to fight for the protection of human rights in Crimea even after losing their home, as well as those, who oppose reprisals living under the occupation. These are stories of Olga Anoshkina, Eskender Bariyev, Mykhailo Batrak, Oleksandra Dvoretska, Abdureshyt Dzhepparov, Lilia Hemedzhy, Sergiy Zayets, Synaver Kadyrov, Emil Kurbedinov, Alyona Luniova, Roman Martynovsky, Ruslan Nechyporuk, Valentyna Potapova, Anna Rassamakhina, Daria Svyrydova, Olga Skrypnyk and Vissarion Aseyev, Iryna Sedova and Oleksandr Sedov, Tamila Tasheva, Maria Sulialina, Volodymyr Chekryhin. The book is intended
    [Show full text]
  • Crimea______9 3.1
    CONTENTS Page Page 1. Introduction _____________________________________ 4 6. Transport complex ______________________________ 35 1.1. Brief description of the region ______________________ 4 1.2. Geographical location ____________________________ 5 7. Communications ________________________________ 38 1.3. Historical background ____________________________ 6 1.4. Natural resource potential _________________________ 7 8. Industry _______________________________________ 41 2. Strategic priorities of development __________________ 8 9. Energy sector ___________________________________ 44 3. Economic review 10. Construction sector _____________________________ 46 of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea ________________ 9 3.1. The main indicators of socio-economic development ____ 9 11. Education and science ___________________________ 48 3.2. Budget _______________________________________ 18 3.3. International cooperation _________________________ 20 12. Culture and cultural heritage protection ___________ 50 3.4. Investment activity _____________________________ 21 3.5. Monetary market _______________________________ 22 13. Public health care ______________________________ 52 3.6. Innovation development __________________________ 23 14. Regions of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea _____ 54 4. Health-resort and tourism complex_________________ 24 5. Agro-industrial complex __________________________ 29 5.1. Agriculture ____________________________________ 29 5.2. Food industry __________________________________ 31 5.3. Land resources _________________________________
    [Show full text]
  • National Report of the Russian Federation
    DEPARTMENT OF NAVIGATION AND OCEANOGRAPHY OF THE MINISTRY OF DEFENSE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION NATIONAL REPORT OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION 21TH MEETING OF MEDITERRANEAN and BLACKSEAS HYDROGRAPHIC COMMISSION Spain, Cadiz, 11-13 June 2019 1. Hydrographic office In accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation matters of nautical and hydrographic services for the purpose of aiding navigation in the water areas of the national jurisdiction except the water area of the Northern Sea Route and in the high sea are carried to competence of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation. Planning, management and administration in nautical and hydrographic services for the purpose of aiding navigation in the water areas of the national jurisdiction except the water area of the Northern Sea Route and in the high sea are carried to competence of the Department of Navigation and Oceanography of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation (further in the text - DNO). The DNO is authorized by the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation to represent the State in civil law relations arising in the field of nautical and hydrographic services for the purpose of aiding navigation. It is in charge of the Hydrographic office of the Navy – the National Hydrographic office of the Russian Federation. The main activities of the Hydrographic office of the Navy are the following: to carry out the hydrographic surveys adequate to the requirements of safe navigation in the water areas of the national jurisdiction and in the high sea; to prepare
    [Show full text]
  • Implementation of the Strategic Action Plan for the Rehabilitation and Protection of the Black Sea
    Implementation of the Strategic Action Plan for the Rehabilitation and Protection of the Black Sea (2002-2007) A report by the Commission on the Protection of the BLack Sea Against Pollution © 2009, Commission on the Protection of the Black Sea Against Pollution ISBN 978-9944-245-35-7 For bibliographic purposes this document may be cited as: BSC, 2009. Implementation of the Strategic Action Plan for the Rehabilitation and Protection of the Black Sea (2002-22007). Publications of the Commission on the Protection of the Black Sea Against Pollution (BSC), 2009-11, Istanbul, Turkey, 252 pp. This document has been prepared with the financial assistance of the European Union. The views expressed herein can in no way be taken to reflect the official opinion of the European Union. This publication may be reproduced in whole or in part and in any form for educational or non-profit purposes without special permission from the copyright holder, provided acknowledgement of the source is made. Commission on the Protection of the Black Sea Against Pollution would appreciate receiving a copy of any publication that uses this publication as a source. No use of this publication may be made for resale or for any other commercial purpose whatsoever without prior permission in writing from the Permanent Secretariat of the Black Sea Commission on the Protection of the Black Sea Against Pollution. Cover design: Nilufer Akpinar Cover image: The image used on the cover of this book is provided by the NASA's Visible Earth website at: http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/imagerecords/8000/8817/ BlackSea_AMO_2008156_lrg.jpg Published by Referans Çeviri Hizmetleri, Yazýlým ve Yayýncýlýk Ltd.
    [Show full text]