GORTERIA JOURNAL ISSN: 0017-2294

K. T. Sidheek Comparative studies on diversity in mangroves and paddy field ecosystems of Malappuram district, Kerala, South India. Abstract: Abundance and diversity of odonates were studied in two different ecosystems of Malappuram district, Kerala, in varying seasons, pre-monsoon, monsoon, and post- monsoon, during March 2019 to February 2020. The ecosystems studied were paddy field and mangrove ecosystem. Paddy field was located in Kottakkal and mangrove ecosystem was located in Kadalundi. In both ecosystems a total of 34 of odonata including 15 Anisoptera () and 19 species of Zygoptera () were recorded, which accounts 22.07% of total species of odonates found in kerala. The is the dominant family among Anisoptera. Among Zygoptera the dominant family was . The study was carried out by recording dragonflies observed using the line transect method. The study mainly aims the extent of pollution in two different ecosystems because odonates act as indicator of pollution. In two study areas, Kottakkal is more urbanised than Kadalundi. From this study we can observe that 66.6% species (Damselflies and Dragonflies) are observed from Kadalundi and 33.3% are observed from Kottakkal. This study shows the effect of environmental pollution and other human interferences on odonates.

Key words: Odonata, paddy fields, mangrove ecosystem, diversity indices.

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INTRODUCTION Biodiversity is defined as the variety of and variability in flora and fauna in an ecosystem. Since rapid species extinction occurs in India, documentation of biodiversity is a necessary step to be taken. Basic tool for the study of biodiversity is the . Making taxonomy, a combined study will help experts and non-biologists to take identification of species as a hobby, passion and love for nature with support coming from trained scientists (Pisupattu 2015).

Generally biodiversity studies are given to higher forms like mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians and fishes, while lower forms like are neglected. Insects constitute 75% of the global faunal biodiversity. Among all the wide variety of life on planet, Dragonflies (Anisoptera) and Damselflies (Zygoptera) are the ancient groups to develop wings for first time and venture into air. Both are included in order Odonata.

Biodiversity of an insect in an area depends on the nature of the particular area. Insects in order Odonates are found near water ponds, lakes, canals, streams, rivers and swamps. Nowadays the biodiversity of insects declines gradually. The main cause for this declination is pollution. Urbanisation is one of the main drivers of ecosystem change. From rural to urban, the gradient of pollution increases, thereby the diversity of dragonflies and damselflies also varies in different areas. Urban areas are well developed in which density of human interferences like houses, buildings, roads, bridges and railways. Rural area is open land with less human interference. And there is another area semi urban which is partly urban; between urban and rural. The area is somewhat but not wholly characteristics of urban area. So as the human manipulation increases in agricultural lands, water resource, it results in the pollution rate increase and thereby the biodiversity in that area get destructed. So it affects the diversity of dragonflies and damselflies also.

The term Odonata, which came from the Greek word ‘odonto’ which means strong teeth found on the mandible of adult. They first appeared during the Carboniferous era, about 250 million years ago. In the pre historic times they were as big as hawks. In those times they had a wingspan of thirty inches and were the largest insects ever to have lived (Boyd, 2005).

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Based on morphology, dragonflies and damselflies can easily be distinguished in the field. Damselflies are similar to dragonflies except possessing equal wings that are normally held open when at rest, comparatively weak fliers and eyes are well separated. However, in the larval stage they can be easily distinguished from dragonflies due to the presence of three externally visible gills on abdomen and having cylindrical, fragile body.

Odonates vary in their habitat requirements. The life history of odonates is closely linked with water bodies. The larvae tend to reside in flowing as well as in standing waters (Corbet, 1962). The adults are generally found at or around fresh water, although some species roam widely and are possibly found far from their breeding sites. Even though most species of odonates are highly specific to a habitat, some have adapted to urban areas and make use of man-made water bodies. Odonates are Hemi metabolous (i.e. incomplete metamorphosis) insects with three stages- egg, larva (naiad) and adult.

Odonates lay their eggs in a wide range of aquatic habitats, from damp soil to waterfalls. Females select the egg-laying site mainly by physical characters. Many dragonflies lay their eggs either in flight or by perching on an overhanging vegetation or rock. Eggs are rounded or spindle shaped, pale yellowish in appearance, which are deposited in plant tissues, floating debris and in submerged or partially submerged vegetation. Eggs are laid in successive batches: a lays about 100-400 eggs and dragonflies, usually about several hundreds to thousands per batch. Eggs hatch in 5-40 days in the tropics. Damselflies insert their elongate and cylindrical eggs into aquatic plants. Their elaborate ovipositor is serrated and adapted for making incisions in the tissues of plants and placing the eggs in them.

The larva is a sophisticated predator. Their cryptic colouration and keen eyesight make them an effective predator. Larvae are a generally silent predator that is they wait for their prey to come close before striking. But some systematically stalk their prey much like birds of prey or as tigers do. When they are in the striking range they shoot-out their formidable jaws which virtually attack the prey. Last instar larvae of bigger species are known to catch even small fishes and tadpoles. In dragonflies, rectum is modified into foliations or rectal gills which are the respiratory organs. In damselflies, foliaceous lamellae are at the end of the abdomen. The number of larval instars is variable within and between species and is usually 9-15. When they are ready to moult,

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stop feeding and crawl up to emergent vegetation or rock. This usually happens after sunset and the larvae moult into adults just before sunrise. The newly emerged adults are wet and delicate, and as the day warm up, they become dry and fit for their first flight.

Newly emerged odonates leave their emergence site and inhabit nearby landscape. Damselflies complete their maturation period in about a week or less whereas dragonflies take approximately two weeks. During the maturation period, sequential changes occurring the colour of the body and wings. Adult dragonflies are aerial predators and catch insects like mosquitoes, midges, butterflies, moths, bees and odonates on flight. Most of the dragonflies are day flying but a few actively hunt during twilight hours. In this, they resemble insectivorous birds like flycatchers and swifts respectively. They feed in flight, using the legs to capture the prey and transfer it to the jaws. The legs are highly specialized for this purpose, particularly with regard to its position, relative length, articulation and complement of spines. Their vision is well developed and as far as dragonflies are concerned, most of the head is made up of compound eyes.

Odonates flying skill is diverse from all other groups of insects. Odonates have uncoupled wings, that are forewings and hindwings are unattached to each other and they beat independently. The powerful thoracic muscles help them in long sustained flight. Odonates can hover and turn 180° while in flight and can fly backwards. Dragonflies are stronger fliers than damselflies and they can reach a speed up to 25-30 km per hour. The difference in flying abilities influences their dispersal and geographic distribution. Some weak fliers are dispersed by wind. Like many other organisms, dragonflies also migrate. One of our most common species, Pantala flavescens migrates immediately after the monsoons.

Most odonates are sexually dimorphic when they mature. Males acquire bright colouration as they become sexually mature. Sexually matured dragonflies return to breeding habitat from their foraging. Usually males mature earlier than females and reach the breeding habitat first. They hold a territory and these resident males show aggressive behaviour towards conspecific males, which enter their territory. A receptive female adopts a characteristic posture towards a potential male and pairing follows immediately. The last abdominal segments of the male have claspers, which are used to hold the female by her prothorax. During copulation or just before that, the male transfers his sperms into an accessory genital organ at the second abdominal segment. Both the

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partners curve their abdomens so that the genitalia of female become attached to the male’s accessory organ, by doing this; they make a characteristic wheel position. Odonates are unique among all the other insects on the basis of their mating style with this specialized wheel position.

Odonates have been a focus of extensive research in many countries. They are one of the few insect orders that have been intensively studied in the tropics (Woodward, 2001). In 1987, Elzinga reported 5000 species of Odonata around the world. But this record was updated by Trumann and Rowe during the year 2001, according to them there are approximately 6500 named species of Odonata so far described all over the world. They have been reported from all continents except Antarctica and are usually concentrated in warmer and tropical habitats (Boyd, 2005). India is highly diverse with 474 species which belong to 142 genera and 18 families (Subramanian, 2014). Odonata fauna of Kerala exhibits notable diversity and richness. Kerala currently has an Odonate diversity of about 154 species (Kiran and David, 2013) and has 174 species (Subramanian et al., 2011).

Ecologically they are good indicators (Bio indicators) of ecosystem condition. Studies from Western Ghats regarding ecology of damselflies showed that families of Torrent darts, Bamboo tails, Glories etc. are excellent indicators of health of riverine ecosystem (Subramanian, 2005). Their presence on any water body confirms its pollution free status. As predators, their larvae are voracious feeders. They are even known to feed on mosquito larvae (Irshad, 2008). In the urban areas of Thailand, larvae of the container breeding , Granite ghost (Bradino pygageminata) was successfully used to control Aedes mosquito, an important vector of the

dengue fever. Adults play a vital role in pest management and are beneficial to humans as they assist in the control of many insect pests (Trumann and Rowe, 1997). They feed on the insect pests of crops (Yusuf and Ali, 1986), especially of rice and cotton. They are known to feed on white stem borer, yellow stem borer, leaf folder and white leafhopper.

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MATERIALS AND METHODS STUDY AREA

Odonates were collected from two different habitats of Malappuram district, Kerala. Two different sites selected for collecting odonates include (Plot 1) Puthur, Kottakkal which is a paddy field ecosystem and (Plot 2) Anangadi, Kadalundi which is a mangrove ecosystem. Each study sites were separate by a distance of approximately 34 kilometers.

Plot 1- Puthur, Kottakkal

Puthur is located 12 km southwest of Malappuram, the district headquarters, and 14.5 km from Tirur Railway Station. It is the farm land, located near the Kottakkal town (Latitude 11.004156 Longitude76.013299 and about 14.5 m / 45.9 feet above msl). The site situated within the vicinity of paddy field, other agricultural lands and coconut plantations. There is a fresh water stream near the field. But, the area is moderately polluted with waste materials and high disturbances of automobiles.

Plot 2- Anangadi, kadalundi

Anangadi is a small Village/hamlet in Block in Kozhikode District of Kerala State, India. It is a coastal village close to Arabian Sea. It belongs to North Kerala Division. Anangadi is located near Kadalundi town (Latitude 11.1665434 longitude 75.8421063) the site is predominant for the presence of mangroves. Mangroves are one of the ecologically important wetland ecosystems found in the inter-tidal zones of estuaries in tropics and subtropics. The area is a coastal region .Since the site is coastal area, there passes a stream with low salt concentration. The area is renowned for mangroves, also the area has plantations of coconut, vegetables etc.

DRAGONFLY SURVEY

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The survey was carried out by steadily walking along the survey routs and recording dragonflies observed using the line transect method (Pollard and Yates 1993). For each site there were transect paths (500m x 4) transect tracts for each site. The survey was conducted during three seasons, pre monsoon, monsoon and post monsoon.In total 10 samplings were carried out in each field in each season. Collection was carried out between 9:00 am to 12:00 pm. Identification was done at species level with the help of subject expert Abdul Riyas K, Assistant professor (Dept. of Zoology, GASC Calicut) library facilities, field guide, internet, photographs etc. The abundance and diversity index was also recorded. The areas selected where an urban and rural area. The urban area includes paddy field ecosystem and rural area includes the mangrove ecosystem. The study was conducted during March to February. Dragonflies and damselflies are collected by using hand picking method and by using sweep net. The collected odonates were photographed and identified.

HAND PICKING METHOD: It is the method to collect the specimens by hand, This method is possible only slow moving dragonflies. SWEEP NET METHOD: One of the simplest way for collection, Sweep nets are usually made a heavy material (such as canvas) that can be dragged through dense vegetation without being damaged. They usually have heavier handles than those on sweep nets as well. Sweep nets are used to sweep through vegetation to collect random insects not easily seen. Sweep nets are an easy method for the collection of insects.

EQUIPMENTS

The collected insects were preserved by the help of various equipments and they are identified with the help of standard references.

KILLING JAR: Killing jars are used to kill insects humanely and with minimum damage. These actually provide with a sort of small scale fumigation to kill collected insects as rapidly as possible, using a liquid fumigant or killing agent that produces a toxic atmosphere, in which the insect cannot breathe. Potassium cyanide, ethyl acetate, carbon tetra chloride and chloroform are commonly used for killing insects.

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PRESERVATION

The collected insects are preserved permanently by dry preservation.

Dry preservation

Pinning and drying is the most common and useful method to preserve the most hard bodied insects permanently available for study. After insects have been killed in the bottle and they are spreaded and get pinned by rustles entomological pins pushed through thorax. The pinned specimens were keeping in a drying chamber for a few days. So it is slowly dried and thus become well preserved. The insects are preserved according to standard methods

A) Pinning insects: Before displaying posture should be maintained and pinning is important to avoid breakage and to demonstrate each part clearly and make collection neat clean. For dragonflies and damselflies, the front edges of the hindwings should be at right angles to the body. The forewings are set so that they are just a little in front of the hindwings. Dragonflies are pinned through the centre of the thorax. B) Spreading: It is the process to arrange the wings for taxonomic study, with the help of spreading board. Fix paper stripes along the side of the spreading boards and pin on ends. Make sure insect does not move when positioning the wings. C) Mounting: The collected Odonates were pinned with a minute, fine entomological pin through thorax. The collection date and other details on a paper label were attached to this long pin. The insects were kept in wooden insect box.

D) Identification: The dragonflies were identified on the basis of the external morphology and available keys. The common species were identified and Collected and photographed. Species were identified with the help of standard pictorial guides. Data Analysis

To evaluate the distribution and diversity of insects between sampling sites, community indices such as abundance, relative abundance, Shannon diversity index, Simpson

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dominance index, Margalef species richness index and evenness index were used (Magurran, 1988).

Diversity Indexes Shannon–Wiener’s Species Diversity index (H′): The simplest measure of species diversity is to count the number of species. The Shannon index has been a popular diversity index in the ecological literature, where it is also known as Shannon's diversity index, the Shannon–Wiener index, the Shannon–Weaver index and the Shannon entropy. The measure was originally proposed by Claude Shannon to quantify the entropy (uncertainty or information content) in strings of text. The idea is that the more different letters there are, and the more equal their proportional abundances in the string of interest, the more difficult it is to correctly predict which letter will be the next one in the string. The Shannon entropy quantifies the uncertainty (entropy or degree of surprise) associated with this prediction.

Species Richness

Richness R simply quantifies how many different types the data set of interest contains. For example, species richness (usually noted S) of a data set is the number of different species in the corresponding species list. Richness is a simple measure, so it has been a popular diversity index in ecology, where abundance data are often not available for the data sets of interest. Because richness does not take the abundances of the types into account, it is not the same thing as diversity, which does take abundances into account. However, if true diversity is calculated with q = 0, the effective number of types (0D) equals the actual number of types (R).

Species evenness

Species evenness refers to how close in numbers each species in an environment is mathematically it is defined as diversity indexes a measure of biodiversity which quantifies how equal the community is numerically. So if there are 40 foxes, and 1000 dogs, the community is not very even. But if there are 40 foxes and 42 dogs, the community is quite even. The evenness of a community can be represented by Pielou’s evenness index.

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RESULT AND DISCUSSION

A total of 34 species of odonata including 15 Anisoptera ( Dragonflies) and 19 species of Zygoptera (Damselflies) were recorded from the study areas. The Libellulidae (12 species) is the dominant family among Anisoptera followed by (2 species) and Aeshnidae (1 species). Among Zygoptera the dominant family was coenagrionidae (12 species) followed by Platicnemidae (3 species) and (2 species) and also (2 species). Kiran and Raju (2011) reported 154 species of odonates from kerala.the present study on the odonates of kottakkal and kadalundi revealed 34 species, which accounts 22.07% of total species of odonates found in kerala. Earlier studies on the kerala odonates from other regions also have reported Libellulidae as the dominant odonate family ; (Emiliyamma & Radhakrishnan2000, 2002; Emiliyamma 2005; Emiliyamma et al. 2005).

Table1. List of odonates collected during study

SL FAMILY COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME NO Sub-order Zygoptera (Damselfly) 1. Calopterygidae Black-tipped forest glory apicalis 2. Clear winged forest glory 3. Violet dartlet approximans 4. Green striped slender dartlet 5. White dartlet Agroicnemis pieris 6. Orange-tailed Marsh dart Ceriagrion cerinorubellum 7. Coromandel Marsh dart Ceriagrion coromandelianum 8. Coenagrionidae Golden dartlet Ischnura aurora 9. Citrine forktail Ishnura hastata 10. Western golden dartet Ishnura rubilio 11. Brown dartlet Mortonagrion varralli 12. Yellow striped blue dart indicum 13. Blue Grass dartlet Pseudagrion microcephalum 14. Saffron-faced Blue dart Pseudagrion rubriceps 15. Lestidae Emerald spread wing elatus 16. Brown spread wing Lestes umbrinus 17. Platicnemdae Yellow Bush Dart Copera marginipes 18. Blue Bush Dart Copera vittatta

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19. Black bamboo tail Prodasinura verticalis Sub-order Anisoptera (Dragon fly) 20. Aeshnidae Pale spotted emperor Anax guttatus 21. Gomphidae Common clubtail rapax 22. Lined hooktail Paragomphus lineatus 23. Trumpet tail Acisoma panorpoides 24. Granite ghost Bradinopyga geminata 25. Scarlet skimmer sevilia 26. Ground skimmer Diplacodis trivalis 27. Libellulidae Fulvous forest skimmer Neurothemis fulvia 28. Pied paddy skimmer Neurothemis tullia 29. Brown –backed red marsh hawk Orthetrum chrysis 30. Green marsh hawk Orthetrum Sabina 31. Wandering glider Pantala flavescens 32. Common picture wing Rhyothemis variegata 33. Evening skimmer Tholymis tillarga 34. Black stream glider Trithemis festiva

Table 2. Estmation of odonata in plot-1 (Puthur ,Kottakkal)

SL NO FAMILY SCIENTIFIC NAME TOTAL Sub-order Zygoptera Aciagrion approximans 6 Aciagrion occidentale 5 Agroicnemis pieris 16

Ceriagrion cerinorubellum 25

Ceriagrion coromandelianum 18 1. Coenagrionidae Ischnura aurora 2 Ishnura rubilio 17 Mortonagrion varralli 1 Pseudagrion microcephalum 2 Pseudagrion rubriceps 5 2. Lestidae Lestes elatus 1 VOLUME 34, ISSUE 4 - 2021 Page No: 160 GORTERIA JOURNAL ISSN: 0017-2294

Lestes umbrinus 16 Copera marginipes 28

3. Platicnemidae Copera vittatta 13 Prodasinura verticalis 13 Sub- order Anisoptera (Dragonflies) 4. Aeshnidae Anax guttatus 1 5. Gomphidae Ictinogomphus rapax 6 Acisoma panorpoides 18 Bradinopyga geminata 6 Crocothemis sevilia 22

Diplacodis trivalis 27

Neurothemis fulvia 20 6. Libellulidae Neurothemis tullia 50 Orthetrum chrysis 11 Orthetrum Sabina 19 Pantala flavescens 62 Rhyothemis variegata 5 Tholymis tillarga 5 Trithemis festiva 3

Coenagrio nidae, 97 Lestidae, 2 Platicnemi Libellulida dae, 54 e, 248

Aeshnidae, 1 Gomphida e, 6

VOLUME 34, ISSUE 4 - 2021 Fig. 1. Total number of odonates in family wise in plot-1 Page No: 161 GORTERIA JOURNAL ISSN: 0017-2294

In kottakkal, Llibellulidae family is dominant with 248 odonates and least odonata includes in family Aeshnidae with 1 odonata. From the plot-1 Coenagrionidae is the second dominant family with 97 odonates, followed by platicnemidae with 54. From the table 2 we can analyse that family Libellulidae is with dominant number of species (12). And Aeshnidae with least number of species,1. Table 3. Estmation of odonata in plot-2 (kadalundi) SL .N FAMILY SCIENTIFIC NAME TOTAL O Sub-order Zygoptera (Damselflies) 1. Calopterygidae Vestalis apicalis 6 Vestalis gracilis 5 Aciagrion approximans 13 Aciagrion occidentale 16 Agroicnemis pieris 31

Ceriagrion cerinorubellum 40

Ceriagrion coromandelianum 43

Ischnura aurora 7 Ishnura hastata 2 2. Coenagrionidae Ishnura rubilio 19 Mortonagrion varralli 2 Pseudagrion indicum 9 Pseudagrion microcephalum 4

Pseudagrion rubriceps 9

Lestes elatus 9 3. Lestidae Lestes umbrinus 30 Copera marginipes 42

4. Platicnemidae Copera vittatta 44 Prodasinura verticalis 14 Sub-order Anisoptera (Dragonflies) 5. Aeshnidae Anax guttatus 4 VOLUME 34, ISSUE 4 - 2021 Page No: 162 GORTERIA JOURNAL ISSN: 0017-2294

6. Gomphidae Ictinogomphus rapax 4 Paragomphus lineatus 2 Acisoma panorpoides 23 Bradinopyga geminata 14 Crocothemis sevilia 46

Diplacodis trivalis 60

Neurothemis fulvia 47

Neurothemis tullia 77 7. Libellulidae Orthetrum chrysis 44 Orthetrum Sabina 30 Pantala flavescens 93 Rhyothemis variegate 27 Tholymis tillarga 8 Trithemis festiva 8

Calopterygida e, 11

Coenagrionidae , 195

Lestidae, 39 Libellulidae, 4 77

Platicnemidae , 100 Aeshnidae, 4 Gomphidae, 6

Fig. 2. Total number of odonates in family wise in plot-2

Also in kadaludi the dominant family estimated is Libellulidae with 477 number and then followed by coenagrionidae with 195. And the least obtained family is Aeshnidae (Fig.2).From table family Libellulidae is withmost number of (15) species and Gomphidae is with 2 species. Aeshnidae includes only one species. Second major species are included in coenagrionidae with 12 species. VOLUME 34, ISSUE 4 - 2021 Page No: 163 GORTERIA JOURNAL ISSN: 0017-2294

From the data we can also analyse that species abundance is more in plot-2 than plot-1. So the species abundance is more in kadalundi than kottakkal. The mangrove ecosystem is more favourable for the odonata species abundance.

Calopterygidae Coenagrionidae Lestidae Platicnemdae Aeshnidae Gomphidae Libellulidae

6%

35%

35%

6% 9% 6% 3%

Fig. 3. Total abundance of order odonates in two study sites

Species Abundance 14 12 12 12 10 8 6 4 3 Series1 2 2 2 2 1 0

Fig. 4. Total species abundance of order odonates in two study sites

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From fig 3&4 we can estimate that, from the two study sites Libellulidae and Coenagrionidae is most dominant with 35%. Second majorly abundance is occupied by Platicnemidae. Least abundance is obtained by Aeshnidae. In Kadalundi, odonata represents 4 families of Zygoptera and 3 family of Anisoptera. Kottakkal reports 3 family of each Zygoptera and Anisoptera. Among Anisoptera, Pantala flavescens was the most common species in two areas (Fig.6). Where as among Zygoptera, Copera marginipes was dominant. In kottakkal, Copera vittatta was the common one in Kadalundi (Fig.5).

45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0

Kadalundi Kottakkal Fig. 5. Abundance of damselflies in two study areas

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100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0

Kadalundi Kottakkal

Fig. 5. Abundance of dragonflies in two study areas

During the study we have also analysed the seasonal variation of odonata in two plots. So we examined the odonata diversity in three season pre monsoon, monsoon, post monsoon.

Table. 4. Seasonal variation of odonata in plot-1

S.L PLOT- 1 PUTHUR N.O SPECIES Pre monsoon Monsoon Post monsoon Sub-order Zygoptera (Damselfly) 1 Vestalis apicalis 0 0 0 2 Vestalis gracilis 0 0 0 3 Aciagrion approximans 0 4 2 4 Aciagrion occidentale 1 2 2 5 Agroicnemis pieris 3 4 2 6 Ceriagrion cerinorubellum 4 12 9 7 Ceriagrion coromandelianum 2 8 6 8 Ischnura aurora 0 2 2

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9 Ishnura hastata 0 0 0 10 Ishnura rubilio 5 8 4 11 Mortonagrion varralli 0 1 0 12 Pseudagrion indicum 0 0 0 13 Pseudagrion microcephalum 0 0 2 14 Pseudagrion rubriceps 1 3 1 15 Lestes elatus 0 0 1 16 Lestes umbrinus 2 9 5

17 Copera marginipes 6 12 10 18 Copera vittatta 2 8 3 19 Prodasinura verticalis 0 7 6 Sub-order Anisoptera (Dragonflies) 20 Anax guttatus 0 0 1 21 Ictinogomphus rapax 1 3 2 22 Paragomphus lineatus 0 0 0 23 Acisoma panorpoides 4 5 9 24 Bradinopyga geminate 2 2 2 25 Crocothemis sevilia 7 8 7 26 Diplacodis trivalis 3 12 12 27 Neurothemis fulvia 6 10 4 28 Neurothemis tullia 10 21 19 29 Orthetrum chrysis 2 5 4 30 Orthetrum Sabina 5 6 8 31 Pantala flavescens 20 28 14 32 Rhyothemis variegate 0 1 4 33 Tholymis tillarga 1 3 1 34 Trithemis festiva 0 3 0

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Table. 5. Seasonal variation of odonata in plot-2

SL. SPECIES PLOT-2 ANANGADI NO Pre monsoon Monsoon Post monsoon Sub-order Zygoptera (Damselflies) 1 Vestalis apicalis 0 2 4 2 Vestalis gracilis 1 1 3 3 Aciagrion approximans 2 4 5 4 Aciagrion occidentale 3 6 7 5 Agroicnemis pieris 5 18 8 6 Ceriagrion cerinorubellum 10 16 14 7 Ceriagrion coromandelianum 5 15 23 8 Ischnura aurora 0 4 3 9 Ishnura hastata 0 2 0 10 Ishnura rubilio 4 8 7 11 Mortonagrion varralli 0 1 1 12 Pseudagrion indicum 1 3 5 13 Pseudagrion microcephalum 1 2 1 14 Pseudagrion rubriceps 2 5 2 15 Lestes elatus 2 4 3 16 Lestes umbrinus 6 9 15

17 Copera marginipes 8 21 13 18 Copera vittatta 12 22 10 19 Prodasinura verticalis 4 7 3 Sub-order Anisoptera (Dragonflies) 20 Anax guttatus 0 1 3 VOLUME 34, ISSUE 4 - 2021 Page No: 168 GORTERIA JOURNAL ISSN: 0017-2294

21 Ictinogomphus rapax 1 2 1 22 Paragomphus lineatus 0 2 2 23 Acisoma panorpoides 6 12 5 24 Bradinopyga geminate 5 3 6 25 Crocothemis sevilia 13 20 23 26 Diplacodis trivalis 20 23 17 27 Neurothemis fulvia 10 24 13 28 Neurothemis tullia 18 25 34 29 Orthetrum chrysis 9 18 17 30 Orthetrum Sabina 5 13 12 31 Pantala flavescens 26 37 30 32 Rhyothemis variegate 4 14 9 33 Tholymis tillarga 1 4 9 34 Trithemis festiva 0 6 2

Table. 6. The composition and total abundance of order odonata familes in two study sites

Sl. No Sub Order Family Plot 1 Plot 2 Puthur Anangadi 1. Zygoptera Calopterygidae 0 2 Coenagrionidae 10 12 Lestidae 2 2 Platicnemidae 3 3

2. Anisoptera Aeshnidae 1 1 Gomphidae 1 2 Libellulidae 12 12

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On comparing with two habitats 34 species of odonates were reported in kadalundi and 29 species are reported in kottakkal. In two study areas Libellulidae is the dominanant family with 12 species. In Zygoptera coenagrionidae is dominant family in two areas (Kadalundi-19, Kottakkal-15). In the study, 7 families of odonata are obtained from plot-2. And from plot-1, 6 families of odonata are obtained (Table-6).Calopterygidae is absent in puthur region. From the data,the species abundance is more in kadalundi region. This may be the different type of mangroves and also other plants. But in case of kottakkal there exist only paddy field ecosystem andf is a urban area compared to plot-2.

Table. 7. Seasonal variation of odonata two study sites

SL. SPECIES KADALUNDI KOTTAKKAL FAMILY NO

PRE MONS POST PRE MONS POST MONS OON MONS MONS OON MONS OON OON OON OON DAMSELFLIES 1 Vestalis 0 2 4 0 0 0 apicalis

2 Vestalis 1 1 3 0 0 0 e gracilis Calopterygida 3 Aciagrion 2 4 5 0 4 2 approximans 4 Aciagrion 3 6 7 1 2 2 occidentale 5 Agroicnemis 5 18 8 3 4 2 pieris 6 Ceriagrion 10 16 14 4 12 9 cerinorubellu Coenagrionidae Coenagrionidae m 7 Ceriagrion 5 15 23 2 8 6 coromandeli anum VOLUME 34, ISSUE 4 - 2021 Page No: 170 GORTERIA JOURNAL ISSN: 0017-2294

8 Ischnura 0 4 3 0 2 2 aurora 9 Ishnura 0 2 0 0 0 0 hastata 10 Ishnura 4 8 7 5 8 4 rubilio 11 Mortonagrio 0 1 1 0 1 0 n varralli 12 Pseudagrion 1 3 5 0 0 0 indicum

13 Pseudagrion 1 2 1 0 0 2 microcephal um 14 Pseudagrion 2 5 2 1 3 1 rubriceps 15 Lestes elatus 2 4 3 0 0 1 16 Lestes 6 9 15 2 9 5

umbrinus Lestidae 17 Copera 8 21 13 6 12 10 marginipes 18 Copera 12 22 10 2 8 3 vittatta 19 Prodasinura 4 7 3 0 7 6 Platicnemidae Platicnemidae verticalis DRAGONFLIES

20 Anax 0 1 3 0 0 1 guttatus Aeshnidae Aeshnidae 21 Ictinogom 1 2 1 1 3 2 phus rapax 22 Paragomp 0 2 2 0 0 0 hus Gomphidae Gomphidae VOLUME 34, ISSUE 4 - 2021 Page No: 171 GORTERIA JOURNAL ISSN: 0017-2294

lineatus

23 Acisoma 6 12 5 4 5 9 panorpoid es 24 Bradinopy 5 3 6 2 2 2 ga geminate 25 Crocothem 13 20 23 7 8 7 is sevilia 26 Diplacodis 20 23 17 3 12 12 trivalis 27 Neurothem 10 24 13 6 10 4 is fulvia 28 Neurothem 18 25 34 10 21 19 is tullia

29 Orthetrum 9 18 17 2 5 4 Libellulidae chrysis 30 Orthetrum 5 13 12 5 6 8 Sabina 31 Pantala 26 37 30 20 28 14 flavescens 32 Rhyothemi 4 14 9 0 1 4 s variegate 33 Tholymis 1 4 9 1 3 1 tillarga 34 Trithemis 0 6 2 0 3 0 festiva

Odonata Diversity

TABLE. 8. ZYGOPTERA (DAMSELFLIES)–Seasonal VOLUME 34, ISSUE 4 - 2021 Page No: 172 GORTERIA JOURNAL ISSN: 0017-2294

Kadalundi Kottakkal Indices Pre Monsoon Post Pre Monsoon Post Abundance 15 19 18 9 13 14 Richness 1.85 1.55 1.60 1.77 1.45 1.89 Shannon 2.45 2.60 2.59 2.04 2.38 2.41 Evenness 0.58 0.52 0.53 0.62 0.54 0.60

TABLE.9. ANISOPTERA (DRAGONFLIES) – Seasonal

Kadalundi Kottakkal Indices Pre Monsoon Post Pre Monsoon Post Abundance 12 15 14 11 13 13 Richness 1.10 1.06 1.09 1.41 1.26 1.39 Shannon 2.18 2.40 2.31 2.03 2.20 2.26 Evenness 0.46 0.45 0.45 0.49 0.47 0.51

The study was based on the diversity of odonata in seasonal variations. It shows that the maximum abundance of odonata is in monsoon season and also post monsoon season (Table-8&9). Diversity index is shown by Shannon index and it represents that kadalundi has more diversity index than in kottakkal. The Shannon diversity index and the diversity of index is reciprocal in relation. The Species abundance in more in kadalundi than in kottakkal (Table-8&9). Species richness and evenness is more in kadalundi. In case of both dragonflies and damselflies species abundance is more in Kadalundi. Species richness represents that the number of different species in an ecological community.In the case of zygoptera, It is more in Kadalundi (Table-8). In case of anisoptera, species richness is more in pre monsoon season (Table-9). Species eveness is the how close in numbers each species in environment. It varies according to the season and also habitats.

In family wise distribution major families are seen in monsoon season and then followed by the post monsoon (Fig. 5&6). This results that the need of water for their survival. And the odonata species abundance is low in summer season. ). The seasonal variation probably due to availability of bushes was high during monsoon months and they are flying from sub marginal plants to plants as well as some water plants.Habitat structure, such as marginal vegetation, is very important for all dragonfly species (Niba & Samways, 2006).

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200

160

120

80

40

0

Pre Monsoon Monsoon Post Monsoon

Fig.5. Family wise count in Kadalundi across seasons

120

100

80

60

40

20

0

Pre Monsoon Monsoon Post Monsoon

Fig.6. Family wise count in Kottakkal across seasons

From the data we can also collect the relative abundance of the odonates during the study.At Kadalundi, in the case of zygoptera the relative abundance of Copera vittatta (12.8%) is high and Ischnura hastata and Mortonagrion varralli is low (0.6%, Fig. 7).In case of Anisoptera,Pantala flavescens shows high relative abundance (19.3%) and Paragomphus lineatus (0.4%, Fig .9)

At kottakkal,Relative abundance of copera marginipes (16.7%) is high and Mortonagrion varalli shows low abundance (Fig .8). In case of Anisoptera, Pantala flavescens (24.3%) shows most abundance. And Anax guttax shows low abundance (0.4%, Fig. )

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Copera vittatta 12.8% 12.5% Copera marginipes 12.2% 11.7% Agroicnemis pieris 9.0% 8.7% Ishnura rubilio 5.5% 4.7% Prodasinura verticalis 4.1% 3.2% Lestes elatus 2.6% 2.6% Pseudagrion indicum 2.6% 2.0% Vestalis apicalis 1.7% 1.5% Pseudagrion microcephalum 1.2% 0.6% Ishnura hastata 0.6%

0.0% 2.0% 4.0% 6.0% 8.0% 10.0% 12.0% 14.0%

Fig. 7 Relative Abundance of ZYGOPTERA (DAMSELFLIES) in Kadalundi

Copera marginipes 16.7% 14.9% Ceriagrion coromandelianum 10.7% 10.1% Lestes umbrinus 9.5% 9.5% Prodasinura verticalis 7.7% 7.7% Aciagrion approximans 3.6% 3.0% Aciagrion occidentale 3.0% 1.2% Ischnura aurora 1.2% 0.6% Mortonagrion varralli 0.6%

0.0% 5.0% 10.0% 15.0% 20.0%

Fig. 8. Relative Abundance of ZYGOPTERA (DAMSELFLIES) in Kottakkal

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Pantala flavescens 19.3% 16.0% Diplacodis trivalis 12.4% 9.5% Orthetrum chrysis 9.1% 8.7% Orthetrum sabina 6.2% 5.6% Acisoma panorpoides 4.8% 2.9% Trithemis festiva 1.7% 1.7% Ictinogomphus rapax 0.8% 0.8% Paragomphus lineatus 0.4%

0.0% 5.0% 10.0% 15.0% 20.0%

Fig. 9. Relative Abundance of ANISOPTERA (DRAGONFLIES) in Kadalundi

24.3% Neurothemis tullia 19.6% 10.6% Crocothemis sevilia 8.6% 7.8% Orthetrum sabina 7.5% 7.1% Orthetrum chrysis 4.3% 2.4% Ictinogomphus rapax 2.4% 2.0% Rhyothemis variegata 2.0% 1.2% Anax guttatus 0.4%

0.0% 5.0% 10.0% 15.0% 20.0% 25.0%

Fig. 10. Relative Abundance of ANISOPTERA (DRAGONFLIES) in Kottakkal

From Fig.11, we can analyse that in Kadalundi, on discussing about damselflies, Copera vittatta has maximum relative abundance in pre monsoon season. Vestalis apicalis, Ischnuraaurora, Ishnura hastata, Mortonagrion varalli was not appeared in pre monsoon season. copera vittatta has maximum relative abundance in monsoon season. Mortonagrion varalli has low abundance in monsoon season. Ceriagrion coromandelianum has more abundance in post monsoon season and , Ishnura hastata has less abundance.

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In case of dragonflies, Pantala flavescens shows maximum relative abundance and Anax guttatus ha low of relative abundance in pre mosoon season (Fig.13)

Fig.12, In Kottakkal damselflies, at pre monsoon case, Aciagrion approximans, Mortonagrion varalli, Ishnura aurora, Pseudagrion microcephalum, Lestes elatus, Prodasinura verticalis have less relative abundance. And Copera marginipes has high relative abundance in pre monsoon season, monsoon season, post monsoon season. Lestes elatus has low relative abundance in monsoon season and mortanagrion varralli has low in post monsoon season.

In case of kottakkal dragonflies (Fig.14)Anax guttatus, Rhyothemis variegate, Trithemis festiva has low of relative abundance in pre mosoon season. In monsoon season, pantala flavescens shows high relative abundance Anax guttatus shows low relative abundance.in post monsoon season Neurothemis tullia shows high and Trithemis festiva shows low relative abundance.

0.2 0.15 0.1 0.05 0

Pre

Fig. 11. Relative abundance of ZYGOPTERA (DAMSELFLIES)in Kadalundi by Season

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0.25 0.2 0.15 0.1 0.05 0

Pre

Fig. 12. Relative abundance of ZYGOPTERA (DAMSELFLIES) in Kottakkal by Season

0.25

0.2

0.15

0.1

0.05

0

Pre

Fig. 13. Relative abundance of ANISOPTERA (DRAGONFLIES) in Kadalundi by Season

0.35 0.3 0.25 0.2 0.15 0.1 0.05 0

Pre

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Fig. 14. Relative abundance of ANISOPTERA (DRAGONFLIES) in Kottakkal by Season

From this study we can observe that 66.6% species (Damselflies and Dragonflies) are discovered from kadalundi and 33.3% are discovered (Fig.15). This is a result of urbanization of area of kottakkal. Kadalundi is rich in ecosystem diversity than kottakkal.

TOTAL ODONATA

KADLUNDI KOTTAKKAL

Fig. 15. Estimation of total odonata in two plots

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PERCENTAGE OF TOTAL ABUNDANCE OF DRAGONFLIES IN KADALUNDI

PREMONSOON MONSOON POST MONSOON

PERCENTAGE OF ABUNDANCE OF DAMSELFLIES IN KADALUNDI

PRE MONSOON MONSOON POST MONSOON

Fig. 16. Total abundance of dragonflies in Fig. 17. Total abundance of damselflies in

Kadalundi Kadalundi

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PERCENTAGE OF TOTAL ABUNDANCE OF DRAGONFLIES IN KOTTAKKAL

PRE MONSOON MONSOON POST MONSOON

PERCENTAGE OF TOTAL ABUNDANCE OF DAMSELFLIES IN KOTTAKKAL

PRE MONSOON MONSOON POST MONSOON

Fig. 18. Total abundance of dragonflies in Fig. 19. Total abundance of damselflies in

Kottakkal Kottakkal

From the study we can analyse that odonates are majorly abundant in monsoon season (Fig.16, Fig.17, Fig.18, Fig.19). Fig.16 represents the abundance of total Dragonflies in kadalundi in three season. And it shows that Dragonflies has maximum abundance in monsoon season (40.88%) and then post monsoon season (35.47%). Damselflies of kadalundi in seasonal variation is represented in Fig.17, maximum number is seen in monsoon season (43.7%) and then post monsoon season (37.02%). Fig.18 shows Dragonflies abundance in Kotakkal and it has maximum sbundance in monsoon season (42.7%). Fig.19 represents total damselflies in three season in Kottakkal. It is dominant in monsoon season (49.68%) and then post monsoon season (34.16%) and then pre monsoon season (16.14%).

Higher species in the kadalundi may be the result of unhabitant place agriculture field and less human interference with buildings.bridges roads etc. Due to the interference of human with puthur bridge, N H road, the diversity in kottakkal is comparatively low. Sharma et al(2007) reported that VOLUMEspecies 34, ISSUE diversity 4 - 2021 of odonates would be higher in a diversified ecosystem. The study area kadalundiPage No: 181 GORTERIA JOURNAL ISSN: 0017-2294

is diversified with mandoves, and other plantations and pond ecosystem. Area kottakkal is comparatively urbanized with bridge and national high way road. And the result also reveals the odonata diversity is higher in kadalundi(66.6%) than kottakkal (33.33%).

Rapid and distinct seasonal changes of different environmental parameters effectively determine the species composition and the distribution pattern of organisms (Jayachandran. P.R et al, 2013). The air and soil temperature attained maximum during summer months and gradually decreased towards rainy months. A decreasing trend in salinity from summer months towards rainy months attributed the variation in the assemblage of odonate species in the selected sites.

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COLLECTED DRAGONFLIES

FAMILY :LIBELLULIDAE

Fig. 1. Neurothemis fulvia Fig. 2. Neurothemis tullia

Fig. 3. Crocothemis servilia Fig. 4. Acisoma panorpoides

Fig. 5. Diplacodis trivalis Fig. 6. Rhyothemis variegata

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Fig.7.Orthetrum sabina Fig. 8.Tholymis tillagra

Fig. 9. Neurothemisfestiva Fig. 10.Bradinopyga geminata

Fig. 11. Orthetrum chrysis Fig. 12.Pantala flavescens FAMILY: GOMPHIDAE

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Fig. 1. Paragompus lineatus Fig.2. Ictinogompus rapax

FAMILY :AESHNIDAE

Fig. 1. Anax guttatus COLLECTED DAMSELFLIES

FAMILY: COENAGRIONIDAE

Fig. 1. Ceriagrion cerinorubellum Fig. 2. Ceriagrion coromandelium

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Fig. 3.Pseudagrion microcephalum Fig. 4. Aciagrion approximans

Fig. 5. Ischnura rubilio Fig.6. Ischnura hastata

Fig. 7. Ischnura aurora Fig.8. Mortonagrion varalli

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Fig. 9. Aciagrion occidentale Fig. 10. Pseudagrion indicum

Fig. 11. pieris Fig. 12. Pseudagrion rubriceps

FAMILY :PLACTINEMIDAE

Fig. 1. Coperavittatta Fig. 2. Copera marginipes

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Fig. 3. Prodasineura vericalis

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FAMILY :CALOPTERIGIDAE

Fig. 1. Vestalis gracilus Fig. 2. Vestalis apicalis

FAMILY :LESTIDAE

Fig. 1. Lestes elatus Fig. 2. Lestes umbrinus

CONCLUSION

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The biogeography of Odonata is a rich area of study that needs further attention. Dragonflies and damselflies have been heralded as model indicators for climate change, due in part to their great dispersal capabilities, and earlier emergence has been documented in our warming climate.

One of the main reason is the urbanisation of areas. The urbanisation of areas results in drastic change in the odonata diversity. The project was conducted in a paddy field at Kottakkal and a mangrove ecosystem atKadalundi. The two study area has difference in faunal and floral diversity. Kadalundi occupies more diversified area than kottakkal. There by the kadalundi has more species abundance than kottakkal. Species odonates would be higher in a diversified ecosystem.Kadalundi is an area of diversified ecosystem with marine, riverine habitats.

And the climate change also results in the diversity change in seasons. Because water is an essential resource for the Dragon fly development (odonates lays egg in water). The future biogeographical distribution of Odonata undoubtedly will be influenced directly and indirectly by anthropogenically altered climate. sewage disposal, mussel collection, construction works, were major factors that can contribute the loss of biodiversity especially one of the most sensitive group of kingdom , performing major role in trophic level for the sustenance of a healthy ecosystem. Odonata diversity varies in accordance with the seasonal phenomenon. So the drought and flood effects the abundance of odonata in their sites.

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