Southern African Regional Environmental Program (SAREP)

First Biodiversity Field Survey

Upper Cubango (Okavango) catchment, Angola

May 2012

Dragonflies & Damselflies (Insecta: Odonata)

Expert Report

December 2012

Dipl.-Ing. (FH) Jens Kipping

BioCart Assessments Albrecht-Dürer-Weg 8 D-04425 Taucha/Leipzig Germany ++49 34298 209414 [email protected] wwwbiocart.de

Survey supported by

Disclaimer This work is not issued for purposes of zoological nomenclature and is not published within the meaning of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (1999). Index

1 Introduction ...... 3

1.1 Odonata as indicators of freshwater health ...... 3

1.2 African Odonata ...... 5

1.2 Odonata research in Angola - past and present ...... 8

1.3 Aims of the project from Odonata experts perspective ...... 13

2 Methods ...... 14

3 Results ...... 18

3.1 Overall Odonata species inventory ...... 18

3.2 Odonata species per field site ...... 24

3.3 Species assemblages and potential indicator value ...... 71

3.4 Observed and potential threats to Odonata and their habitats ...... 73

3.5 Updated checklist of the Odonata of the Okavango River catchment ...... 74

3.6 Updated checklist of the Odonata of Angola ...... 82

5 Conclusion and outlook ...... 90

6 Acknowledgements ...... 91

7 References ...... 92

8 Photographs ...... 98

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1 Introduction

1.1 Odonata as indicators of freshwater health

Indicators on the state of global biodiversity show continued decline at a rapid rate, while pressure on biodiversity keeps rising (BUTCHART et al. 2010). Threats to biodiversity include, among others, resource consumption, invasive alien species, pollution, overexploitation, and climate change (TYLIANAKIS et al. 2008). Freshwater habitats represent one of the most threatened ecosystems in the world (DUDGEON et al. 2006) and, despite occupying less than 1% of the Earth's surface, they contain 10% of all known species (STRAYER & DUDGEON 2006). The living planet index for tropical freshwater species has declined by 69% between 1970 and 2007 (WWF 2010). Additionally freshwater habitats and species are poorly protected as most protected areas target terrestrial ecosystems (DUDGEON et al. 2006). Similar to the challenges for general biodiversity, freshwater biodiversity specifically faces loss of hydrologic connectivity (PRINGLE 2001), nitrogen pollution, resource over-exploitation, flow alteration and water over- extraction, invasion by alien species, and climate change impacts such as temperature warming and shifts in precipitation and runoff patterns (ABELL et al. 2007). Africa’s rich freshwater biodiversity is critical to the wellbeing of the continent’s human population (DARWALL et al. 2011). However, with increasing development and population growth water resources are under increasing pressure. Conservation actions are needed to ensure that the provided benefits are maintained, as is the biodiversity. Planning such actions, e.g. establishing protected areas and conducting inventories (GASTON et al. 2008), requires good spatial knowledge of patterns of biodiversity and threat. Unfortunately, prioritization has been largely directed at terrestrial habitats, focusing on vertebrates as target species (e.g. BROOKS et al. 2004, RODRIGUES et al. 2004). Nonetheless, patterns of richness and threat for freshwater species differ from those of terrestrial animals and surrogacy values are low between taxa from different realms (RODRIGUES & BROOKS 2007). Moreover, it is generally unknown whether the global biodiversity hotspots (MYERS et al. 2000) apply to invertebrates, which make up over 95% of the Earth’s known animal species diversity (GASTON & HUDSON 1994). Consequently, the biodiversity hotspots website of CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL (2007) does not even attempt to consider endemic insect species when reporting the vital signs of the respective hotspots. In a more recent study about fine-scale prioritization of areas of conservation concern using dragonflies on the African continent it could be clearly shown that areas of high Odonata diversity and endemism only partly fall together with the defined biodiversity hotspots, and especially southern central Africa as an outstanding and rich area is not adequately covered by those (SIMAIKA et al. 2013). Because conservation priorities based on terrestrial vertebrates may not adequately represent freshwater species, separate bioindicators are needed for freshwater habitats. Dragonflies (Insecta: Odonata) are excellent model organisms and flagship species in freshwater conservation because they are: (i) a key component of species assemblages in freshwater ecosystems; (ii) sensitive to changes in both the aquatic and terrestrial environments, because their larval phase is completed in water, while adults are mobile predators in the air and on land;

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(iii) abundant in all continents except Antarctica, with tropical forests being especially species-rich (KALKMAN et al. 2008), and;

(iv) taxonomically well-resolved in comparison to other invertebrate groups (e.g. DIJKSTRA 2003, 2007c). They are employed successfully as indicators of ecosystem health in environmental impact assessments, in particular because of their amphibious nature (e.g. CLARK & SAMWAYS 1996, OERTLI 2008, SAHLÉN & EKESTUBBE 2001, SIMAIKA & SAMWAYS 2011). Although their conservation status is well-documented (CLAUSNITZER & JÖDICKE 2004), little was known until recently about overall levels of threat to the world’s dragonflies. An assessment of 1500 randomly sampled species indicated that 9% of all 5680 known species is threatened with extinction (CLAUSNITZER et al. 2009), highlighting that a compre- hensive assessment is required if we are to effectively identify priority conservation actions and sites for this group. Indeed, in their study on the effectiveness of surrogate species and their representativeness of freshwater species on the African continent, DARWALL et al. (2011a, b) found that dragonflies are effective surrogates for birds, mammals, and amphibians, but that the inverse of this relationship does not hold.

Furthermore, the Freshwater Biodiversity Assessment of Africa (DARWALL et al. 2011b) confirms that patterns of richness and threat are remarkably similar among dragonflies, fishes, molluscs and crabs at the continental scale, particularly in Mediterranean North Africa, the Cape region of South Africa, equatorial West Africa, and of the afro-montane regions of East Africa.

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1.2 African Odonata

The African continent is in comparison to other tropical continents relatively poor in Odonata species. Whereas more than 2500 species can be found in South-East Asia and South America respectively the African continent holds about 730 valid species (DIJKSTRA 2003, 2007c). A database with point locality records was created during the last 12 or more years, based on literature, collections and field notes. Material was checked by various experts, often resulting in revisions and taxonomic changes (DIJKSTRA et al. 2011 and references therein). The Odonata Database of Africa (ODA) is the first continent-wide, expert-reviewed database of freshwater insects (KIPPING et al. 2009). The database is updated continually, and now contains over 95.000 records, representing 710 species from over 10.000 localities. Figure 1 shows the spatial distribution of the records that are currently in ODA. First studies to analyze this dataset resulted in two papers recently published and that deal with patterns of diversity and conservation concern (CLAUSNITZER et al. 2012, SIMAIKA et al. 2013). Methods of both used either GIS or spatial modeling to predict species diversity. Base is a set of inferred range maps that were created during the Freshwater Biodiversity Assessments of Africa (DARWALL et al. 2011) that combine point locality records from ODA and expert knowledge. The smallest units on the maps are sub-basins of an edited version of the Hydro1k layer (ESRI, Redlands, CA). In general the areas of highest diversity on the continent (over 100 species in each sub- basin), extending from Guinea and Angola on the Atlantic to Kenya and KwaZulu-Natal on the Indian Ocean, is flanked by two vast impoverished areas (less than 25 species locally) to the north (Sahara) and south (Namib-Kalahari), with rather abrupt diversity gradients in- between. In four core areas local diversity reaches over 175 species: (1) in the west, from Sierra Leone to Togo; (2) centrally, from Nigeria to Congo; (3) north-east, including Uganda and north-eastern D.R. Congo; and (4) south-east, including Katanga and Zambia.

Figure 2 shows an updated version of the map presented in CLAUSNITZER et al. (2012) that already considers the new distribution records gathered during the SAREP field survey in May. It does not consider latest distribution records that V. Clausnitzer and K.-D.B. Dijkstra provided from northern Angola around Uige. While three-quarters of all African continental dragonflies (74%) is of Least Concern (LC), about 9% (65 species) were assessed as threatened, i.e. Critically Endangered (CR), Endangered (EN) or Vulnerable (VU), and almost 4% (25) as Near Threatened (NT) (Table 1). The main concentrations of threatened and near-threatened species are: (1) seventeen species in the mountains and along the coast stretching from Kenya to north-eastern South Africa; (2) fourteen in South Africa, especially the Cape Floristic Region; (3) eleven in and around the mountains on the Cameroon-Nigeria border; (4) eleven scattered from western Nigeria to Guinea, concentrated in the far west; and (5) nine in the Ethiopian highlands (Fig. 3a). More than 12% of species (88) were Data Deficient (DD), meaning that insufficient information is available to assess them against the Red List criteria, most of which are found in western and central Africa (DARWALL et al. 2011, CLAUSNITZER et al. 2012).

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During the last 10 years African Odonata also came more and more in the focus of applied research als tools for conservation prioritization and decicion (Samways 1994, Simaika & Samways 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011).

Few illustrated fieldguides were published in surrounding countries, SUHLING & MARTENS (2007) for Namibia, SAMWAYS (2008) and TARBOTON & TARBOTON (2005a, b) for South Africa, another one is in preparation for eastern Africa (CLAUSNITZER & DIJKSTRA in prep.) which eases species identification also for beginners.

Figure 1: Map of the African continent showing all localities where Odonata records are held in ODA (state of January 2013). Despite being potentially rich in dragonfly diversity, large parts of Angola are still poorly studied.

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Figure 2: Map of the African continent showing diversity of Odonata species (from CLAUSNITZER et al. 2012, updated). It already considers the results gathered by the SAREP field survey. The northern part of Angola is expected or known to be more diverse, the map does not yet contain recent fieldwork carried out by Clausnitzer and Dijkstra in November 2012.

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1.2 Odonata research in Angola - past and present

As shown in Figs. 1, 3 and 4 Angola is a poorly studied country in terms of coverage by Odonata records. Large parts of the country, especially those of the tropical north or in the east towards Zambia were never surveyed for dragonflies at all. The potentially very rich centre of the country with the watersheds between the Congo, Cuanza, Okavango and Zambezi Rivers are absolutely unknown and might hold also many undescribed species as watershed areas are in general rich in dragonfly species. The whole Angolan part of the Kwando and almost the Cuito river system is without any dragonfly record known. The map in Fig. 3 gives an impression about these large areas of the country that are waiting for research. When looking on such maps one has to bear in mind that a dot on this map could mean the record of 30 species or of only a single species, but the general statement is that Angola is a country that needs as lot attention in terms of biodiversity research as it can get. The results presented in this paper bring a lot of new knowledge about the Okavango catchment but they do not change much about the overall impression of the poor knowledge we have (see map in Fig. 4). This factum is mainly due to the very erratic and scarce collections carried out in the past. Whereas neighbouring countries as Namibia (see SUHLING & MARTENS 2007, SUHLING et al. 2010), Botswana (PINHEY 1967a, 1976, KIPPING 2002, 2003a, b, 2007, 2010), Zambia (PINHEY 1967b, 1984) and even adjacent regions of Zaire or DR Congo (SCHOUTEDEN 1934, LIEFTINCK 1969, PINHEY 1961c, 1967b) got much more attention, this was in Angola mainly hampered by political unrest and civil war. Research on dragonflies in Angola began probably not before July 1928, when Dr. Albert Monard, a Swiss zoologist started the first of his two expeditions to Angola which lasted till February 1929. Monard was a curator at the Natural Museum of La-Chaux-de-Fonds in Switzerland and had a broad interest in nature. In Angola he collected mainly mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, plants and also dragonflies. From this first expedition RIS (1931) identified 27 species and described four from the material Monard submitted him for classification. Monard returned to Angola as leader of a second expedition in April 1932 until October 1933, and after the death of Dr. F. Ris he submitted the collected Odonata material to Mrs. Cynthia Longfield of the British Museum in London for identification. Due to a long delay, partly due to the Second World War, LONGFIELD published only in 1947 about the results of this work. She described 2 new genera with 13 new species from a total amount of 77 species. Type specimens and paratypes of the two expeditions are held in the British Museum of Natural History, London and in the Natural Museum of La-Chaux-de-Fonds, Switzerland. In an earlier paper the same author published a few records, collected by Dr. Karl Jordan in the Mt. Moco area in March and April 1934 (LONGFIELD 1936). Two later papers dealt with Odonata records and specimens held in the collection of the Dundo Museum in northern Angola (LONGFIELD 1955, 1959). The first part (LONGFIELD 1955) is actually a revision of the genus Orthetrum, based mainly on long series of specimens in the Dundo collection and others and gives no distributional information except of one type specimen. The second part (LONGFIELD 1959) is more interesting from Angola's perspective since it provides 61 species that are listed from Dundo. Three species are described in this paper. It was a long time uncertain if the listed species are collected at or around Dundo or if they are only held in the collection coming from somewhere else. In my opinion the specimens derive from the surrounding of Dundo but the information about the specimens 8 remain very fragmentary. For example in most cases no information about collectors, year of collection and/or exact locality is given. The stage of the collection is unknown and after Longfield probably nobody has seen or worked with the collection at all. To solve some of the taxonomic issues regarding Angolan dragonflies at one day the possibility of a visit of the Dundo Museum collection would be more than valuable. Elliot Charles Gordon Pinhey was after his trailblazer Frederic C. Fraser the leading personality in Odonata research on the African continent. During his most productive time from 1955 until 1975 he was curator at the National Museum in Bulawayo, Zimbabwe and collected in all countries around Angola with great intense - but only two times in Angola himself (VICK et al. 2001). In two separate papers he described altogether five new species of Gomphidae from northern Angola, also based on material he received from Dr. A. de Barros Machado of Dundo Museum (PINHEY 1961a, b). This is much confusing since LONGFIELD (1959) is stating "The latest of the collections - those from Dundo...shows the usual scarcity of the genera Gomphidae..." whereas PINHEY (1961a) is mentioning about the same Dundo collection "A collection...was particularly notable for the number of Gomphids...". The only conclusion is that Machado split the material and sent a part to C. Longfield in London and a selection to Pinhey in Bulawayo. All the mentioned material should be kept in Dundo again after the examination by the two experts (see above). Especially in the latter paper PINHEY (1961b) gives detailed information about collecting localities in the surrounding of Dundo which leaves no doubt that the material was really gathered around Dundo in Lunda Norte Province. Collector was most probably Machado himself. In April-May 1963 Pinhey participated an expedition to northwestern Zambia, an occasion he used also to visit an area east of Caianda and the Lutchigena River in the very east of Angola bordering the Ikelenge pedicle of Zambia. Results of that collecting tour were repeatedly published in PINHEY (1964a, 1974, 1984). His second and last excursion to Angola led Pinhey to an area between Luanda and the Duque de Bragança Falls at the Lucala River (nowadays known as Kalandula Falls) in October 1964 (PINHEY 1965). A collection made by an expedition under the leadership of Dr. E. S. Ross of the California Academy of Science brought some interesting records of tropical species from an area between Cuchi in the south and Dondo in the north in 1957 until 1958. The results and a description of a new species - Onychogomphus rossii - was published in PINHEY (1966). The species Pseudagrion estesi, one of the spectacular rediscoveries of the SAREP field survey, was described by PINHEY (1971) from material collected accidentally by R. Estes in central Angola. In 1975 Pinhey published records collected by Ivan Bampton in 1973 in the Serra da Chela around Tundavala and other localities in this high plateau area. He also gives records collected by other collectors which led to the description of one species (Chlorocypha rubriventris) and the possible subspecies of C. crocea (PINHEY 1975). In this paper for some reasons he repeated some of his own records from PINHEY (1964, 1965) and also those from LONGFIELD (1947). He also caused some confusion about georeferencation of localities when he gives a gazetteer that also includes the sampling localities of Monard, mentioned in LONGFIELD (1947). Whereas Longfield only cited probably Monard's original fieldnotes, did 9

Pinhey provide an interpretation of this second hand knowledge which contains also some mistakes. The locality "R. Chimporo, to the W of Kuvangu..." in LONGFIELD (1947) for example means a river west of the town Cubango. In PINHEY (1975) this reads "Chimporo River, stagnant stream W. of Kuvangu (Cubango) River 17°20'S, 17°17'E." which is much further south as in reality. Many of the records of Monard, Machado, Pinhey and others were adopted in numerous revisions or taxonomic work, i.e. PINHEY (1962a, b, 1964b, 1970a, b, c) and others. So, Pinhey added much to our knowledge of the Odonata fauna of Angola and the whole region.

After the last excursion by Bampton in 1973 and the resulting paper of PINHEY (1975) there was a long lasting break in systematic field research on Angolan dragonflies and just a very few single records of various collectors are available. Almost 36 years later, in January 2009 a group of biologists, naturalists and conservationists under the leadership of Brian Huntley started an expedition to the Serra da Chela in southwestern Angola and further south to the Namib desert. On this expedition the South African dragonfly expert and well known photographer and book author Warwick Tarboton (i.e. see TARBOTON & TARBOTON 2005a, b) collected dragonflies in the surrounding of Humpata and recorded altogether 47 species. Out of these 5 were recorded for the first time for the country and one is an undescribed species of the genus Elattoneura that still awaits its description (TARBOTON 2009). The first SAREP field survey in May 2012 focused on the upper active catchment of the Okavango. The present report provided here is reporting about the 87 Odonata species recorded on this expedition. 19 of them are new for the country and about four are new to science. Viola Clausnitzer from Germany and the Dutch K.-D.B. Dijkstra were both in November 2012 involved in a project in collaboration of the Universidade Kimpa Vita in Uige and the Technical University of Dresden, Germany. They collected dragonflies around Uige, Negage and N'dalatando in northern Angola with records of 136 species of which 52 are new for Angola. Most of them are tropical forest species that are spreading into Angola from the Congolian forest belt. All this very recent research brings the species number in Angola from 160 species recorded before year 2000 to 236 species at the end of 2012. An increase of about almost 50% within only a single year of intense collection! An updated checklist of the Odonata of Angola considering all the new records from 2012 is provided at the end of this report.

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Figure 3: Map of the Angola showing all available Odonata records before 2000. Almost all records are even collected only before 1950.

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Figure 4: Map of the Angola showing all available Odonata at the end of 2012. This considers new results gathered during the last five years by different projects. Large parts of the country remain poorly studied.

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1.3 Aims of the project from Odonata experts perspective

Apart from the overall SAREP project objectivs there are more specified aims regarding the Odonata research. In terms of dragonfly distribution Angola remains as one of the poorest studied countries on the African continent (see figure 1). One aim of the study was to get an up to date overview about Odonata distribution in the Angolan part of the Okavango catchment, that helps to understand distribution patterns on the whole southern sub-continent. Another one is to obtain information and knowledge about ecological preferations of selected species. This should help to calibrate parameters that are needed to use dragonflies as indicators of freshwater health also in this part of Africa. This also will contribute valuable bckground knowledge for the development of a DBI (Dragonfly Biotic Index, see SIMAIKA & SAMWAYS 2008) for the Okavango catchment as well as for the whole continent. A task for the near future is to publish an updated checklist and a Red List of the Odonata of Angola in collaboration of other dragonfly experts (Viola Clausnitzer, K.-D.B. Dijkstra), also for this the gathered informations will be more than valuable. The obtained knowledge, photographs and specimens will also be used in the preparation of an illustrated fieldguide to the dragonflies of south-central Africa. The next important aim is to get information's about existing or potential threats to the dragonfly fauna of the Okavango catchment in Angola and potential threats that can arise from this to the downstream environments. The knowledge potentially gathered can be applied throughout Angola's Okavango river systems to help minimize or mitigate the impact of future development actions, thus allowing dragonflies to fulfill their role as “guardians of the watershed”. For example, when selecting sites for development, the private sector can be advised to safeguard sensitive habitats and species. Key sites and species for monitoring can be selected by consulting the distribution ranges of threatened species presented at www.iucnredlist.org. If dragonflies are lost, we not only lose an important component of aquatic ecosystems, but also reliable indicators of external impacts. Without such sensitive monitors, changes may be detected too late to take remedial measures (see also SIMAIKA et al. 2013).

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2 Methods

A first SAREP field survey to assess freshwater biodiversity in the Angolan part of the Okavango catchment was conducted between 05 February and 22 February 2012. On Angolan territory altogether 30 sites were sampled for Odonata, 28 within the Okavango catchment, 2 outside in the Cuanza catchment. All sampling points are shown in Fig. 4 and listed with details in Table 1. The first survey focused in the middle and upper sections of the tributaries.

For further details and circumstances of the May 2012 field survey see BROOKS (2012). The southernmost location, Savate at the Cubango, was just sampled randomly en route. At all other sampling sites the sampling procedure was similar with slightly varying sampling effort depending on different sampling time available. With few exceptions adult dragonflies were collected. A hand net was used to catch resting or flying individuals. With a close-focus binocular observations of adults were made if these were not possible to catch or if not necessary to catch. In most cases the individuals were released after determination. For determination a hand lens was used in the field, a microscope later in the lab. In cases of taxonomic uncertainty and in order to get a representative collection of voucher specimens at each sampling site a selection of individuals were collected. In that case the specimens were killed in ethanol, transformed into an acetone bath till the next morning, dried and labeled. The specimens were stored in labeled paper envelopes within air-tight plastic boxes (freezer boxes). In order to keep them absolutely dry the boxes also kept a small amount of silica gel which also prevents them from damage by harmful insects. Of a selection of specimens a tissue sample for further molecular genetic studies was taken. This was stored in 99% ethanol and labeled as the dry specimen. A SRL camera with macro-lens and ring-flash was used to gather photographs of living dragonflies in the field. In some cases photographs of caught individuals in the hand were taken to keep information about living coloration that might change after death in collected specimens. In a few cases also exuviae of dragonflies were collected. Larvae gathered randomly by the fish expert group are not determined yet and not included in the present report. A GPS device was used to get accurate coordination of the sampling sites. A few chemical water parameters were measured using a handheld Hannah Instruments perimeter for pH and conductivity. The pH was parallel compared with testing strips.

For identification purposes the preliminary key of CLAUSNITZER & DIJKSTRA (in prep.) was used together with papers of the original descriptions for species that not covered by this.

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Table 1: All localities sampled for Odonates on SAREP field survey in May 2012. Numbers according to map in Fig. 4. Ordered roughly from south to north.

River date(s) Altitude No Locality Province sub- Latitude Longitude Habitat sampled (m a.s.l.) system 1 Savate, around 20 km 07.05.2012 Cuando Cubango 5 -16,727439 17,89966 1.136 permanent north of Savate at road Cubango river and to Caiundo mixed Acacia woodland 2 Cuebe River rapids, 30 09.05.2012 Cuando Cuebe -14,9395 17,7188 1.260 permanent km south of Menongue Cubango river, rapids, rocks

3 Cuebe River, above 09.05.2012 Cuando Cuebe -14,93748 17,71959 1.260 permanent rapids, calm river Cubango sandy river section, 30 km south of Menongue 4 Cassanga, dambo and 09.05.2012 Cuando Cuebe -14,43934 17,67458 1.314 dambo and stream at road Cubango stream Caiundo-Menongue, 18 km south of Menongue 5 Missombo, dambo and 09.05.2012 Cuando Cuebe -14,74583 17,66826 1.349 dambo and stream at road Cubango stream Caiundo-Menongue, 10 km south of Menongue 6 Menongue, Kambumbe 08.05.- Cuando Cuebe -14,67609 17,73542 1.366 artificial dam Lodge, seepages and 11.05.2012 Cubango with rich dam just south of the vegetation Lodge and seepage 7 Soba Matias, Cuebe 10.05.2012 Cuando Cuebe -14,43934 17,81484 1.378 permanent River and floodplains Cubango river, large 27 km northeast of floodplains Menongue 8 Luassingua River, 55 17.05. + Cuando Longa -14,58995 18,17057 1.326 sandy km east of Menongue, 20.05.2012 Cubango meandering at road Menongue- river Cuito Cuanavale 9 Longa River at road 20.05.2012 Cuando Longa -14,60633 18,46739 1.309 sandy river Menongue-Cuito Cubango Cuanavale

10 Cuito River at Cuito 17.05.- Cuando Cuito 2 -15,17159 19,19331 1.185 sandy river Cuanavale, at road 18.05.2012 Cubango bridge east of town

11 Cuito River at 19.05.2012 Cuando Cuito 2 -15,140075 19,191429 1.186 sandy river confluence with Cubango and Cuanavale River floodplains

12 Cuanavale River, 4 km 19.05.2012 Cuando Cuanavale -15,13569 19,19571 1.186 sandy river northeast of Cuito Cubango Cuanavale

13 Cuito River 9 km north 19.05.2012 Cuando Cuito 1 -15,08723 19,14978 1.187 sandy river of Cuito Cuanavale Cubango and floodplains

14 Cuele River, 35 km 22.05.2012 Cuando Cuelei -14,70171 17,37832 1.402 sandy river west of Menongue at Cubango road to Cuchi

15 Cuchi River at Cuchi 22.05.2012 Cuando Cuchi 2 -14,65186 16,60427 1.341 rocky river, town, around road Cubango stony ground bridges

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River date(s) Altitude No Locality Province sub- Latitude Longitude Habitat sampled (m asl) system 16 Cuchi River, gorge with 21.05.2012 Cuando Cuchi 2 -14,58949 16,90687 1.364 rocky river, rapids and waterfall, Cubango waterfalls 7 km northeast of Cuchi

17 Satchijamba, Cuele 16.05.2012 Bié Cuelei -13,71337 17,08962 1.513 river and River at road Chitembo- dambo Menongue

18 Chingueia, dambo and 12.05.2012 Bié Cuelei -13,6937 17,06125 1.555 dambo and stream flowing to Cuele stream River

19 Cacuchi River at road 11.05.- Bié Cacuchi -13,59445 16,88045 1.500 permanent bridge Menongue- 12.05.2012 river with Chitembo, sandy river rapids with rocks and rapids 20 Cacuchi River north of 11.05.- Bié Cacuchi -13,592652 16,881654 1.500 dambo and Mumbué at road bridge 12.05.2012 floodplains Menongue-Chitembo, dambo and floodplain 21 Chitembo, stream south 16.05.2012 Bié Cacuchi -13,52797 16,75872 1.577 stream and of Chitembo, tributary dambo to Cacuchi River

22 Watana stream, rocky 13.05.2012 Bié Cacuchi -13,27965 16,74611 1.611 rocky stream stream north of Chitembo, tributary to Cacuchi River 23 Chiuano Micha, little 13.05.2012 Bié Cacuchi -12,87496 16,76735 1.688 dambo and stream and dambo, stream tributary to Cacuchi River 24 Cassoco, rocky stream 13.05.2012 Bié Cuchi 1 -12,78683 16,75737 1.699 rocky stream north of Cassoco, tributary to Cuchi River

25 Cuchi River at road 13.05. + Bié Cuchi 1 -12,5307 16,69836 1.693 permanent bridge Huambo-Kuito 16.05.2012 rocky river

26 Cutato River at road 16.05.2012 Bié Cutato -12,56787 16,49713 1.688 permanent bridge Huambo-Kuito muddy river

27 Chicala-Cholohanga, 15.05.2012 Huambo Cubango 1 -12,67115 16,11166 1.772 stream and Cubango River waterfall headwater south of town, stream with small waterfall 28 Chicala-Cholohanga, 15.05.2012 Huambo Cubango 1 -12,71841 16,07262 1.853 dambo and Cubango River source, stream south of town, springbrook on grassy plateau 29 Keve (Cuvo) River, east 14.05.2012 Huambo outside -12,2031 15,59522 1.415 rocky river of Alto Hama, rocky Cubango with rapids river with rapids Cuanza 30 Keve (Cuvo) River, east 14.05.2012 Huambo outside -12,203073 15,59631 1.415 dambo of Alto Hama, dambo Cubango nearby Cuanza

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Figure 5: Map showing Odonata sampling points of the May 2012 survey (green dots). Numbers according to Table 1. Red line deliniate the active Okavango catchment. 17

3 Results

3.1 Overall Odonata species inventory

Altogether 88 dragonfly species could be recorded on the survey in May 2012. Table 2 lists all recorded species and gives information about their Red List status according the IUCN Freshwater Assessments (DARWALL et al. 2011b) and if species were recorded for the first time in the region or country. 31 of the species are belonging to damselflies (Zygoptera) and 57 to the dragonflies (Anisoptera). As in the usual inventories in Africa the dominating families are the Coenagrionidae and Libellulidae, for the abundance of the different families see Fig. 6.

Lestidae 2 Chlorocyphidae 3 Platycnem- ididae 2

Libellulidae 48 Coenagrionidae 24

Aeshnidae 2 Gomphidae 6 Corduliidae 1

Figure 6: Graph showing the distribution of the recorded Odonata families.

Altogether more than 600 specimens of Odonata were collected and DNA samples of all recorded species. The survey led to the discovery of 4 undescribed species. One Chlorocypha sp. nov. near aphrodite is close to the tropical Chlorocypha aphrodite but differs in some characters. A Pseudagrion sp. nov. 'sarepi' is near the Zambian Pseudagrion fisheri but unique in morphological features and colour markings. Mesocnemis sp. nov. 'assesstrix' and Zygonyx sp. nov. 'denticulatus' were recorded before in neighbouring countries but are still undescribed. 20 of the species were recorded for the first time in Angola (incl. the undescribed four), 27 are new for the whole Okavango catchment and 54 species are new for the Angolan part of the Okavango catchment. This survey brings the total number of Odonata known from the Okavango catchment to 160 species (see Table 3 on page 74). The number of Odonata species known from Angola increases from 164 to 184, an updated preliminary checklist of the Odonata of Angola is provided in Table 4 on page 82.

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Table 2: All Odonata species recorded on the SAREP field survey in May 2012 in Angola.

new for IUCN new for the Angolan new for Species Red List Okavango part of the Angola status catchment catchment

Zygoptera

Lestidae

Lestes pinheyi Fraser, 1955 LC X

Lestes plagiatus (Burmeister, 1839) LC X

Chlorocyphidae

Chlorocypha crocea Longfield, 1947 NT

Chlorocypha fabamacula Pinhey, 1961 LC

Chlorocypha sp. nov. nr. aphrodite - X X X

Platycnemididae

Mesocnemis singularis Karsch, 1891 LC

Mesocnemis sp. nov. - X X X

Coenagrionidae

Africallagma subtile (Ris, 1921) LC X X

Agriocnemis angolensis Longfield, 1947 LC X

Agriocnemis bumhilli Kipping, Martens & Suhling 2012 - X X X

Agriocnemis exilis Selys, 1872 LC

Agriocnemis victoria Fraser, 1928 LC X

Azuragrion nigridorsum (Selys, 1876) LC X

Ceriagrion corallinum Campion, 1914 LC

Ceriagrion glabrum (Burmeister, 1839) LC

Ceriagrion suave Ris, 1921 LC

Ceriagrion whellani Longfield, 1952 LC X X X

Ischnura senegalensis (Rambur, 1842) LC

Pinheyagrion angolicum (Pinhey, 1966) LC X

Pseudagrion coeleste Longfield, 1947 LC X

Pseudagrion deningi Pinhey, 1961 LC X X

Pseudagrion estesi Pinhey, 1971 - X X

19

new for IUCN new for the Angolan new for Species Red List Okavango part of the Angola status catchment catchment

Pseudagrion greeni Pinhey, 1961 LC X X

Pseudagrion hamoni Fraser, 1955 LC X X X

Pseudagrion inconspicuum Ris, 1931 LC

Pseudagrion kersteni (Gerstäcker, 1869) LC X X

Pseudagrion rufostigma Longfield, 1947 LC X

Pseudagrion salisburyense Ris, 1921 LC

Pseudagrion sjoestedti Förster, 1906 LC X X

Pseudagrion sp. nov. nr. fisheri - X X X

Pseudagrion sublacteum (Karsch, 1893) LC

Anisoptera

Aeshnidae

Anax imperator Leach, 1815 LC X

Anax speratus Hagen, 1867 LC X X

Gomphidae

Crenigomphus kavangoensis Suhling & Marais, 2010 LC X X

Ictinogomphus dundoensis (Pinhey, 1961) LC X

Ictinogomphus ferox (Rambur, 1842) LC

Paragomphus genei (Selys, 1841) LC X X X

Phyllogomphus annulus Klots, 1944 LC X X

Phyllogomphus selysi Schoudeten, 1933 LC

Corduliidae

Phyllomacromia contumax Selys, 1879 LC X X

Libellulidae

Acisoma inflatum Selys, 1882 - X

Aethiothemis bequaerti Ris, 1919 LC X X

Aethiothemis solitaria, Martin, 1908 LC X

Aethriamanta rezia Kirby, 1889 LC X

Brachythemis lacustris (Kirby, 1889) LC

20

new for IUCN new for the Angolan new for Species Red List Okavango part of the Angola status catchment catchment

Brachythemis leucosticta (Burmeister, 1839) LC X

Crocothemis brevistigma Pinhey, 1961 LC X X X

Crocothemis divisa Baumann, 1898 LC X X

Crocothemis erythraea (Brullé, 1832) LC

Crocothemis sanguinolenta (Burmeister, 1839) LC

Diplacodes deminuta Lieftinck, 1969 LC X

Diplacodes lefebvrii (Rambur, 1842) LC

Diplacodes pumila Dijkstra, 2006 LC X X X

Hemistigma albipunctum (Rambur, 1842) LC X

Nesciothemis farinosa (Förster, 1898) LC

Nesciothemis fitzgeraldi Longfield, 1955 LC X X X

Orthetrum abbotti Calvert, 1892 LC

Orthetrum brachiale (Palisot de Beauvois, 1805) LC X

Orthetrum caffrum (Burmeister, 1839) LC

Orthetrum chrysostigma (Burmeister, 1839) LC

Orthetrum guineense Ris, 1910 LC

Orthetrum hintzi Schmidt, 1951 LC X X

Orthetrum icteromelas Ris, 1910 LC X

Orthetrum julia Kirby, 1900 LC

Orthetrum machadoi Longfield, 1955 LC

Orthetrum macrostigma Longfield, 1947 LC X X

Orthetrum monardi Schmidt, 1951 LC X X

Orthetrum trinacria (Selys, 1841) LC X

Palpopleura jucunda Rambur, 1842 LC X X

Palpopleura lucia (Drury, 1773) LC X

Palpopleura portia (Drury, 1773) LC X X

Pantala flavescens (Fabricius, 1798) LC

Tholymis tillarga (Fabricius, 1798) LC X X

21

new for IUCN new for the Angolan new for Species Red List Okavango part of the Angola status catchment catchment

Tramea basilaris (Palisot de Beauvois, 1805) LC

Trithemis aconita Lieftinck, 1969 LC X X

Trithemis annulata (Palisot de Beauvois, 1805) LC X

Trithemis anomala Pinhey, 1956 LC X X X

Trithemis arteriosa (Burmeister, 1839) LC

Trithemis dorsalis (Rambur, 1842) LC

Trithemis kirbyi Selys, 1891 LC

Trithemis leakeyi (Pinhey, 1956) LC X X X

Trithemis monardi Ris, 1931 LC X

Trithemis morrisoni/palustris Damm & Hadrys, 2009 LC X X X

Trithemis pluvialis Förster, 1906 LC

Trithemis stictica (Burmeister, 1839) LC

Zygonyx natalensis (Martin, 1900) LC

Zygonyx sp. nov. nr. flavicosta - X X X

Zygonyx torridus (Kirby, 1889) LC X

total: 88 species 27 54 20

Of the species recorded only one, Chlorocypha crocea is listed as Near Threatened. Seven others were not assessed and evaluated during the last Freshwater Assessments for various reasons: Agriocnemis bumhilli was only described in 2012, and Pseudagrion estesi has been simply forgotten, both tend to qualify for Least Concern. The same counts for Acisoma inflatum which was known so far as Acisoma panorpoides, a Least Concern species. Latest taxonomic research showed that "A. panorpoides" on the African continent probably consist of at least two species and A. inflatum is the common and widespread one (K.-D.B. Dijkstra in litt.). The remaining four species are those that were not known to science until now. Chlorocypha sp. nov. near aphrodite, Mesocnemis sp. nov., Pseudagrion sp. nov. nr. fisheri and Zygonyx sp. nov. nr. flavicosta are waiting for description and would qualify for the status Data Deficient as the knowledge about their distribution and possible threats are insufficient. What does not mean that the knowledge of the remaining bulk of species, listed as Least Concern is good and sufficient.

22

The list above and the species inventory shows some curiosities. A first one is that the family of Calopterygidae is absent in the collection. At least Phaon iridipennis is normally a locally common species at rivers and streams. In the region also Umma electa occur and especially in the upper Cubango section the Angola endemic Umma femina should occur. All these were not seen. Three interesting species of Chlorocyphidae were found but the most common and widespread species Platycypha caligata was only seen at Popa Falls in Namibia at the middle section of the Okavango. From the Lestidae only two species were found of 7 species that are expected in the area. Even not the most common Lestes pallidus that inhabits temporary habitats came on record. Protoneuridae were completely missing. The genus Elattoneura is with two species, E. glauca and E. tropicalis present in the Biome but were not found. Mesocnemis singularis is normally the most common Platycnemididae in the neighbouring countries but on the survey only found with few individuals at one locality. Coenagrionidae are well presented with 24 species but also here whole genera are missing. The genus Aciagrion is missing completely, these species are settling temporary pools and swamps. Of the genera Africallagma only a single species has been recorded. Two species of Aeshnidae is a very low number as well. Gomphidae are well presented and in general this family is rare in collections. Within the Libellulidae the absence of Urothemis edwardsii is the most striking curiosity. It is one of the most common dragonflies in the Okavango Delta and also has not been recorded at localities that showed similarities to the Delta. The same counts for Trithemis hecate, also common in the Okavango Delta and elsewhere in the region. The only explanation of the absence of these species might be the late season of the survey. Especially many species of ephemeral freshwater habitats are underrepresented and in fact there were not much ephemeral pools or swamps seen on the tour. The large success of the survey was the gathered knowledge in terms of biogeographical aspects and ecology. It was found that some of the species formerly only known from northern Zambia and Katanga are more widespread towards the west. For example Aethiothemis bequaerti, Crocothemis brevistigma, Nesciothemis fitzgeraldi, Orthetrum macrostigma, Trithemis anomala, Trithemis leakeyi or Pseudagrion greeni are formerly thought to be much more range restricted which does not hold anymore. About some rare species information about habitats could be obtained for the first time. About Agriocnemis bumhilli, Chlorocypha crocea or Pseudagrion estesi was not much known about habitat preferences until now. More detailed background about species will be given within the next chapter where the single sampling sites with their habitat characters as well as their Odonata species assemblage is in a closer focus.

23

3.2 Odonata species per field site

In the following chapter, all sampled field sites were characterized shortly and all recorded Odonata species are listed. Information about habitats and water parameters are given, details about the recorded species are provided and the field site is shortly evaluated based on the Odonata assessment. The order of the sampling sites is as in Table 1, the number in brackets of the heading is correspondending to the number in the map in Fig. 4. All single records with all detailed information about collection details, taken DNA samples etc will be provided in the electronic supplementary material of the appendix. The species are listed in alphabetic order. Abbreviations used: F - female, M - male; a.s.l. - above sea level; mµ - micro Siemens.

Savate, around 20 km north of Savate at road to Caiundo (1)

Province Cuando Cubango River sub-system Cubango 1 Latitude -16,727439 Position Longitude 17,89966 Altitude 1.136 m a.s.l. date(s) sampled 07.05.2012

large and permanent river, flowing in narrow unbranched riverchannel, Habitat surrounded by Acacia woodland

Conductivity - pH - Water parameters current slow flowing turbidity clear Utilization fishery

Odonata species recorded

max. Species Sex Notes Number

Phyllomacromia contumax 2 M only sight record, first record for Angola Tholymis tillarga 20 FM flying at dusk over the road Trithemis annulata 2 F Trithemis arteriosa 2 F

24

The site was not sampled adequately for Odonata or other groups. The few records were just randomly gathered en route during a short stop over at the road. Despite that some findings are remarkable, i.e. the first record of Phyllomacromia contumax for Angola.

This river section should be sampled during next surveys.

25

Cuebe River rapids, 30 km south of Menongue (2)

Province Cuando Cubango River sub-system Cuebe Latitude -14,9395 Position Longitude 17,7188 Altitude 1.260 m a.s.l. date(s) sampled 09.05.2012

medium sized sandy river with rocky outcrops, partly with rapids flowing fast Habitat over rocks, open surrounding, mixed woodland, river bank only partly shaded by trees or shrubs

Conductivity 12 mµ pH 6,5 Water parameters current rapidly and turbulent flowing turbidity clear Utilization washing place, fishing

Odonata species recorded

max. Species Sex Notes Number

Anax imperator 1 M

Crocothemis erythraea 10 FM at rock pools Crocothemis sanguinolenta 25 FM at rock pools

Orthetrum chrysostigma 30 FM mostly at small rock pools Orthetrum guineense 25 FM mostly at small rock pools Palpopleura lucia 10 FM at small puddles behind the bank Palpopleura portia 20 FM

Pantala flavescens 5 FM over rock pools Pseudagrion salisburyense 5 M

Pseudagrion sjoestedti 10 M

Pseudagrion sublacteum 100 FM

Tramea basilaris 1 M

Trithemis aconita 5 M first record for Angola, territorial behaviour Trithemis arteriosa 100 FM mostly over rock pools Trithemis kirbyi 10 FM mostly over rock pools Trithemis pluvialis 10 FM at river bank Trithemis stictica 1 M at river bank 26

Cuebe River, 30 km south of Menongue, calm river section above rapids (3)

Province Cuando Cubango River sub-system Cuebe Latitude -14,93748 Position Longitude 17,71959 Altitude 1.260 m a.s.l. date(s) sampled 09.05.2012

medium sized sandy river with rocky outcrops, open surrounding, mixed Habitat woodland, river bank only partly shaded by trees or shrubs

Conductivity 12 mµ pH 6,5 Water parameters current fast flowing turbidity clear Utilization fishing

Odonata species recorded

max. Species Sex Notes Number

Anax imperator 1 M

Lestes plagiatus 5 M

Mesocnemis singularis 5 M

Nesciothemis farinosa 2 M

Palpopleura jucunda 5 M at small puddles behind the bank Palpopleura portia 2 FM

Phyllogomphus selysi 1 M just sight record, cruising over river Pseudagrion greeni 25 FM copula Pseudagrion salisburyense 5 M

Pseudagrion sjoestedti 10 M

Pseudagrion sublacteum 20 FM

Trithemis aconita 5 M first record for Angola, territorial behaviour Trithemis arteriosa 10 FM

Trithemis pluvialis 50 FM at river bank Trithemis stictica 2 M at river bank

27

The river was sampled directly at the rapids and upstream of this. Due to slightly different habitat conditions the recorded dragonfly species are shown in two separate tables. Altogether 23 species could be recorded on both neighbouring sites within a relatively short time (half a day). Remarkable are the records of Phyllogomphus selysi and Trithemis aconita, the latter is the first national record of this species. Species composition seems to be typical with river species as Mesocnemis singularis, Pseudagrion greeni, P. sjoestedti, Phyllogomphus selysi, Trithemis aconita and T. pluvialis. The ubiquitous species as Crocothemis erythraea, Pantala flavescens, Orthetrum spp., Trithemis arteriosa and T. kirbyi were found mostly at the shallow rock pools around the rapids and at the washing place. The complete absence of species of the families Calopterygidae and Chlorocyphidae is remarkable. At least species like Phaon iridipennis, Platycypha caligata or Chlorocypha sp. could be expected at this river course. This is probably not caused by habitat conditions that seems to be suitable (fast current, shade) but by the late season. The locality should urgently surveyed again at a different season.

28

Cassanga, at road Caiundo-Menongue, 18 km south of Menongue (4)

Province Cuando Cubango River sub-system Cuebe Latitude -14,81894 Position Longitude 17,67458 Altitude 1.314 m a.s.l. date(s) sampled 09.05.2012

dambo and small stream in open surrounding, mixed woodland, dambo Habitat dominated by sedges

Conductivity - pH - Water parameters current slowly and laminar flowing turbidity clear Utilization fishing

Odonata species recorded

max. Species Sex Notes Number

Lestes plagiatus 1 M

Orthetrum chrysostigma 1 M

Pseudagrion salisburyense 50 FM pairs in tandem

Pseudagrion spec. 1 F

Trithemis arteriosa 20 FM copula seen

Only 5 species could be recorded due to the very quick survey. The locality should surveyed again at a different season and with more time available.

29

Missombo, at road Caiundo-Menongue, 10 km south of Menongue (5)

Province Cuando Cubango River sub-system Cuebe Latitude -14,74583 Position Longitude 17,66826 Altitude 1.349 m a.s.l. date(s) sampled 09.05.2012

dambo and small diffuse flowing stream in open surrounding, mixed Habitat woodland, dambo dominated by sedges

Conductivity - pH - Water parameters current slowly flowing turbidity clear Utilization fishing

Odonata species recorded

max. Species Sex Notes Number

Africallagma subtile 2 M in dense sedges Agriocnemis exilis 10 FM in dense sedges Ceriagrion suave 1 M

Pseudagrion inconspicuum 1 M

Pseudagrion kersteni 1 M

Pseudagrion salisburyense 25 FM pairs in tandem Tholymis tillarga 5 FM flying at dusk Trithemis arteriosa 20 FM copula seen

Only 7 species could be recorded due to the very quick survey during late afternoon just before dusk. Remarkable is the first national record for Africallagma subtile, a species which is actually widely distributed in the region. And this is the only place where Pseudagrion kersteni could be found on the whole survey which is curious as this species is widespread in southern Africa and usually common. This might be due to the late season. Also the only record of Ceriagrion suave, another common species in southern Africa. The locality should surveyed again at a different season and with more time available. 30

Menongue at Kabumbe Lodge, dam and seepages S of the Lodge (6)

Province Cuando Cubango River sub-system Cuebe Latitude -14,67609 Position Longitude 17,73542 Altitude 1.366 m a.s.l. date(s) sampled 08.05.-11.05.2012

seepages with tiny streams and small puddles at slopes down to an artificial Habitat dam with rich vegetation and reeds, slopes are open and grassy with wet meadows, partly maize and manioc fields

Conductivity 24 mµ (dam) pH 7,9 (dam) Water parameters current mostly standing water turbidity clear Utilization maize fields, fishing

Odonata species recorded

max. Species Sex Notes Number

Acisoma inflatum 1 F at dam Brachythemis leucosticta 20 FM at dam Ceriagrion whellani 10 M at seepages and small puddles

Crocothemis brevistigma 20 FM at tiny streams and seepages Crocothemis divisa 30 FM at tiny streams Crocothemis erythraea 3 FM at dam and muddy pool Crocothemis sanguinolenta 20 FM at tiny streams Diplacodes deminuta 10 FM at seepages Diplacodes lefebvrii 1 F at dam Diplacodes pumila 2 M at seepages Orthetrum abbotti 20 FM at dam and seepages Orthetrum guineense 2 M at dam Orthetrum trinacria 2 M at dam Palpopleura jucunda 50 FM at seepages Palpopleura portia 2 M at seepages Trithemis arteriosa 25 FM at dam Trithemis monardi 10 FM at seepages 31

The interesting parts of that spot are undoubtedly the seepages at the slopes with tiny streams, puddles and laminar wet meadows with partly boggy characters. Within a few days of collection some remarkable species could be made. Some of them are new for Angola: Ceriagrion whellani, Crocothemis brevistigma and Diplacodes pumila. They belong to the typical Zambezian fauna and the new findings bring a large range extension towards the west. Crocothemis brevistigma were thought to be a northern Zambian endemic which does not hold anymore now. But nevertheless its range is restricted to south-central Africa. This species could be found later on other places of the May survey. The species composition of the seepages is very typical for similar habitats in northern Zambia and Katanga and not found further south towards the Okavango Delta. Such seepage habitats are easily affected by agriculture and often damaged by water extraction, pollution and general destruction, but are widespread in the region. The Odonate fauna at the dam is characterized by widespread and common species. This site will surely bring more interesting species at another collecting time closer to the rainy season, especially with the first rain in November.

32

Soba Matias, large floodplains of Cuebe River, 27 km NE of Menongue (7)

Province Cuando Cubango River sub-system Cuebe Latitude -14,43934 Position Longitude 17,81484 Altitude 1.378 m a.s.l. date(s) sampled 10.05.2012

2 km wide floodplains along a freely meandering, medium sized and sandy Habitat river, surrounded by mixed woodland, Miombo and Acacia on sandy soil

Conductivity 2 mµ pH 6,5 Water parameters current almost standing water turbidity clear Utilization nothing, in some parts fishing

Odonata species recorded

max. Species Sex Notes Number

Acisoma inflatum 15 FM territorial behaviour Aethiothemis solitaria 100 FM territorial behaviour Aethriamanta rezia 3 M

Agriocnemis bumhilli 1 F

Agriocnemis victoria 10 FM

Ceriagrion whellani 2 M

Diplacodes deminuta 50 FM territorial behaviour Diplacodes pumila 100 FM territorial behaviour Nesciothemis fitzgeraldi 5 M territorial behaviour Orthetrum icteromelas 2 M

Orthetrum trinacria 1 M

Pinheyagrion angolicum 5 FM

Trithemis monardi 50 FM territorial behaviour

The collecting site was on the northern side of the valley in a marshy floodplain. The river itself was not accessible and therefore not sampled. This interesting site made records of some remarkable species. Despite being not very rich with only 13 species found, the dragonfly findings are very interesting. Two of them are new for Angola: Agriocnemis bumhilli 33 and Nesciothemis fitzgeraldi. The latter belongs to the typical Zambezian fauna and the new findings bring a large range extension towards the west. The species was thought to be a northern Zambian endemic like Crocothemis brevistigma and others which does not hold anymore now. The species composition was a mixture between those in northern Zambia and Katanga and that of the Okavango Delta. Aethiothemis solitaria, Pinheyagrion angolicum and Trithemis monardi are typical for the latter. Agriocnemis bumhilli was just recently described from the Kwando in the Namibian Caprivi and it has here the first record away from the type locality. It is the smallest African damselfly at all and even the females are unmistakable in the field. To sample this habitat was important since such vast floodplains and meandering rivers are common and widespread in the region and the sampling gives a first good insight. This site will definitely bring more interesting species at another collecting time closer to the rainy season, especially with the first rain in November. The river mainchannel with the flowing water component will also bring more interesting Odonata species with different habitat preferences.

34

Luassingua River, 55 km E of Menongue, at road Menongue-Cuito Cuanavale (8)

Province Cuando Cubango River sub-system Longa Latitude -14,58995 Position Longitude 18,17057 Altitude 1.326 m a.s.l. date(s) sampled 17.05.+20.05.2012

medium sized and meandering sandy river, divided river courses, fringed by Habitat narrow floodplains, surrounded by a grassy valley and mixed Miombo woodland on sandy soil

Conductivity 5 mµ pH 7,0 Water parameters current fast flowing water in midchannel, slow in sidechannels turbidity very clear Utilization washing place near road bridges

Odonata species recorded

max. Species Sex Notes Number

Agriocnemis bumhilli 6 FM at small sidechannels Agriocnemis victoria 1 F

Anax imperator 1 M

Ceriagrion corallinum 3 M

Ceriagrion glabrum 1 M

Chlorocypha fabamacula 4 FM directly at mid channel Crocothemis erythraea 2 M

Diplacodes lefebvrii 4 FM at disturbed floodplain and sand pit Diplacodes pumila 10 FM in floodplain Orthetrum abbotti 3 M

Orthetrum chrysostigma 1 M at disturbed floodplain Orthetrum monardi 1 M in floodplain Palpopleura jucunda 15 FM in floodplains Palpopleura portia 20 FM at small and pit nearby

Pseudagrion rufostigma 50 FM at river bank Pseudagrion sp. nov. nr. fisheri 30 FM at small and shallow sidechannels

35

max. Species Sex Notes Number

Trithemis leakeyi 2 FM at sidechannels Trithemis morrisoni/palustris 25 FM at river bank Trithemis pluvialis 5 M at immediate river bank

Altogether 19 species of Odonata could be found during two short sampling occasions on the way to and back from Cuito Cuanavale. The collecting site was on the river and floodplains south of the road bridge. The Luassingua is here a medium sized river and rich in different micro-habitats. A sandy mainchannel shows a fast current and is up to 3 m deep. On both sides the river has formed sidechannels of various widths and depths. The banks are overgrown with Miscanthus and other reeds that forms also islands in the riverbed. Inland of the river there are extended floodplains with marshy vegetation. Remarkable are the records of Agriocnemis bumhilli or Chlorocypha fabamacula, the latter is a typical species of clear and fast running rivers and on the site only found along the mainchannel. Not many records of this species are known from Angola. One of the most remarkable results of the survey is the discovery of a new species of Pseudagrion, which was found at the Luassingua, the Longa and the Cuito. At the Luassingua it was very common and settled along the smaller sidechannels of the river bed. A long series was collected and the Luassingua will later be chosen as the type locality. A description of the species is in preparation. The undescribed species is similar to the Zambian P. fisheri but different in some characters. Another highlight of the tour was the discovery of Trithemis leakeyi. This species was last time recorded in 1969 and so far only known from northern Zambia under the synonym Congothemis leakeyi. On the IUCN Red List it is listed as Data Deficient (DD). It was found here at the Luassinga and later also at the Cuito near Cuito Cuanavale. The new records lead to a huge extension of the known range towards the west. Individuals of Trithemis morrisoni/palustris were also found here for the first time in Angola. The two species are considered as a species complex by the author. They cannot be distinguished in the field and on morphological features only. The description is mainly based on genetic differences and the author consider the morphological characters that are given with the original description as variable and not useful at all.

36

Longa River, at road Menongue-Cuito Cuanavale (9)

Province Cuando Cubango River sub-system Longa Latitude -14,60633 Position Longitude 18,46739 Altitude 1.309 m a.s.l. date(s) sampled 20.05.2012

medium sized and meandering sandy river with adjacent floodplains, Habitat surrounded by a grassy valley and mixed Miombo woodland on sandy soil

Conductivity 6 mµ pH 6,5 Water parameters current slowly flowing turbidity very clear Utilization washing place near road bridges

Odonata species recorded

max. Species Sex Notes Number

Ceriagrion glabrum 1 M floodplains Crocothemis erythraea 5 M at river and clay pits Diplacodes lefebvrii 5 FM at river and clay pits

Diplacodes pumila 3 M floodplains Orthetrum chrysostigma 10 FM at sandy river bank Orthetrum monardi 15 FM at sandy river bank Palpopleura jucunda 20 FM at floodplains Palpopleura portia 10 FM at clay pits Paragomphus genei 20 FM at sandy river bank and over river flying Phyllogomphus sp. 1 F flying over river Pseudagrion deningi 1 M at grassy river bank Pseudagrion rufostigma 20 FM at grassy river bank Pseudagrion sp. nov. nr. fisheri 10 FM at river bank Tramea basilaris 1 M at floodplains Trithemis arteriosa 2 M

Trithemis kirbyi 1 M

37

max. Species Sex Notes Number

Trithemis monardi 25 FM at river and at clay pits Trithemis morrisoni/palustris 20 FM at grassy river bank

Altogether 18 species of Odonata could be found during one short sampling occasions only on the way back from Cuito Cuanavale to Menongue. The collecting site was on the river and floodplains on both sides of the road bridge. A few small clay pits nearby were also included. The Longa is here a medium sized and freely meandering river. A sandy mainchannel shows a slow current and is up to 2 m deep with shallow banks. The river course is well defined without sidechannels. The river is meandering in a wide grassy valley. Remarkable are the records of Paragomphus genei and Pseudagrion deningi both being new national records for Angola. P. genei is actually a very widespread African species not recorded before because of the poor knowledge, whereas P. deningi is one of the damselflies which are restricted to south central Africa and typical for large swamps as the Okavango Delta. The Skimmer Orthetrum monardi is a new species for the whole Okavango catchment and even the widespread Palpopleura jucunda and P. portia are new for this area. Both rivers, the Luassingua and the Longa should be surveyed again with more thoroughness and also closer to the rainy season.

38

Cuito River at Cuito Cuanavale, around road bridge E of town (10)

Province Cuando Cubango River sub-system Cuito 2 Latitude -15,17159 Position Longitude 19,19331 Altitude 1.185 m a.s.l. date(s) sampled 17.05.-18.05.2012

medium sized and meandering sandy river with adjacent floodplains, nearby Habitat sand pits, surrounded by a grassy valley and mixed Miombo woodland on sandy soil

Conductivity 6 mµ pH 6,5 Water parameters current slowly flowing turbidity very clear Utilization washing place near road bridges, fishing

Odonata species recorded

max. Species Sex Notes Number

Aethriamanta rezia 5 M at floodplains Anax imperator 5 M at floodplains Brachythemis leucosticta 3 FM at floodplains and sand pits

Chlorocypha fabamacula 1 M at river bank Crocothemis erythraea 5 M mostly at floodplains Ictinogomphus ferox 1 M at river Lestes pinheyi 2 M at floodplains Pseudagrion deningi 100 FM at grassy river bank Pseudagrion rufostigma 200 FM at grassy river bank Pseudagrion sublacteum 10 M at river Tholymis tillarga 1 F at floodplains Trithemis annulata 2 M at grassy river bank Trithemis kirbyi 2 M at sand pits Trithemis leakeyi 1 M in floodplains Trithemis monardi 40 FM at river bank and floodplains Trithemis morrisoni/palustris 30 FM mostly at river bank

39

16 species of Odonata could be found during two sampling occasions along the river and the floodplains. The collecting site was on the river, floodplains and on nearby sand pits on both sides of the road bridge. The Cuito is here a medium sized and freely meandering river. A sandy mainchannel shows a slow current and is up to 3 m deep with shallow banks. The river course is well defined without sidechannels. The river is meandering in a wide grassy valley. Especially notable are the findings of Chlorocypha fabamacula, Ictinogomphus ferox, Pseudagrion deningi and P. rufostigma which are typical for such sandy and clear rivers. This site is the second locality where Trithemis leakeyi could be found and caught. From the specimen a DNA tissue sample could be taken which fills a gap in DNA barcoding studies.

40

Cuito River at confluence with Cuanavale River (11)

Province Cuando Cubango River sub-system Cuito 2 Latitude -15,140075 Position Longitude 19,191429 Altitude 1.186 m a.s.l. date(s) sampled 19.05.2012

medium sized and meandering sandy river with adjacent large floodplains, Habitat surrounded by a grassy valley and mixed Miombo woodland on sandy soil

Conductivity 6 mµ pH 6,5 Water parameters current slowly flowing turbidity very clear Utilization fishing

Odonata species recorded

max. Species Sex Notes Number

Aethiothemis solitaria 10 FM in floodplains Agriocnemis bumhilli 4 FM in a small floodplain Anax imperator 2 M cruising along river bank

Ceriagrion corallinum 1 M in floodplain Crocothemis erythraea 1 M in floodplain Ictinogomphus dundoensis 2 M cruising along river and resting in floodplains Orthetrum icteromelas 10 FM at the floodplains Pseudagrion deningi 10 FM at river bank Pseudagrion rufostigma 50 FM at river bank, copula Trithemis annulata 1 M

Trithemis monardi 10 M floodplains and river banks Trithemis morrisoni/palustris 10 FM floodplains and river banks

12 species of Odonata could be found during a few sampling hours along the river and the floodplains. The collecting site was on the river and on the adjacent floodplains. The locality was accessed by motorboat from the Cuanavale River. It lies directly where the Cuanavale enters the Cuito. The Cuito is here a medium sized and freely meandering river. The bottom is pure 41 sand with riffles and the river is up to 3 m deep with partly shallow sandbanks. The river spills immediately over in shallow floodplains with reeds and very rich aquatic vegetation. Here the water has almost standing conditions. The water in general is very clear and the white sandy ground well visible. The river is meandering in a wide grassy valley. One of the striking feature of the site is the similarity of the conditions and the Odonata fauna of the upper parts of the Okavango Delta in the south. Both have all species in common except Agriocnemis bumhilli and Ceriagrion corallinum. Especially notable are the findings of Agriocnemis bumhilli and Ictinogomphus dundoensis, which are typical for such sandy and clear rivers. For I. dundoensis this is the only place where it could be found on the survey and now only the second place in Angola from where it is known so far.

42

Cuanavale River, 4 km NE of Cuito Cuanavale (12)

Province Cuando Cubango River sub-system Cuanavale Latitude -15,13569 Position Longitude 19,19571 Altitude 1.186 m a.s.l. date(s) sampled 19.05.2012

medium sized and meandering sandy river with adjacent large floodplains, Habitat surrounded by a grassy valley and mixed Miombo woodland on sandy soil

Conductivity 6 mµ pH 6,5 Water parameters current slowly flowing turbidity extremely clear Utilization fishing

Odonata species recorded

max. Species Sex Notes Number

Crocothemis erythraea 1 M

Phyllogomphus annulus 1 M flying from river to the woodland and caught Pseudagrion rufostigma 20 FM at the river bank

Pseudagrion sublacteum 5 M

Trithemis monardi 5 M

Trithemis morrisoni/palustris 10 FM

Only 6 species of Odonata could be found during a short sampling. The site is only less than 1 km away from sampling site 11, so it is expected to be very similar to this. An interesting catch was the male of Phyllogomphus annulus which is now the southernmost record of this tropical species at all. In Angola it was so far only known from few individuals collected near Dundo in the very northeast of the country. The specimen is very pale and has yellow patches on the abdomen where individuals in the tropics are much darker with a uniform brown abdomen and reduced yellow markings at head and thorax. A genetic comparison with material from the north will be made later.

43

Cuito River 9 km N of Cuito Cuanavale (13)

Province Cuando Cubango River sub-system Cuito 1 Latitude -15,08723 Position Longitude 19,14978 Altitude 1.187 m a.s.l. date(s) sampled 19.05.2012

medium sized and meandering sandy river with adjacent large floodplains, Habitat surrounded by a grassy valley and mixed Miombo woodland on sandy soil

Conductivity 6 mµ pH 6,5 Water parameters current slowly flowing turbidity very clear Utilization large washing place, fishing

Odonata species recorded

max. Species Sex Notes Number

Azuragrion nigridorsum 1 M at adjacent little pools Diplacodes lefebvrii 1 F at little pools Hemistigma albipunctum 1 F at little pools

Pantala flavescens 1 M at little pools Pseudagrion coeleste 1 M at grassy river bank Pseudagrion rufostigma 2 M at grassy river bank Pseudagrion sp. nov.nr. fisheri 1 M at grassy river bank Trithemis arteriosa 20 FM

Trithemis monardi 2 M

Only 9 species 12 species of Odonata could be found during a single sampling hour in the evening. The collecting site was on the river and at little pools nearby. At the pools some ubiquitous species, i.e. Azuragrion nigridorsum, Hemistigma albipunctum, Pantala flavescens or Trithemis arteriosa were found. Interesting are the records of Pseudagrion coeleste and the undescribed Pseudagrion sp. nov.nr. fisheri that were collected at the river bank. The site is very promising and should be sampled with more intense the next survey.

44

Cuele River 35 km W of Menongue at the road to Cuchi (14)

Province Cuando Cubango River sub-system Cuelei Latitude -14,70171 Position Longitude 17,37832 Altitude 1.402 m a.s.l. date(s) sampled 22.05.2012

medium sized and sandy river with adjacent floodplains, in some places rocky Habitat outcrops forming turbulent rapids, surrounded by a grassy valley and mixed Miombo woodland on sandy soil

Conductivity 16 mµ pH 6,5 Water parameters current fast flowing, turbulent in some places turbidity clear Utilization several washing places, fishing

Odonata species recorded

max. Species Sex Notes Number

Crocothemis sanguinolenta 2 M resting on rocks Palpopleura jucunda 20 FM at small pools Pseudagrion greeni 50 FM at more turbulent river sections

Pseudagrion hamoni 2 M

Pseudagrion sublacteum 2 M

Trithemis arteriosa 50 FM

Trithemis monardi 10 M at the river bank Trithemis pluvialis 5 M at the river bank Zygonyx natalensis 4 M hovering over river with fastest current

Only 9 species of Odonata could be found during a single sampling hour in the evening when crossing the river on our way back from Cuito. The collecting site was along the river south of the road bridge. Pseudagrion greeni was the most common Zygoptera and concentrated at stretches with faster running water. At dusk a few Aeshnidae started to fly over the nearby savannah without any possibility to catch and identify one. The site is very promising and should be sampled with more intense during the next survey.

45

Cuchi River at Cuchi town around road bridges (15)

Province Cuando Cubango River sub-system Cutchi 2 Latitude -14,65186 Position Longitude 16,60427 Altitude 1.341 m a.s.l. date(s) sampled 21.05.-22.05.2012 medium sized river with rocky and stony ground and narrow reedbeds, behind the reeds in some places small seepages and puddles. at the river Habitat fast current, in some places turbulent, surrounded by a hilly area with mixed Miombo woodland Conductivity 34 mµ pH 7,0 Water parameters current fast flowing, turbulent in some places turbidity clear Utilization washing places, bridge construction, fishing

Odonata species recorded

max. Species Sex Notes Number

Aethiothemis bequaerti 1 M around small seepage Aethiothemis solitaria 10 FM at small seepages Anax imperator 1 M

Brachythemis lacustris 3 M on rocky ground of river bank Crenigomphus kavangoensis 7 F in grass near the river Crocothemis erythraea 10 FM at seepages Crocothemis sanguinolenta 20 FM at seepages Diplacodes lefebvrii 1 M in reeds Hemistigma albipunctum 3 FM in reed fringing the river Mesocnemis sp. nov. 1 M at river bank Orthetrum abbotti 2 M at seepages Orthetrum brachiale 1 M in woodland Orthetrum chrysostigma 10 FM in woodland and at seepages Orthetrum guineense 10 FM in woodland and at seepages Orthetrum hintzi 2 M at seepages Orthetrum monardi 3 M at seepages Orthetrum trinacria 2 M in woodland 46

max. Species Sex Notes Number

Palpopleura jucunda 20 FM at seepages Palpopleura portia 30 FM at seepages Pantala flavescens 7 FM at seepages Paragomphus genei 1 M at rocks near river Pseudagrion greeni 5 M at river bank Pseudagrion hamoni 10 FM at shallow and standing river course Pseudagrion salisburyense 1 M at river bank Pseudagrion sjoestedti 1 M at river bank Pseudagrion sublacteum 200 FM along the river bank Trithemis aconita 1 M in shade at river bank Trithemis arteriosa 40 FM in reeds along the river

Trithemis kirbyi 1 M on rocky ground at river bank Trithemis pluvialis 50 FM at reeds fringing the river Zygonyx natalensis 1 M hovering over turbulent river course

Zygonyx torridus 1 M hovering over turbulent river course

At this species rich sampling site a whole morning with perfect weather conditions could be spent collecting, which led to a relatively large number of 32 recorded species. The collecting site was along the river between the two large riverbridges. The river was quite different to those rivers seen anywhere in the catchment. With stones and rocks dominating the substrate instead of pure sand. Also the current was higher. There were not the large floodplains but a narrow reedbed, in some places shaded trees and shrubs the bank. Behind the reed was a number of small seepages with puddles and tiny streams that offered quite different micro-habitats. Most of the many species are widespread and not worth to mention en detail. At the seepages the Aethiothemis bequaerti is notable, furthermore Orthetrum monardi. The highlight here was a new species of Mesocnemis which is similar to the widespread M. singularis but differs in the shape of the abdominal appendages and larger size. The same species was found before by the author and K.D.-B. Dijkstra at the Sanaga River in Cameroon and later by Nicolas Meziére in southern Gabon. The species seems to occur in a narrow band along the western coast. Furthermore a collection of only females of Crenigomphus kavangoensis was made. It is the first national record for Angola, the species was so far known only from the lower Kavango in northern Namibia. At the river there settled a very typical river fauna and the side should be surveyed again at a different season for the year.

47

Cuchi River, gorge and waterfalls 7 km NE of Cuchi (16)

Province Cuando Cubango River sub-system Cutchi 2 Latitude -14,58949 Position Longitude 16,90687 Altitude 1.364 m a.s.l. date(s) sampled 21.05.2012

narrow and steep rocky gorge with a rapidly flowing river, several cascades Habitat and waterfalls spilling into a larger and calm river below,

Conductivity 34 mµ pH 7,0 Water parameters current turbulent and rapidly flowing, turbidity clear Utilization nothing

Odonata species recorded

max. Species Sex Notes Number

Crocothemis divisa 1 M

The site was not adequately sampled at all, just visited quickly with the plan to come back sometimes. Nevertheless the one record of Crocothemis divisa should be mentioned. The locality should be sampled during the next surveys.

48

Satchijamba, Cuele River at road Chitembo-Menongue (17)

Province Bié River sub-system Cuelei Latitude -13,71337 Position Longitude 17,08962 Altitude 1.513 m a.s.l. date(s) sampled 16.05.2012

small river sandy occasionally with rocks and narrow reedbeds, behind the Habitat reeds in some places marsh, small seepages and puddles, surrounded by a hilly area with grassy hillsides and mixed Miombo woodland

Conductivity 5 mµ pH 7,0 Water parameters current slow flowing turbidity very clear Utilization washing place near road

Odonata species recorded

max. Species Sex Notes Number

Agriocnemis exilis 1 F

Ceriagrion suave 1 M teneral, freshly emerged Chlorocypha sp. 1 F

Crocothemis brevistigma 1 M sitting on wall of the bridge Crocothemis divisa 1 F sitting on the road Crocothemis sanguinolenta 5 M at bridge Diplacodes lefebvrii 2 M

Lestes pinheyi 10 M

Lestes plagiatus 2 M

Palpopleura jucunda 10 FM at small marsh and seepages Pseudagrion inconspicuum 30 M

Pseudagrion rufostigma 20 M at immediate riverbank Pseudagrion salisburyense 1 M

Trithemis arteriosa 5 M

Trithemis dorsalis 1 M

Trithemis monardi 1 M

Trithemis morrisoni/palustris 20 FM at river bank 49

max. Species Sex Notes Number

Trithemis pluvialis 2 M at river bank

The sampling site with the very clear and calm flowing river reminded much on some rivers in the Okavango Delta. The river was rich in vegetation, submerged and emerged and fringed by a reedbed. Nearby was a variety of small seepages and swamps. Altogether 18 species could be recorded during as short sampling occasion. Many of the many species are widespread and the species composition is a mixture between those of the lower altitude swamps like the Okavango Delta (Agriocnemis exilis, Lestes pinheyi, Pseudagrion rufostigma, Trithemis monardi, T. morrisoni/palustris) and those of the higher elevated Dambos (Crocothemis brevistigma, Pseudagrion inconspicuum). The locality will surely hold more interesting species and should be reassessed at one of the next surveys.

50

Chingueia, dambo and stream flowing to Cuele River (18)

Province Bié River sub-system Cuelei Latitude -13,6937 Position Longitude 17,06125 Altitude 1.555 m a.s.l. date(s) sampled 12.05.2012

very pristine grassy dambo with some little headwater streams in open, hilly Habitat surroundings and mixed Miombo woodland

Conductivity 11 mµ pH 7,5 Water parameters current slow flowing turbidity clear Utilization nothing

Odonata species recorded

max. Species Sex Notes Number

Aethiothemis bequaerti 3 FM

Ceriagrion whellani 10 FM

Chlorocypha crocea 50 FM mating behaviour, also teneral individuals

Crocothemis sanguinolenta 2 M at road bridge Diplacodes pumila 2 M

Orthetrum abbotti 5 M

Orthetrum macrostigma 1 M

Palpopleura jucunda 10 FM

Pseudagrion inconspicuum 100 FM copula Trithemis anomala 1 M

Trithemis pluvialis 1 M freshly emerged from small stream Trithemis stictica 1 F

The sampling site was just sampled once in an afternoon towards dusk. It is a gentle valley with a grassy dambo in the middle and a small stream draining it. The stream is shallow, only less than a meter wide and in some places very diffuse flowing. Altogether 12 species could be recorded during as short sampling occasion plus a unidentified and unapproachable species of Aeshnidae flying very fast at dusk. 51

Here the Odonata fauna turned to a complete different one compared to other streams and river seen before more in the south. It reminded more on Dambos and habitats in northern Zambia on higher elevation as on swamps in the southern part of the catchment. One of the most interesting species were found here for the first time on this survey. Chlorocypha crocea was described from the country from type specimens collected in 1932 near Bimbi and is one of Angola's rare endemics. It was not seen since 1960 and only a handful of records exist at all. Because of the poor knowledge also the taxonomic status remained unclear until now. It was found as quite common at the little dambo stream and a good collection of photographs, specimens and DNA samples could be taken. It was furthermore found on two more localities on the survey but never as common as here. It seems to be the optimum habitat which is absolutely unusual for the genus. Normally Chlorocyphidae are settling streams and rivers with faster current and colder water temperatures. They usually live in forests in shaded conditions. Here it was found in absolutely open and sunny conditions at a very small, sometimes tiny stream. It is probably a perfect indicator of pristine headwater streams but this needs to proofed with further records. The wholly species composition of this site could be taken as a reference for pristine headwater habitats which are not affected by damming, agriculture, pollution erosion or other threats. The second surprise here was a male of Trithemis anomala which was just seen at the stream but which is unmistakable. It is one of the typical species for pristine boggy habitats in northern Zambia and the new record is a huge range extension towards the west. Other species typical for the higher elevated Zambian region are Aethiothemis bequaerti, Diplacodes pumila, Orthetrum macrostigma and Pseudagrion inconspicuum. Orthetrum macrostigma is a new species for the Okavango catchment. The locality will surely hold more interesting species and should be urgently reassessed at one of the next surveys.

52

Cacuchi River at road bridge Menongue-Chitembo, river (19)

Province Bié River sub-system Cacuchi Latitude -13,59445 Position Longitude 16,88045 Altitude 1.500 m a.s.l. date(s) sampled 11.05.-12.05.2012

a permanent medium sized river with partly calm flowing sections, partly with Habitat turbulent flowing rapids, sandy substrate, in some places rocks, adjacent floodplains, hilly surroundings with mixed Miombo woodland and grassland

Conductivity 40 mµ pH 6,9 Water parameters current diverse, partly slow flowing, partly turbulent turbidity clear Utilization washing place, fishing, fishtraps

Odonata species recorded

max. Species Sex Notes Number

Acisoma inflatum 1 M

Aethiothemis bequaerti 1 M at small seepage nearby Agriocnemis angolensis 20 FM at calm river

Agriocnemis victoria 10 FM at calm river Ceriagrion corallinum 10 FM at calm river Crocothemis divisa 1 F at road bridge Crocothemis erythraea 3 FM at calm river Crocothemis sanguinolenta 10 FM on rocks Orthetrum chrysostigma 10 FM at rock pools Orthetrum guineense 1 M at rock pools Orthetrum julia 1 M at rock pools Palpopleura jucunda 3 M at seepage Palpopleura portia 3 M at rock pools Pseudagrion coeleste 30 FM at calm section Pseudagrion deningi 3 FM at calm section Pseudagrion greeni 20 FM at turbulent flowing river section Pseudagrion rufostigma 10 FM at calm river section 53

max. Species Sex Notes Number

Pseudagrion sjoestedti 1 M

Trithemis arteriosa 40 FM

Trithemis pluvialis 40 FM

Trithemis stictica 3 M

Zygonyx natalensis 5 M at rapids

The sampling site was sampled for an evening and a whole day. It is a gentle valley with a medium sized river draining it. The river is calm flowing most of its length, south of the road bridge is a rocky outcrop that forms a cascade of fast and turbulent flowing rapids. At those rocks there were a few shallow and warm rockpools. At the calm section the river was fringed by a narrow reedbed of Phragmites australis and floating leafed plants like Potamogeton sp., Ottelia sp. and Nymphaea sp. Next to the river is a larger floodplain which might be flooded during high water level. The valley around is covered by grassland and scattered trees and bush. The species composition here is a mixture of species from low lying swamps as the Okavango Delta at the calm section and river species at the rapids. Agriocnemis angolensis is an interesting species that has a remarkable distribution and a wide tolerance of lotic habitats as it was found on small streams at Tundavala at more than 2.200 m a.s.l. as well as on the Okavango in Namibia's Caprivi strip. Here it was common in the floodplains and on the calm river section where it was found mostly in the small reeds and Nymphaea-zone at the river bank together with Pseudagrion coeleste and P. deningi. The latter two species are typical for permanent rivers and channels in the Okavango Delta at extremely abundant there. The locality will surely hold more interesting species and should be urgently reassessed at one of the next surveys.

54

Cacuchi River at road bridge Menongue-Chitembo, floodplains (20)

Province Bié River sub-system Cacuchi Latitude -13,592652 Position Longitude 16,881654 Altitude 1.500 m a.s.l. date(s) sampled 11.05.-12.05.2012

shallow floodplains of the Cacuchi River, very rich in vegetation, hilly Habitat surroundings with mixed Miombo woodland and grassland

Conductivity 41 mµ pH 6,9 Water parameters current standing water turbidity clear Utilization fishing

Odonata species recorded

max. Species Sex Notes Number

Acisoma inflatum 20 FM

Aethiothemis bequaerti 1 M

Agriocnemis angolensis 10 FM roosting at night

Agriocnemis exilis 2 FM

Agriocnemis victoria 10 FM

Ceriagrion glabrum 10 FM also roosting at night Diplacodes lefebvrii 10 FM

Diplacodes pumila 10 FM

Hemistigma albipunctum 3 M

Palpopleura jucunda 3 FM

Pantala flavescens 10 FM

Tramea basilaris 1 M

The sampling site was sampled for an evening and a whole day. The extended floodplain is shallow, only at some places 1 m deep. It is dominated by sedges and floating leafed plants like Potamogeton sp., Urticularia sp. and Nymphaea sp. The Odonata species composition is typical swamp like as in the Okavango Delta.

55

Tributary stream to Cacuchi River, S of Chitembo (21)

Province Bié River sub-system Cacuchi Latitude -13,52797 Position Longitude 16,75872 Altitude 1.577 m a.s.l. date(s) sampled 16.05.2012

middle section of a stream, 2 m wide, hilly surroundings with sparse Miombo Habitat woodland and grassland

Conductivity 12 mµ pH 6,9 Water parameters current fast flowing turbidity clear Utilization washing place, fishing

Odonata species recorded

max. Species Sex Notes Number

Orthetrum caffrum 2 M

Orthetrum guineense 5 FM

Palpopleura jucunda 20 FM at small seepages

Pseudagrion estesi 2 M at the stream Pseudagrion inconspicuum 10 M

Pseudagrion rufostigma 3 M

Pseudagrion salisburyense 2 M

Trithemis arteriosa 10 M

Trithemis dorsalis 2 M

Trithemis morrisoni/palustris 3 M

Trithemis pluvialis 5 M

This stream was sampled for only one hour on the way back from Huambo to Menongue. The species are typical for streams of that size and for seepages. One of the few localities, where Pseudagrion estesi were found (see below).

56

Watana stream at road bridge Chitembo-Huambo (22)

Province Bié River sub-system Cacuchi Latitude -13,27965 Position Longitude 16,74611 Altitude 1.611 m a.s.l. date(s) sampled 13.05.2012

rocky stream with faster current and some boulders, partly in sun, partly Habitat shaded by shrubs, only a narrow reedbed, 3 m wide, surrounded by scattered Miombo

Conductivity 44 mµ pH 7,9 Water parameters current fast flowing turbidity clear Utilization washing place, fishing

Odonata species recorded

max. Species Sex Notes Number

Chlorocypha crocea 10 FM

Orthetrum abbotti 1 M

Orthetrum chrysostigma 2 M

Orthetrum guineense 20 M

Palpopleura jucunda 5 FM at little seepage and pool nearby Palpopleura portia 2 M

Pseudagrion estesi 2 M

Pseudagrion greeni 10 FM

Pseudagrion inconspicuum 20 FM

Pseudagrion salisburyense 2 M

Trithemis dorsalis 30 M

Trithemis pluvialis 30 FM

The sampling site was sampled for just one hour on the way northwards to Huambo. The beautiful stream hold quite a few interesting Odonata species. It is the second locality where Chlorocypha crocea was found. Regarding the habitats this type of stream seems to be le the lower level in a catchment that the species inhabits. The optimum are obviously the

57 headwaters where the streams are much smaller. The species couldn't later be found in much larger streams. A next highlight of the trip from the authors point of view is the discovery of Pseudagrion estesi, one of the most sought-after damselflies of the southern continent which could be found here for the first time. The species was described in 1971 by Pinhey from Quimbango, a river or stream 200 km SE of Malange and named after it's collector, the famous mammalogist Dr. Richard Estes. It was only described by four individuals and not seen or collected since. In all Red List Assessments of IUCN it was a mystery and finally considered as a Data Deficient species about almost nothing was known. In the field it closely resembles Pseudagrion melanicterum which is a tropical forest species. The first proper identification was hampered by Pinhey's bad description. He described the abdomen as completely dark without any markings at the last abdominal segments (PINHEY 1971). This might be due to the poor preservation status of the type specimens since in life the males have a clear blue markings on segments 8 and 9 of the abdomen. But the males appendages are very characteristic and with the help of a microscope the identification was clear. Later on the trip the species could be found at several localities and it seems to be a quite common insect in the region. Recently Viola Clausnitzer and K.-D. B. Dijkstra could also record P. estesi from northern Angola around Uige and Negage and so within a single year the knowledge about this species arose remarkably.

58

Chiuano Micha, little stream and dambo, tributary to Cacuchi River (23)

Province Bié River sub-system Cacuchi Latitude -12,87496 Position Longitude 16,76735 Altitude 1.688 m a.s.l. date(s) sampled 13.05.2012

small sandy stream and grassy dambo in wide open valley, surrounded by Habitat scattered Miombo

Conductivity 38 mµ pH 7,5 Water parameters current slow flowing turbidity clear Utilization washing place, cattle grazing

Odonata species recorded

max. Species Sex Notes Number

Orthetrum hintzi 5 M

Palpopleura jucunda 2 M

Pseudagrion inconspicuum 10 M

Trithemis dorsalis 1 M

Trithemis pluvialis 2 M

Gomphidae spec. 1 only seen when flying rapidly away

The stream was sampled for just 30 minutes on the way northwards to Huambo. This might explain the low species number. But the stream was also disturbed by cattle that came for drinking. Apart from this disturbed drinking site the valley around and the dambo looked quite interesting and pristine and the site could also be surveyed again the next time.

59

Cassoco, rocky stream N of Cassoco, tributary to Cuchi River (24)

Province Bié River sub-system Cuchi 1 Latitude -12,78683 Position Longitude 16,75737 Altitude 1.699 m a.s.l. date(s) sampled 13.05.2012

Habitat small rocky stream in steep little valley, surrounded by scattered Miombo

Conductivity 43 mµ pH 7,5 Water parameters current slow flowing turbidity clear Utilization washing place

Odonata species recorded

max. Species Sex Notes Number

Crocothemis sanguinolenta 2 M

Orthetrum caffrum 5 FM

Orthetrum guineense 2 M

Pseudagrion inconspicuum 3 M

Pseudagrion salisburyense 1 M

Trithemis dorsalis 1 M

Trithemis pluvialis 2 M

The stream was also only sampled for just 30 minutes on the way northwards to Huambo. This might explain the low species number. The small stream was very narrow and in some stretches flowing hidden under dense vegetation cover. Substrate is sand and rocks. All species found are typical for such type of water.

60

Cuchi River at road bridge Huambo-Kuito (25)

Province Bié River sub-system Cuchi 1 Latitude -12,5307 Position Longitude 16,69836 Altitude 1.693 m a.s.l. date(s) sampled 13.05.+16.05.2012

medium sized river with sparse vegetation, surrounded by grassland and Habitat scattered Miombo, disturbed by road construction

Conductivity 45 mµ pH 6,8 Water parameters current fast flowing turbidity slightly turbid Utilization washing place, dams upstream

Odonata species recorded

max. Species Sex Notes Number

Chlorocypha sp. nov. nr. 30 FM territorial behaviour and oviposition aphrodite

Crocothemis sanguinolenta 5 M

Orthetrum guineense 20 FM

Pseudagrion inconspicuum 30 FM

Trithemis dorsalis 10 M

Trithemis pluvialis 35 FM

A medium sized river, 10 m wide with sections of fast flowing water and calm sections. Substrate is loamy sand and gravel with single rocks in the riverbed. Some of the gravel might be came in by road and dam construction. The sampling site appeared very disturbed by washing, car washing and nearby construction sites. There were tracks of a single or few Hippopotamuses (Hippopotamus amphibius) at the river bank. Vegetation in or at the river is very sparse. The site was sampled two times for only 30 minutes, that's why the species number are low. The important finding is that of an undescribed Chlorocypha. When coming to the site on the way to Huambo a number of blue Chlorocyphids were discovered and collected, that immediately reminded me on the Chlorocypha crocea the 61 days before at the Cacuchi tributaries. And caused frustration because of the lost indication value of that species, that was thought to be a good indicator for pristine streams. But shortly after that first impression it was seen that the individuals here, despite having the same striking blue coloration are much larger and had different markings on the first abdominal segments and on the thorax. Later when comparing them directly by specimens it cam clear that both are very distinct species. Whereas the one is clearly Chlorocypha crocea the other one from the Cuchi River is an undescribed species. When considering the literature available one comes to another blue species or subspecies from Angola that PINHEY (1975) described as Chlorocypha crocea bamptoni from the Serra da Chela, so in his opinion a subspecies of the true C. crocea. But the description shows drawings of another type of abdominal markings that not fit to the individuals found at the Cuchi. These have a clear blue three-spot mark on abdominal segment 2, a feature that was consistent in all the collected males without any variation. In C. crocea bamptoni there is just a transverse blue band at the end of that segment. Some individuals that Warwick Tarboton collected as C. bamptoni in the Serra da Chela around Humpata in 2009 also have a different marking on the abdominal segments and might be even another species (TARBOTON 2009). A comparison of the DNA samples is in preparation. It might turn out that the specimens from the Cuchi and those from Tarboton might be a species complex or good species. But from morphological features they are at least very different from true C. crocea. In general the species from the Cuchi showed a very different behaviour to that of the C. crocea from the headwater streams. The males were really aggressive to each other, defending territories and showed display behaviour towards the females as Chlorocyphids usually do. Oviposition of two females was observed, the eggs were laid in some dead wood slightly under the water surface. The species reminded the author much on Chlorocypha aphrodite from Gabon, which have the same size and general appearance but slightly different markings on abdominal segment 2. Within the near future the author will proof the type specimens of Chlorocypha crocea and C. c. bamptoni in the Natural History Museum collection in London and in Chaux-de-la-Fonds Museum collection, Switzerland as well of those from Tarboton for a closer comparison of features. Depending from the results a description will be published later on.

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Cutato River at road bridge Huambo-Kuito (26)

Province Bié River sub-system Cutato Latitude -12,56787 Position Longitude 16,49713 Altitude 1.688 m a.s.l. date(s) sampled 16.05.2012

medium sized river with sparse vegetation, surrounded by grassland and Habitat scattered Miombo, disturbed by road construction

Conductivity 47 mµ pH 7,0 Water parameters current fast flowing turbidity turbid Utilization washing place, construction site

Odonata species recorded

max. Species Sex Notes Number

Chlorocypha sp. nov. nr. 10 FM aphrodite

Crocothemis sanguinolenta 1 M

Orthetrum guineense 2 M

Palpopleura jucunda 2 M at small seepage Pseudagrion inconspicuum 5 M

Trithemis arteriosa 1 M

Trithemis dorsalis 2 M

Trithemis pluvialis 2 M

A small river, less than 10 m wide with sections of fast flowing water and calm sections. Substrate is loamy sand. The sampling site appeared very disturbed by washing and nearby construction sites. The Odonate fauna was found to be very similar to that of the nearby Cuchi River and provided the second record of the undescribed Chlorocypha.

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Chicala-Cholohanga, Cubango River headwater south of town, stream with small waterfall (27)

Province Huambo River sub-system Cubango 1 Latitude -12,67115 Position Longitude 16,11166 Altitude 1.772 m a.s.l. date(s) sampled 15.05.2012 stream, 2 m wide, on part above a weir (not in use, abandoned farm) with calm flow, the lower part with a small waterfalls fast flowing, sometimes with Habitat pools, surrounded by open grassland and scattered Eucalyptus and Pine trees Conductivity 1 mµ (!) pH 7,0 Water parameters current fast flowing turbidity very clear Utilization washing place

Odonata species recorded

max. Species Sex Notes Number

Anax speratus 1 M

Chlorocypha crocea 2 M

Crocothemis brevistigma 1 M on rocks nearby Crocothemis erythraea 3 M

Crocothemis sanguinolenta 20 FM at rock pools

Orthetrum abbotti 2 FM copula Orthetrum guineense 3 M

Palpopleura jucunda 10 FM at rock pools Palpopleura portia 2 M at rock pools Pseudagrion estesi 2 M photographs Pseudagrion inconspicuum 3 M

Pseudagrion rufostigma 5 M

Trithemis dorsalis 3 M

Trithemis morrisoni/palustris 2 M

Trithemis pluvialis 20 M

Zygonyx natalensis 5 FM 1 adult male and 4 exuviae

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This beautiful sampling site is on a high grassy plateau with some islands of bush, Eucalyptus and Pine trees at mostly abandoned farms. The small stream is 2-5 m wide with some narrow sections and some widening and pools. The road bridge was formerly used as a weir to dam the stream (probably for irrigation of the farm) but the weir is now destroyed. Below the weir the stream flows over a small waterfall and follows along the valley of a gentle rolling landscape which is dominated by grassy vegetation. Above the weir the stream is calm but below rapidly flowing. The water is very clear and almost free of dissolved matters. An interesting Odonata fauna is settling this watercourse. For Anax speratus, of which a single male was patrolling its territory along the upper calm section, this is the first record in the Okavango catchment at all. The Cascader Zygonyx natalensis was found hovering over the fall and later a few exuviae at the bridge witnessed the former development. It was one of the few localities with Crocothemis brevistigma, formerly only known from northern Zambia. Also for Pseudagrion estesi it is one of the newly found few localities and helps much to understand the ecological needs of this rare Angolan endemic. The site is good for much more interesting dragonfly species and should definitely been resampled during the next surveys.

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Chicala-Cholohanga, Cubango River source and springbrook (28)

Province Huambo River sub-system Cubango 1 Latitude -12,71841 Position Longitude 16,07262 Altitude 1.853 m a.s.l. date(s) sampled 15.05.2012

source with seepages and tiny stream, partly flowing underground and Habitat through a boggy dambo, surrounded by open grassland and scattered shrubs and trees

Conductivity 1 mµ (!) pH 7,0 Water parameters current slow flowing turbidity very clear Utilization nothing, probably sometimes cattle grazing

Odonata species recorded

max. Species Sex Notes Number

Aeshnidae spec. 1 M freshly emerged but escaped Aethiothemis bequaerti 10 FM at seepages around source, ovipositing Orthetrum spec. 1 F ovipositing in stream

Pseudagrion estesi 1 M directly in the source in shady shrub Pseudagrion inconspicuum 10 M at small stream

This sampling site is one of the at least three sources of the Cubango River. The area appeared as very pristine although there is small scale farming around. Most of the older large farms are abandoned during the war and only a few resettled. It seems, that the source area is grazed by cattle slightly and not all the time. Witnessed by all the farm buildings the area was much more intensely used in the past and might be so in the future. Around the source is a sandy high plateau dominated by grassland with islands of trees, mostly Eucalyptus and Pine trees and only remnants of the former open Miombo formation. The source lies in a middle of a small bush island in a gentle valley from where a tiny stream flows down. The stream is partly flowing underground through a dambo with peat soils. Around the source the soil is boggy and very wet with a few seepages and small puddles. The Odonata species found here can be taken as the indicators of those source areas and headwater streams. With a bit more time other species could probably have been found, i.e.

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Chlorocypha crocea. Unfortunately the time was limited and one interesting Aeshnidae species escaped from the net. During the next surveys this area and also others of the Cubango sources should be surveyed to get a real baseline assessment. The future might bring a reestablishment of more intense farming since the soils are more fertile as in other regions and also the human population and growing is a n increasing pressure to the landscape.

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Keve (Cuvo) River E of Alto Hama (29)

Province Huambo River sub-system outside Okavango catchment, Cuanza Latitude -12,2031 Position Longitude 15,59522 Altitude 1.415 m a.s.l. date(s) sampled 14.05.2012

fast flowing river with rocks, boulders and sand as substrate, fringed by Habitat narrow reedbeds, surrounded by open grassland and scattered shrubs and trees

Conductivity 35 mµ pH 8,9 Water parameters current fast flowing, turbulent turbidity slightly turbid Utilization washing place, construction sites near the river

Odonata species recorded

max. Species Sex Notes Number

Aethiothemis bequaerti 2 M at small seepage nearby males at immediate river bank with the flowing Chlorocypha fabamacula 5 M water, females in the shade Crocothemis erythraea 1 M at a calm oxbow

Crocothemis sanguinolenta 5 M

Hemistigma albipunctum 1 M at a calm oxbow Orthetrum abbotti 2 M

Orthetrum guineense 30 FM

Paragomphus genei 2 M

Pseudagrion greeni 30 FM at immediate river bank with the flowing water Trithemis arteriosa 2 M at a calm oxbow Trithemis dorsalis 2 M at a calm oxbow Trithemis pluvialis 200 FM along the river bank, oviposition

defending territories over fast flowing water Zygonyx sp. nov. nr. flavicosta 50 M courses

The sampled Keve or Cuvo River is north of Huambo and outside the Okavango catchment belonging to the Cuanza system. 68

The river was around the road bridge affected by washing place, water extraction and some construction sites near the river. It was sampled to get an impression of neighbouring river systems and to understand which species does occur on both sides of the watershed and which does not. All species but one were found also in the Okavango system. A large Zygonyx that was found quite common here and first thought to be Zygonyx flavicosta is in fact an undescribed species. Systematic within this Zygonyx flavicosta-group is unresolved and complicated. Zygonyx flavicosta is a tropical species and locally common at waterfalls and rapids. True Z. flavicosta has been found recently by Clausnitzer and Dijkstra around Uige in the north (K.-D.B. Dijkstra in lit.). During the last years the author found false 'Zygonyx flavicosta' as common at various localities in northern Zambia. Dijkstra found it in Katanga, southern DRC. But this species is different to true Z. flavicosta by some features, also some denticles at the males genitalia. But now the individuals at the Cuvo are different again to this Zambian species by the shape of the males genitalia. Another species found in 2008 by the author and Dijkstra at the Sanaga river in Cameroon is another species belonging to this species complex (DIJKSTRA et al. 2009). As long as no closer study with comparison of DNA material is finished and the mentioned problems are solved the author will treat the species as undescribed, belonging to a southern 'Zygonyx flavicosta' complex. This river or other more pristine rivers and streams of the upper Cuanza should be sampled during the next surveys.

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Keve (Cuvo) River E of Alto Hama, nearby floodplain (30)

Province Huambo River sub-system outside Okavango catchment, Cuanza Latitude -12,203073 Position Longitude 15,59631 Altitude 1.415 m a.s.l. date(s) sampled 14.05.2012

shallow ephemeral floodplain with rich vegetation, surrounded by open Habitat grassland and scattered shrubs and trees

Conductivity 41 mµ pH 7,5 Water parameters current standing turbidity clear Utilization nothing

Odonata species recorded

max. Species Sex Notes Number

Acisoma inflatum 3 FM

Aethiothemis solitaria 2 M

Agriocnemis victoria 1 M

Ceriagrion corallinum 3 M

Ceriagrion glabrum 3 FM

This small collection was made at a small floodplain close to the Keve River. A swampy area with rich aquatic vegetation and ephemeral character. Only five widespread species were found.

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3.3 Species assemblages and potential indicator value

Apart from widely distributed and/or ubiquitous Odonata species that occur in very different habitats a few species could be spotted that were restricted to defined habitat types. They potentially could be used later on as indicators of healthy habitat conditions. In general the species compositions found in certain areas and habitats varied within the catchment. In lower altitudes especially in the eastern part of the surveyed region - Luassingua, Longa, Cuito and Cuanavale Rivers, the species assemblages reminded much on that from the northern Okavango Delta and of the Kwando in Namibia. Parts of this fauna were also found at calm river sections of the Cacuchi or in floodplains near Soba Matias. Typical species were:

• Agriocnemis angolensis • Agriocnemis bumhilli • Ceriagrion corallinum • Lestes pinheyi • Pinheyagrion angolensis • Pseudagrion coeleste • Pseudagrion deningi • Pseudagrion rufostigma • Pseudagrion sp. nov. nr. fisheri (so far known Angolan endemic) • Ictinogomphus dundoensis • Aethiothemis solitaria • Orthetrum icteromelas • Trithemis leakeyi • Trithemis monardi • Trithemis morrisoni/palustris

The habitats are characterized by clear, permanently flowing rivers with mainly sandy substrate and calm current. They often are fringed by extended floodplains that are rich in aquatic vegetation and standing water.

At Menongue and north of it this southern swamp fauna were more and more replaced by a fauna that was so far known from areas with higher altitudes and precipitation in south- central Africa, mainly Zambia and Katanga. The landscape there is dominated by a mosaic of Miombo and open grassland, a gentle hilly relief with swampy Dambos in the valleys drained by small headwater streams and medium sized rivers. At the Dambos with often boggy soils and small seepages at the edge the following characteristic dragonflies occur:

• Ceriagrion whellani • Aethiothemis bequaerti • Crocothemis brevistigma • Diplacodes pumila • Nesciothemis fitzgeraldi • Orthetrum macrostigma 71

• Orthetrum monardi • Palpopleura jucunda • Trithemis anomala

Were these Dambos feed into small streams the following species are typical to be found:

• Chlorocypha crocea (Angolan endemic) • Pseudagrion estesi (Angolan endemic) • Pseudagrion inconspicuum Of these two C. crocea and Pseudagrion estesi might serve as top indicators for the headwater streams.

Where many of these streams form medium sized rivers with faster current these species are replaced by others typical for this habitat:

• Chlorocypha fabamacula • Chlorocypha sp. nov. nr. aphrodite (so far known Angolan endemic) • Pseudagrion greeni • Mesocnemis sp. nov. • Trithemis aconita

At waterfalls the Cascaders are typical:

• Zygonyx natalensis • Zygonyx torridus • Zygonyx sp. nov. nr. flavicosta

The classification is preliminary and needs to be calibrated and modified with more sampling density during the next surveys.

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3.4 Observed and potential threats to Odonata and their habitats

From the first impressions it could be said that main threats to freshwater habitats and its inhabitants in the catchment comes from two sides. One is surely population growth in certain areas, especially around Huambo and Menongue that causes or potentially will cause the following threats:

• water extraction due to high water demand for washing water, potable water etc

• pollution by washing everything in the rivers

• waste deposal in or near rivers

• development of hydro power plants and flow modification

Another important complex is development in agriculture which can cause these threats:

• destruction of small freshwater habitats (i.e. seepages) by small scale farming

• erosion and siltation of streams as results of clearance of Miombo for farming, small scale farming near rivers and streams

• nitrification and pollution by fertilizers and chemicals by large scale irrigation projects

• damming of rivers and streams and water extraction for irrigation

First evidence of such development has been seen i.e. at the Longa river with ongoing projects of large scale rice irrigation farming which, at that scale, can affect whole tributaries by nitrification and pollution and change whole ecosystems.

Most of the very diverse habitats in south-central Africa are rich because they are nutrient poor and often to be found in areas with sandy and nutrient poor soils (fossile Kalahari sand layers) and a high precipitation. Those habitats can easily affected and severely damaged by nitrification with fertilizers from agriculture.

Apart from erosion caused by deforestation this artificial nitrification might be the main threat for Odonata in the whole region.

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3.5 Updated checklist of the Odonata of the Okavango River catchment

From the whole Okavango catchment the ODA database contains altogether 7.578 records of 160 dragonfly species. In the following table a simple provisional checklist of the Odonata species of the Okavango catchment is provided, based on the information in ODA. A detailed analysis about diversity and distribution will be given later when more records from the upper catchment are available. The map in Fig. 7 shows the current distribution of dragonfly records within the catchment and clearly shows the existing gaps. Table 3: All Odonata species recorded from the whole Okavango catchment (based on data in ODA, Jan. 2013). The number of records in ODA and the IUCN Red Liste status according to DARWALL et al.(2011b). LC - Least Concern; DD - Data Deficient; NT - Near Threatened; VU - Vulnerable; - - not assessed yet.

Species number of IUCN records in ODA Red List status Zygoptera

Lestidae

Lestes dissimulans Fraser, 1955 9 LC

Lestes pallidus Rambur, 1842 52 LC

Lestes pinheyi Fraser, 1955 119 LC

Lestes plagiatus (Burmeister, 1839) 10 LC

Lestes tridens McLachlan, 1895 1 LC

Lestes virgatus (Burmeister, 1839) 2 LC

Calopterygidae

Phaon iridipennis (Burmeister, 1839) 26 LC

Umma femina Longfield, 1947 1 VU

Chlorocyphidae

Chlorocypha crocea Longfield, 1947 21 DD

Chlorocypha fabamacula Pinhey, 1961 5 LC

Chlorocypha sp. nov. nr. aphrodite 31 LC

Platycypha caligata (Selys, 1853) 29 LC

Platycypha angolensis (Selys, 1853) 6 DD

Platycnemididae

Allocnemis nigripes (Selys, 1853) 2 LC

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Species number of IUCN records in ODA Red List status Mesocnemis singularis Karsch, 1891 44 LC

Mesocnemis sp. nov. 1 -

Protoneuridae

Elattoneura acuta Kimmins, 1938 1 LC

Elattoneura glauca (Selys, 1860) 46 LC

Coenagrionidae

Aciagrion steeleae Kimmins, 1955 21 LC

Africallagma glaucum (Burmeister, 1839) 3 LC

Africallagma subtile (Ris, 1921) 8 LC

Agriocnemis angolensis Longfield, 1947 35 LC

Agriocnemis bumhilli Kipping, Martens & Suhling 2012 10 -

Agriocnemis exilis Selys, 1872 279 LC

Agriocnemis gratiosa Gerstäcker, 1891 35 LC

Agriocnemis ruberrima albifrons Balinsky, 1961 39 LC

Agriocnemis victoria Fraser, 1928 57 LC

Azuragrion nigridorsum (Selys, 1876) 3 LC

Ceriagrion corallinum Campion, 1914 4 LC

Ceriagrion glabrum (Burmeister, 1839) 162 LC

Ceriagrion katamborae Pinhey, 1961 72 DD

Ceriagrion suave Ris, 1921 65 LC

Ceriagrion whellani Longfield, 1952 7 LC

Ischnura senegalensis (Rambur, 1842) 243 LC

Pinheyagrion angolicum (Pinhey, 1966) 19 LC

Pseudagrion acaciae Förster, 1906 65 LC

Pseudagrion assegaii Pinhey, 1950 43 LC

Pseudagrion coeleste Longfield, 1947 189 LC

Pseudagrion commoniae Förster, 1902 1 LC

Pseudagrion deningi Pinhey, 1961 177 LC

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Species number of IUCN records in ODA Red List status Pseudagrion estesi Pinhey, 1971 7 -

Pseudagrion fisheri Pinhey, 1961 3 LC

Pseudagrion glaucescens Selys, 1876 54 LC

Pseudagrion greeni Pinhey, 1961 30 LC

Pseudagrion hageni Karsch, 1893 3 LC

Pseudagrion hamoni Fraser, 1955 29 LC

Pseudagrion helenae Balinsky, 1964 16 LC

Pseudagrion inconspicuum Ris, 1931 35 LC

Pseudagrion kersteni (Gerstäcker, 1869) 1 LC

Pseudagrion massaicum Sjöstedt, 1909 34 LC

Pseudagrion nubicum Selys, 1876 4 LC

Pseudagrion rufostigma Longfield, 1947 54 LC

Pseudagrion salisburyense Ris, 1921 23 LC

Pseudagrion serrulatum Karsch, 1894 1 LC

Pseudagrion sjoestedti Förster, 1906 70 LC

Pseudagrion sp. nov. nr. fisheri 21 -

Pseudagrion spernatum Hagen in Selys, 1881 1 LC

Pseudagrion sublacteum (Karsch, 1893) 125 LC

Pseudagrion sudanicum Le Roi, 1915 37 LC

Anisoptera

Aeshnidae

Anax bangweuluensis Kimmins, 1955 21 NT

Anax ephippiger (Burmeister, 1839) 43 LC

Anax imperator Leach, 1815 119 LC

Anax speratus Hagen, 1867 1 LC

Anax tristis Hagen, 1867 40 LC

Gomphidae

Crenigomphus hartmanni (Förster, 1898) 1 LC

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Species number of IUCN records in ODA Red List status Crenigomphus kavangoensis Suhling & Marais, 2010 25 LC

Gomphidia quarrei (Schouteden, 1934) 29 LC

Ictinogomphus dundoensis (Pinhey, 1961) 24 LC

Ictinogomphus ferox (Rambur, 1842) 68 LC

Lestinogomphus angustus Martin, 1911 36 LC

Lestinogomphus silkeae Kipping, 2010 4 DD

Neurogomphus cocytius Cammaerts, 2004 3 DD

Neurogomphus dissimilis Cammaerts, 2004 2 LC

Onychogomphus rossii Pinhey, 1966 1 DD

Paragomphus cataractae Pinhey, 1963 7 NT

Paragomphus cognatus (Rambur, 1842) 1 LC

Paragomphus elpidius (Ris, 1921) 8 LC

Paragomphus genei (Selys, 1841) 13 LC

Paragomphus sabicus Pinhey, 1950 20 LC

Phyllogomphus annulus Klots, 1944 1 LC

Phyllogomphus selysi Schoudeten, 1933 7 LC

Corduliidae

Phyllomacromia contumax Selys, 1879 62 LC

Phyllomacromia kimminsi (Fraser, 1954) 5 LC

Phyllomacromia overlaeti (Schouteden, 1934) 2 LC

Phyllomacromia picta (Hagen in Selys, 1871) 29 LC

Libellulidae

Acisoma inflatum Selys 1882 139 LC

Acisoma trifidum Kirby, 1889 1 LC

Aethiothemis bequaerti Ris, 1919 7 LC

Aethiothemis mediofasciata Ris, 1931 1 DD

Aethiothemis solitaria Martin, 1908 86 LC

Aethriamanta rezia Kirby, 1889 49 LC

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Species number of IUCN records in ODA Red List status Brachythemis lacustris (Kirby, 1889) 94 LC

Brachythemis leucosticta (Burmeister, 1839) 224 LC

Brachythemis wilsoni Pinhey, 1952 24 LC

Bradinopyga cornuta Ris, 1911 1 LC

Chalcostephia flavifrons Kirby, 1889 41 LC

Crocothemis brevistigma Pinhey, 1961 10 LC

Crocothemis divisa Baumann, 1898 11 LC

Crocothemis erythraea (Brullé, 1832) 238 LC

Crocothemis sanguinolenta (Burmeister, 1839) 35 LC

Diplacodes deminuta Lieftinck, 1969 87 LC

Diplacodes lefebvrii (Rambur, 1842) 274 LC

Diplacodes luminans (Karsch, 1893) 62 LC

Diplacodes pumila Dijkstra 2006 40 LC

Hemistigma albipunctum (Rambur, 1842) 204 LC

Nesciothemis farinosa (Förster, 1898) 84 LC

Nesciothemis fitzgeraldi Longfield, 1955 3 LC

Nesciothemis minor Gambles, 1966 ? 1 LC

Olpogastra lugubris (Karsch, 1895) 131 LC

Orthetrum abbotti Calvert, 1892 14 LC

Orthetrum brachiale (Palisot de Beauvois, 1805) 95 LC

Orthetrum caffrum (Burmeister, 1839) 13 LC

Orthetrum chrysostigma (Burmeister, 1839) 40 LC

Orthetrum guineense Ris, 1910 31 LC

Orthetrum hintzi Schmidt, 1951 6 LC

Orthetrum icteromelas Ris, 1910 108 LC

Orthetrum julia Kirby, 1900 1 LC

Orthetrum machadoi Longfield, 1955 76 LC

Orthetrum macrostigma Longfield, 1947 2 LC

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Species number of IUCN records in ODA Red List status Orthetrum monardi Schmidt, 1951 7 LC

Orthetrum robustum Balinsky, 1965 54 LC

Orthetrum stemmale (Burmeister, 1839) 1 LC

Orthetrum trinacria (Selys, 1841) 93 LC

Palpopleura deceptor (Calvert, 1899) 1 LC

Palpopleura jucunda Rambur, 1842 41 LC

Palpopleura lucia (Drury, 1773) 10 LC

Palpopleura portia (Drury, 1773) 19 LC

Pantala flavescens (Fabricius, 1798) 129 LC

Parazyxomma flavicans (Martin, 1908) 38 LC

Rhyothemis fenestrina (Fabricius, 1781) 102 LC

Rhyothemis mariposa Ris, 1913 1 LC

Rhyothemis semihyalina (Desjardins, 1832) 97 LC

Sympetrum fonscolombii (Selys, 1840) 56 LC

Tholymis tillarga (Fabricius, 1798) 124 LC

Tramea basilaris (Palisot de Beauvois, 1805) 88 LC

Trithemis aconita Lieftinck, 1969 17 LC

Trithemis aequalis Lieftinck, 1969 49 NT

Trithemis annulata (Palisot de Beauvois, 1805) 191 LC

Trithemis anomala Pinhey, 1955 1 LC

Trithemis arteriosa (Burmeister, 1839) 97 LC

Trithemis brydeni Pinhey, 1970 5 NT

Trithemis donaldsoni (Calvert, 1899) 4 LC

Trithemis dorsalis (Rambur, 1842) 20 LC

Trithemis furva Karsch, 1899 1 LC

Trithemis grouti Pinhey 1961 1 LC

Trithemis hecate Ris, 1912 219 LC

Trithemis kirbyi Selys, 1891 19 LC

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Species number of IUCN records in ODA Red List status Trithemis leakeyi (Pinhey, 1956) 3 LC

Trithemis monardi Ris, 1931 159 LC

Trithemis morrisoni Damm & Hadrys, 2009 74 LC

Trithemis palustris Damm & Hadrys, 2009 192 LC

Trithemis pluvialis Förster, 1906 30 LC

Trithemis stictica (Burmeister, 1839) 8 LC

Trithetrum navasi Lacroix, 1921 28 LC

Urothemis assignata (Selys, 1872) 10 LC

Urothemis edwardsii (Selys, 1849) 208 LC

Zygonoides fuelleborni (Grünberg, 1902) 21 LC

Zygonoides occidentis (Ris, 1912) 1 LC

Zygonyx natalensis (Martin, 1900) 32 LC

Zygonyx torridus (Kirby, 1889) 17 LC

total: 160 species 7.578

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Figure 7: Map showing the extend of the complete Okavango catchment (red line) and the distribution of dragonfly records based on ODA.

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3.6 Updated checklist of the Odonata of Angola

The new provisional checklist of the Odonata of Angola contains 236 dragonfly species as a result of historic records and recent research. In special it already includes the records of the SAREP field survey presented in this report, as well as those collected by Clausnitzer and Dijkstra in northern Angola in November/December 2012. A detailed checklist by CLAUSNITZER, DIJKSTRA & KIPPING (in prep.) will be published later.

Table 4: Provisional checklist of the Odonata of Angola, January 2013, showing different data sources. Abbr.: x - species recorded; ! - species recorded first time for Angola; ? - record uncertain, needs proof. Tarboton SAREP Clausnitzer historic January Kipping & Dijkstra records 2009 May 2012 November Species before 2000 Humpata Okavango 2012 Uige Zygoptera

Lestidae

Lestes amicus Martin, 1910 x x?

Lestes dissimulans Fraser, 1955 x x

Lestes pallidus Rambur, 1842 x!

Lestes pinheyi Fraser, 1955 x x

Lestes plagiatus (Burmeister, 1839) x x x

Lestes tridens McLachlan, 1895 x x

Lestes virgatus (Burmeister, 1839) x

Calopterygidae

Phaon camerunensis Sjöstedt, 1900 x!

Phaon iridipennis (Burmeister, 1839) x x x

Sapho orichalcea McLachlan, 1869 x?!

Umma electa Longfield, 1933 x x

Umma femina Longfield, 1947 x x?

Umma mesostigma (Selys, 1879) x!

Chlorocyphidae

Chlorocypha cancellata (Selys, 1879) x!

Chlorocypha crocea Longfield, 1947 x x? x

Chlorocypha curta (Hagen in Selys, 1853) x!

Chlorocypha cyanifrons (Selys, 1873) x!

Chlorocypha fabamacula Pinhey, 1961 x x

Chlorocypha rubriventris Pinhey, 1975 x

Chlorocypha victoriae (Förster, 1914) x? x

Chlorocypha sp. nov. nr. 'aphrodite' x!

82

Tarboton SAREP Clausnitzer historic January Kipping & Dijkstra records 2009 May 2012 November Species before 2000 Humpata Okavango 2012 Uige Platycypha angolensis Longfield, 1959 x x

Platycypha caligata (Selys, 1853) x x

Platycypha rufitibia (Pinhey, 1961) x x

Platycnemididae

Allocnemis nigripes (Selys, 1886) x x

Allocnemis pauli (Longfield, 1936) x!

Copera congolensis (Martin, 1908) x!

Protoneuridae

Elattoneura acuta Kimmins, 1938 x x

Elattoneura cellularis (Grünberg, 1902) x

Elattoneura glauca (Selys, 1860) x x x

Elattoneura lliba Legrand, 1985 x?!

Elattoneura sp. nov. x x

Mesocnemis sp. nov. x?! x?

Mesocnemis singularis Karsch, 1891 x? x

Coenagrionidae

Aciagrion africanum Martin, 1908 x x

Aciagrion gracile (Sjöstedt, 1909) x

Aciagrion nodosum (Pinhey, 1964) x!

Aciagrion rarum (Longfield, 1947) x

Aciagrion zambiense Pinhey, 1972 x

Africallagma elongatum (Martin, 1907) x? x

Africallagma fractum (Ris, 1921) x

Africallagma glaucum (Burmeister, 1839) x x x

Africallagma subtile (Ris, 1921) x!

Africallagma vaginale (Sjöstedt, 1917) x!

Agriocnemis angolensis Longfield, 1947 x x x x

Agriocnemis bumhilli Kipping et al. 2012 x!

Agriocnemis sp. nov. x!

Agriocnemis exilis Selys, 1872 x x

Agriocnemis forcipata Le Roi, 1915 x

Agriocnemis victoria Fraser, 1928 x x x

Agriocnemis zerafica Le Roi, 1915 x

83

Tarboton SAREP Clausnitzer historic January Kipping & Dijkstra records 2009 May 2012 November Species before 2000 Humpata Okavango 2012 Uige Azuragrion nigridorsum (Selys, 1876) x x x

Ceriagrion annulatum Fraser, 1955 x!

Ceriagrion corallinum Campion, 1914 x x x

Ceriagrion glabrum (Burmeister, 1839) x x x x

Ceriagrion platystigma Fraser, 1941 x!?

Ceriagrion sakejii Pinhey, 1963 x!

Ceriagrion sp. nov. nr. sakejii Pinhey, 1963 x!

Ceriagrion suave Ris, 1921 x? x

Ceriagrion varians (Martin, 1908) x?

Ceriagrion whellani Longfield, 1952 x! x

Ischnura senegalensis (Rambur, 1842) x x

Pinheyagrion angolicum (Pinhey, 1966) x x

Pseudagrion angolense Selys, 1876 x x x

Pseudagrion coeruleipunctum Pinhey, 1964 x

Pseudagrion estesi Pinhey, 1971 x x x

Pseudagrion fisheri Pinhey, 1961 x

Pseudagrion greeni Pinhey, 1961 x! x x

Pseudagrion hageni Karsch, 1893 x

Pseudagrion inconspicuum Ris, 1931 x x x x

Pseudagrion kersteni (Gerstäcker, 1869) x x x x

Pseudagrion kibalense Longfield, 1959 x x

Pseudagrion makabusiense Pinhey, 1950 x

Pseudagrion melanicterum Selys, 1876 x x

Pseudagrion salisburyense Ris, 1921 x x x x

Pseudagrion serrulatum Karsch, 1894 x x

Pseudagrion simonae Legrand, 1987 x!

Pseudagrion spernatum Selys, 1881 x

Pseudagrion sp. nov. nr. fisheri x!

Pseudagrion acaciae Förster, 1906 x x

Pseudagrion coeleste Longfield, 1947 x x

Pseudagrion deningi Pinhey, 1961 x! x

Pseudagrion dundoense Longfield, 1959 x

Pseudagrion glaucescens Selys, 1876 x

84

Tarboton SAREP Clausnitzer historic January Kipping & Dijkstra records 2009 May 2012 November Species before 2000 Humpata Okavango 2012 Uige Pseudagrion hamoni Fraser, 1955 x!

Pseudagrion massaicum Sjöstedt, 1909 x x

Pseudagrion rufostigma Longfield, 1947 x x

Pseudagrion sjoestedti Förster, 1906 x x x

Pseudagrion sublacteum (Karsch, 1893) x! x x

Anisoptera

Aeshnidae

Anax congoliath Fraser, 1953 x!

Anax ephippiger (Burmeister, 1839) x x

Anax sp. nov. x?!

Anax imperator Leach, 1815 x x x x

Anax speratus Hagen, 1867 x x x x

Anax tristis Hagen, 1867 x x

Pinheyschna rileyi (Calvert, 1892) x

Gynacantha sextans McLachlan, 1896 x

Gynacantha vesiculata Karsch, 1891 x

Heliaeschna fuliginosa Selys, 1883 x x

Heliaeschna ugandica McLachlan, 1896 x

Gomphidae

Crenigomphus hartmanni (Förster, 1898) x

Crenigomphus kavangoensis Suhling & Marais, x?! 2010

Diastatomma selysi Schouteden, 1934 x

Diastatomma soror Schouteden, 1934 x

Gomphidia quarrei (Schouteden, 1934) x

Ictinogomphus dundoensis Pinhey, 1961 x x

Ictinogomphus ferox (Rambur, 1842) x x

Ictinogomphus regisalberti (Schouteden, 1934) x

Lestinogomphus bivittatus (Pinhey, 1961) x

Lestinogomphus congoensis Cammaerts, 1969 x!?

Lestinogomphus silkeae Kipping, 2010 x!?

Libyogomphus tenaculatus Fraser, 1926 x!

Microgomphus schoutedeni Fraser, 1949 x!?

Neurogomphus alius Cammaerts, 2004 x!

85

Tarboton SAREP Clausnitzer historic January Kipping & Dijkstra records 2009 May 2012 November Species before 2000 Humpata Okavango 2012 Uige Notogomphus sp. nov. x!

Notogomphus praetorius (Selys, 1878) x x

Onychogomphus rossii Pinhey, 1966 x

Onychogomphus styx Pinhey, 1961 x?!

Paragomphus abnormis (Karsch, 1890) x?!

Paragomphus alluaudi (Martin, 1915) x?

Paragomphus cognatus (Rambur, 1842) x

Paragomphus genei (Selys, 1841) x!

Paragomphus machadoi Pinhey, 1961 x

Paragomphus nigroviridis Cammaerts, 1969 x

Phyllogomphus annulus Klots, 1944 x x

Phyllogomphus selysi Schouteden, 1933 x x?

Corduliidae

Phyllomacromia aequatorialis Martin, 1906 x

Phyllomacromia aureozona (Pinhey, 1966) x!

Phyllomacromia contumax Selys, 1879 x!

Phyllomacromia hervei (Legrand, 1980) x?!

Phyllomacromia melania (Selys, 1871) x x

Phyllomacromia overlaeti (Schouteden, 1934) x

Phyllomacromia paula (Karsch, 1892) x

Phyllomacromia picta (Hagen in Selys, 1871) x

Phyllomacromia unifasciata (Fraser, 1954) x

Libellulidae

Acisoma inflatum Selys, 1882 x? x x

Acisoma trifidum Kirby, 1889 x x

Aethiothemis bequaerti Ris, 1919 x x

Aethiothemis ellioti (Lieftinck, 1969) x!

Aethiothemis mediofasciata Ris, 1931 x

Aethiothemis solitaria Ris in Martin, 1908 x x

Aethriamanta rezia Kirby, 1889 x x x

Brachythemis lacustris (Kirby, 1889) x x

Brachythemis leucosticta (Burmeister, 1839) x x x

Bradinopyga cornuta Ris, 1911 x!

86

Tarboton SAREP Clausnitzer historic January Kipping & Dijkstra records 2009 May 2012 November Species before 2000 Humpata Okavango 2012 Uige Chalcostephia flavifrons Kirby, 1889 x!

Crocothemis brevistigma Pinhey, 1961 x!

Crocothemis divisa Baumann, 1898 x x

Crocothemis erythraea (Brullé, 1832) x x x x

Crocothemis sanguinolenta (Burmeister, 1839) x x x x

Cyanothemis simpsoni Ris, 1915 x!

Diplacodes deminuta Lieftinck, 1969 x x

Diplacodes lefebvrii (Rambur, 1842) x x x x

Diplacodes luminans (Karsch, 1893) x x x

Diplacodes pumila Dijkstra, 2006 x! x

Eleuthemis sp. nov. x!

Eleuthemis buettikoferi Ris, 1910 x

Eleuthemis sp. nov. nr. buettikoferi Ris, 1910 x!

Hadrothemis camarensis (Kirby, 1889) x

Hadrothemis coacta (Karsch, 1891) x!

Hadrothemis defecta (Karsch, 1891) x

Hemistigma albipunctum (Rambur, 1842) x x x

Malgassophlebia bispina Fraser, 1958 x!

Micromacromia camerunica Karsch, 1890 x!

Micromacromia flava (Longfield, 1947) x x

Neodythemis afra (Ris, 1909) x!

Neodythemis klingi (Karsch, 1890) x!

Nesciothemis farinosa (Förster, 1898) x x x x

Nesciothemis fitzgeraldi Longfield, 1955 x! x

Notiothemis robertsi Fraser, 1944 x!

Olpogastra lugubris Karsch, 1895 x x

Orthetrum abbotti Calvert, 1892 x x x x

Orthetrum austeni (Kirby, 1900) x x

Orthetrum brachiale (Palisot de Beauvois, 1817) x x? x x

Orthetrum caffrum (Burmeister, 1839) x x x

Orthetrum chrysostigma (Burmeister, 1839) x x x x

Orthetrum guineense Ris, 1910 x x x

Orthetrum hintzi Schmidt, 1951 x x x x

87

Tarboton SAREP Clausnitzer historic January Kipping & Dijkstra records 2009 May 2012 November Species before 2000 Humpata Okavango 2012 Uige Orthetrum icteromelas Ris, 1910 x x x

Orthetrum julia Kirby, 1900 x x x x

Orthetrum machadoi Longfield, 1955 x

Orthetrum macrostigma Longfield, 1947 x x

Orthetrum microstigma Ris, 1911 x x

Orthetrum monardi Schmidt, 1951 x x

Orthetrum saegeri Pinhey, 1966 x!

Orthetrum stemmale (Burmeister, 1839) x x x

Orthetrum trinacria (Selys, 1841) x x x

Oxythemis phoenicosceles Ris, 1910 x!

Palpopleura albifrons Legrand, 1979 x!

Palpopleura jucunda Rambur, 1842 x x x

Palpopleura lucia (Drury, 1773) x x x

Palpopleura portia (Drury, 1773) x x x x

Pantala flavescens (Fabricius, 1798) x x x x

Porpax asperipes Karsch, 1896 x!

Porpax risi Pinhey, 1958 x x

Rhyothemis fenestrina (Rambur, 1842) x x

Rhyothemis mariposa Ris, 1913 x

Rhyothemis semihyalina (Desjardins, 1832) x!

Sympetrum fonscolombii (Selys, 1840) x!

Tetrathemis fraseri Legrand, 1977 x!

Tetrathemis polleni (Selys, 1869) x

Thermochoria equivocata Kirby, 1889 x?!

Tholymis tillarga (Fabricius, 1798) x x x

Tramea basilaris (Palisot de Beauvois, 1817) x x x x

Trithemis aconita Lieftinck, 1969 x! x

Trithemis annulata (Palisot de Beauvois, 1807) x x

Trithemis anomala Pinhey, 1956 x!

Trithemis apicalis (Fraser, 1954) x!

Trithemis arteriosa (Burmeister, 1839) x x x x

Trithemis basitincta Ris, 1912 x?!

Trithemis dichroa Karsch, 1893 x x

88

Tarboton SAREP Clausnitzer historic January Kipping & Dijkstra records 2009 May 2012 November Species before 2000 Humpata Okavango 2012 Uige Trithemis donaldsoni (Calvert, 1899) x x

Trithemis dorsalis (Rambur, 1842) x x x

Trithemis cf. dubia (Fraser, 1954) x

Trithemis furva Karsch, 1899 x x x

Trithemis grouti Pinhey, 1961 x

Trithemis imitata Pinhey, 1961 x?!

Trithemis kirbyi Selys, 1891 x x x x

Trithemis leakeyi (Pinhey, 1956) x!

Trithemis monardi Ris, 1931 x x

Trithemis nuptialis Karsch, 1894 x x

Trithemis morrisoni/palustris Damm & Hadrys, x!? 2009

Trithemis pluvialis Förster, 1906 x x x

Trithemis pruinata Karsch, 1899 x!

Trithemis stictica (Burmeister, 1839) x x x x

Trithemis werneri Ris, 1912 x

Urothemis assignata (Selys, 1872) x x x

Urothemis edwardsii (Selys, 1849) x

Zygonoides occidentis (Ris, 1912) x?

Zygonyx eusebia (Ris, 1912) x

Zygonyx sp. nov. nr. flavicosta x!?

Zygonyx flavicosta (Sjöstedt, 1900) x x

Zygonyx natalensis (Martin, 1900) x x x

Zygonyx regisalberti (Schouteden, 1934) x x

Zygonyx speciosus Karsch, 1891 x?

Zygonyx torridus (Kirby, 1889) x x? x x

total 160 47 88 136 new records for Angola - 4 20 52

total Angola species number accumulated 160 164 184 236

89

5 Conclusion and outlook

From the perspective of the Odonata expert the first SAREP biodiversity survey in May 2012 was very successful and gave a first insight in the Odonata fauna of the region, their habitats and potential threats. On Angolan territory altogether 30 sites were sampled for Odonata, 28 within the Okavango catchment, 2 outside in the Cuanza catchment. The first survey focused in the middle and upper sections of the tributaries. Altogether 88 dragonfly species could be recorded on the survey in May 2012.

More than 600 specimens of Odonata were collected and DNA samples of all recorded species. The survey led to the discovery of 4 undescribed species. One Chlorocypha sp. nov. near aphrodite is close to the tropical Chlorocypha aphrodite but differs in some characters. A Pseudagrion sp. nov. is near the Zambian Pseudagrion fisheri but unique in morphological features and colour markings. Mesocnemis sp. nov. and Zygonyx sp. nov. nr. flavicosta were recorded before in neighbouring countries but are still undescribed. 20 of the species were recorded for the first time in Angola (incl. the undescribed four), 27 are new for the whole Okavango catchment and 54 species are new for the Angolan part of the Okavango catchment. This survey brings the total number of Odonata known from the Okavango catchment to 160 species. A complete preliminary checklist of this catchment is provided (see Table 3 on page 74). The number of Odonata species known from Angola increases from 164 to 184, an updated preliminary checklist of the Odonata of Angola is provided in Table 4 on page 82. The single sampling sites are characterized by their habitat and the species that they inhabit. Observed and potential threats to freshwater diversity and Odonata in special are discussed.

For the forthcoming surveys there are the following recommendations. As shown in the map of the Okavango catchment in Fig. 7 there are large gaps that were not covered by any research yet. Especially the headwaters of the Cuchi might be highly diverse in Odonata species. It forms the watershed of Okavango, Cuanza, Zambezi and Congo which promises very diverse habitats and a species rich dragonfly fauna with highly specialized taxa and even undescribed species. Also worth to sample are the middle section of the Cuito and also the Kwando. As known from own surveys and those from partners the rainy season, especially the beginning rainy season in late November is the period with the most species to be found. Next surveys should orientate on this fact and be conducted in November or shortly after the rain in March.

90

6 Acknowledgements

The author is grateful to Dr. Chris Brooks of SAREP for the brilliant preparation and organization of the whole trip as well as for enabling me the work on dragonflies on this survey. A great thanks to Martha Alexandre Zumbo (MINAMB), Maria Helena Loa (MINAMB), Julius Bravo (MINAMB), Francisco de Almeida (INIP), Manuel Domingos (INIP) and Gabriel Cabinda (Agriculture and Rural Development and Fisheries) as our Angolan part of the team for their help in organization and management on the tour. Dr. Paula Coelho (MINAMB) made this survey possible, we all are grateful to her. All members of the brave demining teams of the HALO Trust get our honest admiration for the job they are doing every day and for the support they gave us in the field. A special thank goes to all the other guys in the team, Simon Byron and Vince Shacks for all the logistic support and fun we had together and to Dr. Paul Skelton and Roger Bills of SAIAB and Werner Conradie of Bayworld for sharing their knowledge and experience. I am grateful to my colleagues Viola Clausnitzer and K.D.-B- Dijkstra for sharing their experiences made in northern Angola.

91

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8 Photographs - sampling sites

Sampling Site 1 - Savate, around 20 km north of Savate at road to Caiundo.

Sampling Site 2 & 3 - Cuebe River rapids, 30 km south of Menongue.

Sampling Site 5 - Missombo, dambo and stream at road Caiundo-Menongue.

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Sampling Site 6 - Menongue, Kabumbe Lodge, dam and seepage S of Lodge.

Sampling Site 7 - Soba Matias, floodplains of Cuebe River.

Sampling Site 8 - Luassingua River at road Menongue-Cuito Cuanavale.

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Sampling Site 9 - Longa River at road Menongue-Cuito Cuanavale, river (left) and floodplains.

Sampling Site 10 - Cuito River E of Cuito Cuanavale, river (left) and floodplains.

Sampling Site 11 - Cuito River, at confluence of Cuanavale River.

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Sampling Site 12 - Cuanavale River NE of Cuito Cuanavale.

Sampling Site 13 - Cuito River N of Cuito Cuanavale, river (left) and floodplains.

Sampling Site 14 - Cuele River 35 km W of Menongue.

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Sampling Site 15 - Cuchi River at Cuchi town.

Sampling Site 16 - Cuchi River, gorge N of Cuchi.

Sampling Site 17 - Satchijamba, Cuele River at road Menongue-Chitembo.

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Sampling Site 18 - Chingueia, dambo and stream at road Menongue-Chitembo.

Sampling Site 19 - Cacuchi River at road Menongue-Chitembo, rapids (left) and calm river section.

Sampling Site 20 - Cacuchi River floodplain.

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Sampling Site 21 - Chitembo, stream S of Chitembo.

Sampling Site 22 - Watana stream, N of Chitembo.

Sampling Site 23 - Chiuano Micha, stream at road Chitembo-Huambo.

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Sampling Site 24 - Cassoco, stream N of Cassoco.

Sampling Site 25 - Cuchi River at road Kuito-Huambo.

Sampling Site 26 - Cutato River at road Kuito-Huambo.

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Sampling Site 27 - Chicala-Cholohanga, Cubango headwater stream S of town.

Sampling Site 28 - Chicala-Cholohanga, Cubango source S of town.

Sampling Site 29 - Keve (Cuvo) River E of Alto Hama.

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Photographs - species

Agriocnemis angolensis (left) and Agriocnemis bumhilli.

Chlorocypha crocea, teneral male (left), fully mature male.

Chlorocypha sp. nov. near aphrodite (left) and Pseudagrion sp. nov. nr. fisheri

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Pseudagrion inconspicuum (left) and Pseudagrion rufostigma.

Pseudagrion coeleste (left) and Pseudagrion estesi.

Phyllogomphus annulus (left) and Trithemis leakeyi.

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