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Urban Landscape Design and Management Implications for Reducing West Nile Virus

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Urban Landscape Design and Management Implications for Reducing West Nile Virus URBAN LANDSCAPE DESIGN AND MANAGEMENT IMPLICATIONS FOR REDUCING WEST NILE VIRUS A Thesis Presented to The Faculty of Graduate Studies of The University of Guelph by MATTHEW WALTNER-TOEWS In partial fulfillment of requirements for the degree of Master of Landscape Architecture April, 2008 ©Matthew Waltner-Toews, 2008 Library and Bibliotheque et 1*1 Archives Canada Archives Canada Published Heritage Direction du Branch Patrimoine de I'edition 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A0N4 Ottawa ON K1A0N4 Canada Canada Your file Votre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-41877-2 Our file Notre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-41877-2 NOTICE: AVIS: The author has granted a non­ L'auteur a accorde une licence non exclusive exclusive license allowing Library permettant a la Bibliotheque et Archives and Archives Canada to reproduce, Canada de reproduire, publier, archiver, publish, archive, preserve, conserve, sauvegarder, conserver, transmettre au public communicate to the public by par telecommunication ou par Plntemet, prefer, telecommunication or on the Internet, distribuer et vendre des theses partout dans loan, distribute and sell theses le monde, a des fins commerciales ou autres, worldwide, for commercial or non­ sur support microforme, papier, electronique commercial purposes, in microform, et/ou autres formats. paper, electronic and/or any other formats. The author retains copyright L'auteur conserve la propriete du droit d'auteur ownership and moral rights in et des droits moraux qui protege cette these. this thesis. Neither the thesis Ni la these ni des extraits substantiels de nor substantial extracts from it celle-ci ne doivent etre imprimes ou autrement may be printed or otherwise reproduits sans son autorisation. reproduced without the author's permission. In compliance with the Canadian Conformement a la loi canadienne Privacy Act some supporting sur la protection de la vie privee, forms may have been removed quelques formulaires secondaires from this thesis. ont ete enleves de cette these. While these forms may be included Bien que ces formulaires in the document page count, aient inclus dans la pagination, their removal does not represent il n'y aura aucun contenu manquant. any loss of content from the thesis. Canada ABSTRACT URBAN LANDSCAPE DESIGN AND MANAGEMENT IMPLICATIONS FOR REDUCING WEST NILE VIRUS Matthew Waltner-Toews Advisor: University of Guelph, 2008 Robert Corry This thesis is an investigation of the influences of urban and landscape design on urban West Nile virus (WNV) risk. Through meta-analysis of urban ecology and epidemiology literature and existing WNV models, this paper shows how risk of WNV infection varies with urban landscape elements, form, and local mosquito control management in two neighbourhoods in Winnipeg, Manitoba. A multi-scale design and management approach is described and evaluated using a GIS comparing the effects of the principles on WNV infection risk. Results suggest that surface-warmed stagnant subsurface water in conjunction with mature tree canopy and open lawn create a high-risk environment. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank a number of people, without whom this thesis would not have been possible. I would like to thank Dr. Robert Corry for his patience, support, persistence, and guidance during the process of writing and editing this thesis. Dr. Ian Barker from the Ontario Veterinary College and Canadian Cooperative Wildlife Health Centre provided extremely useful input and advice without which this thesis would not have been possible. Dr. Bob Brown provided useful input, inspiration, and mentorship through the many stages of the researching and writing process. I would also like to thank Dr. Robbin Lindsay from the Canadian National Microbiology Laboratory Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC), and Taz Stuart from the City of Winnipeg Mosquito Control Division for providing invaluable data and information about West Nile Virus transmission and mosquitoes in urban areas. Ken Dalton from the City of Winnipeg Waste and Water Department provided useful insight into drainage, and provided valuable data. Paul Beach from the Sault Ste. Marie Community Geomatics Centre, for providing useful insight into the mapping of urban mosquitoes. 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1.0: INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY 1 1.1 PURPOSE 4 1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT 5 1.3 DEFINITIONS 6 2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW 7 2.1 WEST NILE VIRUS ECOLOGY 7 2.1.1 Explanation of the Disease 7 2.1.2 History of Spread 9 2.1.3 Urban Mosquitoes 10 2.1.3.1 The Life of a Mosquito 11 2.1.3.2 Culex Mosquitoes 13 2.1.4 Avian Ecology in Cities 16 2.1.4.1 Avian Biodiversity 16 2.1.4.2 West Nile Virus in Urban Birds 17 2.2 WEST NILE VIRUS AND BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES 18 2.2.1 Surveillance 19 2.2.1.1 Avian Surveillance 19 2.2.1.2 Mosquito Surveillance 20 2.2.2 Source Reduction 21 2.2.2.1 Maintenance and Sanitation 21 2.2.2.2 Water Management 21 2.2.2.3 Avian Habitat 25 2.2.3 Insecticidal Control 26 2.3 MODEL AND RISK ASSESSMENT 27 2.3.1 Environmental and social determinants of human risk in Chicago, 2002 28 2.3.2 Habitat Mapping in Wyoming 30 2.3.3 Risk Assessment in British Columbia 31 2.3.4 Land Cover and Environmental Temperature Influence in Southern Ontario. 33 2.4 KEY INFERENCES FROM THE LITERATURE 36 2.4.1 Mosquito Risk 36 2.4.2 Avian Risk 37 2.4.3 Human Risk 38 2.4.4 Best Management Practices 38 2.4.5 Variables in WNV Risk 38 3.0 METHODOLOGY 40 3.1 SITE SELECTION 40 3.2 STUDY NEIGHBOURHOODS IN WINNIPEG 42 3.3 SITE OBSERVATION 42 3.4 VARIABLE SELECTION 43 3.5 NEIGHBOURHOOD MAPPING 44 3.6 NEIGHBOURHOOD ANALYSIS 46 li 4.0 FINDINGS AND INSIGHTS 48 4.1 WINNIPEG OVERVIEW AND CONTEXT 48 4.2 NORTH RIVER HEIGHTS 49 4.2.1 Population Statistics 50 4.2.2 Income 50 4.2.3 Dwelling Types and Age 51 4.2.4 North-West Quadrat 51 4.2.5 North East Quadrat 52 4.2.6 South East Quadrat 54 4.2.7 South West Quadrat 55 4.2.8 North River Heights Discussion 56 4.3 FORT RICHMOND NORTH 59 4.3.1 Population Statistics 60 4.3.2 Income 60 4.3.3 Dwelling Types and Age 61 4.3.4 North Quadrat 61 4.3.5 North-Central Quadrat 63 4.3.6 South-Central Quadrat 64 4.3.7 Southern Quadrat 65 4.3.8 Fort Richmond North Discussion 67 4.4 COMPARISON BETWEEN NEIGHBOURHOODS 69 4.5 SUMMARY 73 5.0: CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 75 5.1 WNV IN THE URBAN LANDSCAPE 75 5.2 HIGHEST RISK 75 5.3 EXISTING GUIDELINES 77 5.4 REDUCING RISK 79 5.4.1 Correcting a Neighbourhood 79 5.4.2 Designing a Neighbourhood 80 5.4.3 Risk Reduction through Subsurface Drainage 81 5.5 LIMITATIONS AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR FUTURE RESEARCH 82 5.5.1 Subsurface Infrastructure 83 5.5.2 Urban Land Cover Classification 83 5.5.3 Urban Birds 84 5.5.4 Validation of Study and Future Studies 84 LITERATURE CITED 85 APPENDIX A 90 APPENDIX B 100 in LIST OF FIGURES Title Page CHAPTER 2 White Stork Migration and Wintering Grounds Compared with WNV 9 Positive Countries in Europe and Africa The spread of West Nile Virus across North America 11 Mosquito Life Cycle 12 Water Pooling in a Culvert Under a Path 23 Area Ground-Truthed in Residential Toronto to Validate the Actual 35 Urban Habitat Classified as Wetland, Forest, and Farmland by Meyers (2006) CHAPTER 3 Relative Locations of North River Heights and Fort Richmond North 43 in Winnipeg Pythagorean Theorem to Find the Chord of a Circle and Surface Area 47 of Water in a Pipe CHAPTER 4 North River Heights Stagnant Water by Quarter 57 North River Heights Tree Canopy by Quarter 58 Fort Richmond North Stagnant Water by Quarter 67 Fort Richmond Tree Canopy by Quarter 68 Total Stagnant Water (Both Neighbourhoods) 69 Major Risk Variable Comparison Between Neighbourhoods 71 iv LIST OF TABLES Table # Title Page CHAPTER 2 2.1 North American Mosquito Genera 14 2.2 Suburban West Nile Virus Risk Variables Compiled from Models and 39 Research CHAPTER 4 4.1 North River Heights North West Quadrat Risk Variables 52 4.2 North River Heights North West Quadrat Tree Cover 52 4.3 North River Heights North West Quadrat Water Area 52 4.4 North River Heights North East Quadrat Risk Variables 53 4.5 North River Heights North East Quadrat Tree Cover 53 4.6 North River Heights North East Quadrat Water Area 53 4.7 North River Heights South East Quadrat Risk Variables 54 4.8 North River Heights South East Quadrat Tree Cover 55 4.9 North River Heights South East Quadrat Water Area 55 4.10 North River Heights South West Quadrat Risk Variables 56 4.11 North River Heights South West Quadrat Risk Variables 56 4.12 North River Heights South West Quadrat Water Area 56 4.13 Fort Richmond North Northern Quadrat Risk Variables 62 4.14 Fort Richmond North Northern Quadrat Tree Cover 62 4.15 Fort Richmond North Northern Quadrat Water Area 62 4.16 Fort Richmond North North-Central Quadrat Risk Variables 63 4.17 Fort Richmond North North-Central Quadrat Tree Cover 64 4.18 Fort Richmond North North-Central Quadrat Water Area 64 4.19 Fort Richmond North South-Central Quadrat Risk Variables 65 4.20 Fort Richmond North South-Central Quadrat Tree Cover 65 4.21 Fort Richmond North South-Central Quadrat Water Area 65 4.22 Fort Richmond North Southern Quadrat Risk Variables 66 4.23 Fort Richmond North Southern Quadrat Tree Cover 66 4.24 Fort Richmond North Southern Quadrat Water Area 66 v 1.0: Introduction to the Study Landscape architects and landscape designers are concerned with shaping and improving the spaces that we move through daily, and enhancing, shaping, creating, and improving the sense of place (or identifiability of location) The range of work that these designers do is quite broad, ranging from Disney Land to healing gardens near hospitals.
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