FOREIGN ANIMAL DISEASES REVISED 2008 SEVENTH EDITION Committee on Foreign and Emerging Diseases of the United States Animal Health Association USAHA PO Box 8805 St. Joseph, MO 64508 Phone: 816-671-1144 Fax: 816-671-1201 email: [email protected] Internet site: www.usaha.org Copyright © 2008 by United States Animal Health Association ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Library of Congress Catalogue Number 2008900990 ISBN 978-0-9659583-4-9 Boca Publications Group, Inc. 2650 N. Military Trail, 240-SZG Boca Raton, FL 33431 [email protected] Printed in Canada 3 PREFACE Educating the veterinary profession about Foreign Animal Diseases has been a long tradition of the U. S. Animal Health Association. The first “Gray Book” edition was published more than half a century ago in 1953, with subsequent editions in 1964, 1975, 1984, 1992 and in 1998. Traditionally, the task of the reviewing and updating this book, still familiarly known as the “Gray Book” (despite the white cover of recent editions) falls to the Chair and Co-Chair of the USAHA’s Foreign and Emerging Disease Committee. We are thus indebted to the U.S. Animal Health Association for the opportunity to assemble this, the 7 th edition of Foreign Animal Diseases . There have been vast changes in the world since the last edition was published in 1998. At that time, the World Trade Organization was just three years old and only beginning the tremendous facilitation of international trade that we see today. The last edition was published before Nipah virus in Malaysia, before the massive foot-and-mouth disease outbreak in the United Kingdom, before the advent of the term “agroterror”, before SARS had infected any humans, and prior to the possibility of highly pathogenic avian influenza as a human pandemic. Indeed, with so many new pathogens as well as old pathogens surfacing in new and unexpected places, the term “foreign animal disease” is becoming less relevant, even as the threat of foreign animal disease incursions becomes more relevant. We have utmost respect for and gratitude to the authors of the chapters. Their contributions were timely, articulate, and accurate. This book is rightfully theirs and we are merely organizers and purveyors of their information. We owe special thanks to Visual Information Services at the Plum Island Animal Disease Center, whose staff supplied most of the new photographs in Part IV. In addition, the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Professional Development Staff (PDS), was very generous in allowing us to borrow Dr. Jason Baldwin, who served as an infallible and incredibly diligent copy and content editor. PDS also supplied the funding for the final formatting of the book, including the new cover design. We also acknowledge our host institutions, the Colleges of Veterinary Medicine at the University of Georgia and Cornell University, for allowing us the time to devote to the editing and assembling of this book. We were each generously 4 given the opportunities to apply our efforts, without any expectations of compensation. Fortunately, the leaders of our respective institutions understand the importance and impact that this volume has on preparing our animal health professionals. Lastly, we wish to recognize the long-term efforts of Dr. Charles Mebus, in research, diagnosis, and dissemination of information regarding foreign animal diseases. Chuck Mebus has been a mentor to the two of us at various stages in our careers and has always served as a stellar role model, good friend, and a visionary regarding the larger picture of animal health. As it was done for the 6 th edition, we re-dedicate this, the 7 th edition of Foreign Animal Disease, to him. Corrie Brown, DVM, PhD, DACVP Chair, Foreign Animal and Emerging Diseases Committee Josiah Meigs Distinguished Teaching Professor College of Veterinary Medicine University of Georgia Athens, GA, 30602 Alfonso Torres, DVM, MS, PhD Co-Chair, Foreign Animal and Emerging Diseases Committee Professor & Associate Dean for Public Policy College of Veterinary Medicine Cornell University Ithaca, NY 14850 5 FOREWORD For more than a half century the “Gray Book” has been the key resource for veterinarians, from private practitioners to federal, state and corporate practices and students regarding foreign animal diseases. The preparation of this book is a tangible example of the remarkable cooperation between all the sectors of the U.S. Animal Health Association. Professionals from academia, U.S. federal and state agencies, and a number of foreign countries have shared their expertise and their time to create this seventh edition. The Chair and Co-Chair of the USAHA Committee on Foreign and Emerging Diseases, Corrie Brown, DVM, PhD, and Alfonso Torres, DVM, PhD, respectively, have coordinated the compilation of this edition, with USAHA acting as the publishing agency. On behalf of the USDA, I want to express my appreciation to the leadership of USAHA, Drs. Brown and Torres, and all the authors, reviewers and editors for their selfless contributions. There are no monetary remunerations or royalties for writing this book: its creation grew from the collective understanding of the importance of sustaining a successful history of safeguarding all animal health industries from animal diseases. Dr. John R. Clifford Deputy Administrator for Veterinary Services, and U.S. Chief Veterinary Officer Animal Plant & Health Inspection Service U.S. Department of Agriculture Washington DC 6 TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE – THE EDITORS………………………..…………. 3 FORWARD – USDA…………………………….……..………… 5 PART I – CONTRIBUTORS…………………….……………… 8 PART II – GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS……….………….. 15 1. Protecting the U.S. from Foreign Animal Diseases ……………. 17 2. Diagnostic Laboratory Procedures and Interpretation …………. 31 3. Sample Collection: Species-specific list of tissues ……………. 45 4. Shipping Diagnostic Specimens …………….….….….……….. 49 5. Animal Pathogen Disinfectants ………………………………… 61 6. Mass Culling …………………………………………………… 85 7. Carcass Management ………………………………………….. 93 PART III – DISEASES 1. African horse sickness …………………………………….…. 103 2. African swine fever …………………………………………… 111 3. Akabane disease ……………………………………………… 117 4. Arthropod livestock pests and disease vectors. ………………. 125 5. Avian influenza …………………………………………….…. 137 6. Babesiosis …………………………………………….………. 147 7. Bluetongue ……………………………………………………. 159 8. Borna disease …………………………………………………. 167 9. Bovine ephemeral fever ………………………………………. 175 10. Bovine spongiform encephalopathy …………………………. 185 11. Capripoxvirus ………………………………………………… 189 12. Classical swine fever ………………………………………….. 197 13. Contagious agalactia of sheep and goats ……………………… 207 14. Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia …………………………. 213 15. Contagious caprine pleuropneumonia ……………………..….. 219 16. Contagious equine metritis ……………………………………. 225 17. Dourine …………………………………………………….….. 231 18. Duck virus hepatitis ……………………………………….….. 237 7 19. East Coast fever …………………………………………….… 243 20. Epizootic lymphangitis ……………………………………….. 251 21. Equine encephalosis ……………….…………………………. 257 22. Foot-and-mouth disease ………………………………………. 261 23. Getah ………………………………………………………….. 277 24. Glanders ………………………………………………………. 281 25. Heartwater …………………………………………………….. 287 26. Hemorrhagic septicemia ……………………………….……… 297 27. Hendra ………………………………………………………… 301 28. Infectious salmon anemia ……………………………………... 305 29. Japanese encephalitis …………………………………………. 311 30. Jembrana ………………………………………………..…….. 317 31. Louping-ill …………………………………………………….. 321 32. Malignant catarrhal fever ……………………………………... 325 33. Nairobi sheep disease …………………………………………. 335 34. Newcastle disease …………………………………………….. 343 35. Nipah …………………………………………………………. 351 36. Peste des petits ruminants …………………………………….. 357 37. Rabbit hemorrhagic disease …………………………………... 365 38. Rift Valley fever ……………………………………………… 369 39. Rinderpest …………………………………………………….. 377 40. Screwworm …………………………………………………… 383 41. Spring viremia of carp ………………………………………… 391 42. Swine vesicular disease ……………………………………….. 397 43. Tropical theileriosis ……………………………………..……. 401 44. Trypanosomiasis ……………………………………………… 405 45. Venezuelan equine encephalitis ………………………………. 411 46. Vesicular exanthema of swine ………………………………… 419 47. Vesicular stomatitis …………………………………………… 423 48 Wesselsbron …………………………………………………… 431 PART IV – PHOTOGRAPHS ……………………………………... 435 8 FOREIGN ANIMAL DISEASES I CONTRIBUTORS Corrie Brown College of Veterinary Medicine University of Georgia Athens, GA 30602-7388 [email protected] Claudio S.L. Barros Universidade Federal de Santa Maria Santa Maria, Brazil [email protected] Rafael Fighera Universidade Federal de Santa Maria Santa Maria, Brazil [email protected] R.O. Gilbert College of Veterinary Medicine Cornell University Ithaca, NY 14853-6401 [email protected] Alan J. Guthrie Equine Research Centre Faculty of Veterinary Science University of Pretoria Onderstepoort, 0110, Republic of South Africa [email protected] Christopher Hamblin 94 South Lane, Ash, Near Aldershot Hampshire, GU12 6NJ, England [email protected] 9 Christiane Herden Institut fur Pathologie Tierarztliche Hochschule Hannover Hannover, Germany [email protected] Sharon K. Hietala University of California-Davis Davis, CA 95617 [email protected] Daniel J. King Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory USDA-ARS Athens, GA 30605 [email protected] Peter Kirkland Head, Virology Laboratory Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute Menangle, NSW, Australia [email protected] Paul Kitching National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease Winnipeg, Manitoba,