DOCSLIB.ORG

First Contemporary Youth Gang in the Oakland, Chinese," Originated in San Francisco Chin• California Chinatown Community, 2) the •Gang Town in 1964

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
First Contemporary Youth Gang in the Oakland, Chinese, Free lnquity- Special Issue #2: Gan,s, Drugs 4c Violence Volume 25 No. I, May I 99 7 Pore 41 OAKLAND CHINATOWN'S FIRST YOUTH GANG: THE SUEY SING BOYS Gregory Vee Mark, University of Hawaii at Manoa ABS~CT R~rdt eoncemedwlh Chinese gangs in the Unilllld States focuses on two sites, San Francisco and NewYork. Thiss=xamlnesOaklandChinatownandthedevelopmentofbflratChlnelein'vnigrantyouth gang,theSUeyStng ,durlnglhelveyearsfn:lm1968-1t73.trely=ondatatrom~IOUICIIS.-uch as inlarviewswlhganarnerranandtleld oblervations. Keytopicafor atheformationoftheSuey Sing boys, the relationship of.the youth gangs to the Chinatown social re, and the relationship between gangs in Oakland and San Franasco. INTRODUCTION (1943), traditional gang research has paid little The gang problem~ an issue of serious or no attention to the Ch~ community. c:oncem to American society. Many people are Reasons include lack of interest by traditional fearful of, and many are adversely affected by, youth gang researchers, often linked to lm­ gangs and their activities. The American pub­ agesofChineseand other Asian Americans as lic demands tougher police tactics, punish­ the ·model minority.· the difficulty of gaining ment, and prisons in response. Despite vigor­ access to Chinese gang members, especially ous efforts, crime ~ gangs continue to be for non-Chinese researchers, and the political major social problems in the United States. and social isolation of the Asian American Altl)ough most Americans can trace their an­ community (Joe 1994). cestry to EU4'0J)e, the literature on youth gangs This paper explores the premise that focuses primarily on African American and Chinatown gangs are not isolated entitles, but Hispanic gangs. are a part of, and connected to, the Chinese The 1960s witnessed the emergence of community; gangs impact community life and contemporary. Chinese gangs in the United the community impacts gangs. The topics dis­ States. The first nationally known Chinese cussed are 1) the historical development ofthe gang, the Hwa Chings, which means "young first contemporary youth gang in the Oakland, Chinese," originated in San Francisco Chin• California Chinatown community, 2) the •gang town in 1964. Eventually, branches of this perspedive" onwhytheyformed a gang, 3) the group and other similar types of gangs spread relationship of the Oakland gang to Chinatown throughout America's Chinatowns. Since the convnunity organizations, and 4) the relation­ 1970s, due to escalating violence and ex­ ship between Chinese gangs in different sites, panded criminal activities, Chinese gangs have San Francisco and Oakland. been increasingly viewed as a major social problem in the Chinese American community METtiODOLOGY and as a menace to society-at-large. In gov­ _ ' I began Inquiring about Chineee gangs, ernment reports and the popular media, these in 1968, to understand gang members' expe­ ganga are blamed for the Increasing violence riences and why such garigs form. Oakland, in Chinatowns, shiploads of undocumented California (1960, population 367,548) was an Chinese immigranta, and the massive smug­ ideal city in which to document the develop­ gling of illegal drugs to the United States. ment of a gang. Chlnatowo was located in the Although these eouraes frequently exaggerate heart of the city, adjacent to the downtown the criminality of the Chinese gang situation, it shopping area and the main police headquar­ is accurate to state that Chinese gangs are ters, and near city hall. There were no deviant involved in a variety of criminal activities, such Chinese groups operating In the area. Unlike as extortion, burglary, robbery, assault, and San Francisco Chinatown, with a myrtad of murder, that bring hardship and misery, espe­ social organizations, Oakland Chinatown had cially to the Chinese community. only a few, such as the Wong Family AssO­ Study of Chinese gangs broadens our ciation, the Chinese American Citizen Afti- knowledge of early gang formation and gang ance, and the Suey Sing Tong. - structure, and Illustrates how gangs can inter­ First as a participant observer, my field face with Chinatown organizations within the observations were the foundation to this study. contextofcontemporaryaocialproblems. Since In youth and adult gang studies that utilize the inception of gang studies by researchers observation as the primary methodology Frederick Thrasher (1927} and William VVhyte (Padilla 1993; Patrick 1973; VVhyte 1943), the 42 Volume 25 No. /,May 1997 Specio/lssue #2: Gongs, Drugs & Violence - Free Inquiry researchers target a particular community or Chinese gangs and crime in Oakland China­ group to study. In my case, the gang rner\1bers town. Government criminal intelligence re­ adopted me as friend and confidant. My father ports or law enforcement conference papers was a well respected tong member who had an were of little use because of their unreliability excellent rapport with gang members. I was and lack of emphasis on Oakland. Govern­ also treated with respect and loyalty by the ment reports do show growing concern of state s~ Si{l9 boys. Though not a gang member, and federal law enforcement agencies regard­ I was looked upon as an educated friend Who ing Chinese gangs .~ heroin smuggling. worked for the members' welfare and needs. I Fourth, a few researchers have pub­ had access to the social benefits of gang mem­ lisped books or articles concerning Chinese bership such as intra-group friendship, but gangs in San Francisco and New York (Chin never the responaibilties, such as participating 1990; Chin, Fagan, Kelly 1992; Joe 1994; in violent confrontations with other groups. I Kwong 1987; Lyman 1970; Sung 19n; Takagi, was marg~ a part of the group, Who could Platt 1978). Noone has studied Chinese gangs commumc.te with Its members. I obtained in Oakland. Only Gong and Grant (1930) and meaningful' and valid information as a semi­ Chin (1990) examine· the tongs to any signifi- participant observer. cant extent. Second, rconducted numerous informal interviews with San Francisco and Oakland REVIEW OF UTERATURE aduft Suey Sing members and the Oakland There is a multitude of youth gang stud­ Suey Sing boys, in a four and a half year period ies in the United States, most concerned with (SL!mmer of 1968 to early 1973). Conversa­ ethnic minority communities. However, there tions were held at restaurants, bowling alleys, has been a dearth of scholarly research and and the Oakland Suey Sing Clubhouse. I re­ publications concerning the Chinese gangs in corded the gist of thase conversations and the United States. VVhat little there is falls into informal interviews but at that time I was not two major categorieS: 1) journalistic accounts, involved in any active gang research. Since some of which are based upon law enforce­ 1993, I hav8 conducted eight interviews. with ment gang task force reports (Bresler 1981; former Oakland Suey Sing ~ ll1d .their Posner 1988), and 2) descriptiveltheoretical aasociates. According to the authors count studies (Chin 1990; Chin, Fagan 1994; Chin, and key Informants, there went •ofticiaUy" 28 Fagan, Kelly 1992; Joe 1993, 1994; Lyman Suey Sing boys. Two were~ to be 1970; Sung 19n; Takagi, Platt 1978). part of the oakland Suey Sing boys and simul­ Some journalistic accounts gtamorize taneously were partofthe San Francisco Suey Chinese gangs and hefghten the fear of these Sing group. One resided and went to school in gangs llooding the u.s. shores with tons of Oakland but spent a great deal of time in San drugs. Two of these accounts, by Bresler Francisco 8nd was considered to be an influ­ (1981) and Posner (1988), state that adult and ential gang member. IntervieWs, which were young Chinese criminals are trafficking in about 1.5 hours~. were tape recorded (with heroin. Breslefbelieves that there is an inter­ pennission) and transcribed in summary form. nationaletineseaimeconspiracythatishead­ Data collection spanned three years (1993- quartered In Asia. Posner maintains that the 1996)~ QuaHty ranged from little useful infor­ Chinese Trtads are the most powerful form of mation to full desaiptions of events and com­ organized crime in the world and coniequently munity social life. pose the most serious threat to law enforce­ Third, I examined archival sources In ment. Both charge that the Triads in Asia, the newspapers and governmental reports. From tongs in Chinatowns, and the Chinese youth 1970 to 1988, there were articles about Chi­ gangs are in close contact and structurally nese· gangs in San Francisco, New York, and related, posing a serious threat. Los Angeles. A study of New Yorlc Ttmes Scholarly works on Chinese gangs con­ articles on Chinese Americans over an SO­ cern two cities. Lyman's (1970) study focused year period showed an abundance of aime on San Francisco Chinatown gangs, describ­ coverage (Auman, Mark 1997). The study ing they were due to changing demographics notes that half of the coverage analyzed was and a tradition of social bandiby from China. crime-related, followed by political events He examined the development of American (25%).~olhernaws, andcullure(Auman,' bomandforeignbomSanFranciscoChinatown Mark 1997). There were only a few articles on gangs; such as the Hwa Chings and the Red free Inquiry - Special Issue #2: Gongs, Drugs & Violence Vohlme 25 No. I, May 1997 Page 43 Guards, from the 1950s through the early waterfront and the Oakland downtown/com­ 1970s. mercial area. By 1880, the location of the pres­ Sung (19n) examines New York China­ ent Chinatown was established just a few town gangs using theories of social disor­ blocks from where City Hall is today. As in ganization, social strudure, crime as con­ . most other cities, Chinatown was restricted to formity to explain the nature, and formation of old, undesirable, commercial districts because these youth gangs. of racial segregation in both housing and com­ Chin's 1990 book, Chinese Subcqlture mercial enterprises. Thus, Chinatown was and Criminality, focuses on New York China­ originally established in the midst of ware­ town gangs, examining Chinatowns, Chinese houses, factories, rooning houses, and junk­ secret societies, the development of Chinese yards.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Unknown History of New York City's Chinatown: a Story of Crime During the Years of American Prohibition Kathryn Christense
    The Unknown History of New York City’s Chinatown: A Story of Crime During the Years of American Prohibition Kathryn Christensen: Undergraduate of History and Asian Studies at SUNY New Paltz Popular interpretations of immigrants in New York City during the era of Prohibition have looked at it through the lens of European immigrants. Groups such as the Italian Mafia, and Irish gangs in New York City are a well-rehearsed story within the history of Prohibition. However, Europeans were not the only immigrants that began to flood into the ports of New York City during the early 20th century. Within New York City’s Chinatown there was the emergence of a vast network of organized criminal activity, along with various raids revealing rice wine moonshine and other violations of the 18th amendment, just like their European counterparts. Though largely overlooked in the historiography, this paper argues that Chinatown,and the Chinese in New York City played an integral role in the Prohibition era United States. In order to understand the Chinese population that lived in the United States during the early 1900s, it is important to lay the framework for why they first came to the United States. Like many other immigrant groups that immigrated during this time, many Chinese came over to escape a difficult political and economic climate. In China, the Opium war left the Chinese defeated by the British Empire leaving its reputation as the protectorate and superpower of the East shattered. This was accompanied by famines and floods across the nation resulting in economic catastrophe which further resulted in civil war and several uprisings, most notably the Taiping Rebellion.1 The unstable environment in China caused several Chinese to flee the country.
    [Show full text]
  • UC Berkeley Ethnic Studies Library Asian American Archive Collections Summary
    Last updated 3/6/2017 UC Berkeley Ethnic Studies Library UC Berkeley Ethnic Studies Library Asian American Archive Collections Summary 30 Stephens Hall University of California, Berkeley (510) 643-1234 eslibrary.berkeley.edu *To find a list of Asian American archival collections, please visit Oskicat, click “More Searches,” select “Other Call Number” from the drop down menu and enter “AAS ARC” in the search box. Search the call number or title of any collection in oskicat.berkeley.edu to find a description of the collection. ** To visit the Asian American Archives, please contact the Asian American Studies Librarian, Sine Hwang Jensen, at [email protected] for more information at least 48 hours before your visit if possible. Please note that not all collections are held on-site. *** The Asian American Archives is open to researchers from the public and other institutions. AAS ARC 2000/1 Sang Wo Co. records, 1905-1975 2000/2 Far East Co. records, 1926-1972 2000/3 Margaret Chung Papers, 1933-1958 (bulk 1942-1944) 2000/4 Chinese Hospital miscellany, 1923-1966 2000/5 Research materials relating to the film Carved in Silence [graphic] 2000/6 Gold Mountain ballads collection, 1828-1924 2000/7 Chinese Theatre programs 2000/8 East West research files, 1967-1989 2000/9 Kong Chow Benevolent Association miscellany, 1901-1954 2000/10 Hip Wo School collection, 1926-1978 (bulk 1926-1957) 2000/11 Papers presented at the National Conference on Chinese American Studies, typescripts, 1980 Oct. 9-11 2000/12 Chinese American business miscellany, ca. 1920s-1930s 2000/13 Chinese American community miscellany, 19— 2000/14 Miscellaneous Zhongguo guo min dang (KMT) documents, ca.
    [Show full text]
  • Organised Crime Around the World
    European Institute for Crime Prevention and Control, affiliated with the United Nations (HEUNI) P.O.Box 161, FIN-00131 Helsinki Finland Publication Series No. 31 ORGANISED CRIME AROUND THE WORLD Sabrina Adamoli Andrea Di Nicola Ernesto U. Savona and Paola Zoffi Helsinki 1998 Copiescanbepurchasedfrom: AcademicBookstore CriminalJusticePress P.O.Box128 P.O.Box249 FIN-00101 Helsinki Monsey,NewYork10952 Finland USA ISBN951-53-1746-0 ISSN 1237-4741 Pagelayout:DTPageOy,Helsinki,Finland PrintedbyTammer-PainoOy,Tampere,Finland,1998 Foreword The spread of organized crime around the world has stimulated considerable national and international action. Much of this action has emerged only over the last few years. The tools to be used in responding to the challenges posed by organized crime are still being tested. One of the difficulties in designing effective countermeasures has been a lack of information on what organized crime actually is, and on what measures have proven effective elsewhere. Furthermore, international dis- cussion is often hampered by the murkiness of the definition of organized crime; while some may be speaking about drug trafficking, others are talking about trafficking in migrants, and still others about racketeering or corrup- tion. This report describes recent trends in organized crime and in national and international countermeasures around the world. In doing so, it provides the necessary basis for a rational discussion of the many manifestations of organized crime, and of what action should be undertaken. The report is based on numerous studies, official reports and news reports. Given the broad topic and the rapidly changing nature of organized crime, the report does not seek to be exhaustive.
    [Show full text]
  • Chinese Exclusion and Tong Wars in Portland, Oregon
    Utah State University DigitalCommons@USU All Graduate Theses and Dissertations Graduate Studies 12-2019 More Than Hatchetmen: Chinese Exclusion and Tong Wars in Portland, Oregon Brenda M. Horrocks Utah State University Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd Part of the History Commons Recommended Citation Horrocks, Brenda M., "More Than Hatchetmen: Chinese Exclusion and Tong Wars in Portland, Oregon" (2019). All Graduate Theses and Dissertations. 7671. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/7671 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate Studies at DigitalCommons@USU. It has been accepted for inclusion in All Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@USU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. MORE THAN HATCHETMEN: CHINESE EXCLUSION AND TONG WARS IN PORTLAND, OREGON by Brenda M. Horrocks A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS in History Approved: ______________________ ____________________ Colleen O’Neill, Ph.D. Angela Diaz, Ph.D. Major Professor Committee Member ______________________ ____________________ Li Guo, Ph.D. Richard S. Inouye, Ph.D. Committee Member Vice Provost for Graduate Studies UTAH STATE UNIVERSITY Logan, Utah 2019 ii Copyright © Brenda Horrocks All Rights Reserved iii ABSTRACT More Than Hatchetmen: Chinese Exclusion and Tong Wars in Portland, Oregon by Brenda M. Horrocks, Master of Arts Utah State University, 2019 Major Professor: Dr. Colleen O’Neill Department: History During the middle to late nineteenth century, Chinese immigration hit record levels in the United States. This led to the growth of Chinatowns across the West Coast.
    [Show full text]
  • Chinese Organized Crime in Latin America
    Department of Justice Weapons and money seized by U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration Chinese Organized Crime in Latin America BY R. EVAN ELLis n June 2010, the sacking of Secretary of Justice Romeu Tuma Júnior for allegedly being an agent of the Chinese mafia rocked Brazilian politics.1 Three years earlier, in July 2007, the Ihead of the Colombian national police, General Oscar Naranjo, made the striking procla- mation that “the arrival of the Chinese and Russian mafias in Mexico and all of the countries in the Americas is more than just speculation.”2 Although, to date, the expansion of criminal ties between the People’s Republic of China (PRC) and Latin America has lagged behind the exponen- tial growth of trade and investment between the two regions, the incidents mentioned above high- light that criminal ties between the regions are becoming an increasingly problematic by-product of expanding China–Latin America interactions, with troubling implications for both regions. Although data to quantify the character and extent of such ties are lacking, public evidence suggests that criminal activity spanning the two regions is principally concentrated in four cur- rent domains and two potentially emerging areas. The four groupings of current criminal activ- ity between China and Latin America are extortion of Chinese communities in Latin America by groups with ties to China, trafficking in persons from China through Latin America into the United States or Canada, trafficking in narcotics and precursor chemicals, and trafficking in con- traband goods. The two emerging areas are arms trafficking and money laundering. It is important to note that this analysis neither implicates the Chinese government in such ties nor absolves it, although a consideration of incentives suggests that it is highly unlikely that the government would be involved in any systematic fashion.
    [Show full text]
  • Cdcr Recognized Disruptive Groups June 5, 2012
    CDCR RECOGNIZED DISRUPTIVE GROUPS JUNE 5, 2012 GANG NAMES 17TH ST ROAD KINGS ACORN MOB AKRHO BOYS CRAZZYS AMNI ANOTHER ORDER ANSAR EL MUHAMMAD ARMENIAN POWER ARYAN BROTHERHOOD - FEDERAL SYSTEM ARYAN BROTHERHOOD OF TEXAS ARYAN NATION ARYAN WARRIORS ASAIN-MASTERS OF DESTRUCTION ASIAN CRIPS ASIAN-AMERICAN BORN IN CHINA ASIAN-ASIAN BOYS ASIAN-ASIAN MAFIA ASSASSIN ASIAN-ASIAN PERSUASION ASIAN-BAHALA-NA GANG ASIAN-HOP SING BOYS ASIAN-JACKSON ST BOYS ASIAN-KING COBRAS ASIAN-KOREAN COBRA BOYS ASIAN-MABUHAY PINOY ASIAN-MONGOLIAN BOYS SOCIETY ASIAN-NINJA CLAN ASSASSINS ASIAN-NON SPECIFIC ASIAN-ORIENTAL BOYS ASIAN-ORIENTAL LAZY BOYS ASIAN-ORIENTAL MOB ASIAN-ORIENTAL TROOP W/S ASIAN-ORIENTAL TROOPS ASIAN-PINOY REAL ASIAN-SONS OF DEVIL ASIAN-SONS OF SAMOA [SF] ASIAN-SONS OF SOMOA [LONG BEACH] ASIAN-V BOYS ASIAN-VIET CHING ASIAN-VIETNAMESE BOYS ASIAN-VIETNAMESE GANGSTER FAMILY ASIAN-VIETNAMESE NATOMA BOYS CDCR RECOGNIZED DISRUPTIVE GROUPS JUNE 5, 2012 ASIAN-WAH CHING ASIAN-WO HOP TO ATWOOD BABY BLUE WRECKING CREW BARBARIAN BROTHERHOOD BARHOPPERS M.C.C. BELL GARDENS WHITE BOYS BLACK DIAMONDS BLACK GANGSTER DISCIPLE BLACK GANGSTER DISCIPLES NATION BLACK GANGSTERS BLACK INLAND EMPIRE MOB BLACK MENACE MAFIA BLACK P STONE RANGER BLACK PANTHERS BLACK-NON SPECIFIC BLOOD-21 MAIN BLOOD-916 BLOOD-ATHENS PARK BOYS BLOOD-B DOWN BOYS BLOOD-BISHOP 9/2 BLOOD-BISHOPS BLOOD-BLACK P-STONE BLOOD-BLOOD STONE VILLAIN BLOOD-BOULEVARD BOYS BLOOD-BOUNTY HUNTER BLOOD-BOUNTY HUNTER [LOT BOYS] BLOOD-BOUNTY HUNTER-BELHAVEN BLOOD-BOUNTY HUNTER-INCKERSON GARDENS BLOOD-BOUNTY HUNTER-NICKERSON
    [Show full text]
  • The Art of Tyrus Wong
    fi5 5i~,*, Chinese Historical Society ~ ~R[jjtl E S'N 51: ~ ~~ of Southern California 411 Bernard Street, Los Angeles, CA 90012 Phone: 323-222-0856 Email: [email protected] Ol ES Website: www.chssc.org OCTOBER 2013 Collecting Chinese and Chinese American History in Los Angeles: UCLA Library's Resources Wednesday, October 2,2013 - 6:30 p.m. Castelar Elementary School 840 Yale Street, Los Angeles, CA 90012 Free parking - enter via College Street Refreshments will be served Residents praying to save Old Chinatown Buddist Temple This event is free and open to the public UCLA Archives Staff from the UCLA Library will discuss the ways UCLA is working to document Chinese and Chinese American history in Los Angeles. They will present on the oral histories UCLA's Center for Oral History Research is collecting and on the holdings of UCLA's East Asian Library, which include letters, photographs, civil examination papers, and extensive holdings of rare genealogies and gazetteers. Presenters include Susan Anderson, curator of the Collecting Los Angeles initiative; Teresa Barnett, head of the Center for Oral History Research; Su Chen, head of the East Asian Library; and Alex Cline, interviewer in Asian American history. Castelar School 4th graders playing Chinese jump rope during picnic at Elysian Park in 1976 UCLA Archives fi5 5i~,*, Chinese Historical Society ~ ~R[jjtl 51: ~~~ of Southern California OCTOBER 2013 Chinese Historical Society of Southern California Board of Directors Memorial Gate Officers Plans have been made for a Memorial Gate at the CHSSC headquarters at 411 Susan Dickson, President and 415 Bernard Street.
    [Show full text]
  • 149300NCJRS.Pdf
    If you have issues viewing or accessing this file contact us at NCJRS.gov. t I • CALIFORNIA DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE DANIEL E. LUNGREN Attorney General GREGORY G. COWART, Director DMSION OF LAW ENFORCEMENT CHARLES C. HARPER, Deputy Director DMSION OF LAW ENFORCEMENT • BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION ROBERT J. LUCA, Chief Whitt Murray, Assistant Chief Charles C. Jones, Special Agent In Charge, Intelligence Operations Kirby T. Vickery, Manager, Investigative and Support Services Jerry Marynik, Gangs 2000 Project Coordinator " Supervisor, Gangs/Criminal Extremists Unit " 4949 Broadway P.O. Box 163029 • Sacramento, CA 95816-3029 • 149300 U.S. Department of Justice Natlonallnstltute of Justice This document has been reproduced exactiy as received from the person or organization originating it. Points of view or op!nlons stated in this document are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official position or pOlicies of the National Institute of Justice. Permission to reproduce this copyrighted material has been ge~1rfornia Dept. of Justice to the Ni',tional Criminal Justice Reference Service (NCJRS). Further reproduction outside of the NCJRS system requires permission of the copyrighl owner. • '\ • PREFACE • This report is an effort to give the reader a sobering glimpse of the future regarding criminal street gang crime and violence in California. The report attempts to assess the current gang situation and forecast gang trends for the year 2000. Criminal street gang members are terrorizing communities throughout California where the viciousness of the gangs have taken away many of the public's individual freedoms. In some parts of the state, gang members completely control the community where they live and commit their violent crimes.
    [Show full text]
  • Chinese Americans in Los Angeles, 1850-1980
    LOS ANGELES CITYWIDE HISTORIC CONTEXT STATEMENT Context: Chinese Americans in Los Angeles, 1850-1980 Prepared for: City of Los Angeles Department of City Planning Office of Historic Resources October 2018 National Park Service, Department of the Interior Grant Disclaimer This material is based upon work assisted by a grant from the Historic Preservation Fund, National Park Service, Department of the Interior. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Department of the Interior. SurveyLA Citywide Historic Context Statement Chinese Americans in Los Angeles, 1850-1980 TABLE OF CONTENTS PURPOSE AND SCOPE 1 CONTRIBUTORS 2 PREFACE 3 HISTORIC CONTEXT 11 Introduction 11 Terms and Definitions 11 Chinese Immigration to California, 1850-1870 11 Early Settlement: Los Angeles’ First Chinatown, 1870-1933 16 Agriculture and Farming, 1870-1950 28 City Market and Market Chinatown, 1900-1950 31 East Adams Boulevard, 1920-1965 33 New Chinatown and China City, 1938-1950 33 World War II 38 Greater Chinatown and Postwar Growth & Expansion, 1945-1965 40 Residential Integration, 1945-1965 47 Chinatown and Chinese Dispersion and Upward Mobility Since 1965 49 ASSOCIATED PROPERTY TYPES AND ELIGIBILITY REQUIREMENTS 55 BIBLIOGRAPHY 79 APPENDICES: Appendix A: Chinese American Known and Designated Resources Appendix B: SurveyLA’s Asian American Historic Context Statement Advisory Committee SurveyLA Citywide Historic Context Statement Chinese Americans in Los Angeles, 1850-1980 PURPOSE AND SCOPE In 2016, the City of Los Angeles Office of Historic Resources (OHR) received an Underrepresented Communities grant from the National Park Service (NPS) to develop a National Register of Historic Places Multiple Property Documentation Form (MPDF) and associated historic contexts for five Asian American communities in Los Angeles: Chinese, Japanese, Korean, Thai, and Filipino.
    [Show full text]
  • City Council File 12-1681-S4 )
    11/2/2018 City of Los Angeles Mail - HCNNC/Subdivision Election Misconduct (City Council File 12-1681-S4 ) Eric (Roderico) Villanueva <[email protected]> HCNNC/Subdivision Election Misconduct (City Council File 12-1681-S4 ) 2 messages Phyllis Ling <[email protected]> Fri, Nov 2, 2018 at 8:06 AM To: [email protected] Dear Mr. Villaneuva, Attached to this email are 126 letters from stakeholders in SUPPORT of the certification of the Historic Cultural North Neighborhood Council as the City’s 99th neighborhood council. Could these be included in the administrative file regarding HCNNC/Subdivision Election Misconduct (City Council File 12-1681-S4 )? I have tried to redact personal information (street address numbers) from the letters. I would appreciate any advice. Thank you for your time and attention to this matter. Sincerely, Phyllis Ling 6 attachments Letter of Support - HCNNC- LZales.pdf 136K Letter of Support - HCNNC- CCOA-CSCSC.pdf 177K Letter of Support - HCNNC- TLing.pdf 227K Letter of Support - HCNNC- WKwong.pdf 247K Letters of Support - HCNNC-pg1-121.pdf 4194K Letter of Support - HCNNC- CCBA.pdf 383K Eric (Roderico) Villanueva <[email protected]> Fri, Nov 2, 2018 at 8:27 AM To: [email protected] Dear Ms. Ling, The six attachments you sent will be uploaded to CF#12-1681-S4. Eric Villanueva Office of the City Clerk 200 N. Spring St. Rm. 395 Los Angeles, CA 90012 213-978-1075 https://mail.google.com/mail/u/0?ik=6da442a5b6&view=pt&search=all&permthid=thread-f%3A1616035194320920320&simpl=msg-f%3A16160351943… 1/2 11/2/2018 City of Los Angeles Mail - HCNNC/Subdivision Election Misconduct (City Council File 12-1681-S4 ) [Quoted text hidden] https://mail.google.com/mail/u/0?ik=6da442a5b6&view=pt&search=all&permthid=thread-f%3A1616035194320920320&simpl=msg-f%3A16160351943… 2/2 Chinese Consolidated Benevolent Association 923-925 North Broadway, Los Angeles, California 90012 Tel: 213-626-1646 Fax; 213-626-2938 SUBJECT; Certification of HCNNC, BONC Special Meeting on Oct.
    [Show full text]
  • Glendale Police Department
    If you have issues viewing or accessing this file contact us at NCJRS.gov. ClPY O!.F qL'J;9{'jJ.!JL[/E • Police 'Department 'Davit! J. tJ1iompson CfUt! of Police J.1s preparea 6y tfit. (jang Investigation Unit -. '. • 148396 U.S. Department of Justice National Institute of Justice This document has been reproduced exactly as received from the person or organization originating it. Points of view or opinions stated in this document are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official position or policies of the National Institute of Justice. Permission to reproduce this copyrighted material has been g~Qted bY l' . Giend a e C1ty Po11ce Department • to the National Criminal Justice Reference Service (NCJRS). Further reproduction outside of the NCJRS system requires permission of the copyright owner. • TABLEOFCON1ENTS • DEFINITION OF A GANG 1 OVERVIEW 1 JUVENILE PROBLEMS/GANGS 3 Summary 3 Ages 6 Location of Gangs 7 Weapons Used 7 What Ethnic Groups 7 Asian Gangs 8 Chinese Gangs 8 Filipino Gangs 10 Korean Gangs 1 1 Indochinese Gangs 12 Black Gangs 12 Hispanic Gangs 13 Prison Gang Influence 14 What do Gangs do 1 8 Graffiti 19 • Tattoo',;; 19 Monikers 20 Weapons 21 Officer's Safety 21 Vehicles 21 Attitudes 21 Gang Slang 22 Hand Signals 22 PROFILE 22 Appearance 22 Headgear 22 Watchcap 22 Sweatband 23 Hat 23 Shirts 23 PencHetons 23 Undershirt 23 T-Shirt 23 • Pants 23 ------- ------------------------ Khaki pants 23 Blue Jeans 23 .• ' Shoes 23 COMMON FILIPINO GANG DRESS 24 COMMON ARMENIAN GANG DRESS 25 COrvtMON BLACK GANG DRESS 26 COMMON mSPANIC GANG DRESS 27 ASIAN GANGS 28 Expansion of the Asian Community 28 Characteristics of Asian Gangs 28 Methods of Operations 29 Recruitment 30 Gang vs Gang 3 1 OVERVIEW OF ASIAN COMMUNITIES 3 1 Narrative of Asian Communities 3 1 Potential for Violence 32 • VIETNAMESE COMMUNITY 33 Background 33 Population 33 Jobs 34 Politics 34 Crimes 34 Hangouts 35 Mobility 35 Gang Identification 35 VIETNAMESE YOUTH GANGS 39 Tattoo 40 Vietnamese Background 40 Crimes 40 M.O.
    [Show full text]
  • Kem K. Lee Photographs and Other Materials, 1927-1986
    http://oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/kt358025jn No online items Finding Aid to the Kem K. Lee Photographs and Other Materials, 1927-1986 Finding Aid written by Janice Otani, Amy Gilgan Funding for processing this collection was provided by National Historical Publications and Records Commission (NHPRC) The Ethnic Studies Library 30 Stephens Hall #2360 University of California, Berkeley Berkeley, California, 94720-2360 Phone: (510) 643-1234 Fax: (510) 643-8433 Email: [email protected] URL: http://eslibrary.berkeley.edu © 2007 The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved. Finding Aid to the Kem K. Lee AAS ARC 2006/1 1 Photographs and Other Materials, 1927-1986 Finding Aid to the Kem K. Lee Photographs and Other Materials, 1927-1986 Collection Number: AAS ARC 2006/1 The Ethnic Studies Library University of California, Berkeley Berkeley, CaliforniaFunding for processing this collection was provided by National Historical Publications and Records Commission (NHPRC) Finding Aid Written By: Janice Otani, Amy Gilgan Date Completed: December 2007 © 2007 The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved. Collection Summary Collection Title: Kem K. Lee photographs and other materials Date (inclusive): 1927-1986 Collection Number: AAS ARC 2006/1 Creators : Lee, Kem K. Extent: Number of containers: 3 cartons, 154 boxes, 15 oversize boxes, 1 oversize folderLinear feet: 73.75 Repository: University of California, Berkeley. Ethnic Studies Library 30 Stephens Hall #2360 University of California, Berkeley Berkeley, California, 94720-2360 Phone: (510) 643-1234 Fax: (510) 643-8433 Email: [email protected] URL: http://eslibrary.berkeley.edu Abstract: The Kem Lee photograph collection, 1927-1986, contains Lee's photographs and other materials in subject files relating to his photojournalistic assignments and business advertisements for San Francisco Chinatown newspapers and includes photographs of the Miss Chinatown USA Pageant, community organizations, political activities, as well as formal studio portraits.
    [Show full text]