June 7, 1971 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 18563 EXTEN.SIONS OF REMARKS CONGRATULATIONS TO THE ARMY The American flag today means what to­ tiring Army Secretary Stanley Resor recently AND NAVY ACADEMY OF CARLS­ day's Americans make it mean. We have in testified that between 10 and 15 per cent of BAD, CALIF. our power to make it abroad the banner of the American troops in Vietnam have a. seri­ peace, honor, generosity-at home the ensign ous heroin habit, and this is at best an offi­ of liberty, justice, opportunity. In these cial guess-at least 20,000 and maybe twice HON. JOHN G. SCHMITZ goals, all Americans can unite. To this work, the number in the American Expeditionary each of us can dedicate himself-resolving force are now in danger of drug addiction. OF CALIFORNIA that, on whatever else we may dllfer, the The facts and military regulations of this IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES flag and its challenge are ours in common. problem are alarmingly vague. President Friday, June 4, 1971 I am happy to send my congratulations as Nixon has conceded that the problem exists. you gather to dedicate this Hall of Flags. I The military authorities have established a Mr. SCHMITZ. Mr. Speaker, the Army know it will always be a source of pride and rehabil1tation program to deal with it. Ex­ and Navy Academy of Carlsbad, Calif., inspirllltion for each of you and for genera­ treme cases of drug addiction are compelled which is in my congressional district, tions of cadets to come. to join the program, but the easy way in was founded in 1910 and has continu­ RICHARD NIXON. dubious cases is merely to get the man home ously been training young men, ages 12 and out of the service. through 18, in old-fashioned, basic, clas­ Getting them out of the service at least blurs and disperses the problem. If the sical secondary education; old-fashioned DRUG ADDICTION AMONG VIET­ soldier wants out and does not volunteer for in that they include respect for our form NAM SERVICEMEN AND VET­ t he drug rehabllita.tion program, the vet­ of government, its concepts and history; ERANS erans hospitals are not full of addicts, but the pride in individual worth and accom­ soldier is thrown back on his own with an ex­ plishment; academic endeavor and pensive habit he cannot cure or afford. achievement for its own sake; and re­ HON. PETER W. RODINO, JR. Divided as the nation is about the war, spect for the established order of things, OF NEW JERSEY confused as it is about past and present war objectives, the country ought to be able but above all, love and respect for our IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES great United States and its traditions. to agree about rescuing the men who were Friday, June 4, 1971 drafted into the battle, and giving them the As an extension of their efforts in this health and jobs essential to a decent life. regard, the cadets have established a Mr. RODINO. Mr. Speaker, we have all This is not being done now. Rehabllitation hall of flags at the academy and have been shocked by the recent revelations and employment centers are being estab­ obtained a flag from each State of the about the extent of drug addiction among lished, the problems of the veteran drug­ Union, along with a copy of each State's our Vietnam servicemen and veterans. As addict and the veteran unemployed are rec­ official history. They have requested and the author of a bill to require mandatory ognized in Washington, but the sick and un­ have been promised flags from a number medical treatment for known addicts, employed casualties of the war are not really of foreign nations, some of which are the under the supervision of Public Health being dealt with effectively. Republic of France which they will hon­ officials, I have long been concerned One of the major drug problems of the American soldier in Vietnam is that heroin or for the assistance given to our fore­ about the situation already confront­ in Southeast Asia. is strong, easy to get and bears in our struggle for independence; ing us. taken by smoking, rather than by needle, and the Government of Spain to mark that Now it is evident that unless speedy cheap. It eases the agony of combat, and nation's contribution to the discovery of and effective action is taken, the heroin promises home-leave if it gets beyond con­ our country by Christopher Columbus epidemic in the United States will be trol. But hooked on this powerful, cheap stuff g,nd their influence in our Nation's his­ drastically increased with the return of in Vietnam, a discharged veteran in any tory; and Great Britain which will be addicted veterans. Unfortunately, their normal American community has the means honored for England's initial venture in habit is fed with high-quality heroin neither of curing the habit nor of afford­ in ing the habit, without stealing. our Nation in the establishment of readily available Southeast Asia and The Nixon Administration has not been Jamestown, Va. upon return they will be seeking to supply indllferent to the menace of drugs in Amer­ Mr. Speaker, this free enterprise, pa­ their need on the vastly inferior heroin ica. It has tried to get at the problem at the tnotic organization, and its president, here in the United States. It is imperative, source. It has used its political and economic Col. W. C. Atkins, deserve every com­ therefore, that Congress and the admin­ power to cut off the supply of drugs in Tur­ mendation for their excellence through istration give the highest priority to find­ key, Lebanon and elsewhere in the Middle the years and for their contributions to ing effective measures that can detect East. It has worked effectively with the Pom­ our military might, to our civic accom­ and rehabilitate our veteran addicts, not pidou Government in Paris to break up the plishments, and to the defense of moral only from the viewpoint of protecting so­ processing of drugs in Marse111es and else­ where in the Mediterranean. It has trebled integrity which has been under so much ciety and preventing a serious increase in the number of agents watching the drug attack in recent years. the domestic addiction problem, but also trade across the Mexican border and through Mr. Speaker, in closing I include the because of our responsibility for placing customs at the international airports in this President's words of appreciation and these young men in an unpopular war country, and it has poured Federal money congratulBitions to this deserving acad­ under conditions that have led them to and manpower into breaking up the drug emy. addiction. In this connection, Mr. peddlers in this country. MAY 28, 1971. Speaker, I ask that there be printed in But in Vietnam, where it has much more To the cadets of the Army and Navy the RECORD at this point a column by control over both the peddlers and the Academy: James Reston in the New York Times of soldiers, the Nixon Administration has not On June 14, 1777--only months after the been effective. In Saigon, at least, it has Declaration of Independence, and with four June 2, and an editorial from the Wash­ much more authority than it has used to bitter years of the Revolutionary War stlll ington Daily News of June 1, comment­ attack the source of drugs, to intervene in ahead-the Continental Congress adopted ing on this tragic situation. the drug corruption, which reaches into the the Stars and Stripes as the flag of the United The column and editorial follow: highest levels of the Saigon Government, and States of America.. Like the Declaration it­ THE HANGOVER OF WAR to insist that the American soldiers, who are self, our flag began as an audacious asser­ the casualties of the war-drug culture, go tion, crying out for proof. (By James Reston) into the drug-rehabtlita.tion program. With the passing decades the proof has The quickest way for an American soldier More than that, the Administration has come. One new freedom a-fter another has to avoid combat in Vietnam and get back not cooperated in a. serious, private examina­ enriched the flag's symbolism. But our vision home these days is to take to drugs. If he's tion of the Vietnam drug problem with the of ideals to be realized has expanded as well, hooked on heroin, he's finished-finished Congress. Nobody on Capitol Hill expects the so that even now the flag speaks more of with fighting, finished with the Army, a President to approve public hearings on the promise than o! pride and looks more to to­ casualty o! the war, finished with everything question, but serious men in the Congress, morrow than to yesterday. And as long as but the drug habit. both critics and defenders of the President's America is a young Nation, this is the way This is one of those tragic consequences of Vietnam policy, have urged him, without suc­ it must be. Each generation must do its own war where, in Nikita Khrushchev's vivid cess, to get at the facts of drug addiction proving. phrase, the living may envy the dead. Re- among the soldiers, and cooperate in leglsla- 18564 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS June 7, 1971 tion to deal with the drug casualties of the A RESOLUTION COMMENDING THE HONORABLE is inevitable. Dividing the country with riots war. J. EDGAR HOOVER and dissention is not the way to remedy our This is so serious a problem that, unlike Whereas, it appearing that many organiza­ problems. By overcoining the bad with con­ most political issues in Washington, it is be­ tions or people of the United States of Amer­ structive efforts the country can profit and yond politics. Both parties, all factions for ica are waging unfounded attacks upon the become better. This must be done through and against the Nixon policy of "winding Director of the Federal Bureau of Investi­ a peaceful process, not one of violent protest down the war," agree on the human tragedy gation, the Honorable J. Edgar Hoover, and and unthinking emotion. The true patriot of drug addiction among the soldiers in the organization of dedicated investigators, understands this and works through the Vietnam, and the dangers of sending them and, Constitution and the legal processes, using back home before they are cured, but this is Whereas, as in the opinion of this group, his vote and a quiet voice to improve his what is happening. To save their lives by the Internal Security of the United States country. avoiding combat, many of the Americans in of America depends upon the Federal Bureau A person who has no patriotism-no feel­ Vietnam are ruining their lives by drugs, and of Investigation, and since this very Bureau ing of love and pride for his country-is truly are being sent home to families and com­ is under attack by a group of radicals whose a sad and abnormal being, for there is not munities that have no means to cure or even main purpose is to destroy the United States within him that mutual love and fellow­ understand the tragedy of their returning of America, and ship, the willingness to work together to sons. Whereas, never before in its history has the solve common problems, that makes an work of the Federal Bureau been so neces­ individual a happy and useful member of his HOOKED ON SKAG IN VIETNAM sary for the safety of the United States, society. To the long catalog of horrors associated Be it resolved that we, the members of the The other winner, Michael Tigani, with the war in Southeast Asia has been Louisville, Miss. Chapter of the Patriotic wrote: added the numbing realization that thou­ American Youth of Mississippi, endorse by sands of young Americans are becoming her­ this resolution the work of the said J. Edgar Patriotism. What does it mean to me? oin addicts in Vietnam. Hoover and want him to know it. We want For moot people it means a love and loyal No one knows exactly how many of our him to know that he has stuck to the rule support of one's country, but to me it means 262,000 troops in Vietnam are hooked on he set for his organization and that it has much more than just a love of country. heroin--or skag, as the Vietnamese call it­ as its main purpose the duty of investiga­ Patriotism, to me, is a feeling that I have but the estimates are that at least one sol­ tion leaving the decision to bring action up for my country, a f-eeling of devotedness and dier in 10, and perhaps one in five, is a hard to the Attorney General and the Department faith so strong that I am willing to die for drug user. of Justice. this nation. I am not only willing to die The situation is so serious that Congress Be it further resolved that a copy of this fur my country, but also for all it stands. is considering four separate bills to keep ad­ resolution be sent to Mr. Hoover and also It stands for human rights and freedoins, dicts in uniform until they're cured. One that copies be sent to the President of the for power enough to defend its people, and would require three years of rehabilitation by United States, to the Senators from Missis­ for religious freedom, so that I may be able the Veterans Administration if in-service sippi, and to our Representative, G. V. (Son­ to worship the one, true God. treatment fails. ny) Montgomery. This "love" is not only for my country, Heroin is nothing new in Southeast Asia. This the Seventeenth day of May, Nine­ but also for the symbols that represent it, It's cheap and easy to get. But the scope of teen Hundred and Seventy One. such as the flag of the United States of the problem wasn't appreciated until sev­ STEVE QUINN, America. This is the flag that represented eral congressmen visited Vietnam and came President, Patriotic American Youth, faith in our democracy during all our battles. back With reports of epidemic addiction. Louisville, Miss., Chapter. Another symbol is the famous American Since last year the Army has been offering TERESA MILLS, Bald Eagle. When this mighty bird is pic­ "amnesty" to soldiers who admit they have Secretary. tured in flight, the nobility and proudness a drug problem. About 1,300 men a month of this eagle, which stands for strength and have been turning themselves in. freedom in America, can easily be seen. But this only scratches the surface. Neither However, as a whole, patriotism is courage. the Army nor the VA is equipped to provide ESSAY WINNERS It is honesty. It is a strong, steadf'ast, and the intensive and continuing care that many undying affection which I hold for my addicts need. country. This is the true meaning of This overlooks the fact that American par­ HON. GILBERT GUDE patriotism to me. ticipation in the war is rapidly being wound OF MARYLAND down-and the immediate problem is to do something about the addiction that already IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES exists. Friday, June 4, 1971 OPPOSES CORPS OF ENGINEERS There are three things to be done. FLOOD CONTROL PROJECT No soldier returning from Vietnam should Mr. GUDE. Mr. Speaker, the Knights be discharged from the service without a of Columbus' Cardinal O'Boyle General test to determine whether he's using heroin. Assembly has conducted an essay con­ HON. JOHN D. DINGELL Facilities to treat drug addicts, both in test on the theme, "What Does Patriot­ OF MICHIGAN and out of the service, should be expanded ism Mean to Me?" IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES as quickly as possible. All the entries were good and the two Our allies should be pressured to take Friday, June 4, 1971 prompt action against the heroin traffic in winning essays were especially well writ­ Southeast Asia, much of which seems to be ten. I think the meaning of patriotism to Mr. DINGELL. Mr. Speaker, the Ari­ carried on with official complicity. these youngsters, both eighth graders at zona Chapter of the Wildlife Society has Deputy Defense Secretary David Packard the Little Flower School, is of interest forwarded to me a copy of a resolution has asked for a report by Friday on how ad­ and value. unanimously adopted by its board on diet s can be identified and treated before they One winner, Nancy Smigel, wrote: May 4, 1971, opposing the proposed Corps slip back unnoticed into civilian life. Delay of any kind could have tragic There is a feeling men have about their of Engineers' flood control project on the homeland that inspires them to defend their consequences. lower Gila River in Arizona. country and the rights and ideals attached So that my colleagues may be aware to the national governmental system. This of the Arizona chapter position on this feeling is called patriotism. It led Nathan Hale and countless other American men to­ matter, I include the text of its resolu­ IN PRAISE OF J. EDGAR HOOVER w~>.rd unselfish sacrifice in the name of their tion at this point in the CONGRESSIONAL country. RECORD: Patriotism is not complex, but it is also POSITION OF THE ARIZONA CHAPTER, THE WILD­ Hon. G. V. (SONNY) MONTGOMERY not simple. It is the type of loyalty and LIFE SoCIETY, RELATIVE TO THE FLOOD CON­ love a man might feel for his fa.Illlly. Though TROL PROJECT, Gn.A RrvER AND TRmUTARIES OF MISSISSIPPI it may have faults and plenty of them, it DOWNSTREAM FROM PAINTED ROCK RESER­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES is still his family, and he feels toward it a VOm,ARIZ. a certain pride and love. Patriotism is this Be it resolved, that the Arizona Chapter, Friday, June 4, 1971 kind of feeling for your country. It in­ The Wildlife Society oppose implementation Mr. MONTGOMERY. Mr. Speaker, I cludes devotion, a feeling of belonging, and of the Lower Gila River Project for the fol­ would like to share the following resolu­ a willingness to give of yourself to help lowing reasons: or benefit one's country. Whereas, the effects of this project will tion passed by the Louisville, Miss., chap­ Today some of our citizens are directing result in a considerable loss of game habitat ter of Patriotic American Youth concern­ a great deal of criticism toward our country for resident and migratory species and, ing the outstanding service of J. Edgar and its policies. But man is not perfect, and Whereas, this loss of game will result in Hoover as Director of the Federal Bureau since our democracy is the product of men, the loss of many recreational hours of Ari­ of Investigation: it also cannot be expected to be perfect. This zona and California sport.'>men and, June 7, 1971 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 18565

Whereas, the effects of this pr~ject will The walls in many of these homes are still welfare is a national problem and as result in the elimination of many nongame covered by paints with injurious lead con­ such must be dealt with at the national species, including the rare and endangered tents, outlawed for interior use by both the level. Yuma clapper rail, from the lower Gila River federal and District governments in recent and, years, he said. The House Ways and Means Commit­ Whereas, the professional wildlife biolo­ Hope said one of every four children in tee has taken a first step with its report gists of this cha,pter believe that the effects the city between the ages of 2 and 3 have on H.R. 1. But much more must be done. of the proposed project and its ramifications "elevated" blood lead levels-more than 40 Many people supported the idea of on wildlife and the ecology of the area have micrograms of lead per 100 milliliters of revenue sharing when it was first pre­ not received adequate consideration, blood. In some ghetto areas, he said, the rate sented but are coming to realize the de­ We therefore, support the many conserva­ may be as high as three of every 10 children ficiencies which I and other Members of tion organizations, groups and individuals in that age group. including the Governor's Commission on Congress have been pointing out. I would Arizona Environment, the Arizona Wildlife HUGE TASK like to share with my colleagues an edi­ Federation, Audubon Society, Sierra Club Under a program started last October by torial from the Middletown, N.Y., Times­ and the Yuma County Natural Resources the Community Health Services Administra­ Herald-Record in my district: Committee in opposition to this project. tion, neighborhood health centers were opened to all parents who wanted to have REVENUE SHARING their children tested for chronic lead poison­ Almost two years have gone by since Presi­ ing. Children seen regularly at selected city­ dent Nixon first proposed sharing federal CHILDHOOD LEAD POISONING-THE revenues with the states and municipalities. PERIL IN THE NATION'S CAPITAL operated "well baby clinics" are tested rou­ tinely. Mr. Nixon's modest initial program involving But Hope said screening of au youngsters only $500 million the first year, became this HON. WILLIAM F. RYAN in the city would be an "overwhelming, year a. $5 billion cornerstone for a "New physical task "much too costly" for the al­ American Revolution." OF NEW YORK ready financially overburdened District gov­ Hearings start tomorrow before the House IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES ernment to undertake. Ways and Means Committee on the $5 bil­ lion plan, except that Chairman Wilbur D. Friday, June 4, 1971 Testing of about 11,000 children up to 6 years of age is being conducted by the health Mills, D-Ark., has in mind to kill, not ap­ Mr. RYAN. Mr. Speaker, childhood agency, however. A mobile screening unit prove, the plan. lead poisoning, a killer across the Na­ has found about 10 percent of those children Mills has described the Nixon scheme as tested so far have unusually high levels of "the blunderbuss ... 'cure-all-ills' proposal tion, is taking its toll in Washington, currently being ballyhooed across the coun­ D.C. Of some 350 children recently tested lead in their bloodstreams. The District h81d 127 reported cases of lead try." He found it filled with "technical de­ for lead poisoning in the District's model poisoning in 1970, Hope told newsmen at the ficiencies, flagrant inequities, capriciousness, cities area, 10 percent have higher lead conference. So far this year, 33 cases have and fundamental flaws, both in principle and concentrations in their bodies than is been diagnosed. in implementation" and called it a "very considered safe. Five of these youngsters Plumbism can result in a number of physi­ bad and very dangerous proposal." have been hospitalized. cal and mental disorders, ranging from blind­ The appeal of no-strings-attached revenue The city's Environmental Health Di­ ness to severe mental retardation, and some­ sharing is strong and obvious: A substantial times death. The last recorded fatality was a amount of money, Inaximum discretion for rector, Malcolm C. Hope, has said that at state and local officials, and a disguised bur­ least 20,000 District of Columbia chil­ 3-year-old Northeast Washington boy last July. den for taxpayers. dren under the age of 6 have been ex­ In the District, he said, it is estimated that Witness after witness can be expected to posed to leaded paint and should be ex­ 50 to 60 percent of infants 18 months to 2 describe the very real fiscal crises they face. amined for possible lead poisoning. One yea,rs of age have some pica tendencies. Most cities and some states are indeed on the threshold of bankruptcy. of every four children in the District of IN HOUSING AGENCY BUILDING Columbia between the ages of 2 and 3 We were impressed by the idea of revenue Five children have been hospitalized as sharing at first. Now we see it as potential has elevated blood lead levels. a result of tests being administered in the pork barrel in the hands of officials of varying Some 11,000 children in the District Model Cities area. It was learned yesterday sagacity. are to be screened for lead poisoning this that one of them, 18-month-old Janette Congress could do the country a much big­ year. But, as Mr. Hope has said, screen­ Hardy of 11 Q Street NE, lives in a building ger favor, and prevent squandering at the ing of all youngsters in the city would leased by the District's public housing au­ same time, by simply assuming all costs of be an overwhelming physical task thority. welfare, which is a national problem. This Deputy Director Monteria Ivey of the Na­ step alone would perk up the economy of much to costly for the District govern­ tional Capital Housing Authority said leoo ment to be able to afford. every state, county, and city. paint has never been used in the agency's Mr. Mills and others may be quite right in Childhood lead poisoning is prevent­ own housing, but 220 houses are leased from looking this revenue-sharing gift horse in the able, if funds are available to conduct private owners. He said NCHA is surveying mouth. screening, treatment, and eradication the leased houses to see which were built be­ programs. The Lead-Based Paint Poison­ fore 1940 and house infants with pica. ing Prevention Act, Public Law 91-695, Ivey said a test to determine the lead con­ SOUTH DAKOTANS SUPPORT authorizes $30 million for fiscal year tent of paint in the Hardy infant's home will FEDERAL DECENTRALIZATION be conducted today. If it is found to exceed 1972, of which $25 million is authorized the maximum standards allowed by District for grants to States and local commu­ law-1 percent by weight--the paint will be HON. JAMES ABOUREZK nities for just such programs. ordered removed, he said. At this point, I am inserting a news­ OF SOUTH DAKOTA story from the June 3, 1971, edition of IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES the Washington Evening Star, written REVENUE SHARING PALES IN Friday, June 4, 1971 PUBLIC SPOTLIGHT by Walter Taylor and Ned Scarff, dis­ Mr. ABOUREZK. Mr. Speaker, on May cussing the problem of childhood lead 17, I was pleased to take part in a special poisoning in Washington, D.C.: HON. JOHN G. DOW orders sponsored by my good friend and [From the Washington Evening Star, OF NEW YORK colleague, TENO RONCALIO. The subject June 3, 1971) IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES of this special orders was the decentrali­ SUBSTANDARD HOUSING BLAMED IN PossmLE zation of Federal Government and dis­ LEAD POISONINGS Friday, June 4, 1971 persal of Federal agencies. The interest (By Walter Taylor and Ned Scarff) Mr. DOW. Mr. Speaker, when brought which this topic generates is well ex­ At least 20,000 District children under the out into the light of day, the adminis­ pressed in a letter I recently received age of 6 have been exposed to leaded paint tration's so called revenue sharing plan from Dr. Shu-t'ien Li, professor emeri­ and should be examined for possible lead pales. It fails to live up to the great tus and consulting engineer, of Rapid poisoning, the city's environmental health promise of salvation for our States and City, S. Dak., and in an editorial from director said yesterday. communities. the Rapid City Journal. Malcolm C. Hope of the District's Commu­ nity Health Services Administration, said The most effective means we in Con­ I call both of these to your attention: this exposure has occurred in the estimated gress have to bring much needed help to ABOUREZK-RONCALIO'S DISPERSAL OF 28,000 substandard housing units in the city these levels of government is to lift from FEDERAL BUREAUCRACY built before World War II, when leaded paint them the burden of increasing welfare The United States of America has out­ was used extensively. costs. I have been a firrn advocate that grown the circumstances of 1790 under which CXVII--1167-Part 14 18566 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS June 7, 1971 the Congress directed the selection of a capi-­ -and John Blatnik of Minnesota. Their states by citizens at the hearings was uniformly tal sit e when the Union was confined to the would all benefit from a plan for govern­ of high caliber and provided me with a north and middle Atlantic seaboord. Today, mental reorganization aimed at a healthier the nation haS huge interior and interna­ and more economic distribution of the pop­ number of excellent suggestions that I tional interests on both the Atlantic and the ulation. am now evaluating. I expect to introduce Pacific. The mammoth government, its build­ The imbalance is dramatically evident in a home-rule bill, reflecting this process of ing mania, and concentr.ation of federru bu­ Washington which is becoming overcrowded citizen involvement, within the next 2 reaucracy with unprecedented number of to the point that Roncalio wants a mora­ weeks. federal employees, are all beyond the vision torium on federal construction in the cap­ Today, I will introduce in the House of of the or·iginal planner, Pierre Cha-rles L'En­ ital. Population density per square mile ex­ Representatives a joint resolution fa.nrt. H1s creative planned beauty has been ceeds 12,000 persons because of government gradua.lly lost through piecemeal annexes overcentralization, and Roncalio is asking amending the U.S. Constitution to give and additions. for new criteria for federal site selections to the people of this long-denied city full Even the movement of people through the "end the building mania in Washington." voting representation in the U.S. Con­ District of Columbia and adjoining areas of Proof that Washington is in trouble was gress. The constitutional amendment, Virginia and Maryland has necessitated the a recent 10-week moratorium on building which must be approved by two-thirds building of a 98-mlle metro mpid transit permits because its sewers could no longer of the Members of both the House and system now under construction at the huge handle the additional load. Because of the Senate and then ratified by three-fourths cost of $5,800 per l'inear foot. proliferation of buildings, Washington's Whether "Will Washington recognize op­ classic beauty is diminishing. Clutter, chaos of the States, has several key provisions: portunity to save itself?" as queried by the and claustrophobia are overtaking the capital The District of Columbia would elect Rapid City Journal editorial {5/27/ 71, p. 4). when a remedy is available through disper­ two Senators and as many House Mem­ the Abourezk-Roncalio's dispersal of federal sal. bers as it would be entitled to if it were a bureaucM.Cy deserves the support of all con­ Fine examples of government escaping the State, which according to a letter I have cern ed. It does not need a plan for govern­ metropolitan octopus are the Air Force Acad­ received from the Director of the Census mental reorganiz.ation, but rather a reloca­ emy in Colorado Springs and the Atmos­ Bureau, would result in two Members. tion of all routine-execution agencies. Gov­ pheric Research Center in Boulder. They Each Senator or Representative would ernmental-deployment conunon sense can prove that orderly placement of research and tell: training centers can encourage reasonable possess the same qualifications as to age 1. Only the Congress of the Unit ed States, growth without damaging the environment and citizenship and have the same rights, the Judicl.al Branch, and the Executive or the basic life style. privileges, and obligations as other Sen­ Branch with cabinet-level depart ments and Abourezk makes the point that as the ators and Representatives. their policy-making officials need have offices population moves to the West, the concen­ A vacancy in the representation of the in Washington, D.C. trations of people become further removed District in the House or Senate would be 2. All commissions, administrations, and from their center of government. Yet the filled in a special election by D.C. voters. agencies created heretofore for the routine concept of democracy is based on the prem­ execution of Congressional Acts signed into ise that the people can govern themselves The amendment would have no et!ect law can be dispersed into a number of satel­ and keep track of what the government is on the provision in the 23d amendment lite sub-capitals of their own kind. doing. Placing government facilities in small­ for determining the number of Presiden­ Before the advent of air transport, the lo­ er and middle-sized communities through­ tial and Vice-Presidential electors the cation of capitals on the seaboard, like out the nation would both s·tabilize the rural District is entitled to. Each District rep­ Jordan, St. Petersburg (former capital of to urban population migration and bring resentative would be able to participate Russia), 'I'okyo, Rio de Janeiro (former cap­ government back closer to the people. The in the choosing of the President or Vice ital of Brazil), etc. had their 19th-century former would help solve problems of urban­ significance. In the present jet age, Moscow, ization and the latter would revitalize our President. Paris, Madrid, Johannesburg, New Delhi, Ot­ democracy. That the District has no voting repre­ tawa, Mexico City, etc. are just as politico­ From here, the proposition makes sense. sentation in the Congress is a mockery of functional capitals as Buenos Aires, Stock­ Perhaps the powers that he will comprehend the democratic process. Citizens of the holm, Copenhagen, and Lisbon. it all before Washington sinks under the District carry all the burdens and obli­ The bold scheme of Brazilians to move weight of concrete and marble that just gations of national citizenship but they their capital out of Rio de Janeiro in 1960 to keeps getting heavier. an everything-newly-created Brazilla in the have no vote in Congress in establishing interior deserves an in-depth consideration national policies. Even worse, while Con­ by Abourezk, Roncalio, and their Congres­ FULL VOTING REPRESENTATION gress sits as a local city council for the sional colleagues. FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA District, I, as the Representative of these It is Wichita, Kansas that is near the geo­ 764,000 people, have no vote, and only a graphical center of the United States, rather than on the Northeast Corridor nor South­ small voice, in the decisions about the ern California. Instead of separately crowd­ HON. WALTER E. FAUNTROY adoption of local legislation. The people ing in Baltimore and New York, the Social OF THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA of the District pay taxes of hundreds of Security Administration can better move to IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES millions of dollars each year, send their Wichita, Kansas City, or Denver. The Oahe Friday, June 4, 1971 sons and brothers to die in useless Asian irrigation project has not been benefited by wars, and serve as host to millions of having the nerve of USBR in the capital in­ Mr. FAUNTROY. Mr. Speaker, several Americans who each year visit Washing­ stead of all in Denver. weeks ago I launched a drive for self­ ton, the seat of Western democracy. But The nation can reverse the rural-to-urban determination for the people of the Dis­ population migration and its contingent evils the people of the District, who are pro­ through a far-sighted relocation of the capi­ trict of Columbia. As I have indicated, foundly at!ected by the judgments of this tal and a dispersal of federal agencies into a this et!ort has two equally important Congress, are given only the smallest op­ number of strategically situated functional parts. The first is home rule which in­ portunity to shape those decisions. This federal centers. The Congress of 1971 should volves a broad congressional delegation is unjust and directly contrary to the take a different overview of the 50 states of authority over local matters to an principles upon which this Nation was and possessions th81D. the Congress of 1790 elected municipal government chosen by founded and has existed for the last 180 With only 13 states on the Atlantic seaboard. the people of this city. The second part years. of the struggle for self-rule requires full WILL WASHINGTON RECOGNIZE OPPORTUNITY As the swamplands and the cow-pas­ To SAVE ITSELF? voting representation in both Houses of tures that were the District of Columbia Question: Will Washington's bureaucracy the Congress for the citizens of the in 1800 evolved into a dynamic metrop­ recognize the offer being made to save the District. olis, the injustice of denying the resi­ nation's capital from strangling itself? With respect to home rule, I have pre­ dents of the Nation's Capital became all If not and nothing comes of the rescue pared a tentative draft of proposed home­ too clear. As early as 1818, President attempt by Congressmen Jim Abourezk of rule legislation that provides for an James Monroe expressed the view that South Dakota and Teno Roncalio of Wyom­ elected mayor--city council form of gov­ the District should have representation ing, let it never be said they didn't try to hasten decentralization of federal govern­ ernment, having complete legislative au­ in the National Legislature. The first re•• ment and dispersal of federal agencies. Six thori ty over local matters and fiscal olution calling for the required con­ pages in the May 17 "Congressional Record" autonomy coupled with an automatic stitutional amendment was introduced in tell about it. Federal payment. I submitted this draft Congress in 1877. Since 1915, every Presi­ Abourezk and Roncalio were joined by Mo proposal to the people of this city in a dent, both Democratic and Republican Udall of Arizona, John Melcher of Montana, series of hearings held in each of the alike, has supported congressional rep­ Gu nn McKay of Utah, Ed Jones of Tennessee city's eight wards. The testimony given resentation for the District. In 1967, June 7, 1971 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 18567 President Lyndon B. Johnson submitted Government. This must surely shame the so elected shall be an inhabitant of the I>is­ a proposal calling for a single District of people of this Nation. I am convinced trict and shall possess the same qualifications Columbia voting representative in the that if this Congress were to adopt a full as to age and citizenship and have the same House and giving the Congress authority representation proposal and submit it to rights. privileges, and obligations as a. Sena­ tor or :tvepresenta.tive from a State. to establish additional Senators and Rep­ the States, it would be overwhelmingly "SEC. 2. When vacancies happen in the resentatives by statute up to the num­ and speedily approved. The 23d amend­ representation of the I>istrict in either the ber the District would have if it were a ment, giving District of Columbia resi­ Senate or the House of Representatives, the State. This measure received full and dents a vote in Presidential elections, people of the I>istrict shall fill such vacancies thorough hearings before the House was approved in near record time of un­ by election. Judiciary Committee. The committee der 1 year. "SEc. 3. This article shall have no effect on overwhelmingly approved and reported Great strides have been made since the the provisions made in the twenty-third ar­ out a broader proposal than that sub­ ticle of amendment to the Constitution for establishment of the American Republic determining the number of electors for Pres­ mitted by the President constitutionally toward expanding the right to vote to an ident and Vice President to be appointed for guaranteeing the District two Senators, ever-growing number of Americans. Be­ the I>lstrict. Each Representative or Senator and as many Representatives in the ginning after the Civil War, the States from the I>istrict shall be entitled to partici­ House as it would have if it were a State. ratified the 15th amendment prohibiting pate in the choosing of the President or Vice The House Rules Committee refused to denial of the vote on the basis of race. President in the House of Representatives or send the bill to the :floor and no further The 17th amendment took from State Senate under the twelfth article of amend­ action was taken by the House. legislatures and gave to the people the ment as if the I>lstrict were a State. "SEc. 4. The COngress shall have power to Both in the 91st Congress and now right to elect U.S. Senators. The 19th enforce this article by appropriate legisla­ in the 92d, President Richard Nixon, amendment eliminated sex as the basis tion." carrying out the commitment made in for denying the vote. More recently, the his party's 1968 platform, urged the Con­ 23d amendment gave residents of the gress to adopt a constitutional amend­ District of Columbia the right to vote in CAREER PROGRESSION LEGISLA­ ment granting voting representation to presidenti-al elections, and the 24th TION FOR AIR TRAFFIC CON­ the people of this city. amendment abolished the poll tax. The TROLLERS It is difficult to conceive of any valid 1965 Civil Rights Act provided the reason why the District of Columbia weight of the Federal Government to should be denied full voting representa­ enforce the protections provided under HON. MORRIS K. UDALL tion in the Congress. Eleven States are the 15th amendment, and the Supreme OF ARIZONA less populous than the District but are Court established the 1-man, 1-vote IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES fully represented in the Congress: principle in order to make the right to Friday, June 4, 1971 Population vote equal among all citizens. In this (Preliminary very session of Congress, addWonal his­ Mr. UDALL. Mr. Speaker, the gentle­ 1970 Census toric steps were taken to provide 18-year­ man from the First District of Oregon No Senators, No Representatives Estimated) District of Columbia. ______764, 000 olds the right to vote by constitutional (Mr. WYATT) and I, along with 23 other amendment. The denial of the right to Members, are introducing legislation Two Senators, Two Representatives representation to the people of the which will provide an equitable system Hawaii ------748, 000 District stands out as a glaring piece of of retirement and the opportunity for New H~pshlre ______722,000 unfinished business in this Nation's drive secondary careers within the Federal Idaho------698,000 toward a more perfect democratic gov­ Aviation Administration for the Nation's South~ontana I>akota ------______- - 682,000661,000 ernment. It is unfinished business that air traffic controllers. As most of the North ~ota ______610, 000 I am placing on the agenda of this Con­ Members of this body know, the air traf­ gress. Two Senators, One Representative fic controllers have been the subject of I am hopeful that we will see action considerable controversy in recent I>elaware ------542,000 this session of Congress. A subcommittee years-a controversy which happily Nevada ------481, 000 Vernaont ------437, 000 of the House Judiciary Committee, head­ seems well on its way to being resolved. Wyoming ------328, 000 ed by Congressman RoDINo of New Nevertheless, two of the remaining areas AJaska ------294,000 Jersey, has announced that hearings will which have not been remedied to date be held on representation for the Distriet are the right for early retirement and a These States have 39 congressional sometime later this month. A measure second career for air traffic controllers. representatives-22 Senators and 17 substantially identical to mine has been The legislation that we are introducing Congressmen. It is amazing to consider introduced by the District's long-time today, I believe, deals fairly and effec­ that these 11 States possess almost 25 friend and chairman of the full Judi­ tively with these areas. percent of the votes in the U.S. Senate. ciary Committee, EMANUEL CELLER. With I would like to point out that, with only Yet the District has no voice in the Sen­ this kind of support, I am confident that minor differences, this legislation paral­ ate, voting or otherwise. The District is a broad proposal will be reported out of lels a bill that has already been intro­ treated differently from these States committee soon. The text of the joint duced in the Senate by the chairman even though it, with almost 800,000 resi­ resolution is as follows: of the Post Office and Civil Service Com­ dents, is more populous than any State JOINT RESOLUTION mittee, the senior Senator from Wyo­ was at the founding of the Republic. ming, Mr. McGEE, S. 1904. At this point What is most tragic about tl1is ap­ To amend the Constitution to provide for representation of the I>istrict of Columbia I would like to acknowledge our appreci­ palling injustice is that numerous na­ in the Congress ation to the Senator from Wyoming for tions with their national capital under his cooperation in our campaign to seek Federal jurisdiction grant representation Resolved by the Senate and House of Rep­ resentatives of the United States of America equity for the controllers. in the national legislature to the inhabi­ in Congress assembled (two-thirds of each The Department of Transportation has tants of that city. In the British Com­ House concurring therein), That the follow­ already sent to the Congress its version monwealth, both Australia and India ing article is proposed as an amendnaent to of retirement legislation for the con­ give voting representation to the people the Constitution of the United States, which trollers. We have studied the FAA/DOT shall be valid to all intents and purposes as of the national capital. In Latin America, bill carefully. It contains a number of Argentina, Mexico, and Venezuela grant part of the Constitution when ratified by the legislatures of three-fourths of the several features which we have incorporated into representation to the citizens of the the bill we introduce today; but in other capital city, which, like the District, is States within seven years from the date of under Federal control. its submission by the Congress: areas it is deficient and it is for this rea­ "ARTICLE - son that we have introduced our bill. It is difficult to see how we as a nation One of the principal features of the can proclaim our democratic institutions "SECTION 1. The people of the I>istrict con­ to the people of the world while a stituting the seat of government of the legislation provides for a new retirement colonial refuge, such as the District of United States shall elect two Senators and formula for air traffic controllers. Under the number of Representatives in Congress to section 5 ( a), the controller would be Columbia, exists-not in the far reaches which the I>lstrtct would be entitled 1f it given 1.4 years credit toward retirement of an empire, but at the seat of National were a State. Each Senator or Representative for every year he works as a controller. 18568 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS June 7, 1971 This formula is based on the recommen­ ments would seem to us to be a basic ban peripheries was $159 per capita. dations made by the Air Traffic Con­ matter of equity and justice. Since these SMSA's account for 50 per­ troller Career Committee, headed by Dr. The final significant area of this leg­ cent of the local tax revenues nation­ John J. Corson, which was created by islation involves the issue of secondary wide, the fact that the central cities have Transportation Secretary John A. Volpe careers for controllers who are, in the a 33-percent higher per capita tax effort in September 1969 to study the various words of the Corson Committee, "burned means that the administration's intra­ problems of air traffic controllers. After out." The Corson Committee determined state distribution formula, indeed, tar­ an in-depth inquiry, which consumed that the average length of a controller's gets the money where it is needed, all several months, the Corson Committee useful period of service is far less than the aberrant examples of the critics not­ unanimously recommended the 1.4 for­ that of the ordinary civil service employ­ withstanding. mula for retirement, which we have in­ ee in a nonstress job. For these control­ Mr. Speaker, it is unfortunate enough corporated into this legislation. lers, opportunities for a secondary ca­ that the critics of revenue sharing per­ When the House Post Office and Civil reer within the FAA itself should be pro­ sist in ignoring these basic facts. What is Service Committee holds hearings on this vided. Most of these controllers, even worse, they are not even consistent about and other controller retirement bills, we though they may be "burned out" for their own argument in favor of a pro­ intend to further review the recommen­ work in towers and centers, nevertheless gressive allocation of burdens and bene­ dations made by the Corson Committee have valuable skills that should be uti­ fits. For the simple fact is, if we do not on controller retirement and other as­ lized by the FAA. For this reason, our supplement State and local treasuries pects of the problem. In this brief state­ legislation provides for the retraining of with funds from the progressive national ment, however, suffice it to say that in these controllers for other employment income tax base, these governments will the retirement formula we are directly within the Federal aviation system. be forced to draw even more heavily on following the recommendations made by Specifically, our legislation proposes their own strained, regressive tax sys­ the committee that Secretary Volpe him­ that the Department of Transportation tems. self appointed. would pay the controller his regular base Consider the following basic trends. In Another significant feature of our leg­ pay while he is training for new employ­ the years between 1950 and 1967, com­ islation is the procedure for personnel ment and would also pay the expenses bined State and local tax receipts in­ actions for controllers. The significant of that training. Mr. Speaker, not only creased by $47 billion or about 280 per­ difference between our bill and the one will this provision of our legislation give cent. According to a recent study about proposed by the FAA/DOT is that we a decent break to those controllers who 76 percent of this growth resulted from provide a safeguard to the unlimited au­ have served the Nation's aviation sys­ property, sales, consumption, and other thority of the Secretary of Transporta­ tem faithfully and well; it will help pro­ regressive taxes. Thus about $36 billion tion in controller personnel actions by vide a valuable group of expert career annually of these additional State and providing for an independent appeal employees for important new jobs within local revenues is being raised from re­ board to his decisions. While we have no the Federal aviation system. gressive sources. During the same period specific objection to the clearly defined by contrast there have been five Federal powers of the Secretary of Transporta­ income tax cuts amounting, according to tion, we seek to redress the obvious lack the estimates of one prominent econo­ of appeal procedures for the controller REVENUE SHARING mist, to $35 billion annually. Together in the FAA/DOT bill. these two developments amount to a Under our bill, if the Secretary de­ massive shift of the tax burden toward HON. JOHN B. ANDERSON lower income groups. motes, releases, or involuntarily sepa­ OF ILLINOIS rates a controller from service, the con­ In light of the critics much trumpeted troller may seek review of the Secretary's IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES concern about fair distributions of tax decision on reconsideration by a Board Friday, June 4, 1971 burdens, it is interesting to note that of Review to be composed of a hearing Mr. ANDERSON of Dlinois. Mr. almost 25 percent of State and local examiner designated by the Civil Serv­ Speaker, during the first 2 days of hear­ taxes are raised from families with less ice Commission-who shall be the Chair· ings on the administration's program for than $8,000 in annual income, whereas man-a representative of the Secretary, general revenue sharing, the critics have less than half this much-11 percent­ a representative of the Federal Air Sur­ continually returned to one central of Federal income tax revenues are raised geon, and two air traffic controllers. The point: namely, that the distribution for­ from these families. Put another way, Board's decision, either in support or re­ mulas scatter funds indiscriminately, almost 16 percent of the income of fam­ versal of the Secretary's action, would be aiding affluent and poor communities ilies in the $4,000 to $6,000 range is taken final. Establishment of such a Board, Mr. with equal measure. Therefore, so the by State and local taxes, while only 3.5 Speaker, we believe would eliminate a critics argue, revenue sharing is nothing percent is taken by Federal income taxes. major cause of friction between the FAA more than a giant political boondoggle And, of course, conversely, those with and the controllers, which are well docu­ aimed at courting favor with officials and incomes above $50,000 pay nearly 20 per­ mented in the report of the Corson Com· taxpayers all across the country while cent of their income in personal income mittee. paying short shrift to the pressing needs taxes but only 2 percent in State and lo­ Another significant area that is not of our crisis-stricken central cities. cal property taxes and 1 percent in sales covered by the FAA/DOT legislation is Mr. Speaker, I would not deny the taxes, the two primary sources of funds the problem of job-connected medical existence of certain aberrational cases in for these units of government. problems, which are an acknowledged which wealthy suburbs, with the advan­ Mr. Speaker, in light of the foregoing, outgrowth of stresses and strains of the tage of a high personal-income base and I am afraid that all this concern about air traffic controllers career. Section 6 high tax effort, receive a disproportion­ :f:iair distribution burdens and benefits on of our legislation entitles an air traffic ate share of funds. I am certain that the part of revenue-sharing critics sounds controller to receive such additional sick every member of this body could find one more than a little bit hollow. I believe we leave as might be necessary over and such example in his own district. But I need to halt the steady erosion of our above his regular sick leave, if a flight also know that these are exceptions not tax systems away from a progressive base surgeon and at least three medical doc­ the rule. The facts clearly and unequivo­ toward regressive ones. I believe revenue tors certify thaJt the controller is tempo­ cally demonstrate that our central cities sharing can be the vehicle for this re­ rarily unable to perform his duties. have considerably higher tax efforts per versal and I challenge the critics to show Mr. Speaker, a number of studies made capita than their surrounding suburbs otherwise. by surgeons and doctors on various and consequently are slated to receive Mr. Speaker, the perceptive syndicated groups of controllers has shown that con­ considerably higher per capita portions colwnnist, David Broder of the Wash­ trollers suffer from ulcers, hypertension, of the revenue-sharing money. ington Post, recently addressed himself heart diseases, and other malfunctions To be specific a recent study by the to these points in a most provocative col­ that could be directly associated with the Advisory Commission on Inter-Govern­ umn entitled "Subject of Taxes Slips Into stresses of their employment. Allowing mental Relations showed that per capita the Open." He wrote that in light of these controllers, if the medical evidence tax burdens in the central cities of the ever-rising public demands for more warrants it, sufficient sick-leave time to 37 leading SMSA's averaged $200 per health, welfare, educational and en­ recover from these job-connected ail- capita while the average for their subur- vironmental services and programs, "the June 7, 1971 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 18569 only honest answer is that someone is big that it will, in many instances, wipe out THEOLOGIAN REINHOLD NIEBUHR going to have to pay higher taxes if the the supposed gain he has received from his (By William R. MacKaye) recent income tax cuts. widely accepted social goals of this de­ Similarly, it is not politicians but two Reinhold Niebuhr, who died Tuesday in cade are going to be met." Yet he noted career men in the Census Bureau who have Stockbridge, Mass., at 78, was one of the further that unless the trend toward set forth in the clearest fashion the facts on intellectual giants of the 20th century, a man reliance on a regressive tax base is re­ who pays taxes in this country today. who shunned the titles of theologian and versed, "it is clear enough who is go­ Back in April, the Bureau's Herman P. political phisosopher but was those and more. Miller and Roger A. Herriott published a He came as close as any man of his time ing to pay: The low- and middle-income to marrying the immiscible strands of the families who have been socked with scholarly paper that might well be the most important political documents of the year­ American past--the society's biblical, Chris­ mos.t of the tax rises in the past two except for the fact the politicians have acted tian inheritance and the secularist, utili­ decades." as if they did not want to know it exists. tarian origins of its political institutions­ I commend this article to my col­ With great care and detail, the two statis­ into a unified view of the world. leagues and ask that it be reprinted at ticians demonstrated two stunningly simple He was one of those rare church leaders this point in the RECORD: points: who spoke with power not only to the church on churchly matters but also to the world SUBJECT OF TAXES SLIPS INTO THE OPEN 1. For all the advertised social programs of the Fair Deal, the New Frontier, the Great on worldly matters. (By DavidS. Broder) Society and the New American Revolution, Dr. Niebuhr's principal pulpit during his tt has remained for Andrew F. Brimmer, the distribution of incomes in this country long public career was as professor of applied an appointive official with a 14-year term has hardly changed one iota since World Christianity at New York's Union Theological on the Board of Governors of the Federal War II. The top one per cent of the families Seminary, on whose faculty he served for Reserve System, to let slip the "dirty little still receive more than the bottom 20 per more than 40 years. But even as he taught secret" that every politician in elective of­ cent; the top five per cent, more than the new generations of ministers and academic fice in Washington has tried to keep hidden. bottom 40 per cent. If greater equality was theologians, be took on such assignments as Taxes are going up, Brimmer told an audi­ a goal of the past 25 years' social policies, adviser to the State Department's Foreign ence in a widely reported commencement they have not achieved their objective. Policy Staff and officer of the Liberal Party, speech last weekend. Taxes have to go up 2. Despite the widespread notion that we a political third party in New York state. in this decade if we are going to meet the have a progressive tax system, there is al­ An early Socialist and pacifist, be aban­ most no relationship between tax burdens doned these positions in the 1930s in favor of demands on this society. staunch support of the New Deal and a con­ Already there has been what Brimmer and ab111ty to pay. In 1968, by the careful cal­ culations of Miller and Herriot, the effective viction that the United States was morally called "a serious deterioration" in the qual­ obligated to intervene internationally to put ity of the basic services the public relies tax rate was just about level (varying only between 30 and 33 per cent) on fam111es from down Nazism. on government to provide, as witness the The nature of his times, an era that saw condition of the education, transportation the $2,000-a-year income level all the way up to $50,000-a-year. the rise of a multiplicity of totalitarianisms, and law enforcement systems in almost any and his own reading of the Bible and of his­ of our major metropolitan areas. Rich families faced steeper rates on their ip.come taxes, but paid a much smaller pro­ tory stimulated in Dr. Niebuhr a skepti­ Meantime, the backlog of demands for cism about man and society that he called new governmental services-from universal portion of their income in sales, excise and payroll taxes. Overall, the $50,000 family "Christian realism." His understanding of health insurance to child-care centers to pol­ man was in effect an emphasis on human lution abatement--is growing steadily. How gave the government no higher proportion of its income than the family with one-tenth as limitation and fallibility thwt set him in op­ are these to be paid for, Brimmer asks. The position to the easy optimism preached for supposed "Vietnam peace dividend" has van­ much earning power. One would think there would be political opposite reasons by both theological liberals ished. Programs already on the books will and by fundamentalists. consume virtually all the "normal growth in temptation-if not a moral imperative-for some presidential hopeful to tell the Ameri­ Dr. Niebuhr's dark vision of the human federal revenues. situation is illustrated in typical fashion in The answer, the obvious answer, the only can people these facts, to confirm their sus­ picion that the vast majority of them have the closing paragraphs of his major work, honest answer, is that someone is going to "The Nature and Destiny of Man," a two­ have to pay higher taxes if the widely ac­ good reason to be dissatisfied with the deal they are getting on taxes. volume essay that grew out of his delivery of cepted social goals of this decade are going to the Gifford Lectures at the University of be met. But they are all tongue-tied about taxes­ with one exception. In almost every speech Edinburgh in 1939: The politicians prefer to play hide and seek be makes, George Wallace says that taxes "The freedom of man transcends the flux with the voters on the tax issue, because the will be the main issue of his 1972 campaign. of nature in such a way that the hope of folklore of politics is that any candidate who Is this really an issue the other candidates completely severing the spirit from the in­ talks about tax hikes is doomed to defeat. want to leave to him? teguments of nature is an understandable But their ostrich act cannot conceal the illusion. The processess of growth in history fact that taxes are going to rise. All it can do are furthermore, so obvious that the modern is deprive the country-and the taxpayers--of error of confusing growth with progress may intelligent discussion of who should pay the be regarded as an equally inevitable mistake. bill. REINHOLD NIEBUHR "Yet both these mistakes also rested upon Unless such discussion and debate begin, a willful disregard of some of the obvious it is clear enough who is going to pay: the evidences. low- and middle-income families who have "It is obvious that man does not have been socked with most of the tax rise in the HON. JONATHAN B. BINGHAM the power to extricate himself from :flux and past two decades. OF NEW YORK finiteness, as idealists and mystics of the an­ As Walter Heller noted in his congressional IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES cient and the modern world believed. testimony on revenue-sharing the other day "It is equally obvious that history does the federal income tax-which, for all it~ Friday, June 4, 1971 not solve the basic problems of human exist­ loopholes, is the one major tax that hits the Mr. BINGHAM. Mr. Speaker, Reinhold ence but reveals them on progressively new rich man harder than the poor-has been cut levels. five times since the Korean War, for a cumu­ Niebuhr died this week. He was a giant "The belief that men could solve his prob­ lative tax break of $35 billion a year. of the 20th century. I shall always be lem either by an escape from history or by the Meantime, there have been steep increases intensely grateful that I had the oppor­ historical process itself is a mistake which in those taxes that hit the less affiuent tunity to know him as a friend. is partly prompted by the most universal o1 family hardest: local property taxes, state I am inserting herewith the articles all 'ideological' taints: the pride not of par­ sales and excise taxes, and federal payroll and editorials about him which appeared ticular men and cultures, but a man as man." taxes. (As a result, our national tax system in today's Washington Post and New The rolling sentences of this passage also is measurably less fair, less progressive now illustrate the sonority that was characteristic than it was two decades ago.) York Times. Understandably, the arti­ of most of his writing, lecturing and preach­ How can this have happened without cles emphasize his years of incredibly full ing. One Niebuhr admirer recalled that a stirring a major political controversy? The activity before illness struck him in 1952. woman rushed up to him at the conclusion only answer one can give is that there has In the almost two decades since that of one of his appearances saying that she been something like a conspiracy of silence time he bore a series of job-like afflictions couldn't understand a word he said but that among the politicians to keep the voters with stunning courage and grace. It she would be content to bear him recite the from discovering what has been going on. should be noted too that, over this long alphabet. The game is still being played. It is news­ period of suffering, Reinhold Niebuhr's Reinhold Niebuhr-his friends called him papermen, not politicians, who have publi­ "Reinie"-was born in Wright City, Mo. He cized the fact that the social security-welfare family, especially his wife Ursula, showed was the son of an immigrant father who was reform bill Wilbur Mills has sent to the equal courage and grace in their unflag- a pastor of the Evangelical Synod of North House contains an 86 per cent hike in the ging devotion. America, a denomination of German origin payroll taxes a $200-a-week factory worker The Post and Times articles and edi­ th3tt is now a part of the Unit ed Church of will pay in the next six years-an increase so torials follow: Christ. 18570 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS June 7, 1971 Of the Niebuhr children, three achieved public issues that that at least one younger logian who preached in the marketplace, a exception ecclesia.stical distinction. In ad­ scholar forgot too soon that he was still philosopher of ethics who applied his belief dition t o Reinhold Niebuhr there were also alive and active. to everyday moral predicaments and a. polit­ H. Richard Niebuhr, for many years a pro­ This writer imprudently suggested a few ical liberal who subscribed to a hard-boiled fessor at Yale Divinity School, whose theolog­ years ago that Harvard Divinity School theo­ pragmatism. ical impact on American Christendom wa.s logian Harvey Cox was "this generation's Combining all these capacities, he was the nearly as profound as his brother's, and Hul­ Reinhold Niebuhr." The scholar was prompt­ architect of a complex philosophy based on da Niebuhr, a sister, who had a long career ly assailed by an angry swarm of Niebuhr the fallibility of man and the absurdity of a.s a teacher at McCormick Theological Sem­ disciples who retorted that "Reinhold Nie­ human pretensions, as well as on the Biblical inary in Chicago. buhr is this generation's Reinhold Niebuhr." precepts that man should love God and his Reinhold attended Eden Theological Sem­ Dr. Niebuhr's funeral will be conducted at neighbor. inary, a seminary of this denomination, and 3 p.m. Friday in the United Church of Christ The Protestant theology that Mr. Niebuhr graduated from Yale Divinity School in 1914. in Stockbridge, Mass., the western Massa­ evolved over a life-time was called neo­ After receiving a Master of Arts degree in chusetts town where he died. Friends said a orthodoxy. It stressed original sin, which Mr. 1915 he was ordained to the ministry of the memorial service would probably be con­ Niebuhr defined as pride, the "universality Evangelical Synod and thereupon took up ducted later in New York. of self-regard in everybody's motives, wheth­ the only pastorate of his career, a 13-year He is survived by his wife of 40 years, the er they are idealists or realists or whether stint as minister of Bethel Evangelical former Ursula Keppel-Compton, a son, Chris­ they are benevolent or not." Church in Detroit, a struggling congregation topher, Albany, N.Y., and a daughter, Eliza­ It rejected utopianism, the belief "that in­ composed principally of laborers on automo­ beth Sifton, Brooklyn. creasing reason, increasing education, In­ bile assembly lines. Large numbers owe large debts to the creasing technical conquests of nature make Before long the young minister found him­ teaching of Reinhold Niebuhr. For secularists for moral progress, that historical develop­ self locked in struggle with Henry Ford. Mr. who sought to make sense out of the mysteri­ ment means moral progress." Niebuhr's outrage at the conditions under ous ways of politics--never mind the myster­ As influential as he was in the disputatious which auto workers of that era labored led ies of religious faith-he was a careful ex­ world of religion, it was In the arena of prac­ him into his temporary espousal of social­ plainer of the creative role that law can play tical politics that the effects of his thought ism, an embrace, he later confessed, that pre­ in causing positive social change. For believ­ were most apparent to the general public. ceded his reading the works of Karl Marx. ers, whether in God, Christianity or some He was the mentor of scores of men, includ­ In 1928 he moved on to the faculty of form of metaphysical truth, he insisted that ing Arthur Schlesinger Jr., who were the Union Seminary, where he spent the re­ the religious experience should be less a. form brain trust of the Democratic party in the mainder of his life. of parochial loyalty than a commitment to nineteen-fifties and sixties. George F. Ken­ The multifariousness of Dr. Niebuhr's in­ values that help men to overcome hate, in­ nan, the diplomat and adviser to Presidents terests and activities and the prodigiousness justice, ignorance. For pragmatists who on Soviet affairs, called Mr. Niebuhr "the of his energy led him over the years into wanted here-and-now results, he was the father of us all" in recognition of his role close associations with such disparate figures pastor of a Detroit church who, more than in encouraging intellectuals to help shape as diplomat George Kennan, Episcopal Bishop 50 years ago, daringly spoke out against what national policies. William Scarlett, Supreme Court Justice he considered the callous management prac­ In addition to Mr. Kennan and Mr. Schle­ Felix Frankfurter, historian Arthur Schles­ tices of Henry Ford. singer, the "all" included such well-known inger Jr., Scottish theologian John Baillie, All these different roles might suggest a intellectual movers and shakers as Paul H. Jewish scholar Rabbi Abraham Heschel, law­ man on the run, a. part-time specialist touch­ Nitze, Dean Acheson, McGeorge Bundy, Lou1s yer and public figure Dean Acheson and a ing many bases but never fully covering any. J. Hale, Hans J. Morgentha.u and James Res­ list that could run on much longer. Yet diversity was a main reason for Mr. ton. Many of these men kept up with the un­ Niebuhr's excellence, because essential to "I suppose the thing Niebuhr has done for folding of Dr. Niebuhr's thought by following anything he did or thought was a tie-in to m.e more than anybody else," Mr. Reston his writing in "Christianity and Crisis,•' a Christian realism. He wrote: once said, "is to articulate the irony of our Christian journal of opinion he founded in "The finest task of achieving justice will condition as a country in the world today." 1941 to promote the activist, intervention­ be done neither by the Utopians who dream Mr. Niebuhr advocated "liberal realism." ist stance he espoused. dreams of perfect brotherhood nor yet by the "The finest task of achieving justice," he During World War II and thereafter, Dr. cynics who believe that the self-interest of once wrote, "will be done neither by the Uto­ Niebuhr relied more and more firmly on his­ nations cannot be overcome. It must be done by the realists who understand that nations pians who dream dreams of perfect brother­ torical analysis of issues he saw confronting hood nor yet by the cynics who believe that his nation and world. are selfish and will be so till the end of his­ tory, but that none of us, no matter how the self-interest of nations cannot be over­ Ronald H. Stone, one of his students and come. It must be done by the realists who the collector of the most recent volume of his selfish we may be, can be only selfish." Because his writing and preaching on re­ understand that nations are selfish and will essays, noted: be so till the end of history, but that none "As his thought became more historically ligion had little or none of the revival tent of us, no matter how selfish we may be, can oriented, it also grew more pragmatic. The to it, Mr. Niebuhr attracted a wide following be only selfish." results of the New Deal and Franklin D. in those seminaries where students demand that the church help solve the problems of "The whole art of politics consists in di­ Roosevelt's pragmatic foreign policy con­ recting rationally the irrationalities of men," vinced Niebuhr of the dangers and irrele­ war, racism and poverty. More than a few of the clergymen jailed in recent years for civil Mr. Niebuhr said. He thought of intellec­ vance of ideology to the problems confront­ tuals as a "collective leaven" in a democratic ing the United States ... disobedience, or those who work to organize the poor or the ethnic communities, were society, men and women who could apply "His influence on purging Protestantism of their learning to the practical problems of absolutisms in social ethics has been one of first nudged that way by Niebuhr. He dis­ dained what he called "a simple pietistic power and social justice. To them Mr. Nie­ his more important contributions in Ameri­ buhr often served as an adviser, as when he can life. No man or political idea was good version of the Protestant faith" by which ce­ lectured to the Polley Planning Staff of the enough to be trusted completely; both had lebrity-preachers try to prove "that prayer State Department. to be checked by other men and ideas and can harness divine power to human ends, particularly to the ends of business success Mr. Niebuhr was himself active in politics, continually evalua.ted in the light of their as a member first of the Soctalist party, and contribution to the common good." and happiness." Although he could be as abstruse as the then as vice chairman of the Liberal party in Dr. Niebuhr suffered the first of a. long New York. series of crippling strokes in 1952, when he next theologian when the moment was right, was only 60, and physically he was a. semi­ Mr. Niebuhr's writing and speaking style gen­ ACTIVE IN AD HOC GROUPS invalid thereafter. erally remained simple. A tribute many will He was an omcer of Americans for Demo­ But if his body was weakened, his mental pay him is not only to go back and re-read cratic Action and active in numerous com­ energies remained undaunted, and commen­ his better-known works, but make the effort mittees established to deal with specific so­ tary and analysis continued to flow from his to go forward and apply them to one's daily cial, economic and political matters. He was pen at a. scarcely lessened pace. life. ms notions of Christian realism apply a firm interventionist in the years before In addition to innumera-ble articles in so well, perhaps because they are needed so United States entry into World War II. He newspapers and magazines, Dr. Niebuhr was much. was equally firm in opposing Communist the author of more than 20 books. Besides goals after the war, but at the same time he "The Nature and Destiny of Man," some of REINHOLD NIEBUHR, PROTESTANT was against harassing American Communists. the more memorable are "Leaves from the THEoLOGIAN, DIES Much of Mr. Niebuhr's political influence Notebook o! a Tamed Critic," "Moral Man The Rev. Reinhold Niebuhr, the Protestant was subtle, embodied in a virtually continu- and Immoral Society," "Beyond Tragedy," theologian who had Wide 1n1luence in the OUS outpouring o! articles on topics ranging "The Children of Light and the Children of worlds of religion and politics, died Tuesday from the moral basis of politics to race rela­ Darkness," "Faith and History," "Irony and evening at his summer home in Stockbridge, tions to pacifism to trade unionism to for­ American History" and "The Structure of Mass., after a long illness. He was 78 years old. eign affairs. He did not offer pat solutions, Nations and Empires." Mr. Niebuhr had been under orders from but what he called "Christian realism," which Dr. Niebuhr's participation in the ex­ his doctors in recent years to cut down on his emphasized the importance of arriving at change of ideas covered so long a apan of sermons and lectures. approximate, rather than absolute, answers years and grappled with such a variety of Throughout his long career he was a. theo- to public questions. Public moralit y, he ar- June 7, 1971 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 18571 gued, differed from private morals in this Christianity and Crisis, a biweekly magazine of God, it means that he is a free spirit as respect. devoted to religious matters. In an ecu­ well as a creature; and that as a spirit he is Mr. Niebuhr had been associated with Un­ menical spirit, he wrote for The Common­ finally responsible to God." ion Theological Seminary, Broadway and weal, a Roman Catholic magazine; for Ad­ In struggle for the good, institutional 121st Street, since 1928. He was, successively, vance and Christian Century, Protestant change is likely to be more effective than a associate professor of the philosophy of reli­ publications; and for Commentary, a Jewish change of heart, Mr. Niebuhr suggested. He gion (1928-30); William E. Dodge Jr. Pro­ publication. decried clergymen who offered salvation on fessor of Applied Christianity (193Q-55); and Because Mr. Niebuhr did not employ Bib­ what he considered simplistic terms. Charles A. Briggs Graduate Professor of lical citations to support his political at­ Billy Graham, the evangelist, and the Rev. Ethics and Theology from 1955 to his death. titudes, some associates were skeptical of the Dr. Norman Vincent Peale, the expositor of He was vice president of the seminary after depth of his faith. "the power of positive thinking," were among 1955. "Don't tell me Reinie takes that God busi­ the clergymen Mr. Niebuhr contradicted. Hundreds of seminarians jammed lecture ness seriously," a political co-worker once Their "wholly individualistic conceptions of halls for his courses, and thousands of lay­ said. sin," he sS~id, were "almost completely irrele­ men heard him preach or lecture. He spoke The remark got back to Mr. Niebuhr, who vant" to the collective problems of the nu­ at many colleges across the country, preached laughed and said: clear age. at scores of churches, large and Sinall, and I know. Some of my friends think I teach Mr. Niebuhr objected especially to the mo­ appeared on innumeraole public platforms. Christian ethics as a sort of front to make tion that religious conversion could cure race He was a sparkling talker, exerting a mag­ my politics respectable." prejudice, economic injustice or political netism that kept his listeners excited and Troubled agnostics, Catholics, Protestants chicanl)ry. The remedy, he believed, la.y in so­ alert through lengthy and profound exposi­ and Jews often came to him for spiritual cietal changes spurred by Christian realism. tions. guidance. Only half facetiously, one Jew con­ In this sense, man could be an agent in his­ Mr. Niebuhr possessed a deep voice and fessed: "Reinie is my rabbi." tory by coming to terms with it and working large blue eyes. He used h1s arms as though Men and women of other faiths felt equally to alter his environment. he were an orchestra conductor. Occasionally close to him, for he did not seek to convert Mr. Niebuhr's own life illustrated his be­ one hand would strike out, with a pointed so much as to counsel. liefs. He was born June 21, 1892, in Wright finger at the end, to accent a trenchant sen­ FRANKFURTER AN ADMIRER City, Mo., the son of Gustav and Lydia Nie­ tence. buhr. His father was pastor of the Evangelical He talked rapidly and (because he disliked Among Mr. Niebuhr's admirers was Su­ Synod Church, a German Lutheran congre­ to wear spectacles for his far-sightedness) preme Court Justice Felix Frankfurter. After gation, in that farm community. At the age without notes; yet he was adroit in building listening to one sermon, the late Justice said: of 10 Reinhold decided that he wanted to be logical climaxes and in communicating a "I liked what you said, Reinie, and I speak a minister because, as he told h!s father, sense of passionate involvement in what as a believing unbeliever." "you're the most interesting man in town." he was saying. "I'm glad you did," the clergyman replied, At that point his father set a.bout teaching Many who heard him lecture on secular "for I spoke as an unbelieving believer." him Greek. matters were incredulous when they found Although Mr. Niebuhr was acclaimed as a From high school Reinhold went, with his that he was a clergyman. for he wore his eru­ theologian, the closest he came to systematiz­ brother Richard, to Elmhurst College in Illl­ dition lightly and spoke in common accents. ing his views was in his two-volume "The Na­ nois, a small denominational school, and When he preached, one auditor recalled, ture and Destiny of Man,'' published by Scrib­ from there, after four years, to Eden Theologi­ "he always seemed the small-town parish ner's in 1943. He began an "intellectual biog­ cal Seminary near St. Louis. After the death minister, able to relate the Christian faith raphy" issued in 1956 by saying: of his father in HH3, Reinhold was s.sked to simply to contemporary problems." "I cannot and do not claim to be a theolo­ take his pulpit in Lincoln, Ill. He declined in A high forehead and premature baldness, gian. I have taught Christian Social Ethics order to enter Yale Divinity School on a except for a ring of hair above his ears, made for a quarter of a century and have also scholarship. He received his Bachelor of Di­ Mr. Niebuhr appear taller than his 6 feet 1 dealt in the ancillary :field of apologetics. My vinity degree there in 1914, and his Master of avocational interest as a kind of circuit rider inch. His frame was large and his hands Arts a year later. were big-knuckled. in colleges and universities has prompted an interest in the defense and justification ONLY PASTORATE IN DETROIT OFFICE FILLED WITH BOOKS of the Christian faith in a secular age . . . Upon his ordination by the Evangelical He looked outsized in his snug office on "I have never been very competent in the Synod of North America, he was sent to his the seventh floor of the seminary, which he nice points of pure theology; and I must con­ first and only pastorate, the Bethel Evangeli­ occupied during his teaching years. Its walls fess that I have not been sufficiently in­ cal Church o~ Detroit. He remained there 13 were so hidden by books, mostly on sociology terested heret-ofore to acquire the compe­ years, nurturing the congregation from 20 and economics, that there was space for only tence." members to 650, and becoming the center of one picture, a wood engraving of Jonah in­ There was, nonetheless, a Niebuhr doc­ swirling controversy for !lis support of labor, side the whale. On his desk, amid a wild trine. In its essence it accepted God and con­ and later for his espousal of ~ocialism. miscellany of papers, was a framed photo­ tended that man knows Him chiefly through "I cut my eyeteeth fighting Ford," Mr. graph of his wife and children. When stu­ Christ, or what Mr. Niebuhr called "the Niebuhr said in recollection of his Detroit dents dropped in, as they frequently did, he Christ event." The doctrine, in its evolved years. Whereas Henry Ford was usually liked to rock back in his swivel chair, cross form, suggested that man's condition was in­ praised in those days for his wage of $5 a his legs, link his hands on top of his head herently sinful, and that his original, and day and the low price of his automobiles, and chat. largely ine"adicable, sin is his pride, or ego­ he was condemned by Mr. Niebuhr as ravaging In those informal moments he was a gay tism. his workers by the assembly line, the speedup. and witty talker, tossing off ideas in vir­ "The tragedy of man,'' Mr. Niebuhr said, periodic layoffs for retooling and by summary tually every sentence and drawing upon a "is that he can conceive self-perfection but dismissal of men in middle age. seemingly inexhaustible store of quotations cannot achieve it." "What a. civillza.tion this is!" Mr. Niebuhr from books he had read. Some students were He argued also that man deluded himself said. "Naive gentlemen with a genius for me­ disquieted by his eyes. most of the time; for example, he believed chanics suddenly become arbiters over the "He didn't really look at you," one of that a man who trumpeted his own toler­ lives and fortunes of hundreds of thousands." them recalled, "so much as measure you." ance was likely to be full of concealed prej­ Mr. Niebuhr not only preached against Mr. Niebuhr had an easy way a:bout him. udices and bigotries. what he regarded as Mr. Ford's callousness, one that dispelled barriers of communication. Mr. Niebuhr asserted that man should not but he also wrore stinging articles in The He was "Reinie" to friends and acquaintances passively accept evil, but should strive for Christian Century that were read by Mr. in public references he preferred "Mister" to moral solutions to his problems. He urged Ford, among others. Mr. Ford was neither the honorific "Doctor." His highest earned man to take advantage of his finitude, to amused nor converted. Mr. Niebuhr emerged academic degree was Master of Arts, which he deal realistically with life as it is and to have as a public champion of social justice and as received from Yale in 1915, but he collected Biblical faith. a. Socialist. 18 honorary doctorates, including a Doctor of In the ceaseless battle between good and Divinity from Oxford. evil, man must "recognize the heights," for A SOCIALIST WITHOUT MARX Mr. Niebuhr's diversions were few. He was there is "no sinful life in which there is not Recalling this phase of his career in after fond of walking on Riverside Drive with his a point where God's grace may find lodge­ years, the clergyman said: wife and his large black poodle, but the ment." "Mr. Ford typified for my rather immature family conversation was mostly a:bout reli­ 'The Christian faith cannot deny that our social imagination all that was wrong with gion. Mrs. Niebuhr was a lecturer on that acts may be influenced by heredity, environ­ American capitalism. I became a Socialist in subject at Barnard College for a number of ment and the actions of others,'' he once this reaction. I became a Socialist in theory years. Otherwise Mr. Niebuhr worked from wrote. "But it must deny that we can ever long before I enrolled in the Socialist party 7:30 A.M., when he had breakfast, until he excuse our actions by attributing them to and before I had read anything by Karl retired at midnight. the fault of others, even though there has M.arx. His writing appeared in the most diverse been a strong incllnation to do this since "I became the prisoner of a very cute publications. For several years in the nine­ Adam excused himself by the words, 'The phrase which I invented, or it seemed to me teen-thirties he edited and contributed to woman gave me the apple'." at least to be cute. That phrase was, 'When The World Tomorrow, a Socialist party organ; Mr. Niebuhr also insisted that "when the private property ceases to be private, it no from the forties on he edited and wrote for Bible speaks of man being made in the image longer ought to be private.' 18572 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS June 7, 1971 "The phrase, which was prompted by the "The Children of Light and the Children of plane accident, America lost its foremost unprivate character of these great motor Darkness" (1944); "Discerning the Signs of combat war hero of World War n. His companies, does not seem to be so astute in the Times" {1946); "Faith and History" record of unsurpassed gallantry and the light of subsequent history in which (1949); "The Irony of American History" justice was achieved by balancing various (1952); "Christian Realism and Political courage speaks for itself. I include as types of collective power." Problems" (1953); "The Self and the Dramas a part of my remarks an article from a For a. number of years Mr. Niebuhr preached of History" ( 1955) ; "Pious and Secular recent issue of the New York Times, what was termed "the social Gospel," a America" (1958); "The Structure of Nations written by Deirdre Carmody. Entitled jeremiad against the abuse of laissez faire and Empires" (1959); and "Man's Nature and "Alone Against the Enemy," the article industrialism. He was a much-prized speaker His Communities" (1965). follows: at labor and liberal gatherings and on college He leaves his wife of 40 years, the former ALONE AGAINST THE ENEMY campuses. Ursula Keppel-Compton; a son, Christopher (By Deirdre Carmody) He castigated capitalists not only for their Robert of Albany, and a daughter, Mrs. Eliza­ inhumanity to man but also for their spirit­ beth Sifton of Brooklyn. On Jan. 26, 1945, an American infantry ual blindness. He called for labor brother­ A memorial service will be held in the First company fighting in the huge Colmar pocket hood, and racial and religious brotherhood Congregational Church of Stockbridge tomor­ in eastern France was besieged by six tanks as well. row at 3 p.m. and waves of German infantry. The baby­ At the same time, he tolled the doom of The Rev. T. Guthrie Speers, minister of faced second lieutenant in charge of Com­ capitalism. "Capitalism is dying and it ought the First Presbyterian Church of New Ca­ pany B, 15th Infantry Regiment, Third Divi­ to die," he said in 1933. He was then teaching naan, Conn., a close friend of Mr. Niebuhr's, sion, ordered his outnumbered men to with­ at Union Theological Seminary and agitating will lead the service, assisted by another draw to the cover of a nearby wood. The for the Socialist party. He was a founder, in friend, the Rev. John Crocker of Andover, lieutenant, Audie Murphy, remained and 1930, of the Fellowship of Socialist Chris­ Mass., a former headmaster at Groton School. gave fire directions to his artillery on a field tians, whose membership included Paul Tll­ Mrs. Niebuhr said that at the express wish telephone. lich, the theologian. of her husband, Rabbi Abraham Hesche! of Behind him an American tank was hit All during the thirties, however, Mr. Nieb­ the Jewish Theological Seminary, New York, and burst into flames as its crew fled for uhr was reassessing his ethical, social and also would take part. Rabbi Hesche! read Old shelter. The young lieutenant leaped to the political beliefs. He had never been a thor­ Testament lessons at the funeral service for top of the burning tank, grabbed its .50-cali­ oughgoing Marxist, an advocate of class the Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. ber machine gun and stood there, a lone struggle and revolution; and now he turned figure exposed on three sides to the enemy, from Socialism. He was never a Communist; [From the New York Times] firing into the German lines. For more than an hour, despite a leg indeed, he was a vigorous critic of the Soviet REINHOLD NIEBUHR Union for the "brutality" of its economic sys­ wound, he continued his barrage of fire until tem. Reinhold Niebuhr blended theology and he had killed or wounded about 50 Germans. Mr. Niebuhr's dispute with Socialism, and practical politics as articulator of the con­ Finally, the enemy began to retreat, the his ultimate break with it, was on religious cept of "liberal realism." His writings pro­ lieutenant rejoined his men, organized a and ethical grounds, and later on realistic vided the intellectual underpinning for counterattack and secured the woods. grounds. It was idolcatry, he thought, to much of what was most constructive in the The scene was to become as familiar to suggest that human beings could blueprint antitotalitarian left. American audiences as the wavy brown hair and freckled face of its 20-year-old hero. He and bring forth the Kingdom of God on Beginning in the late 1930's, Dr. Niebuhr earth. He also had mounting doubts about was profoundly infiuentialin moving Ameri­ received the Medal of Honor for his bravery, the inevltabll1ty of progress. can Protestantism away from pacifism and a and, by the time he was released from the In 1939 Mr. Niebuhr was invited to deliver utopian view of politics toward a more com­ Army, he had become the most decorated hero of World War II. the Gifford Lectures at Edinburgh Univer­ plex, more tragic and politically more realis­ tic view of man and society. In his master­ Lieutenant Murphy received 24 decora­ sity. This offered him a further opportunity tions, most of which he gave away to chil­ to refine his views, which came more and piece, "The Nature and Destiny of Man," and in his lesser books, he brought to bear old dren. They included also the Distinguished more to be centered on man's pretensions Service Cross, the Legion of Merit, the Silver about himself. Christian insights into man's fallibility and pride and made them relevant and convinc­ Star with Oak Leaf cluster, the Bronze Star, "A Christian justice will be particularly the Purple Heart with two Oak Leaf clusters critical of the claims of the self against the ing in this secular age. Because of his great gifts as public speaker and lucid, forceful and the Croix de Guerre with palm. He was claims of the other, but it will not dismiss commended for having killed 240 German them out of hand," he said. "A simple Chris­ writer, there were few within the Protestant community who did not feel his influence, soldiers, although he said that no one could tian moralism counsels men to be unselfish. be sure of the exact number. A profounder Christian faith must encourage while many who shared other beliefs or re­ men to create systems of justice which will jected religion also responded to his argu­ WOUNDED THREE TIMES save society and themselves from their own ments. After having been wounded three times selfishness." Not one to be a theorist only, Dr. Niebuhr young Audie Murphy returned home to ana­ Although Mr. Niebuhr recanted his So­ tested his concepts in the arena of electoral tion eager to venerate its war heroes. His face cialism, he did not lessen his interest in social politics. He was among the founders of New appeared on the cover of news magazines, he change. Instead, he saw it in a different York's Liberal party in 1944 and an architect marched in parades to bloodstirring music, light--as a continuous adjustment of ten­ of Americans for Democratic Action. In the he spoke to cheering audiences and finally­ sions between power groups in society. Nor years following World War II his influence motivated more by a need for money than did he diminish his concern for the plight on the thinking of many key Government a need for glory-he laboriously wrote out of minorities and the rights of labor. Their policymakers was so profound that George his memoirs in longhand. cause, he contended, was part of a grander F. Kennan saw him as "the father of us Some years later the autobiography, "To social adjustment within the general frame­ all"-the "all" being the liberal trendsetters Hell and Back," was made into a movie with work of American capitalism. of the fifties and sixties. Mr. Murphy playing himself. He described it At the outset of World War II Mr. Niebuhr Dr. Niebuhr's ideas were not, of course, al­ as "the first time, I suppose, a man has favored American intervention. ways accepted with the grace and !acUity fought an honest war, then come back and "The halting of totalitarian aggression is a with which he propounded them. But even played himself doing it." prerequisite to world peace and order," he his adversaries of the right and the left After the movie came out in 1955, Mr. declared. He headed the Union for Demo­ cheerfully conceded the effervescence of his Murphy described to an interviewer his feel­ cratic Action, a committee formed in 1941 by mind and the humanitarianism of his philos­ ings about making the movie: liberal former pacifists to encourage partici­ ophy. Dr. Niebuhr helped infuse vigor into "This strange jerking back and forth be­ pation in the war. the American democratic process. In a time tween make-believe and reality," he said. In the war period Mr. Niebuhr worked with of moral confusion and rapid political "Between fighting for your life and the dis­ the World Council of Churches' Commission change, he was a frequent source of political covery that it's only a game and you have on a Just and Durable Peace. He also joined wisdom and an illuminating spokesman for to do a retake because a tourist's dog ran the Liberal party in 1944, and was an untiring the moral values that sustain human free­ across the field in the middle of the battle." spokesman for the anti-Communist left. dom. He told about one incident that he partic­ Mr. Niebuhr was a member of the American ularly dreaded reenacting. It was the scene Academy of Arts and Letters, a group of 50 ADDIE MURPHY'S REMARKABLE in which one of his closest friends stood up distinguished Americans. He received the RECORD while the company was advancing up a hill Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1964. and was hit by a burst of machine gun fire. Mr. Niebuhr's principal writings were "Does The friend fell back onto Mr. Murphy, gave Civilization Need Religion?" (1927); "Leaves HON. 0. C. FISHER him a strange little smile and said, "I goofed, From the Notebook of a Tamed Critic" OF TEXAS Murphy." Then he died in Mr. Murphy's (1929); "Moral Man and Immoral Society" arms. (1932); "Reflections on the End of an Era" IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES "When we shot the scene," Mr. Murphy (1934); "An Interpretation of Christian Monday, June 7, 1971 recounted, "we changed the part where Ethics" (1935); "Beyond Tragedy" (1937); Brandon died in my arms. That was the way "Christianity and Power Politics" (1940); Mr. FISHER. Mr. Speaker, when Audie it had really happened, but it looked too "The Nature and Destiny of Man" (1941-43); Murphy was killed recently in a tragic corny, they said. I guess it did." June 7, 1971 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 18573

MOVIE WAS A SUCCESS EQUAL TREATMENT FOR In order to dramatioo this present The movie was a success, however, and it PUERTO RICO-II crisis, I have compiled a number of is still being shown to late-night television statistics. I believe these figures will audiences. Ironically, it was on the television present an accurate picture of the con­ here early yesterday morning while a search HON. HERMAN BADILLO sequences of the inequitable treatment was being conducted for the wreckage of Mr. OF NEW YORK of the island in comparison with the Murphy's plane. The movie review in the IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES New York Times on Sept. 23, 1955, said: State; the disastrous problems being "Gallantry has been glorified more dra­ Friday, June 4, 1971 experienced by the Puerto Rican econ­ matically on film previously but Mr. Mur­ omy; and, the tragic status of the average phy, who still seems to be the shy, serious, Mr. BADILLO. Mr. Speaker, for the Puerto Rican worker. These figures have tenderfoot rather than a Titan among G.I. past several weeks I have been discuss­ been drawn from a wide variety of heroes, lends stature, credibility and dignity ing with a number of our colleagues and sources, ranging from Federal and Com­ to an autobiography that would be routine others the plight of Puerto Ricans-both monwealth Government statistics to data and hackneyed without him." those on the mainland as well as those on prepared by various island industrial Mr. Murphy's film career, which began in the island-and the many and varied groups. 1948 with "Beyond Glory" and continued into problems facing the Commonwealth of the late 1960's, included about 40 movies. Mr. Speaker, I present these statistics Puerto Rico. herewith, for inclusion in the RECORD, so Many of these were Westerns or war stories, I have commented on numerous oc­ in which he played young, eager American that our colleagues may be better aware boys, very much like himself. casions that American citizens in Puerto of the current dilemma facing Puerto He often joked about his lack of acting Rico are not receiving their fuJJ. and Rico and to give further impetus to ability. For instance, in "Beyond Glory," a fair share of Federal assistance and that interest in implementing my four-point story about West Point, he bad a bit part. this situation is especially critical in program to cope with this tragic situ­ "I had eight words to say," he recalled. light of the economic difficulties cur­ ation: ••seven more than I could handle." rently being experienced on the island. COMPARISON OF FAMILY INCOME ADMITTED TO HANDICAP In my May 4 speech I noted that the current recession in the United States i.~ Another time, when a director yelled at Number of Number of him for his wooden actdng, Mr. Murphy in­ felt as a depression in Puerto Rico. The families families Puerto United terrupted and said, "You forget that I've got island's two primary industries--tour­ (Puerto (United Rico States Annual income Rico) States) percent 1 percent2 a hell of a handicap." ism and textiles-have been the hardest "So?" the director sput;tered. "So what is hit. Four of the large luxury hotels have Less than $1,000 __ _ 64, 409 804, 000 10.5 1.6 $1 to $2,000 ______this hand,ioop ?" been closed and three others are very 99, 989 1, 600, 000 16. 3 3.1 $2 to $3,000 ______92, 014 2, 371 , 000 15.0 4. 6 "No talent," Mr. Murphy reportedly said. seriously endangered. A number of tex­ $3 to $4,000 ______76, 819 2, 705, 000 12.5 5. 3 Mr. Murphy's movies also included "The tile plants have been forced to close or $4 to $5,000 ______70, 543 2, 752, 000 11. 5 5. 4 $5 to $7,500 ______104, 282 3 6, 314, 000 17. 0 12.3 Kid from Texas" (1950); "The Red Badge of to drastically reduce the number of em­ $7,500 to $10,000 __ 49, 075 3 11, 115, 000 8. 0 21.7 Courage" (1951); "Destry" (1955); "Night ployees. Unemployment is at a record Over $10,000 ______56, 435 23, 576,000 9. 2 45.9 Passage" (1957); "No NMne on the Bullet" level of 33 percent of the potential island TotaL ______613, 566 51, 237, 000 100.0 100. 0 (1958); "The Quiet American" (1958); "The labor force. Unforgiven" (1959). He also played in a The effects of this depression are par­ telev1sion series, "Whisper.i.ng Smith." 1 Fiscal year 1969. ticularly calamitous when you take into 2 Calendar year 1969. He was born on June 20, 1924, on a cotton account the already prevalent economic 3$5,000 to $7 ,000 and $7,000 to $10,000. f,arm near Kingston in the Texas blacklands. conditions: the average pay for indus­ Sources : Selected statistical data circulated to Subcommittee His father W!as a sharecropper and the fam­ trial workers on the island is approxi­ on Labor, Comm ittee on Education and Labor, House of Repre. ily lived in what Mr. Murphy later described sentatives, San Juan, P.R. May 7, 1971, as appendix to statement as "an honest-to-God shack." There were 11 mately $1.60 per hour, less than one-haJf by Manuel A. Casiano, Adm inistrator, Economic Development the U.S. average; the average annual Administration, Commonwealth of Puerto Rico. "Consumer children. Income, Current Population Reports" U.S. Department of One day hlis father walked out of the house per capita personal income is almost less Commerce, Bureau of the Census, No. 70, July 16, 1970. than one-half that of Mississippi, the and never came back, A few years later, when PER CAPITA PERSONAL INCOME IN SELECTED AREAS, Audie was 17, his mother died of a lung poorest of the 50 States; one out of ev­ 1969 AND 1970 disease. ery nine Puerto Ricans receives welfare Young Audie tr.ied despemtely to keep the payments; the cost of living in Puerto Area 1969 1970 f,amlly together. He hunted with a borrowed Rico is at least 10 percent higher than in Puerto Rico ______$1 , 234 $1 , 472 .22-cald.ber rifle and learned never to miss, the United States and some sources in­ District of Columbia ______14, 359 5, 519 because he never had more th:an a di:me's dicate that this may be even higher. California ______4, 232 4, 469 Mississippi ______worth of shells. When he couldn't get hold 2, 358 2, 561 These are just a few of the many ex­ New York State ______4, 495 4, 797 of a rifle, he used a slingshot to kill rabbits. amples which could be presented. New York City ______05, 55 (2) In June, 1942, he lied about his weight As an integral part of the United and his age--he was skinny and not quite 1 District of Columbia metropolitan area. States, the problems of poverty and eco­ 2 Not available. 18-and joined the Army. nomic development in Puerto Rico have A PAGE OUT OF HISTORY a very definite bearing on those same GENERAL ECONOMIC CONDITIONS His tour of duty resembles a page out of a areas here on the mainland. Inequitable The Puerto Rico Department of Social World War II history book. He was in

EXTERNAL TRADE PLANT CLOSINGS IN P.R. Summary of estimated average expenditure for a family of 5 members; Puerto Rico, U.S.: Merchandise external trade-7.8% o! 1968/69: 61; 1969/ 70: 86, + 25%. 1970 GNP [1969]. [Average annual expenditure] P.R.: Merchandise external trade-92.5% COST OF LIVING FOod ------$1,954. 68 of GNP [1969]. Clothing and personal care______1, 179.76 Jan. 1971: 141.8; Feb. 1971: 141.9, + 4% Housing, light, equipment, furni- PROFITS, 196G-70 over Feb. 1970. ture, water, and gas______1, 556. 13 U.S.: +43%. Transportation ------447. 00 Recreation, reading, and instruc- P.R.: -20%. WELFARE PAYMENTS tion ------213.00 PER CAPITA RETAIL SALES, 1970 Family of six with incapacitated husband: Other expenses in consumption __ 114.00 $67.60 per mo.+$1.25 for each school a.ge Personal insurances ______139.00 u.s.: $1,576. Donations and presents______99.00 P.R.: $656 child+!ood supplements. Famtl.ly of four without husband: $46.20 per NEW PLANT PROMOTIONS IN P.R. ~tal ------5,702.57 mo.+$1.25 for each school age child+food Source: Puerto Rico Department o! Health, 1968/69: 523; 1969/70: 40; -23% . supplements. 1970.

FAMILY INCOME PER TYPE OF EMPLOYMENT; TYPICAL BUDGET AND DEFICIT OR SUPERAVIT; PUERTO RICO 1970

Typical Typical Average budget Deficit(-) Number of budget Deficit(-) Number of family per family Super- families A~:~n; per family Super- families Type of employment income (1970) avit(+) (thousands) Type of employment income (1970) avit <+> (thousands)

Professionals and technicians ____ •••••. __ $8, 448 $5,702 $2,746 41.0 Service workers ______• ______• __ _ $4,132 $5,702 -$1,570 34.7 Agriculturalists ______•.. ______•• ____ . __ 3, 328 5, 702 -2,374 25.0 Agricultural workers ______------1, 621 5, 702 -4,081 34.1 Managers ______.....• ______9,142 5, 702 3,440 50.5 Workers ___ .•. __ • ______• __ __ 3,050 5, 702 -2,652 30.8 Officer workers and salesmen ______4,979 5, 702 -723 59.4 Others ___ .. __ .. ______. ___ . ___ • ___ _. ___ 3,149 5, 702 -2,553 155.6 Supervisors. __ .. ____ . ____ . ______. __ 4, 732 5, 702 -970 82.0 Average_ ._. __ _• ___ .• ______• ___ Operatives and kindred workers ______4,445 5, 702 -1,257 59.7 4, 557 5, 702 -1,145 ------··· Domestic servants. ______------______1,153 5, 702 -4,549 3.9 Total number of families ______• ______._ 576.7

Source: Economic Development Administration, 1971.

LABOR AND UNEMPLOYMENT Average hourly wage (1970): January 1970, 100,000 (11.9 percent); Jan­ Total labor force: 850,000 (1970): uary 1971, 112,000 (13.2 percent), 12.8 per­ PuertoUnited RicoStates------$3.______1.79 46 cent increase. Agriculture (162,000 ln 1963) ------60,000 Labor force: Nonagriculture ------679,000 Percent of population employed (1970): Service industrY------241,000 Each Puerto Rico worker supports 2.7 de­ Commerce ------145, 000 Percent pendents-27.2 percent of labor force em­ United States ______38. 5 ployed. !4anufacturing ------137,000 Puerto Rico ______27.7 Apparel/garments ------38, 000 Each U.S. worker supports 1.6 depend­ Unemployment: ents-38.5 percent of labor force employed. Total ------850,000 Per capita income: June 1969, 75,000 (9 percent); June 1970, Unemployment rate ( 197Q-early) : 92,000 (11 percent), 22.7 percent increase. Percent 1940 ------$266 September 1969, 85,000 (10.4 percent); Sep­ UI1lted States ______6.2 1969 ------1,234 tember 1970, 101,000 (11.9 percent), 18.8 per­ Puerto Rico ______11. 7 1970 ------1,427 cent Increase. GNP per employee (1970): December 1969, 87,000 (10.6 percent); De­ Puerto Rico: United States ______$12,437 tember 1970, 99,200 (11.7 percent), 13.8 per­ January 1, 1970------11. 9 Puerto Rico______6,142 cent increase. January 1, 1971------13.2

CALCULATED EMPLOYMENT DEFICIENCY IN PUERTO RICO, FEBRUARY 1971 (In thousands)

Civilian Calcu- Calculated Civilian Calcu- Calculated noninsti- Percent Ia ted employment noninsti- Percent Ia ted employment tutional in U.S. potential Reported deficiency tutional in U.S. potential Reported deficiency popu- labor labor employ- popu- labor labor employ- Age and sex lation 1 force2 force a mentt Number Percent Age and sex lation 1 force a force 3 mentt Number Percent

Both sexes: 45 to 54 . . ______._ .. _ 14 to 19 ______109 94.2 103 86 17 16 148 44 104 70 55 to 64 . •.• ____ .. __ . _. 85 83.0 71 15 21 20 to 24 ______362 ------65 and over.______56 263 ------186 123 63 34 85 26.8 23 22 1 4 25 to 34 ______270 215 55 20 35 to 44 ______378 ------TotaL ___ • ______271 ------195 154 41 21 895 ------682 523 159 23 45 to 54 ______168 116 52 31 55 to 64 ______229 ------168 ------107 67 40 37 Females: 65 and over______32 25 7 22 14 to 19 ______178 174 ------20 to 24 ______34.9 62 10 52 84 TotaL ______25 to 34 ______130 57.7 75 44 31 41 1, 845 ------1,106 744 362 33 202 so. 1 101 71 30 30 35 to 44 ______148 51.1 76 52 24 32 Males: 45 to 54 ______120 54.4 14 to 19 ______65 30 35 54 184 47.0 86 34 52 60 55 to 64- -·-·------83 43.0 36 11 25 69 20 to 24 .... ___ . ______133 83.3 111 32 25 to 34 ______79 29 65 and over_------89 9. 7 9 3 6 67 35 to 44 ______176 95.8 169 144 25 15 123 96.9 119 102 17 14 TotaL_ . ______•.••• 950 ------424 221 203 48 June 7, 1971 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 18575

OCCUPATIONAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE LABOR FORCE EMPLOYMENT DROP FROM PEAK- AUTU MN 1968 TO PUERTO RICAN TOURISM PRESENT [In percent! 1. DECLI NE IN PASSENGER MOVEMENT TO PUERTO RICO

Em- Employed Unemployed ploy- Number of ment Pres- Fisca l year arrivals Difference Percent United Puerto United Puerto (peak ent Job Stalest Rico ' Stat est Rico3 Compa ny level) level loss 1964-65_------1, 254, 338 ------1, 445, 139 190, 801 16. 0 TotaL ______1965-66_------100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Boqueron Mfg. Co rp.: Cabo Rojo ___ _ 533 365 168 1966-67------1, 594, 735 149,596 10.3 Finetex Hosiery Co., Inc.: Arecibo ___ 324 142 182 1, 839, 470 244, 735 15. 3 White collar a______1967-68_------48. 3 38.2 27.2 3. 4 Ginny Lynn Mills, Inc.: Queb rad illas_ 261 181 80 1968-69_------2, 112, 264 272, 794 14. 8 Blue collar•------35.3 40.5 45. 2 17.9 Glosamar Mills, Inc. : Queb rad illas __ 8 6 2 1969-70_------1, 992, 819 -119, 445 -5. 7 Service s______12. 4 12.6 13. 2 2. 5 Hatillo Hosi ery Mills, Inc.: Hatillo __ _ 255 233 22 Farm '------4. 0 8. 7 2. 0 3. 0 Hosetex Co rp.: Arecibo ______330 185 145 No work experience ______12.4 73.2 H. H. S. Inc.: Hato Rey ______50 0 50 Kayse r- Roth Hosiery Corp.: Arec ibo_ 39 36 3 Manhattan Hosiery Corp.: 2. DECLINE IN HOTEL/GUEST HOUSE REGISTRANT 1 1970 monthly average. Aguadilla branch ______913 793 120 EXPENDITURES 2 Data for February 1971. Aguada branch ______173 160 13 ~Profession a l and semiprofessional ; managers, officials, and Maunabo Hosiery Mills, Inc. : proprietors, except farms; clerical, sales, and kindred workers. Maunabo ______102 91 11 Fiscal year Amount Difference Percent • Craftsmen, and foremen; operatives and kindred workers ; Patillas Hosiery Mills, Inc.: nonfarm laborers. Patillas ______338 270 88 6 Private household workers; protective services; and other Sabana Grande Manufacturing Corp.: 1964-65_ ------$70, 195, 000 ------services: personal, commercial, maintenance, etc. Sabana Grande ______411 267 144 1965-66_------82, 751, 000 $12, 556, 000 18. 0 e Farmers and farm managers; farm laborers and foremen. United Hosiery Mills, ltd.: 1966-67------99, 866, 000 17, 115, 000 20.6 Canovanas Branch ______170 114 56 1967-68 __ ------128, 276, 000 29, 410, 000 29. 4 Note: Unemployed in Puerto Rico include 97,000 reporting Guanica Branch ______260 232 28 1968-69_------143, 653, 000 15, 377, 000 12. 0 previous occupation, 7,000 reporting no previous work experi­ Ricon Branch ______345 286 59 1969-70 ___ ------133, 900, 000 -9, 753, 000 -6. 8 ence plus 258,000 "potential" workers assumed to have had no Rosan, Inc.: Cidra ______50 0 50 previous work experience. Eleven Eleven Corp.: Bayamon __ ___ 66 62 4 Orocovis Hosiery Mills, Inc.: Orocovis ______199 178 21 3. HOTEL CRISIS MANUFACTURING (Clothing, shoes, rubber footwear, lingerie, TotaL ______4, 847 3, 601 1, 246 hosiery, etc.) Direct Hotel Rooms employees HOSIERY Source: U.S. Department of Labor-Wage and hour survey economic report January 1971 (supplement) table 1. During last 20 years price of hosiery prod­ A. Closings: ucts decreased 20% whlle labor costs rose El Miramar______217 134 313%. Petit Miramar______217 l1l AGRICULTURE Condado Beach ______340 4!i2 Price of panty hose reduced from 14% to Dorado Hilton ______30% since December 1970. DECREASE IN AGRICULTURAL OUTPUT 310 321 Hosiery manufacturers reduced labor force [In mlllions of dollars] Total equals 11.9 percent by 1,246 workers-25.7 %-from late 1968 to 1964 ------19 of industry employed in February 1970 ______11, 018 March 1971. 1965 ------6 KNITWEAR 1966 ------3 B. Endangered : A. Total value of knitwear shipments to 1967-69 ------7 San Jeronimo______350 618 the United States: El Convento______92 156 Racquet Club ______220 173 [In thousands] TOBACCO ------1952: 10,000 workers processing 28-30 mil­ Total, 1965 equals 23 1966 ------32,896 lion lbs. of tobacco. percent of industry 1967 ------33,285 1968 ------33,496 1970: 5,500 workers. f~g~o!~~- ~~~-b:~~~~------947 1969 ------28,780 From 1950 to 1969 the agricultural product 1970 ------22,137 increased only 17.5% whereas the island gross B. Shipments of womens full fashioned product increased 442% . The index of physi­ 4. COMPETITION sweaters to the United States: cal value of production [195G-51=100] in­ creased to 128 in 1962-63, declining to 105 A. COST OF AVERAGE HOTEL VISITOR STAY (I NCLUDING [In mllllons of dollars] in 1968-69. Last year the farm price index TRAVEL) 1965 (431,000 dozen) ______28.9 Puerto Rico ______$412 was 108. Europe/Mediterranean ______-_----_ 890 1967 (496,000 dozen)------30.1 1968 (494,000 dozen)------29.6 SUGAR PRODUCTION C. Employment decline: Tons B. TOTAL U.S. TRAVELERS August 1968------3, 074 1968 ------637,000 1969 (-35~)------477, 000 August 1969------2, 656 Europe/ August 1970------2, 344 1970 ------455,000 To over­ Mediterranean Puerto Rico seas and February 1971------1,918 Puerto Per­ Per- MEN'S AND BOY'S CLOTHING DATA INDICTATIVE OF TECHNICAL TRENDS IN THE SUGAR Rico Number cent Number cent A. Employment decline: INDUSTRIES OF PUERTO RICO AND OTHER U.S. AREAS 1963 ______2,486, 000 1,102,000 44.3 496, 000 20. 0 1968 ------7, 326 1969 ______5, 700,000 2,363, 000 41.5 1,077, 000 18.9 1969 ------7, 388 Sugar produced in tons per acre, Percent 1970 ------6, 469 highest 4 years of 5 changes, B. From August 1968 to May 1970, some 1939-43 to eight firms began operations with 520 em­ 1939-43 1965-69 1965-4i9 C. INCREASE IN U.S. TRAVELERS (1963-69) ployees but there were seven firm closings Percent wit h 1,300 employees. Puerto Rico ______3. 91 3. 01 -23 Puerto Rico __ ------117 Since May 1970 nine establishments with Average 4 areas ______3. 53 4. 81 +36 Foreign overseas______132 Louisiana ______West Indies/Central America______169 over 700 employees in November closed their 1. 62 2.28 +41 Europe/M ed iterranean ______------_ 114 operations. 3. 19 3.64 + 14 7. 45 10. 95 +47 RUBBER FOOTWEAR Beet~~~:t States ~ ~ ==== __ _ _==_ =_=___======_____ = 1. 85 2.38 +29 A. Employment decllne: Puerto Rico as percentage D. HOUSE PROFIT 111 63 -43 [In percent] of 4------(Percent of total food and beverage sales (1967)] Overall ------10 Puerto Rico ______15. 3 ConverseB . F . Goodrich ------______505 Sources: Association of Sugar Producers of Puerto Rico. "Manual of Sugar Statitsics," and U.S. Dept. of Agriculaure ~~;r~~~- ~ ~~t:~- ~~~~e_s_-::======:: :: ::: ~~ : ~ Uniroyal ------10 sugar reports No. 222, September 1970. Southeast United States ______20. 9 18576 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS June 7, 1971 FEDERAL AID TO STATE AND LOCAL GOVERNMENTS, BY STATE consolidation. In the process, Mrs. Wool­ [In millions of dollars) ley helped to secure Government grants of over $3 million for hospital construc- Fiscal years tion. 1969 total less Her efforts to obtain quality medical State 1949 1959 1965 1968 1969 highway aid care facilities for the South Bay area are not limited to the consolidation and Puerto Rico ______8. 1 59.2 148.7 222.6 309.5 303.3 Mississippi______------29. 7 108. 6 167.6 284.2 321.2 277.3 the construction of the Torrance Memo­ New York ______116.2 451.2 786.3 1, 828. 1 2, 047.6 1, 8ll. 3 rial Hospital. Mrs. Woolley helped to organize and incorporate Torrance Vol- FEDERAL AID TO INDIVIDUALS AND INSTITUTIONS, BY STATE unteers for Children which serves child patients at nearby Harbor General Hos­ [I n millions of dollars) pital. In addition, she is the director of Affiliates for Mental Health which sup­ Fiscal years plies volunteer workers for Harbor Gen- State 1949 1959 1965 1967 1968 eral Hospital and for other mental health facilities in Torrance and the surround- 64.1 48.1 32.9 30.0 27.7 ing area. 78.2 64.5 40. 9 156.6 165.7 ~~;!~s~~~tNew York __ _~~=:::__ --- ==--- ==:--- ===- -- ==:- ---- ===== -- ==---- == =-=-= _=== __ _ =__= = _ 301.1 220.5 241.2 Her service to the community also ex­ 328.5 334.8 tends to legal endeavors. As a partner with her husband, Boris, in the Torrance COMPARISON OF CURRENT LEVELS OF WELFARE BENEFITS SELECTED STATISTICAL COMPARISONS law firm of Woolley & Woolley, she helped 1. Average payment basis-AFDC: Puerto Rico equals $9.25 per person per month, December 1970; Mississippi equals found the Legal Aid Society in Torrance $12.10 per person per month, December 1970. 1960 1966 1970 to provide free legal advice for the needy. 2. TOTAL WELFARE PAYMENT5-AFDC, FISCAL YEAR 1970 Margaret Woolley, a third-generation (Dollar amounts in millions) 1. Gross national product Californian, has kept abreast of her chil­ (billions): dren's activities and has been a Camp United States ______$503. 7 $749.9 $976.5 Fire leader in Torrance and the Harbor Federal Federal State Puerto Rico ______1. 681 3. 039 4.606 State share payment payment 2. Disposable personal Area for the past 4 years. In addition, (percent) income: she joins with her two boys and two girls United States ______350.0 511.9 684. 8 Puerto Rico ______1. 352 2.482 3. 637 in swimming, tennis, and horseback rid­ Puerto Rico ______47.3 $11.945 $13.316 3. Gross fixed domestic ing. In the summer, they occasionally as­ Mississippi______83.1 13.451 2. 728 New York ______investment: sist the cowboys in the rounding up of 49.0 420.020 1 219.471 United States______71.3 106.6 132.3 Puerto Rico ______. 354 . 747 1. 403 cattle on the Vail Ranch. 1 Plus an additional $216,970,000 local payment. Mr. Speaker, Mrs. Woolley's service to 4. Labor force (thousands): the community, especially through her 3. Puerto Rican family averages: Average overall family, 4.3 United States ______72, 142 78,893 85, 903 persons; average AFDC family, 5.05 persons. Puerto Rico______625 770 827 work in bringing about the new Torrance Memorial Hospital, has been outstand­ 5. Labor force participation ANNUAL BUDGET FOR MINIMUM LIVING REQUIREMENTS (percent): ing. So, at this time when she is leaving FOR A WORKER'S FAMILY OF 6 IN PUERTO RICO, FEB­ United States______60.2 60.1 61.3 the board of directors, I would like to say RUARY 1969 PuertoRico______45.2 47.0 46.0 thank you, Maggie, for a job well done. 6. Per capita consumption 1971 budget expenditures: (based on United States ______Puerto Rico ______$601 ------$1 , 352 4 percent per 1,813 ------2, 965 Item Budget annum rise) LffiERTY LOBBY

Food ______$1,973 $2, 131 TRIBUTE TO MARGARET VAll.. Clothing ______------150 162 Housing______365 394 WOOLLEY HON. WALTER S. BARING Light and fueL ______69 75 House furnishings______63 68 OF NEVADA Household operations______52 56 IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Medical care______37 40 Personal care ______108 ll7 HON. GLENN M.ANDERSON Monday, June 7, 1971 Transportation______44 48 OF CALIFORNIA Amusements______77 83 Mr. BARING. Mr. Speaker, I have Education ______33 36 IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES been asked 'by the Liberty Lobby to in­ Other ______106 ll5 Monday, June 7, 1971 sert the following reprint from the New TotaL______------3, 077 3, 325 York Times of May 18, 1971, as written Mr. ANDERSON of California. Mr. by Warren Richardson, general coun­ Speaker, on May 1, the city of Torrance sel of Liberty Lobby. HOURLY WAGE NEEDED TO EARN BUDGETARY dedicated a new $10-million Torrance Whether or not I agree entirely with REQUIREMENTS Memorial Hospital. Among those who Mr. Richardson's statement of opinion brought the dream to reality is the past for Liberty Lobby in this matter, regard­ Hourly Hourly president of the board of directors of the ing U.S. international involvement, is Nature of annual employment wage wage (1971) Jared Torrance Memorial Hospital, Mrs. not the issue or my intent in asking this Margaret Vail Woolley. reprint be placed in the CONGRESSIONAL 52 weeks at 40 hours ______$1.48 $1.60 While this seven story, 250-bed struc­ RECORD today. 45 weeks at 40 hours ______1.71 1.85 40 weeks at 40 hours ______1. 92 2.08 ture is certainly a milestone in the his­ I feel that Liberty Lobby deserves the 30 weeks at 40 hours ______2. 56 2. 77 tory of Torrance, it is also a tribute to opportunity for publicly noted correction the vision and inspiration of Mrs. Wool­ of what it feels was a misquoted state­ Note : This budget was originally compiled by the Division of ley, who, after 16 years on the board of ment by certain press organizations. Public Welfare of the Puerto Rico Department of Health in 1942. directors, is now stepping down. I further feel that all sides to the ques­ It was designed according to the department to serve as a In order to establish the new facility, tion of the Indochina war and other in­ basis "upon which to build the standards of assistance of the Division of Public Welfare." Changes in the consumer price index Mrs. Woolley saw the need to consolidate volvements internationally in which the compiled by the Bureau of Labor Statistics of the Puerto Rico the Torrance Memorial Hospital with the United States takes part, deserves the at­ Department of Labor were used by the ILGWU research depart­ ment to bring the pricing of this budget up to date. Because the Riveria Community Hospital. As pres­ tention of the Congress and the general public. ~~~~=~~~~~ ~J~~"l~~ u~~~~~~c6u~~;t ~a~f~ s~~g~ecif ~~!i c~hu~~ ident of the boards of directors of both properly be considered a minimum standard of adequacy or of these units, she provided the leader­ Mr. Speaker, I insert at this point the minimum essentials for health and decency. ship and guidance to bring about the reprint for the benefit of all to read. June 7, 1971 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 18577 THE LmERTY LoBBY Our no-win, sure-lose sacrifice in Vietnam as a Title IV new community development. (By WarrenS. Richardson) is a monumental horror to most Americans! This means a federal guarantee of $18 mil­ Never again must we become the tool of lion worth of debenture notes to help fi­ WASHINGTON .--Certain liberal newspapers world Socialism and be thus involved. Yet, nance the project. reported recently that Liberty Lobby told the unbelievably, powerful forces are now work­ Principals in the development known as House Armed Services Committee, "We are ing day and night to involve us in an addi­ Flower Mound New Town, Inc., are Edward opposed to Moscow Communism but not tional war theater-the Mideast-whose S. Marcus, chairman of the board of Nelman­ Vietnamese Communism," and that we called potential for disaster dwarfs Vietnam. Even Marcus Company, and Raymond D. Nasher, America's part in the Vietnam war "aggres­ as we suffer from the consequences of a care­ a Dallas developer. sion." fully misguided foreign policy, we can behold They are planning a town in which solu­ The first statement is a misquote. In re­ the preview of a far greater catastrophe. tions to environmental and social problems plying to a question from the committee, I While the Establishment With its Council wlll be found before the building actually said, "We don't hold on all fours with his on FUreign Relations and huge tax-free starts. [Representative Paul N. McCloskey Jr., aRe­ foundations seeks to sneak us into a war 20-YEAR DEVELOPMENT publican of California] position ... but in which 85 per cent or more of Americans sending our youth and manpower and mate­ According to Mr. Nasher, Flower Mound is oppose, apparently most political, civic, re­ not going to be "just a bedroom community" riel and raising our debt limit, we are in ligious and other influential organizations­ effect draining away the lifeblood of the but a genuine town where people Will work except Liberty Lobby-either condone or en­ and live and where economic levels as well as country, and we will one day open ourselves dorse this action, or are too afraid to speak to, as McCloskey says, the Moscow-type dom­ age groups will be mixed for a truly inte­ out against it, because of possible reprisals! grated society. ination of Communism." What shame! The second statement is correctly quoted. The town will contain homes for presidents Liberty Lobby denies that America's best of corporations as well as their foremen and Obviously, wars may be either aggressive or interests require our supporting or joining defensive. Defensive wars protecting one's workers. One out of five homes will sell for either side in the Mideast mess. Quite the $25,000 or less, or rent for less than $100 a homeland are justified. Aggressive wars are reverse! not. month. Liberty Lobby will not tag along with the The new town, located on the banks of Some observers have seized this opportu­ cowards who would rather countenance an­ nity to profess surprise at these statements Lake Grapevine, will be developed over a 20- other national disaster than brave the year period. It will consist of 14 neighbor­ and wonder whether the policy of Liberty screams of the pro-Zionist "free press" in Lobby, long a bulwark of anti-Communism, hoods grouped into four "villages" clustered America. Naturally, we do not expect to around a town center. has changed. Certainly not! The truth is that receive hearty applause for taking such an from the very start Liberty Lobby has op­ Each neighborhood will have its own ele­ Amerioan stand from the top lee.ders of the mentary school, shops, park, and playground, posed the war in Vietnam, pointing out that Council on Foreign Relations and their sly this nation has no business being there and and approximately 1,400 housing units pro­ cronies that ladle out vast amounts of tax­ viding living space for an average population that only disaster could follow our military free dollars from the Carnegie Corporation, intervention on the mainland of Asia. of 5,000. Each neighborhood Will include low­ the Carnegie Endowment for International income as well as middle-income and upper­ What is Liberty Lobby? It is a nonpartisan Peace, the Rockefeller Foundation, the Ford political institution-the original "people's income housing. Foundation and others! These foundations In each neighborhood the architectural de­ lobby"-which has been operating in Wash­ have long planned to socialize this world ington and groWing steadily since 1960. It is very quickly, by means of wars, and by fi­ sign of homes and shops will have an individ­ now one of the largest political organizations nancing revolutionary projects-in this ual character and in each ample space will in the U.S., With 25,000 members of its board country and abroad-to d.istort and down­ be devoted to small parks and greenery. of policy and more than 200,000 subscribers. The only things that the 14 neighborhoods grade our American way of life. The policy of Liberty Lobby is distinctly We are the people's lobby! will use in common are a marina, two goli! pro-American and anti-Communist. All ap­ courses, and two major parks established plicants must sign a loyalty oath to the U.S. along a creek. before the) can become members. Members of the development team have How do we reconcile the Lobby's hard THE FLOWER MOUND NEW TOWN been studying new concepts in urban living anti-Communist stance With its position on in foreign countries, particularly the garden Vietnam? While it may come as a shock to HON. EARLE CABELL city of Tapiola, near Helsinki, Finland, and the no-win planners, we believe that the are working closely With several research com­ Communists' objective is to win/ From Marx OF TEXAS panies in the United States, to find means to Lenin to Stalin and the current Kremlin IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES of bringing to Flower Mound an ideal way of rulers, the Bolshevist world has been dedi­ Monday, June 7, 1971 life. cated to overpowering the U.S., the citadel LITTLE WHITE CHURCH of individual freedom. Mr. CABELL. Mr. Speaker, in the Fri­ At this early stage the developers are a Direct assault does not appear feasible or day, June 4, 1971, issue of the Christian little reluctant to give details on what exact­ safe to the Kremlin; therefore, it seeks a steady attrition of our materiel, manpower, Science Monitor, a special feature article ly those means will be, other than to say money, and our w111 to fight, trying to pre­ was presented in the real estate section that they are working on an industrial sec­ pare the way for our possible defeat. Such on an exciting new development proposal tion that will insure clean air and water; a for the Dallas-Fort Worth area. The school system With closed-circuit TV that will a strategy is readily accomplished by having allow an incapacitated or difficult child to be the U.S. fight wars on foreign soil for some Flower Mound New Town is being taught at home; and a rapid-transit system politically illusive and often selfish economic planned and developed by a group prin­ which will link Flower Mound with Dallas goal. In short, fighting the Vietnamese Com­ cipally headed by two Dallas men of munists plays into Moscow's hands beauti­ and Fort Worth, each about 20 miles away. fully. broad vision, Edward S. Marcus and Ray­ This is the Flower Mound of the future. I emphasize, however, that Liberty Lobby mond D. Nasher. Occupancy of the first neighborhood is does not advocate precipiate, unilateral With­ I would like to present excerpts from planned for the fall of 1972. drawal from Vietnam. (A liberal-minded the article for the RECORD. person against the war in Vietnam poses as NEW CITY To DRAW 100,000 peace-loving, while a constitutionalist who (By Aline Willbur) FEDERAL CIVUJAN EMPLOYMENT, also opposes it is called an isolationist.) Re­ APRn. 1971 gardless of rhetoric, Withdrawal means de­ DALLAS.-The new Flower Mound city to feat--With severe consequences. be built between Dallas and Fort Worth will What is our solution to this unending trigger more than a $1 billion worth of con­ struction activities when building begins in HON. GEORGE H. MAHON series of painful problems? Since 1966, we OF TEXAS have been advocating an all-Asian Anti­ mid-1971. Communist Threign Legion.) Such a force, If the name sounds romantic, it should be. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES composed of volunteer ethnic units from This city of the future is going to combine Monday, June 7, 1971 Japan, the Philippines, Formosa, Indonesia, governmental aid With local businessmen's Indochina and Indian would entirely remove vision and knowhow, and together create a Mr. MAHON. Mr. Speaker, I include the race issue from the Vietnam conflict community which will be "a step in the ful­ a release highlighting the April 1971 preventing Red China from using this issue fillment of the American dream." civilian personnel report of the Joint as a device to mobilize her people for ag­ The innovative, new city, which eventu­ Committee on Reduction of Federal Ex­ gressive action. It would also dramatically ally will provide llving services for 100,000 penditures: demonstrate that the war is to liberate Asian people, will be built on a 6,155-acre site, four nations from the threat of domination by miles north of the Dallas-Fort Worth regional FEDERAL CIVILIAN EMPLOYMENT, APRIL 1971 Communist-financed China, and not to ag­ airport. Total civilian employment in the Execu­ grandize the international banking cartel George Romney, Secretary of Housing and tive, Legislative and Judiclal B:ranches of the now domina.tlng our money policy in the Urban Development, announced in Washing­ Federal Government in the month of April U.S. and abroad. ton last December that the project qualifies was 2,883,535 as compared with 2,872,978 in 18578 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS June 7, 1971 the preceding month of March. This was a Total employment in civilian agencies of 2,844,761 includes some foreign nationals net increase of 10,557. the Executive Branch for the month of April employed abroad, but in addition there were These figures are from reports certified by was 1,699,303, an increase of 10,997 as com­ 97,628 foreign nationals working for U.S. the agencies as compiled by the Joint COm­ pared with the March total of 1,688,306. Total agencies overseas during April who were not mittee on Reduction of Federal Expendi­ civilian employment in the mllitary agen­ counted in the usual personnel reports. The tures. cies in April was 1,145,458, a decrease of 1,135 number in March was 99,499. as compared with 1,146,593 in March. EXECUTIVE BRANCH The civilian agencies of the Executive LEGISLATIVE AND JUDICIAL BRANCHES Civilian employment in the Executive Branch reporting the largest increases during Employment in the Legislative Branch in Branch in the month of April totalled 2,844,- April were Department of Agriculture with the month of April totaled 31,148, an increase 4,772, Treasury Departmenrt; with 2,582 and of 611 as compared with the preceding month 761. This was a net increase of 9,862 as com­ of March. Employment in the Judicial pared with employment reported in the pre­ Department of Interior with 1,423. These increases were largely seasonal. Branch in the month of April totaled 7,626, ceding month of March. Employment by an increase of 84 as compared with March. months in fiscal 1971, which began July 1, In the Department of Defense the largest 1970, follows: decrease in civilian employment was reported DISADVANTAGED PERSONS by the Navy with 1,880. The largest increase The total of 2,883,535 reported by the com­ was in Air Force with 745. Inittee for April includes 20,832 disadvan­ Total Executive Branch employment in­ taged persons employed under federal oppor­ Executive side the United States in April was 2,643,896, tunity programs, an increase of 201 over the Month branch Increase Decrease an increase of 12,279 as compared with preceding month of March. (See Table 4 of March. Total employment outside the United accompanying report.) States in April was 200,865, a decrease of July 1970 ______2, 942,517 ------1, 595 2,417 as compared with March. In addition, Mr. Speaker, I would like AugusL. ------2, 901,856 ------40,661 September______2, 851,875 ------49,981 The total of 2,844,761 civilian employees to include a tabulation, excerpted from October ______2,838,664 ------13,211 of the Executive Bmnch reported for the the joint committee report, on person­ November______2, 843,411 +4, 747 ------month of April 1971 includes 2,521,942 full December______2, 838,320 ------5,091 time employees in permanent positions. This nel employed full time in permanent January 1971 ______2, 829,637 ------8,683 positions by executive branch agencies February ______2,834,209 +4,572 ------represents a decrease of 442 in such employ­ March ____ ------2, 834, 899 +690 ------ment from the preceding month of March. during April 1971, showing comparisons April ______------2, 844,761 +9, 862 ------(See Table 2 of the accompanying report.) with June 1969, June 1970, and the The Executive Branch employment total of budget estimates for June 1971:

FULL-TIME PERMANENT EMPLOYMENT

Estimated Estimated, June 30, June 30, Major agencies June 1969 June 1970 Aprill971 19711 Major agencies June 1969 June 1970 April1971 19711

Agriculture. ____ ------____ ------_ 83, 425 82,912 82,876 85, 600 General Services Administration ______36, 176 36,400 37,740 39,900 Commerce ..• ______25,364 25,427 27, 856 28,400 National Aeronautics and Space Admin- Defense: istration ______31,733 31, 223 29,611 29, 900 Civilian functions ______------___ 31,214 30,297 29,976 30,900 Office of Economic Opportunity ______2, 856 2, 387 2,446 2, 500 Military functions ______1, 225,877 1, 129,642 1, 076,605 1, 079,500 Panama CanaL ______------14,731 14,635 14, 180 14, 800 Health, Education, and Welfare ______102,941 102, 297 103,992 105, 300 Selective Service System ______6,584 6,665 6, 524 6, 500 Housing and Urban Development______14,307 14,661 15, 466 16, 000 Small Business Administration ______4,099 4, 015 3, 970 4,100 Interior ______58, 156 59,349 56,939 58,000 Tennessee Valley Authority ______11,987 12,657 13,447 13, 300 Justice. ______35,106 38,013 40,827 43, 600 U.S. Information Agency ______10,500 9,989 9,800 9,900 labor ______------9, 723 10,217 10,888 11,600 Veterans' Administration. ______147,606 148, 497 150,169 154,400 All other agencies ______StatePost Office______.... ______------______562,381 565, 618 567,839 585,200 26,200 27,420 28,029 29,700 24,658 23,618 23,196 23, 600 Contingencies. ______------______------______5, 000 Agency for International Development______15, 753 14,486 13,771 14,000 Transportation. ______• 60,386 63,879 67,288 69,600 SubtotaL. ______2,633, 762 2, 552,571 2, 520,652 2, 574,000 Treasury _____ ---- __ ------79,982 86,020 89, 822 93, 500 Public Service careers ______------_____ ------______1,290 3 4, 900 7, 047 7, 033 6, 933 7, 000 ~~ir~~~~i!~o~:::i~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 4, 970 5, 214 5, 335 5, 500 TotaL ___ • _____ . ___ ------2,633, 762 2, 552,571 2, 521,942 2, 578,900 Environmental Protection Agency'------.------______5, 127 6, 700

t Source: As projected In 1972 budget document: figures rounded to nearest hundred. a Source: Civil Service Commission estimate of persons in entry component for whom ceiling s Established as of Dec. 2, 1970, by transfer of functions and personnel from Interior, HEW, relief has been granted. Agriculture, Federal Radiation Council and Atomic Energy Commission.

U.S. TROOP COMMITMENT IN therefore comes to about 525,000 people. is more, Germany has one of the lowest EUROPE To maintain these men and their de­ unemployment rates in the world. It is pendents in Western Europe costs the under 1 percent, a figure far lower than United States $14 billion each year. that here in our country. HON. TIM LEE CARTER In 1947, 2 years after the war ended, Germany is unmistakably one of the OJ' KENTUCKY the United States announced its inten­ world's most successful societies. Its IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES tion to extend financial aid to European extraordinary postwar recovery is now Monday, June 7, 1971 countries "willing to assist in the task history. The economy is still booming. of recovery." In the next 3 years, Con­ Within the past year, Willy Brandt Mr. CARTER. Mr. Speaker, in 1941, gress authorized $3.5 billion to fulfill the has negotiated a bilateral renunciation­ the United States entered World War promise which had been made. The Mar­ of-force treaty with the Soviet Union. II. Since that time, this country has ac­ shall plan, in conjunction with the North Under the provisions of this treaty, tively participated in protecting and pre­ Atlantic Treaty Alliance, clearly can signed August 12, 1970, West Germany serving the economic and military status be credited with restoring economic and the Soviet Union have agreed "to re­ of Western European nations. Although health to Western Europe and halting frain from the threat or use of force" the war was over 26 years ago, we con­ the march of communism in this region. and to promote "the development of tinue to maintain our troops and their Through the assistance offered under the peaceful relations among European dependents, scattered throughout Eu- Marshall plan since 1947, Europe has states." I submit that this treaty be­ rope, at a tremendous expense to our Na­ been able to rebuild itself. tween Russia and Germany indicates tion. Germany, in particular, has made such that our troops are no longer needed. It In 1950, when the buildup of American progress that its economy is the best in is grounds for at least a gradual removal troops began, our troop strength num­ the world. The German Government has of the forces we have maintained in bered approximately 145,000 men main­ had to revalue the mark upward in Western Europe for 26 years at an ex­ tained at an estimated cost of $627 mil­ relation to other currencies twice in the orbitant expense. Perhaps Germany lion. At the present time, there are 333,- last 2 years. In 1969, one American dollar would welcome such a retrenchment on 000 men in Western Europe with their was worth 4 German marks. Today, the part of the United States. It became dependents. The total American presence $1 is only worth 3.66 marks. What obvious that we had overstayed our wel- June 7, 1971 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 18579 come in France, when that Government was lucky to get on page 1 of most news­ THE ENVIRONMENT-PAST, PRES­ papers. ENT, AND PLUPERFECT insisted that our troops be removed. Then, a few days before, Sen. Henry Jack­ The maintenance of American troops son, D-Wash., had made a speech to the alone for 26 years has cost the United American Society of Newspaper Editors in HON. GEORGE P. MILLER States more than $57 billion. This is one which he said: OF CALIFORNIA of the reasons why the citizens of the "The capacity of our strategic force to sur­ United States are weighted down so vive a first strike is now coming into ques­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES heavily by taxes. tion. The relentless Soviet strategic and Monday, June 7, 1971 naval buildup poses a serious threat not to We find that our European friends just one, but to all three of the elements Mr. MILLER of California. Mr. Speak­ urge us not to change ow· commitments of our strategic deterrent--ICBMs, bombers er, Prof. Abel Wolman of the Johns Hop­ or remove our military forces, while at a.nd Polaris/ Poseidon." kins University has been of great help to the same time they argue that we should Jackson pointed to the peculiar incon­ the House Science and Astronautics reduce our payments deficits, which are sistency CYf the Soviet position in the SALT Committee over the years. His reasoned due in large part to the activities which disarmament talks--a willingness to con­ views on environmental problems stem they say cannot be altered. sider dismantling defensive missiles, but ab­ from a long productive career in public Over each of the next 5 years, the solute refusal to discuss offensive missiles. health. He recently has commented on European countries together plan to This makes sense if you expect someday to have overwhelming first-strike capability and the negativism and gloom of current at­ spend an additional $200 million for are not really worried about the enemy mak­ titudes toward applied science. Dr. Wol­ their own defense, an amount roughly ing a first strike. man observes: equal to one-ninth of the annual U.S. Senator Jackson got a little publicity for Can we make environmental progress with­ balance-of-payments deficit incurred as his speech, but he didin't do anywhere near out eroding the institutions which protect a result of American military expendi­ as well as Jane Fonda, who landed on the against the arbitrary, tbe foolish and the tures in Europe. front cover of Life's April 23rd issue. The destructive under the guise of protecting us It is my feeling that Germany is now Life article showed Jane holding forth to against the eVils of environmental degrada­ capable of taking care of itself and that pop-eyed college students as she described tion? Here I rely upon the intuitive wisdom a reduction in our troop strength in her new film which maintains that stealing of the future, so frequently manifest in the is not theft, but property is. common man. The pendulum will swing back Western Europe should begin. This may, Life didn't get around to mentioning that of necessity, be gradual. But it is beyond to the recogni•tion that universal prohibition this martyr of the young remains unpun­ of ecologic sin does not provide for the mil­ the capability of the United States to ished for kicking a U.S. customs officer in the lennium. Man, as an endangered species, will pay for troops in Europe any longer, and stomach when he irritated her by finding a forever depend upon the fruits of science it is far too great a burden on the Amer­ purse full of pills. It didn't quote her classic and technology, tempered by statesmen's ca­ ican taxpayer. Even if Germany and the statement, "Don't knock commun1sm until pacities for selection and priori·ty. other Western European countries agreed you've tried it." One of the people who hasn't tried it is Jane. I commend his thoughts to my col­ to accept a greater share of the burden Jane has been bringing anti-war dramas of paying for their presence, I do not be­ leagues and insert the text of Dr. Wol­ to towns in which military camps are located, man's paper at this point in the RECORD: lieve it would be acceptable. There is a and she has been trying to get into the reluctance on the part of the American camps, themselves, to pass out anti-military THE ENVmONMENT-PAST, PRESENT, AND people to serve as the sole protectors of literature. Many homesick Gis, it is said, got PLUPERFECT the status quo in Western Europe. real turned on. (By Abel Weiman) Then there is the interesting situation of Some forty years ago, Morris R. Cohen, a racial warfare in the armed forces. In Viet­ thoughtful observer of the social scene, made nam the hurling of fragmentation grenades the pertinent observation that: "in law as THE RESOLUTION GAP into the tents of unpopular white officers by in other social fields the very vitality of our militant black soldiers has become sufficient­ interests makes us passionately espouse half­ ly common so that "fragging" has joined the truths and zealously exclude the vision of military vocabulary. those who see the opposing and supple­ HON. PAGE BELCHER Gen. Hamilton Howze, writing in the ma­ OF OKLAHOMA mentary half-truth." (Morris R. Cohen, Law gazine "Army", says that U.S. military dis­ and the Social Order. Harcourt Brace and IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES cipline is generally so bad that he doubts Company, New York, 1933.) if he could successfully command an Army Monday, June 7, 1971 Even at the risk of endangering my pro­ company today in battle situations "against fessional reputation, the comment above Mr. BELCHER. Mr. Speaker, I would a powerful and determined enemy." describes, perhaps with reasonable accuracy, like to take this opportunity to insert the So we come to the resolution gap. History the environment discussions in the climate following editorial written by a consti­ is full of cases where powerful nations, short of today. The Diogenes, in search of a tuent of mine, Mr. Jenkin Lloyd Jones: on resolution, have succumbed to less pow­ balanced view and a statesman willing to erfull nations. Napoleon, with his disciplined espouse it, must have diligence, eternal hope (From the Tulsa Tribune, May 8, 1971] legions, licked the flabby armies of many and the patience of Job. THE RESOLUTION GAP wealthier kings and emperors. This paper undertakes to review t he past (By Jenkin Lloyd Jones) The Chinese army would not put up with and present environment, with a look at the It was a familiar script. The "anti-war" "fragging". There are no Jane Fondaviches desired Utopia of the future-the "pluper­ Vietnam veterans, some looking like Castro running around Russian military camps. No feot"-not in the grammarian's sense, but in and others like Che Guevara, llned up on the Jane Fandangos are kicking Cuban officials its generic meaning of the "more than per­ steps of the U.S. Supreme Court doing a in the stomach and then dashing off to lec­ fect"! chorus kick. ture at Castro's universities on the evils of Before sailing into these treacherous seas, Senat or George McGovern had met with communism. No disillusioned North Viet­ let me say that I am for protecting and en­ them and praised them. Senator Fulbright namese are camping defiantly on any public hancing the quality of life and that I am had beamed upon them. Ramsey Clark had grounds in Hanoi. No tv programs behind against the degradation of the environment. undertaken to serve as their legal adviser. the Iron and Bamboo Curtains are mono­ The "quality of life" and "degradation", And now all was ready for the confronta­ polized by angry proponents of the Amer­ bandied about with flourishing pennants, tion, when cossacks, i.e. the Washington po­ icans. mean different things, to different people, at lice, would move in on the chorus line. What will be interesting to see is whether different times. The concepts are not ab­ You get t he picture, of course. Patriotic this great nation, the U.S.A., can be rendered solutes (though some use them so), but re­ Gis, appalled by America's monstrous par­ defenseless through internal confusion and lative terms, each frequently in complete ticipation in this most unjust of all wars, disbelief even as its wealth and liberties re­ competition with the views of others. As a being hounded away from their peaceful main the envy of most of the world, and further setting for this journey, we need to efforts at petition by the min1ons of an op­ while it retains in its hands the thunder­ be constantly reminded that wherever man pressive and guilty state. Or, if you don't get bolts of Zeus. is, whatever he does, when he eats, works, the picture, you'll get it on the six o'clock Fifty-nine year old Americans like me have plays, sleeps or lectures he changes the tv news. lived for 59 years under a high degree of per­ ecology of his environment. Man thus is the Even as this highly-select group of vet­ sonal freedom. creator of environmental determinants of erans was gathering, that unspeakable war­ Perhaps it might be in order if a 19-year­ both good and evil. The challenge in our monger from the Pentagon, Melvin Laird, was old, sitting at the feet of Jane Fonda, began society is to maintain a balance between trying to warn that the Russians would soon to wonder how many years of freedom he'll them with maximum logic, wisdom and hu­ have a clear lead in the missile race. Laird have. manity. We do not meet the issues by u n - 18580 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS June 7, 1971 bridled chaos or by a swift retreat to the house cleaning by means of supplies of water (c) The atmosphere over London, Pitts­ "good old past." and improved sewerage, and especially the burgh, St. Louis, Baltimore and others is THE REMOTE PAST introduction of chapter and more efficient greatly improved over 25 years ago. modes of removing noxious refuse from the One must concede that these myths offer The Director of the U.S. Geological Survey towns, are operations for which aid must be much grist for political speeches, particu­ reminded us recently that, over the mil­ sought from the science of the civil engineer, larly in election years. They serve no useful lennia of the past, rivers were dirty long and from the phyician . . ." purpose, however, in providing lessons for before man arrived on the scene. Inexorably Periodically, cholera raged through the maximum ecological balance in the years to the rainS that fell and still fall upon the cities. Death rates were considered normal come. Only science and technology can pos­ u.s. bring with them, annually, more than at 23 per 1000. Present rates are less than sibly provide the safeguards society must 4 million tons of table saJ.t, 2~ million tons 10. In the generation of white males born have if it is to capture that cherished quality of sodium sulphate and 36 million tons of in the 1840's less than 60 percent survived of life each man seeks in his own definition. calcium compounds. It was not his view that to age 20. Of those born in the 1960's, by The future will have its environmental prob­ these characteristics of nature's behavior contrast, over 96 percent will live to that lems. Many of us not only confront them, provided any warrant for man adding to his age. Likewise, the expectation of life at birth but have the confidence they may be re­ loads, infinitesimal as they are in relation was then between 30 and 40 years. Today, it solved-given the will and the money. to nature's contributions, without assessing is at the level of 70 years! the benefits and nazards of his actions. The Further elaborate comparisons of the past THE PLUPERFECT geologic and geographic realities, however, with the "evil" present would do no more What is this world we seek? History has must be borne in mind when we rush to­ than suggest that the past was far from the many lessons in our search for the perfect ward "instant" solutions to environmental Elysium envisioned by the prophets of doom society-most of it strewn with failures. Per­ disabilities. The "instant enzyme" of tele­ and the haters of cities. Realistic reminders haps, our "unperfect" world can only be re­ vision promise is not yet at hand. of the dismal environmental past are stlll designed toward improvement rathP-r than Your own State Geologist, John C. Frye, close at hand in the bustees of Calcutta, the perfection. Of the great idealists of history. has recently commented in a similiar vein: favellas of Brazil and the villas misereres of perhaps no one left for posterity so high a (John c. Frye, A Geologist Views the Envi­ the Argentine. vision of Utopia as Sir Thomas More. Since ronment. Environmental Geology Notes, illi­ THE PRESENT the early sixteenth century his oonception nois State Geological Survey. February 1971, has guided the old and inspired the young In the United States, a new empire of some with the hope that somewhere on this earth No. 42.) "The Earth is known to be several 50,000,000 people has been created since the billion years old, and the geologic record of life would be sweet, free from battle, and 1940's, reaching a total figure in 1970 of 205,- peopled by the generous and helpful. Yet, the physical events and life-forms on the earth 000,000. With the most modest of estimates, is reasonably good for more than the most vision has always remained unfulfilled. Ken­ another empire of 50,000,000 will be with us neth Clark put his finger, perhaps, on the recent 500 million years. Throughout this by the year 2000. No matter how successful span of known times the environment has missing ingredient, in his recent comment the "zero growth" zealots may be, engineers, on Sir Thomas More: "himself was a noble been constantly changing-sometimes very doctors, economists, sociologists, political slowly, but at other times, quite rapidly.... idealiSt, too good for the world of aotion scientists, statesmen et al will have to pro­ where he sometimes lost his way:' 1 Less than 20000 years ago the area occupied vide the whole spectrum of environmental by such cities as Chicago, Cleveland, De­ How can we prevent ourselves from losing services to an additional 100,000,000 men, our way in our trek toward a better environ­ troit, and Toronto were deeply buried under women and children. For them to survive, the glacial ice." ment? Let us review some of the pitfalls energy will be required, industrial products which confront us. Twelve thousand years ago, this great area, must be manufactured, food will have to be in which I speak, drained to the Gulf of (a) Science and Technology: Some believe grown, houses, water and wastes will have to that the major threat to our existence lies in Mexico rather than to the Atlantic Ocean. be serviced. No amount of idealistic incan­ Some in the audience might still have pre­ the very attributes of our past--namely in tation or King Chanute behavior will stem the sins engendered by the great advances ferred this contingency, but Frye simply the tides of industrialization, urbanization listed these facts to emphasize that the en­ in science and technology. This self-flagel­ and consumerism. Decrying the past, mass lation has become the hallmark of even some vironment is a dynamic system that "must self-flagellation, recrimination and prohibi­ be accommodated by man's activities, rather scientists am.d technologists in their public tory decrees will not meet these demands testimony, lurid with hyperbole. than a static, unchanging system that can now at our respective doorsteps. be 'preserved'." E. J. Mlshan, a London economist, recently Before moving on to the design of the viewed the future in this gloomy perspective: The persistent and strident belief of many future, and its implications, it is well to dis­ that negativism toward any proposal leads "Try as I mig'ht, then, it appears that I am pose of a few dramatic myths stlll actively des11ined to end on a. pessimistic note after to an ecological heaven, will have rude peddled by the prophets of global doom. Dur­ awakening when the consequences, tangible all. To the effect, in sum, that in their de­ ing July 1970, about 100 scientists and pro­ spair, or greed, or both, men have come to and intangible, Of retreat to a non-existent fessionals met for a month on the oarnpus of past come due. place their faith in research, what they rev­ Williams College in Massachusetts. They con­ erently call 'scientific research'. For deliv­ THE LESS REMOTE PAST ducted a study of critical environmental erance they turn from Mammon to Science. Those who would retreat, with the nos­ problems, concerned mainly with the con­ And when the time comes, Science, in its talgia for imaginary Thoreau-like environ­ sequences of pollution. in climate, ocean ecol­ turn, will oonsign them to oblivion." 2 ments, either have short memories or do not ogy and large, terrestrial, eco-systems. Their How true is all this attack? Are we basking read while they run. The reports by Chad­ findings, in brief, are essentJia.l prerequisites in the delusion that science and technology wick in England, Stephen Smith in New to any planning conception for the world of are in reality the instrumenta.lltles of civil­ York City and Lemuel Shattuck in Mas­ the future. They are: ization? Let us look at the record once a.ga.in. sachusetts should be required reading by the (a) The likelihood or direct climate change I have already pointed out thait a hundred in this century resulting from C0 is small, militant advocates of a return to some early 2 and fifty years ago, life was brief; for most, Utopia. Turning off the electricity, reducing but its long term potential consequences are life expectancy was 38 years. Life was hard. water use to that of less favored countries, so large that much more must be learned.... The work week was 72 hours. The ave11age pay reverting to so-called nature's foods, using (b) Although by the year 2000 we expect was $300 per year. A dishwasher, a V'aiCUum your sewage on your own household lot, ·are global thermal power output to be six times cleaner, a macerator-the housewife's relief the serious proposals of the day at State and the present level, we do not expect it to affect and the doomsday prophet's anathema-were Federal legislative hearings. global climate. never heard of. The food was monotonous What was it like for the people a century (c) Atmospheric oxygen is practically con­ and scarce. The winters were harsh and t'he or more ago? Sir Edwin Chadwick gives a stant. It varies neither over time (since 1910) summers difficult. Epidemics were frequent reasonably accurate picture of the environ­ nor regionally. It is always very close to 20.946 and severe. In this region, malaria was prev­ ment in the mid-nineteenth century in Lon­ percent. Calculations show that depletion of alent and typhoid fever killed annually at don. It had its counterparts in New York, oxygen by burning all the recoverable fossil the mte of 50 to 75 per 100,000 people. This Boston, Chicago, Washington and other fuels in the world would reduce it only to rehearsal can be expanded ten-fold. Its im­ American cities. As was and still is the Brit­ 20.800 percent. port is only that those dreadful days were ish custom to recognize its problems, the To these items, I add a few other findings eliminated for most people, but not yet for Government announced a Royal Commission which have been successfully documented all, by science and technology. in 1832 to study the problems of the poor. here and abroad, as follows: It is true that these SMlle forces brought Fortunately, Chadwick was one of the assist­ (a) The quality of rivers in the U.S. and in >their wake less salutary effects, some dis­ ant commissioners. For the next 25 years, he in England has not been completely degraded regard of the amenities and Of esthetics, some was the great social reformer, continuously over the last 50 years. The Thames is better destruction of the environment and of our and persistently obnoxious in disclosing the today than it has been in over 100 years. The natural resources. On balance, however, the sanitary mess in which, not only the poor, majority of the streams in England show sim­ lot of man was significantly improved. OUr but the rich wallowed. ilar improvement in the last two decades. responsibility today is clear. It is not to It is not surprising that his reports, each Some major rivers in the U.S. have not been bemoan the past, to derogate the present a masterpiece of exposition, were focused pri­ degraded since the 1930's and some are of marily upon "the great preventatives (of better quality. squalor and disease) of drainage, street and (b) Lake Erie is not "dead". Footnotes at end of article. June 7, 1971 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 18581

and to fear the future. It is rather to a.ssess (c) The Law: The abiding faith in the law matter how strong are of little avail unless the prospect and its challenges and to meet has ancient and warranted roots. Today's supplemented by knowledge of practicable them with a real understanding that they picture of meeting our environmental ills treatment methods and by means of financ­ must be encountered with a faithful ac­ by legislBitive flat is, however, an extension ing the needed works. If suitable methods ceptance of ecologic equilibrium. Despair has of faith almost to the point of hysteria. and adequate funds are available, in com­ never been man's best guide. The better mood Here I should like to distinguish between bination with enlightened public opinion, is to view the future with hope, blinded nei­ a passionate concern for conservation and enforcement rarely is necessary." e ther by simplistic doom or by effortless wish­ a hysterical attack upon any who suggest Of more importance, however, than these ful thinking. that a happy mean is necessary between pres­ colliSiderations in enforcement are the in­ We shall increasingly learn how to meet ervation and growth and development. creasing evidences of hasty, ill considered the hazards and insults of the old and new We witness today the proliferation of laws, and intimidating requirements in areas of technologies, esthetically and with .m1.nimum unlikely to be enforced, which seek to meet complex scientific nature. Some of these, of damage to social, beh:a. vio:m.l and naturBil all debatable issues by suits, penalties, es­ long term implications, are in the decisions values. There is reasonable basis for assum­ pionage and even blackmail via communica­ regarding DDT, lead in gasoline, and so­ ing that we can be successful, as shown by tions media. Some of these views are exem­ called thermal pollution. It is doubtful the progress in the past, and the structures, plified by one of the strong advocates of "en­ whether these and other materials were sub­ facilities and services which cover the coun­ vironmental law," Professor Joseph L. Sax, at jected to the deep and thoughtful consider­ try. 'I'hlat some of these do not fulfill all the University of Michigan. In opposition ation which their overall significance to so­ the hlghest desires of man is a demonstra­ stands, among others, Professor Louis L. ciety warranted. tion only of our frailty, not of our devasta­ Jaffe of the Harvard Law School. The prohibition of lead in gasoline has tion. Professor Sax has considerable impatience little public health significance and prob­ (b) Politics: Alexis de Toqueville, in 1852 with present procedures, both in administra­ ably less smog advantage than its new and spoke before the French Academy of Moral tion and in courts, in defending the en­ old substitutes. Although it had minimal and Political Sciences. The speech has only vironment. He would like to universalize citi­ health significance, it has maximum televi­ recently been published in English. In his zen action and to enforce greater concern sion and newspaper appeal. Four hundred characteristic fashion he analyzed the prob­ with environmental impact in all decision thousand cases in the U.S. of lead poison­ lems of politics as they still confront us in making. Professor Jaffe believes that en­ ing in children, largely in ghetto areas, de­ this or any other country. We shall forever vironmental considerations can and should served, however, only four lines, once, in the concern ourselves with whether there is a be given a very high priority, within the legal daily newspapers. science of politics and, if so, how best man framework now in existence. He goes fur­ Hearings on the aboltion of DDT deterio­ may be subjected to painless, useful and ther in emphasizing that "courts should con­ rated in many instances to mob intimida­ permanent discipline, in place of painful, de­ clude that a serious environmenal impact tion of those courageous souls who dared to structive and evanescent chaos. must be justified by relevant and weighty suggest that the use of this insecticide had Those of us who view the political scene considerations.... Merely verbal, trivial or saved the lives of millions of people. Where vis a vis environmental debates may easily marginal factors should be disregarded as its use had been discontinued, as in Ceylon despair at the vagaries of political leaders, frivolous. Needs must be verified; alterna­ in the 1960's, over 600,000 cases of malaria swaying wildly with the winds of doctrine. tives must be explored; and costs of alterna­ were reported in 1968 and the first quarter of The central theme of all revolves around the tives must be quantified." • 1969. Unfortunately, no substitute has been beauties of enhancing the quality of life­ One might well test many of the procla­ found for DDT and its high efficiency in the a policy now virtually approaching a reli­ mations, regulations and laws against these prevention of malaria, yellow fever and ty­ gion. Where politics enters the scene is in specifications. In not too many of these, phus. Some 1300 compounds have so far translating the religious tenets into daily which flow weekly from Washington, are been tested for replacement by the World application, by fiat, by preachment, by brib­ these sound criteria obeyed. Professor Jaffe Health Organization, in cooperation with ery via grants, by penalty, and by reprisal. goes on to say "the now fashionable theory several national agencies. Not one has meas­ Although it is still too early to determine the is that administration cannot be trusted to ured up to DDT. It is true of insecticides, as validities of these approaches, one has the take important initiatives altering the status of beneficial drugs, that they may be harmful uncomfortable feeling that the hopes are not quo where as courts are for more dependably if misused. A total ban would be even more being rapidly fulfilled. 'with it'." • In order to meet these attacks, harmful. Yet the rush for zero constituents of De Toqueville's warnings in these efforts administrative agencies rush to prove that everything-with an assumed zero risk are worth recording here. He points out that they can be as arbitrary as any devout en­ world-is the slogan of the day, even in the the practical and militant aspect of politics vironmental impact novitiate. law. is in providing for passing needs, where it is I share the thoughtful view that agen­ In the case of the discharge of thermal aided by the ephemeral passions of its con­ cies are capable of effective action, deeply units, chaos stlll prevails, while officials vie temporaries. It is in such an era that we live considered and well supported, provided they with each other in announcing requirements today, where environmental passions run can free themselves reasonably effectively bearing little or no relationship to demon­ high. In every revolution, including our pres­ from vociferous intimidation and high dec­ strated ecologic hazard or advantage. In ent one, their "leaders do not need our bless­ ibel recrimination, often by minority groups many instances, the effort is directed more ings or our curses, but only our pity, for with the best of intentions. "Unless this toward winning popularity contests than to they almost always did otherwise than they comes about . . . the possibllities of effec­ assessing scientific validity. intended, and in the end arrived at a result tive and broadscale environmental protec­ (d) Economics: It is rare to find directives they detested." 3 tion action are not very good, since the publicly supported by any statement of eco­ If one reads the militant briefs of today, courts without powerful and continuous nomic impact. The clamor for parallel state­ with their recriminations of society in gen­ administrative initiatives cannot ... ac­ ments of environmental impact, to the ex­ eral, and, in particular, of government, in­ complish a grea,t deal." 5 clusion of all other considerations is under­ dustry, law and the courts, one cannot es­ In all of these discussions, one finds a standable. For so long these important eco­ cape their tacit conclusion that the world deep-seated faith in the efficacy of law in logic aspects were never spelled out, so that would be saved if all these artifacts of civ­ resolving major issues of human behavior. demands for their elaboration are persuasive. ilization were swept away. De Toqueville Few studies of such efficacy are really at Perhaps, it is not too much to prophesy that, properly reminds us that "revolution and hand. One might well question whether the before long, pressures will mount to add to liberty are two words which in history must faith is fully warranted. Many years ago a law these displays, corresponding pictures of the be kept carefully apart. The First Consul, was passed for one of the Maryland coun­ effects of each decision on the economy of who personified the French Revolution and ties which prohibited the discharge of sew­ the region, county or globe. Broad assess­ continued it after his own fashion, was none­ age, treated or untreated, into any receiving ments of the present era of negativism re­ theless one of the greatest enemies of liberty body of water. It is perhaps stlll on the main to .be made, while debates in Congress the world has ever known." a books. Aside from the deep satisfaction at are ruready under way to provide the official Can we make environmental progress with­ its passage enjoyed by its sponsors, the re­ forum for the assessment of the technologic out eroding the institutions which protect sults were nil. proposals for the future. people against the arbitrary, the foolish and One of the few serious inquiries in this I expressed a mounting concern regarding the destructive under the guise of protecting field was made by a National Water Re­ the aibsence of such assessment of cunent us against the evils of environmental degra­ sources Committee at the request of the decisions in 1968, in the following terms: dation? Here I rely upon the intuitive wis­ Congress in 1939. The Report found, as one "In this effort to improve the quality of the dom of the future, so frequently manifest in might expect, that strong legislative sanc­ air, a number of stumbling blocks arise. the common man. The pendulum will swing tions for enforcement of stream pollution They include the difficulty of identifying back to the recognition that universal pro­ abatement in the States were in no way re­ relative causes and origins of pollution, o! hibition of ecologic sin does not provide for lated to favorable results. Strong administra­ measuring the effects on man, plant, animal the millinium. Man, as an endangered spe­ tors, with weak laws, showed greater ac­ life, and property, of evaluating and setting cies, Will forever depend upon the fruits of complishments than weak administrators reasonable limits on discharged constituents, science and technology, tempered by states­ with strong prohibitory statutes. men's capacities for selection and priority. of 18SSessing technological means of correc­ It is probably still true today as stated in tion, of determining costs and benefits and 1939: "Experience in the United States and of understanding economic impacts." 7 Footnotes at end of article. abroad shows that enforcement powers, no In April 1971, Dr. Houthakker, a member 18582 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS June 7, 1971 of the National Council of Economic Ad­ air quality standards by the most recent ch aracteristic of human behavior-th ey may visers, joined the mounting chorus of people World Health Organization Expert Commit­ not even be so good in soaps ! who feel that the time is ripe for a detailed tee. Their findings are equally applicable to Industry whi~h. in t ruth, provided a stand­ examination of our desires for a fresh qual­ other environmental determinants. They ard of living previously unheard of in history, ity of life, by listing at what tangible and stated in 1969: "Such standards should be at the same time invariably lagged behind intangible price. He charges that the advo­ based on sound scientific evidence as sup­ in its own housekeeping. Its revival of social cates of the dominance of human ecology plied by air quality guides; however, other responsibility is visible. It is hoped that t his make up for the absence of empirical evi­ considerations-including economic factors will con-tinue to grow, without the necessity dence "by a liberal supply of horror stories and technological feasib1lity-must be taken of countervailing government fiat, blackmail that make the description of economics as into account in establishing them . . . the or penalty. Destruction of the goose that lays the dismal science obsolete .... The .fact establishment of standards is a social and golden eggs did not work even in the fairy that in the field of human ecology it is political decision that attempts to balance tale. sometimes difficult to distinguish between the costs of pollution abatement against Retreat to the past is impossible, even for science and science fiction should not lead its benefits.... Such factors have been those few who enshrine it. The past was us to the conclusion that environmental evaluated only sporadically and inconsist­ imperfect, sad for many, and dangerous to problems are not serious. . . . Pollyanish ently, and the improvement of such esti­ all. though it may seem, the economist may rea­ mates would be of significant help in the The decision is a. clear one. The future can sonably start out from the assumption that establishment of standards." 10 be better, however measured. The tools for mankind will be with us for some time to We might well ask whether we actually a sane world are ei-ther here or around the come. Like most economic problems, the follow these specifications in our official corner. As always, they are only used when problem of the environment is primarily one practices. The evidence is slim 1 we have the mind or the will to pick them of choice. . . . The question then arises how MONEY AND MANAGEMENT up and put them to work. clean is clear." s The environment will not be made over, Let no one assume tha,t the task will be He goes on to point out how widely the even slowly, without money and manage­ simple. The environment is complex, al­ estimates of pollution control costs can vary. ment--with lots of each! Both of these de­ though not nearly so fragile, in general, as In the case of copper smelters, for example, ficiencies are passed over lightly in public some suggest. It ha-s good millennia of change the estimates, for controlling emissions into discussion. Massive grants-in-aid evaporate and will continue on its way. Our respon­ the air, range from one cent per pound of with budget deficits and inflation. The "car­ sibility is to adjust to change, somewhat copper to 5 or 6 cents, depending on whether rot" crop suffers from long term drought, gingerly, with the maximum of wisdom and one believes the official or the industry. As even though the Alice-in-Wonderland belief logi~ that we can summon up. Fear, delu­ to the everpresent conflict between the needs still persists with much of the public that sion, and even hysteria make poor guides on of the economy and the needs of the environ­ somehow this money does not come out of this journey. Even in mythology, the cou­ ment, he feels "the search for perfection is our own pockets. Santa Claus is wonderful rageous navigator was increasingly able to not likely to serve us well; instead the rule with his largesse, when he comes. steer safely between the hazardous waters of reason should prevail." of Scylla and Charybdis. An equally serious problem of moving for­ The list of basic confiicts noted above con­ FOOTNOTES tinues to grow as people grow in numbers ward lies in the absence of appropriate man­ and desires. The hope that these two phe­ agerial institutions to provide necessary cor­ 1 Kenneth Clark. Civilization. Harper and nomena will disappear is wishful thinking. rectives. A tremendous gap exists between Row, New York. 1969. It becomes compulsory, therefore, for society the proposals for political re-structuring ot 2 E. J. Mishan. Futurism-And the Worse to recognize that the easy road to Utopia local governments. in myriads of inquiries That Is Yet to Come. Encounter, March 1971, by saying "no" to all programs and projects and reports, and the creation of regional p.9. 3 is doomed to fail. Wise adjudication, obvious­ governmental units. It is not obvious that Alexis de Toqueville. The Art and Science ly, must prevail for new energy requirements, local governments can be rapidly enticed of Politics. Encounter. January 1971, pp. for new water impoundments, for incinerators into releasing some of their prerogatives to 27-35. or substitutes therefor, !or Alaska oil de­ overlying agencies to ensure broader effi­ 4. Louis L. Jaffe. The Adminlstrative Role velopment, for Rotterdam expansion by fill­ ciency and economy. Until now, reluctance in Environmental Protection. ALI-ABA ing wetlands, and myriads of other necessi­ is great and successes few. Course of Study on Environmental Law. ties !or man's continued existence. It takes Bath fiscal and organizational resources Washington, D.C. January 28-30, 1971. no great stroke of genius to stop everything. required are great, but not too great for the 5 Water Pollution 1n the United States. The wholesome concern about the en­ U.S., if they are intelligently husbanded and Third Report of Special Advisory Committee vironment will be served best by intelligent perpetually reimbursed. It is inescapable, of on Water Pollution, National Resource Com­ ordering of our values and priorities. The :eourse, that, when confroruted with the mittee, Government Printing Office. Wash­ underpinning for such ordering lies not in price of environmental enhancement, the ington, D.C., 1939. collapse of activity, but in the best assess­ public will have to evaluate priorities, choices 6 Abel Wolman. Air Pollution: Time for ments we are capable of on each conflicting and a,lternatives. One might even predict Appraisal. Science, Vol. 159, 29 March 1968, issue that confronts us. Those who charge that when all these are made visible, the pp. 1437-1440. full steam ahead and "damn the torpedoes" electorate may decide to use the elusive 7 Hendrik S. Houthakker. The Economy are not the best leaders for winning the war public dollar, for sohools, houses, medical and the Environment. Before the Cleveland to protect the quality of life. care, wilderness areas, bowling alleys, or Business ~onomists Club. April 19, 1971. beauty shops. 8 Urban Air Pollution, with Particular ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH IN SUMMARY Reference to Motor Vehicles. Report of WHO one of the curiosities of the present climate Man has always used and misused his Expert Committee. Tech. Rep. Series No. 410. is that environmental health considerations 1969. are distinguished primarily by their complete environmeDJt. He has rarely consciously done absence in most governmental decisions. The his bookkeeping regularly enough to take stock of his assets and debits. With the tre­ words appear generally in preambles to legis­ JOE FELKNOR lative acts. The reality, however, is that mendous growth in population, in urbaniza­ tion and in industrialization, the truth is budget allowan~es are infinitesimal and at the bottom of the heap. Yet, officials are thrust upon him that beneficent and dele­ HON. BILL ARCHER under the uncomfortable duress of justifying terious results flow from his behavior. How many of their dicta and standards on the this realization came about dramatically in OF TEXAS basis of protecting the health of the pub­ the 1960's I leave to the historian. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES The ecologist, reincarnated from Haeckel's lic-whether it is so or not. This stance must Monday, June 7, 1971 stem from the feeling that the public is still definition of 100 years ago, has become the impressed with this argument, whereas it present-day Messiah to lead us into a saner Mr. ARCHER. Mr. Speaker, I regret to might not be too persuaded by the emphasis world. He has done his job well in remind­ inform my colleagues about the death of on t he al11gator, the seal or the bald eagle. ing all that every action carries its own reac­ Mr. Joe Felknor, a prominent attorney The low status of health evidence input is tion-sometimes good and soemtimes evil. in Dandridge, Tenn. Mr. Felknor is the unfortunate, since both positive and nega­ As has always been the case with Messiahs, tive epidemiologic data are increasingly avail­ their followers demand salvation quickly brother of my good friend, Leon Felknor, able on the impact of pollution on man. and distrust non-believers-perhaps would of Houston. Nation al and international research on the even destroy them, legally, of course. Proph­ Although he never held public office, health implications is extensive and long ets of eternal doom have ms.rched consist­ Joe was actively interested in the affairs term. Their financial support is amazingly ently through history and the portents have of his State and Nation, and he worked meager, although their long term value in been postponed from time to time as wiser hard for good government. I wish that assessing policy and practice and in the oracles became less quantitative. every American shared his interest and illumination of choices for action is im­ What is true is th.at we have a list of concern about the wellbeing of our coun­ measurable. innumerable environmental problems. Gen­ Without belaboring this significant defi­ erally, we are too slow in correcting them, try. ciency in the U.S. and probably elsewhere, it although the record will show that we have I join his family and many friends in is well to record here the observations on not done too badly. Instant enzymes are not mourning his death. June 7, 1971 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 18583 GOLDEN JUBILEE OF LINCOLN For a comparatively young city, Lin­ CHILDHOOD LEAD POISONING-THE PARK, MICH. coln Park has developed a strong civic SITUATION IN CONNECTICUT spirit, manifested in active civic organi­ zations, many churches, and a highly HON. \VILLIAM D. FORD visible municipal pride. HON. WILLIAM F. RYAN OF MICHIGAN The current "family" of city officials OF NEW YORK IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES includes Robert DeMars, mayor; Max F. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Monday, June 7, 1971 Schiebold, council president; George A. Monday, June 7, 1911 Barber, Russell V. White-both former Mr. WIT..LIAM D. FORD. Mr. Speaker, mayors-Arnold C. Gregory, Frank La­ Mr. RYAN. Mr. Speaker, }hildhood the city of Lincoln Park, in my congres­ Fata and Victor Bonora, councilmen; lead poisoning is a disease wLich takes sional district, is celebrating its golden Clarence A. Hicks, treasurer; Frances its toll nationwide. That is why pre­ jubilee this year-the 50th anniversary Marcelonis, acting city clerk; William liminary requests for funding have been of its founding as a village in 1921. T. Chapman, municipal judge; John A. submitted to the Department of Health, To mark this historic event, Lincoln Aloisi, associate judge; Kenneth Mixter, Education, and Welfare from cities Park City officials have designated June city attorney; Robert Duncan, police across the country-Cincinnati, Denver, 28 as the highlight of the celebration, chief; Clarence Bay, fire chief; Dr. Kansas City, New Orleans, Omaha, Mo­ and have made plans for an eventful Paul P. Walter, health officer; Lester bile, Nashville, Saginaw, Rochester, San program to mark the occasion. A coordi­ Porath, assessor; Edward Figure, con­ Francisco, San Antonio, and many nating committee of seven persons have troller; Emmanuel Gorland, director others. been named-Lawrence Bailey, William of community improvement; Michael T In Connecticut, the Connecticut Chap­ s. Melius, Alexander Petri, Davig Nagy, Knowles, superintendent of public serv­ ter of the American Academy of Pedi­ George Chelenyak, Joseph Renier, and ices, and John Powell, purchasing agent atrics last year launched a campaign to Vernon Stough. Members of the board of education eliminate lead poisoning in New Haven Civic organizations, businessmen, and include Joseph W. Unger, president; and other Connecticut cities. Initiation .tesidents are being asked to join in the Charles L. Higgins, vice president; of this program was spurred by a sur­ golden jubilee observance. Christopher E. Smith, secretary; Rich­ vey conducted by the University of Lincoln Park, a community of nearly ard P. Richardson, treasurer; and Mrs. Rochester in March of 1968, which re­ 6 square miles, was carved from Ecorse Cleola Haas, Mrs. Carmen Queen, and vealed that New Haven reported more Township, one of the original Wayne Richard Petoskey, trustees. lead poisoning cases per 100,000 people County townships created by the Mich­ To this outstanding group of ofticials, than any other city in the United igan Territorial Legislature in 1827. and to all the citizens of Lincoln Park, States-22 for each 100,000 people. From this township have been created I offer my congratulations on the occa­ The April 1, 1970, issue of the Amer­ nearly a dozen cities comprising what is sion of the golden jubilee. I am proud ican Academy of Pediatrics Newsletter today known as the Downriver Area­ indeed to represent the city of Lincoln detailed these activities in an article en­ being "down'' the river from Detroit. Park in the U.S. Congress, and I call titled "Connecticut Chapter Launches The intersection of Fort Street and upon my colleagues in the House of Multifaceted State Program To Combat Southfield Road-then called the st. Representatives to join me in wishing Lead Poisoning": Cosme Line and later State Street-has Lincoln Park many more half centuries CONNECTICUT CHAPTER LAUNCHES MULTIFAC­ traditionally been the "center" of the of progress. ETED STATE PROGRAM To CoMBAT LEAD POI­ city. Once known as Quandt's Corners, SONING the intersection was the site of a grocery The Connecticut Chapter recently launched store and saloon in the late 1800's. an innovative legislative and educational Henry Ford's famous ''Five-Dollar­ YOUGHIOGHENY RIVER CLEANUP program to eliminate lead poisoning in New Day'' at the nearby Ford Rouge plant in Haven and in other cities throughout Con ­ 1918 provided the spark which launched necticut. Lincoln Pa·rk on its way to citydom. MULTIFACETED PROGRAM HON. GOODLOE E. BYRON The program includes liaison with key Thousands of new Ford employees OF MARYLAND state and city legislators; delivery of testi­ flocked to the area seeking homes, and IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES mony by chapter representatives be!ore the years following World War I saw a House Committees conducting hearings on gigantic real estate boom. Subdivisions Monday, June 7, 1971 lead poisoning; mailing of letters supporting were laid out, and new business enter­ Mr. BYRON. Mr. Speaker, each year such legislation; review of new legislative prises were begun. the Corps of Engineers sponsors a clean­ proposals concerning the problem, and pub­ Incorporation as a village in 1921 was up of the Youghiogheny River in Penn­ lic education programs. The Chapter efforts have paid off in such followed by reincorporation 4 years later sylvania, Maryland, and West Virginia. I tangible results as passage of Connecticut as a city. Expansion slowed down during attended the kickoff of this year's cam­ Public Health Bill 533-a bill requiring la­ the depression years of the 1930's, but paign last Sunday and was very im­ beling of paint containing poisonous sub­ the Second World War brought another pressed with the dedication of all con­ stances. period of growth. The Federal census of cerned in this effort. Mr. Marlin Lawson SPURRED BY SURVEY 1930 listed Lincoln Park as the 34th city of Friendsville, Md., the Friendsville Rod, Initiation of this multifaceted program in Michigan, with a population of 12,336. Boat, & Gun Club, and Mr. Burl B. Mc­ was spurred by a survey conducted by the By 1940, Lincoln Park ranked 26th with Vicker, Reservoir Manager, Monongahela University of Rochester, New York, in March 15,236, and in 1950 reached the top 20, Area, U.S. Corps of Engineers were my of 1968, which revealed that New Haven re­ ported more lead poisoning cases per 100,000 with 29,265 inhabitants. hosts. people than any other city in the United By 1960, Lincoln Park's 56,933 popula­ In 1967, the first year of the organized States. New Haven had 22 cases of lead poi­ tion made it Michigan's 12th largest city. cleanup campaign, the citizen partici­ soning reported for each 100,000 people as The 1970 census listed 52,984 residents, pating collected over 4,000 oil drums from compared, for example, to New York City indicating that Lincoln Park's growth the Youghiogheny. This is hard work, but which reported 7.5 for every 100,000. had leveled off. the people involved know how heartening FmST STEP Intelligent city planning has made the results are. I was greatly impressed As a first step toward alleviating the Lincoln Park a modern, attractive com­ by the civic pride and community spirit causes which contributed to the high rate of munity. The city was among the first in of the participants. lead poisoning in New Haven, Carlos B. Zil­ Michigan to conduct urban renewal pro­ I would like to commend all the par­ veti, M.D., F.A.A.P., representing the Con­ grams during the late 1950's and early ticipants who have made past campaigns necticut Chapter, enlisted the assistance of key legislators to promote new bills to com­ 1960's. Enlightened and farsighted city and are making this one a success. The bat lead poisoning. officials have drafted and enforced tight Corps of Engineers and the citizens of Dr. Zilveti, director of Maternal and Child planning and zoning laws to protect the the Youghiogheny River Valley have set Health, New Haven Department of Health, high-class residential character of the an example for other areas of the country and Dr. Daniel Rowe, associate professor of community, while providing convenient to follow. I know the campaign, which Clinical Pediatrics, Yale University School of commercial areas. ends July 4, will be a success. Medicine, testified before House Committees 18584 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS June 7, 1971 conducting hearings on proposed legislation varies from about $1,360 at a state university PROJECT CANNIKIN-A NUCLEAR to control lead poisoning. to $3,000 at a private institution. And, as if TEST BLAST IN ALASKA THIS Dr. Zilveti's and Dr. Rowe's testimony be­ that was not enough, the costs show no fore the Connecticut Public Health and Safe­ signs of leveling off. YEAR ty Committee helped to secure passage of The high costs of higher education have Connecticut Public Health Bill 533-La.bel­ put two-thirds of the Nation's colleges-­ lng of Paint Containing Poisonous Sub­ enrolling three-fourths of our students-­ HON. NICK BEGICH stances. This law requires that paint cans either in financial d11ficulty or soon to be OF ALASKA containing lead be so labeled. there. Most of the prestigious private institu­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES SUPPORT~G LETTER tions .are now out of the reach of students Monday, June 7, 1971 The Connecticut Chapter supported Dr. from middle-income fami11es. State univer­ Zllveti's and Dr. Rowe's testimony in a.n. of­ sities are experiencing enormous increases of Mr. BEGICH. Mr. Speaker, last week, ficial letter to the Connecticut Public Health students and a fiscaJl. squeeze which threat­ in Anchorage, Alaska, the Atomic and Safety Committee. ens their ability to provide a quality educa­ Energy Commission held hearings to Dr. Zilveti, in an interview, emphasized tion. that the Connecticut Chapter will not be gain further information regarding the The well-being of higher education is vital nuclear test to be held later this year content simply with the passage of this leg­ to this nation. It plays a crucial role in pro­ islation. "One of our goals," he said, "is to viding the basic knowledge and the skills on Amchitka Island in Alaska. These see that legislation enacted in Connecticut needed in our complex society and in en­ hearings were held at the request of on lead poisoning, as well as other poisonous hancing the quality of life of the people. A Alaska Gov. William A. Egan, and materials, conforms as closely as possible to substantial investment by all levels of gov­ brought forward a great deal of con­ the standards established by the American ernment and private individuals and orga­ cerned testimony on this proposed 5- National Standards Institute, Inc. relating nizations is essential if the quality and megaton test. to specifications to minimize hazards to chil­ growth of higher education is not to be dren from residual surface coating ma­ curbed at the very time the national need In the CONGRESSIONAL RECORD of terials." for ideas and skiLls is so crucial. June 4, 1971 on page 18084, Alaska Sena­ As another phase of its program, the Con­ The Federal government's response to the tor MIKE GRAVEL has inserted his own necticut Chapter is working closely With the rising costs of higher education has triggered testimony at these hearings, as well as the Governor's Task Force on Lead Podsoning to one of the major debates in this session of testimony of many others who came from review new legislative proposals concerning the Congress. The legislation covering stu­ all over the country at their own ex­ lead and other surface coating materials to dent aid is due to expire at the end of June. insure that these bills, if possible, meet the It is estimated that the House Education pense to testify. I commend this testi­ Institute's specifications. Committee will not finish its deliberation mony to all interested, and remind you LOCAL EFFORTS on student aid and higher education assist­ that the proposed Alaska nuclear test To educate the public about the lead pois­ ance for another four to six weeks. will have a yield substantially larger As Congress seeks the best way to keep oning problem in New Haven, the Connecti­ than any previous underground test in college education within reach of all quali­ this country. cut Chapter is working through the Hill fied students, regardless of family income, Health Center in the city. Alvin Novack, M.D., My own testimony, which is included F.A.A.P., director, Hill Health Center, notic­ the debate has focused on two questions: here, shared an element of serious con­ ing the high percentage of lead poisoning in 1. Whether the Federal student-aid pro­ cern with the testimony of nearly every children when they were given pediatric gram should be reoriented to concentrate only on students from poor families, and person who appeared. screening in the Center, initiated an in­ service training program for his staff to point 2. Whether the financial plight of colleges STATEMENT OF THE HON, NICK BEGICH up the causes and effects of lead poisoning. and universities should be relieved through (Hearings on the Atomic Energy Oommission The staff, along wih Fellows of the Connecti­ direct institutional aid. on Project Cannikin, Anchorage, Alaska, cut Chapter, and other physicians from The President has recommended the abol­ May 28, 1971) Yale-New Haven Hospital then began teach­ ishment of the present student-aid pro­ grains of opportunity grants, insured loans Thank you for the opportunity to appear ing the people in the community about the here today. I believe these hearings are in­ hazards of lead poisoning. and work-study prograins, and the concen­ tration of assistance on low-income students. dispensable Ito a full evaluation of t-he Proj­ CITIZENS FORM GROUP He has proposed a $1,400 "floor" of grants ect Oannikin nuclear test, and I am certain As a result of this program, citizens in and low-interest loans to students from the that the witnesses appearing here will offer New Haven formed a group which they call poorest fainilies, with Federal assistance a great deal of relevant and important testi­ Citizens Against Lead (CAL). This organiza­ being cut back sharply as fainily income mony. Considering the unprecedented mag­ tion sponsors regular educational sessions on grows. For those whose famllies do not qual­ nitude of this nuclear test, it is my desire lead poisoning; holds block meetings to edu­ ify, the President has proposed Federally­ and my understanding that the decision to cate the publlc about lead poisoning; devel­ guaranteed loans at higher interest rates. attempt the test or to do so on the present ops publicity programs; has conferences with The burden of student loan financing would schedule is stlll open pending the results of city ofilcials, and informs fellow citizens re­ be shifted, under the President's recom­ these hearings. In the realization that this garding sources of legal redress they may mendations, to private funds. will be the last test in Alaska and at the take concerning lead poisoning incidents. He opposes direct aid to any institution, same time, the largest underground test ever All these efforts, the Connecticut Chapter and has recommended stopping grants and in the United States, I believe that the in­ hopes, will drastically reduce the incidence low-interest loans to colleges to finance con­ formation from these hearings can be vital in of lead polsondng in New Haven and through­ struction projects, calling instead for pri­ making the final decision. out the state, and will create a more thor­ vate loans which would be underwritten by For my part, I have examined with great ough publlc awareness concerning the haz­ the Federal government. interest the various documents prepared by ardous ramifications of the problem. Others contend that the present student­ the Atomic Energy Commission which relate aid prograins should be extended and to the proposed Cannikin test and to the funded at higher levels. They propose that results of the Milrow test which occurred on a program of institutional aid be estab­ October 2, 1969. Like any lay person con­ lished--one which provides direct grants of sidering a project of this type, I am staggered REPORT TO NINTH DISTRICT essentially unrestricted funds which col­ by the complexity of the technical consider­ CONSTITUENTS leges and universities could use to help pay ations, and somewhat the captive of the in­ operating costs, and hopefully, keep tuition formation put forward by the A.E.C., which is costs more in line. advocating the test. The President's recommendations, they As I understand it, the A.E.C. proposes, in HON. LEE H. HAMILTON say, ignore growing financial pressures on the Autumn of 1971, to explode a nuclear OF INDIANA middle-income families with children in device having a force of nearly five megatons, IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES college, and concentrate what amounts to and to do so in a chamber 6,000 feet under­ reduced Federal assistance on students from ground on the island of Amchitka, Alaska. Monday, June 7, 1971 lower income families. For perspective, it might be pointed out that Mr. HAMILTON. Mr. Speaker, under I do not support the proposed restructur­ the largest prior underground detonation in the leave to extend my remarks in the ing of student-aid prograins. I believe the the United States was just over one megaton, costs of higher education today require a and that the bomb which destroyed Hiro­ RECORD, I include the following com­ broad range of improved student assistance shima had a yield of only about 20 kilotons. mentary on the cost of higher education: prograins for those from low and middle­ After one prior test in the Amchitka area, THE COST OF HIGHER EDUCATION income families, including grants, direct the MILROW test of one megaton in Octo­ Few fainilies can now afford to send their loans, insured loans, and work-study pay­ ber, 1969, the A.E.C. has stated that the sons and daughters to college without finan­ ments. I believe, too, that our institutions Cannikin test, at this place, at this time, cial aid in some measure. The average an­ of higher education need direct, institutional and at the five megaton yield level is: nual cost of higher education for a student aid. 1. Necessary, and; June 7, 1971 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 18585 2. Likely to have only minimal environ­ containment of radioactivity, but the Can­ I believe there are additional questions which mental effects. nikin site is within 3,300 feet of one fault are relevant at this time, and important in My response to this proposal and to these and within 2,800 feet of another suspected any assessment of the Cannikin project. judgments on the part of the Atomic Energy fault. Since the zone of "cracking" around First, I would ask that the A.E.C. explain Commission cannot be that of an advocate the blast will extend ac.cording to the A.E.C., the curious shortage of information in its in opposition, yet I have serious questions for a radius of 2,500 feet, might it be advis­ pre-test statements relating to the human remaining in my own mind regarding both able to take further time for stu(lnsibility unique, or revolutionary in some way. Let's worked as a hod carrier and plasterer's ap­ for expressing the final judgment on start with the nose. prentice eventually, turning a $500 stake into modern weapons systems, such as the The nose section houses the electronic gear a thriving construction business. He's fond F-111. It is the pilot, however, who is (avionics). You've probably read other arti­ of relating how his father told him that, capable of providing us with an intimate cles that said avionics is one of the outst and­ like other members of minority groups, he evaluation of an aircraft's aerial per­ ing features of the F-lllA, and so it is. You would have to climb the ladder one step at formance of the aircraft, as well as the may have seen other articles calling those a time, and on his own. But in telling that pilot who gets to know the aircraft where black boxes unnecessary electronic gadgetry story, Mr. Volpe usually admonishes those that only runs up the cost of the aircraft. working for him to "remember to turn it really counts-in the air. The truth is, without this equipment the air­ around once in a whole to give a helping The following article from the Air craft would be incapable of it s unique mis­ hand to those below you." Force magazine of April 1971 provides sion. A good aircraft, yes, but not unique. Translating this philosophy into action, us with a pilot's view of the F-111. Capt. In other words, the electronic "gadgetry" is Mr. Volpe has emphasized jobs for blacks, John Francis, Jr., who has flown the not only expensive-it is priceless. earning the administration some credit in a F-111 for 2% years, discusses the revolu­ The first item of avionics I want to talk field where it generally draws criticism. tionary features and outstanding per­ about is the attack radar. So whalt's unusual There are now 20 blacks on the department's formance of the aircraft, as well as the ab<>ut an attack radar? Lots of aircraft have "supergrade" jobs; before Mr. Volpe there critical question of safety. them, but the F-IllA system is greatly ad­ were none. And Aaron N. Henry, head of the vanced in its ability to identify and delineate NAACP's Mississippi unit, credits Mr. Volpe's What better recommendation can an topographical features. That enhances the "persuasion" for the fact that the Mississippi aircraft receive than words of a pilot total radar-bombing capab111ty. The ease of Highway Department, formerly all white, who says: radar bombing and navigation will be ob­ now is at least 30% black. Clarence Mitchell, There has not been a single moment dur­ vious when I tell you the picture projected the NAACP's Washington representative, ing the history of F-111 accidents and by the attack radar is like a map. Fantastic? says he's "ahead of most people in the ad­ groundings when I would not have gone to Yes, but even more so when t ied int o the ministration." t he flight line and taken off with confidence. inertial-navigation system. Some of Mr. Volpe's initiatives, however, FABULOUS BLACK BOXES have bogged down in the conservative, slow­ In hopes that my colleagues will ap­ The inertial platform and computers that moving bureaucracy he inherited. Thus, Mr. preciate the unique capabilities of this make up the F-lllA's navigational and Volpe has declared that no highway or other revolutionary weapons system, I am in­ bombing system are phenomenally accurate. federal transportation projects will be au­ cluding in the RECORD the text of this in­ It is this system that makes the F-lllA ca­ thorized until suitable relocation housing is teresting and enlightening article: pable of around-the-clock, all-weather weap­ built or assured. But the Federal Highway F-111 A PILOT'S VIEW on delivery within the lethal envelope of con­ Administration, traditionally an entity unto ventional weapons. Here, then, is the first itself, has moved so slowly on this that one (By Capt. John Francis, Jr., USAF) of those missions that no other aircraft can civil rights expert calls its performance After several hundred hours in the cockpit accomplish. Interdicting the enemy's supply "terrible." of any airplane, you get to know the bird lines (bridges, passes, truck parks) and air­ Apparently recognizing this problem, Mr. p:etty well. If you're a professional military fields at any time, in any weather, deprives Volpe last week announced new regulations pilot and the aircraft will do its assigned job him of an option he once had: digging in by designed to enforce his relocation-housing better than any other, you respect it. If day, repairing and moving by night . policy. They include a requirement th81t it's also a safe bird, both in training and You may have read that the F-IllA's federal-aid projects causing displacement combat, you l~ave confidence in it. If it's a navigation equipment is accurat e to a few have a local relocation-assistance offi.ce to pleasure to fly, you develop real affection thousand feet per hour (very good in itself). · help displaced persons find new homes. for it. What you may not know is that, t hrough CONGRESSIONAL GOOD MARKS For two and a half years, I flew the F-lllA. the attack radar tie-in, the weapon system The Secretary gets better marks on Capitol My feeling about the aircraft is a mixture o! operator can maintain position accurately H111, where he often goes to do some personal respect, confidence, and affection, tinged­ within hundreds of feet, at all times. Navi­ lobbying instead of leaving that task to sub­ even now-with more than a little awe. It's gating at low level in bad weather increases ordinates. During the final sta.ges of the ad- . that kind of machine. your appreciation of such accuracy. Knowing ministration's effort to push the SST-a There has been a lot of political and eco­ your position and the terrain can be very project that the Secretary personally sup­ nomic criticism o! the F-111. I don't feel reassuring when you depend on automatic ported-he talked at length with lawmakers, qualified to discuss those matters. It may systems to provide ground clearance. focusing on freshmen Congressmen. He's be that for the same investment of time and The next avionic feature, the ballistics quick to adapt his tactics. Trying to sell a money, we could have had an even better computer, is a pilot's dream. This computer new highway funding approach last year, he aircraft. I'm not qualified +.o judge that, was not originally a part of the F-lllA. It's began by working through the Republican either. The point is that we now have one of those modifications that contributed members of a Senate committee. But when a F-lllAs and Es in operational units. The to the aircraft's escalating cost, of which staff man for the Democrats telephoned to even more advanced D model, with improved you've heard so much. First, let me explain suggest that Mr. Volpe deal v·ith them as Mark II avionics, will be along next year, and the increased flexibility it provides. Then well, he dispatched a bevy of experts to the later we'll get the F model, with a more you decide whet her paying more money for H1ll within the hour. · powerful engine and modified Mark II it was justified or not. Mr. Volpe's intense, driving approach has avionics The F-llls we have now, and those The computer can determine continuously brought him to the point of frequent, though to come, should be judged on their merits­ the impact point of any bomb, given the not major, health problems, and one hard­ not on the selection and management deci­ aerodynamic characteristics of the bomb an d pressed aide, a Washington veteran, says he sions that are now water over the dam. the altitude, airspeed, and vertical velocity has "never worked for anyone so aggressive UNIQUE MEANS PRICELESS of the aircraft. It then relates t h is infor­ and so decision-oriented." Nevertheless, Mr. mation to the target's location and continu­ There's only one word that describes the ously updates a release time for the bomb. Volpe laughs easily, frequently at himself, F-111 in a nutshell. The word is unique. As and loves to tell homey, self-deprecating any military planner will tell you, when a What does this mean to me, the aircraft com­ stories. mander? For the first t ime in radar-directed, weapon system has a unique capability, it level bombing, it is not necessary to fly One favorite concerrus the time he was becomes a priceless machine. Unique doesn't stuck in a long line of airliners waiting to mean just higher, faster and further than straight and level on the bomb run. Altitude take off, and impatiently asked the captain some previous model. It means opening a and airspeed can be changed without affect­ to inform the tower controllers that his boss, combat arena where you have superiority be­ ing bombing accuracy. Since these two items the Secretary of Transportation, was aboard. cause you are the only one operating there. are essen tial information for the enemy's Back, Mr. Volpe says, came the controller's There F-lllA has such a unique capability. air defense system, it gives you a decided ad­ reply: "My regards to Mr. Volpe, but he's It opens to the Air Force nighttime, all-wea­ vantage over the defenses. still 19th in line." ther operations at low altitude. But the mis- But the F-lU's revolution in 'bombing June 7, 1971 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 18599

flexibility doesn't stop here. Since you can use, enemy defenses, evasive action, and sys­ ward, spoilers augment the roll response. As vary altitude and airspeed continuously, you tem malfunctions. the wings sweep, the pylons rotate to keep can make a toss-bombing or dive-bombing The terrain-following radar is safe in the the externwl stores aligned with the airfiow. attack with the same accuracy as in a level hands of a pilot who knows it and its limita­ It is an outstanding engineering job. bomb run. You no longer have to overfly the tions, and it gives him the ability to fly BELOW AND BEHIND target area. You can start a pullup miles where no other aircraft would dare. I would short of the target, release in a climb, and take my F-IllA down into the Grand Can­ Underneath the aircraft there is another break away, diving back to low-level con­ yon at night when the overcast was below completely new idea for fighters. Both wheels cealment while the bombs continue to the the rim. In fact, one of our training routes of the main landing gear a.re on a single target. does take us into the canyon. No other air­ trunnion. They both come down together: If you use the offset mode of the attack craft in the world could survive in that kind no chance of getting one without the other. radar and bomb-nav-computer, you can fur­ of environment. The tires, designed to provide low-pressure ther protect yourself from enemy defenses So much-for avionics. Now let's look at the footprints for landing on unpaved strips, are by choosing an axis of attack that positions crew module. Here is a system hear and dear low wearing and may be used for up to 150 a mountain range between the target and landings-ten times as many as some other to every crew member's heart. It's the sec­ fighter-type aircraft. yourself. You can toss the bomb over the ond revolutionary aspect of the F-IllA. The range. In this mode, without seeing the tar­ crew module is the crew escape "capsule" Wtthln the wheels is a beautiful set of get, the weapon system operator alms on an that has had a phenomenal history of suc­ mul·tipie-disc brakes. Combining the F-Ill's offset point, which he knows is so many feet cess. In an emergency, it allows the crew to low a,pproa.ch speed with bra.kes that can be in such and such a direction from the target. abandon the aircraft as a crew. The module fully engaged at touchdown (thanks to the Remember, if we cannot see the target area has been successful in every attempted ejec­ antiskid feature) , the aircraft, weighing on our radar, then normal defense radars in tion within the design envelope. It has been about twenty-five tons, can be stopped in a the target area cannot see us. In other words, used at high altitude, high speed; at low couple of thousand feet without a drag an enemy's first indication of attack would altitude, high speed; at low alitude, low chute. Show me another fighter th!llt can be weapons detonation. This is the tremen­ speed; in a spin; and while violently out of pull that one off! This short-field perform­ dously flexible F-IllA doing radar bombing. control. The ejections have resulted in no ance is vital to flexible, worldwide deploy­ ment. Not all pla.ces have 10,000-foot run­ DE"FENSE SUPPRESSION serious injuries to any crew member. While ways. the success rate would seem enough in itself, For still more flexibility, the ballistics com­ Finally, in the tall end we come to those puter can be tied into the LCOS (bombsight) it is even more significant because it gives crew members the confidence necessary to unjustly maligned engines. Well, don't feel for dive deliveries or visual-level deliveries. sorry for us F-IllA crews. The P-1 engines As I mentioned, the computer continuously operate in the dangerous flight envelopes for which the F-IllA was designed. Supersonic (noted for compressor stalls) have gone the computes an impact point. It can show the way of the test birds. The P-3 version of the impact point on the bombsight at all times or low-altitude ejections, while still danger­ ous, are not the threats they once were. A TF-30 is another story. Another revolution in Now you don't have to dive bomb 1n the tra­ aerodynamics, the engine combines turbofan dition.al way-rolling in at a set altitude and little more about the crew module later. and afterburner for the first time in any air­ airspeed, diving at a set angle, rel~'>ing at A SWINGING WING craft. The result is a beautiful match of the a predetermined altitude and airspeed, and Now for the swingwing (switch blade, if outstanding features of each. The turbofans making large errors in accuracy if any of you prefer). Revolutionary? You bet! Al­ ~rovide the very low fuel consumption that these parameters werfl wrong. Now you can though there now are a few imitators in other 1s needed for transoceanic deployments. The come from any direction, at any airspeed, parts of the world, the swinging F-111 fiew afterburners provide the thrust augmenta­ altitude, and dive angle, drive the bomb­ in 1964. When talking about the variable­ tion required to get a 70,000-pound vehicle sight pipper over the target and release. sweep wing, you get into some pretty im­ up to two and one-half times the speed of Flexible? Yes, and it greatly reduces delivery pressive statistics on aircraft range and bomb sound. Boy, do they ever provide thrust errors. But it means more. When you rollin load. Range and bomb load, of course, are augmentaltion-some eighty percent, com­ on a target, you're not committed to the trade-off items. But any way you slice it, pared to fifty percent 1n other engines! Fur­ target by preset conditions of release. If the you're talking about several times as much ther, the afterburner has fl. ve stages, each of enemy's defenses open fire, you can switch payload, carried much further than any other which can be fully modulated. your attack to them. It is no longer necessary fighter-type aircraft in history. And you don't Acceleration above Mach 1.0 is outstand­ for No. 4 in a flight to be a sitting duck be­ drag your feet getting there. The variable­ ing and very rapid to Mach 2 plus. I've never cause he's coming in at the same angle, air­ sweep wing comes forward for takeoff and, been Mach 2.5, but that's only because our speed, and altitude as the three previous air­ with the highly efficient Fowler flaps and full supersonic flight area runs out as we're ac­ craft. span slats, alloys the F-IllA to get as many celerating through Mach 2.1 at 40,000 feet Knowing my aircraft can do all these as twenty-four 750-pound bombs airborne. and climbing rapidly. This aircraft can move! things, I wonder how anyone can say tha.t Then you sweep back the wings to reduce Not only that, but the engines have the pow­ the F-111 has no future as a ground-attack drag and push the speed right up to the er, and the aircraft is so clean at seventy­ aircraft because it Ls too vulnerable and ex­ delivery limit of the bombs. The same wing two degrees of wingsweep that it can sustain pensive to risk. The capability of striking that allows you to come down the final land­ supersonic flight while holding Gs in a turn­ targets and attacking the defenses at the ing approach at 130 knots sweeps back to re­ a trait not too common in other aircraft same time doesn't leave you as vulnerable duce drag for supersonic flight on the deck. Sure, I'd like more power· what pilot as all that. In fact, I think that defenses General Dynamics could have made the wouldn't. And that's exactly ~hat we're get­ would be a little leery of giving away their movable wing a real nightmare. Instead, it ting. The P-9 is already here in the D model, position by opening fire, once they figure out is easy and natural to operate. In fact, there and the P-100 is on the way for the F. the tremendous accuracy, firepower, and are some very favorable side effects of the fl.exibil1ty of the F-111. engineering that went into the wing. As you WHAT ABOUT SAFETY? The last of the avionic gear I am going to Inight imagine, moving a wing changes the Well, that's the F-lllA, pitot boom to tall discuss is the terrain-following radar (TFR). center of gravity and aerodynamic center of feathers. Now we come to a critical question. This is it-the marvel of the aeronautical pressure. Problems of fuel balance, trim, and Is the F-lllA a safe airplane? My answer is: world. It is this equipment that allows the sta.bility augmentation could be very annoy­ Yes, it is safer than other fighters. There has aircraft to fly thousands of miles over all ing if the pilot had to compensate for them not been a single moment during the history types of terrain, never getting higher than each time he moved the wing. Instead, the of F-111 accidents and groundings when I 200 feet, and without the pilot ever touching pitch-series trim of the aircraft compensates would not have gone to the flight line and the control stick. for trim changes. The fuel-distributing sys­ taken off with confidence. The terrain-following radar is actually two tem is completely automatic, and the com­ The Air Force says the F-Ill's safety record completely independent sets, each capable of mand-augmentation feature of the :fiight­ speaks for itself. You've probably seen the performing the entire terrain-following func­ control system gives a very nearly constant figures of so many accidents per so many tion and one serving as backup to the other. response to a given stick force, regardless of flying hours, compared to other Century Se­ The TFR is not just unique. It•s revolution­ the wingsweep or aircraft speed. The aircraft ries fighters (see chart p. 32). But the pilot ary. It is the TFR that opens up the arena of always trims itself. Accelerating or deceler­ doesn't get his feeling of safety from statis­ low-altitude, night, weather operation. The ating, climbing or diving, you set the alti­ tics. He gets it from knowing the aircra£t TFR can take you anywhere it can see. If it tude with the stick and the aircraft trims off and its systems, and from knowing how well encounters weather that it can't see through, the forces. It is a dream during formation, they work for him and his fellow pllots. it takes you over or around it. The TFR not fiying a weather peneration, or on the air­ The history of all aircraft accidents clearly only lets you stay close to the ground; it lets to-ground range. The aircraft, through com­ identifies areas that are critical: engine and you go through the low points in the hills. mand augmentation, responds the same, with associated systems failures; fire; flight-con­ It lets you fly along a rocky mountainside or without a bomb load. trol malfunctions; bad weather; and, finally, where you '11 be very hard to discern on enemy Since the aft section of the wings sweep pilot factors. Here's my evaluation of these radar. But the TFR does more. It frees you into the fuselage, conventional ailerons were areas as they relate to the F-lllA. from the stick and rudder work and lets you impractical. The pilot gets pitch and roll by First, the engines. As a basic design fea­ concentrate on other duties of the aircraft differential or symmetrical movements of the ture for safety, the F-IllA has two highly commander-decisions on what weapons to horizontal stabilizer. With the wings for- reliable enginee. The engines have fire-detec- 18600 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS June 7, 1971 tion and extinguishing equipment as well as dents, a. fatality is the result of ejection­ sian of specifications written more than eight an automatic airstart feature. The automatic system failure or failure of the crew to use years ago. During those years, the environ­ airstart system works off a pressure-sensing it in time. Again, the F-111A gives the crew ment of tactical air warfare has changed circuit within the engine that senses the an advantage over the crews of other fighters. considerably, and with it our understanding sudden pressure changes of a flameout and The system works--it's been proved. The of how best to apply the unique features of provides automatic ignition. Consequently, crew goes together and stays together. They the F-111. either because of engine reliability or auto­ don't face the hazards of ejection into the I have tried to give you a view from the matic airstart reliability, I've never had a airstream. These advantages of the crew cockpit--the special view that F-111 crews flamed-out engine. Even if I had to shut down escape module should reduce the time it takes have. For our particular mission, we do not an engine, it's no big thing. The F-111A per­ to decide to eject. And once on the ground, need a different airplane. What we need are forms very well on one engine, and neither the escape module keeps right on working new techniques to fit a revolutionary air­ electrical nor hydraulic systems are lost with for the crew. They are together and equipped craft to a new area. of conflict. one engine shut down. with more survival gear than can be carried The F-111 provides capabilities that are The F-111A has dual electrical and hy­ in any other type of ejection system. found in no other aircraft. It is unique, and, draulic systems. Losing one side of these sys­ I don't want to leave you with the impres­ when the chips are down, unique means tems does not affect the aircraft except in loss sion that I've covered all the safety features priceless. of redundancy, for a single engine will pro­ of the F-111A. I haven't even covered all of vide all the eleotrica.l and hydraulic power the major features. On almost every page of required for normal fl.ighlt. Either generator the flight manual, I can find some item that HAPPY BIRTHDAY, JIM can carry the entire electrical load. If both wa.s designed to reduce a potential hazard in generators should be out, an emergency gen­ the air. I'll just say it again: The F-111A it erator provides essential electrical power. a. safe aircraft. HON. JOHN J. ROONEY There are two hydraulic pumps, one for Within a pilot's frame of reference and the OF NEW YORK each system (primary and utility), mounted aircraft's operational environment, the F- IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES on each engine. If you lose an engine, the 111A does have shortcomings. All aircraft do. ather engine powers both the primary and There never has been an aircraft that was all Monday, June 7, 1971 the utlltty hydraulic systems. Then, if things things to all pilots, performing all missions. Mr. ROONEY of New York. Mr. Speak­ should get worse and you lose one O'f these There never will be. Just remember the pumps, the other system can still power the things this aircraft, the F-111, can do better er, the Honorable James A. Farley, who flight controls and the wingsweep. This does and more safely than any other. It can take needs no introduction at all, recently cele­ nat mean that ather hydraulically opera.ted the war to the enemy a.t any hour of any day brated his 83d birthday and took that systems are lost. You can operate all of ·these of the year. He would have no time for rest, occasion to grant an interview to James by electrical or pneumatic backup methods. psychological relief, rebuilding and resup­ Kilgallen. In the interview Jim Farley The hydraulic systems contain an addi­ ply, or training. Other fighters and bombers made a Jim Farley response when atked tional safety feature. Isolation valves keep have left the enemy undisturbed a.s much about retirement plans--"Why retire," fluid from being lost in flight if a non-flight­ as eighty-five percent of the time because of essential subsystem is lost. For example, if their inability to fly safely or effectively at he said. "I like to work. What would I the landing-gear hydraulic actuators should night and in weather. The F-111A has taken do if I retired?" This is typical of the leak in flight, the only fluid lost would be this safe time from the enemy. man that so many of us have known and that in the line to those actuators. In the CRITICISM&-HOW RELEVANT loved over the years. event battle damage occurs to the primary Mr. Speaker, I include the article at hydraulic system, the utility system would Now, what are some of the criticisms that this point in the RECORD: automatically cut out flow to nonessential have been leveled at the F-111's operational subsystems in order to furnish power for the performance? Are they accurate? Are they [From the Boston Sunday Advertiser, wingsweep and flight controls. relevant to its ab1lity to perform its mission? May 30, 1971] The possibility O'f critical flight-control Here are some of them. FARLEY SAYS ELECTION HINGES ON INFLATION, malfunctions still exists in the F-111A, as "The aircraft won't fly at 65,000 feet." EMPLOYMENT-"BREAD AND BUTTER" ISSUES it has in all other aircraft. However, the addi­ Maybe it wlll, and maybe it won•t. I've KEY FOR 1972 RACE tional sophistication of the F-111A has not never had occasion to find out. I fly my F- (By James Kilga.llen) brought with it increased danger. The flight 111A below 1,000 feet above the ground, NEW YORK.--Ja.mes A. Farley, who will be controls are filled with electrical circuitry which is the best place to be when you're 83-years-old today, said that "in my judg­ designed for redundancy and self-testing. penetrating enemy defenses. ment the Vietnam war will not be a.n impor­ These features warn the pilot O'f impending "The visibility of the aircraft is too lim­ tant issue in the 1972 presidential election. malfunctions so he can prevent unwanted ited." You can see what you need to see. The bread and butter issues such as inflation signals from going to the control surfaces. And at night, in bad weather, there's not and employment will decide the outcome." The F-111A mission makes it necessary to much to look a.t anyway. Farley, now chairman of the board of operate in and out of airfields with marginal "The ·aircraft can't reach Mach 2.5 without Coca-Cola Export Corp., is regar.ded a.s one weather. The aircraf.t's systems are ideally compressor stalls." This is more high-alti­ of the nation's keenest political observers. suited for this environment. The attack radar tude performance data that's irrelevant to As Democratic national chairman in the can be used for navigation around severe the primary mission. I operate on the deck. 1930s, he twice masterminded Franklin D. weather. It ca.n be tied to the inertial-naviga­ The F-111A will fly supersonic on the deck, Roosevelt into the Presidency. tional computer for an instrument approach as advertised. In an hour-long pre-birthday chat with (including glide slope) to an alrfl.eld without "The aircraft could never win in a. dog­ this reporter, Farley disclosed he ha.s no any ground radio or navigational aids. The fight against the MIG-21." It probably can't, intention of retiring. "Why retire?" he said. TFR is an invaluable a.id for providing ter­ but I never expect to encounter one at my "I like to work. What would I do if I re­ rain clearance in a low-ceiling penetration. speed on the deck, at night, or in weather. tired?" Added to all this is the auxiliary flight ref­ "The aircraft weighs too much." This is a "Genial Jim" has lost none of his interest erence system, a completely independent, relative statement. I still get off the ground in the political scene. As of today he thinks backup instrument system that is visible to and land with bigger payloads in less dis­ that the three outstanding possible Demo­ both crew members. tance than other fighters. The aircraft ma­ cratic candidates for the 1972 Presidential THE PILOT FACTOR neuvers very well. The weight is a. blessing in nomination are: Sen. Edmund S. Muskie of disguise. It is the weight that provides the Maine, Sen. Hubert H. Humphrey of Minne­ So we come around to the pilot factor fuel for long-range operation and the struc­ sota and Sen. Henry M. Jackson of Wash­ This is a very personal thing, so nebulous ture for carrying large weapon loads. ington. that it's hard to convey to a reader how the "The aircraft has no air-to-air role." That "And not necessarily in the order named," factor of possible pilot error is reduced. is simply not true. The F-111A could hardly he added. "Any one of the three might make The cockpit is comfortable and well pres­ be called a day fighter. But with air-to-air it." surized. There is no need for parachutes. missiles aboard and the fuel to meet enemy None, however, has as yet announced his Fatigue is reduced on long missions. Instru­ bombers far out from our bombers, the F- candidacy. Thus far only Sen. GeorgeS. Mc­ ments are well placed and easy to read. Cau­ 111A could perform admirably in augmenting Govern of South Dakota has definitely en­ ton lights quickly catch the crew's attention. our air defense forces. The fuel, incidentally, tered the race. The automatic systems allow the crew to gives us another unique feature-the ab111ty I asked Farley about the chances of Sen. divide their attention among all operations to make multiple supersonic attacks on McGovern, Sen. Birch Bayh of Indiana, Sen. tasks. The aircraft is easy to fly, to take off, enemy supersonic bombers. Harold E. Hughes of Iowa, and former Sen. and to land. "The aircraft cannat deploy transoceanic Eugene McCarthy of Minnesota.. The crew sits side by side, able to monitor without refueling." The F-lllA certainly "I don't think any of those has any chance each other's efficiency and to double-check can, and on internal fuel, as it did to Paris in to win the Presidential nomination,'' said the operation of the aircraft's complex sys­ 1967. There is even more flexibility with ex­ Farley. "But one of them might be selected tems. ternal tanks. And ferry distance for other as the Vice-Presidential nominee. Whoever However, should the crew have to eject fighters is always in terms of external tanks. is chosen as the Presidential nominee might despite all the F-111A's safety features, there In the context of the F-111's primary role, pick one of them to be the second man on is the escape module. In many aircraft acci- many criticisms fade into academic discus- the ticket." June 7, 1971 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 18601 What about Sen. Edward M. Kennedy of STATEMENT OF CHARLES P. SHIRKEY crystal ball when those decisions and com­ Massachusetts? Mr. Chairman and members of the House mitments were made. Yet the evidence sug­ "I think we must take Sen. Kennedy at Armed Services Committee, my name Is gests there was sufficient if not an abundance his word that •under no circumstances' would Charles Shirkey. For several years I have of confidence in 1969 and 70 in our ability to he be a candidate in 1972 for the Presiden­ been concerned with defense policy-aca­ implement a flexible and graduated response tial nomination," Farley asserted. demically, in professional service and now in vis-a-vis the Soviets, primarily in Europe, "I believe that to be a good decision on private research. At the Bureau of the or the Chinese Peoples' Republic in East Asia. his part and think he would be wise not to Budget, I worked as an analyst on national Furthermore, I submit that we could have permit any of his followers to persuade him security programs. so responded without drawing-down our to change his mind." forces committeed in Southeast Asia and Asked about reports that the liberal-in­ Subsequently, I served as a defense analyst dependent Mayor John V. Lindsay of New in the Office of the Assistant Secretary of Korea; and in 1969 was the peak of our force York, nominally a Republican, may switch Defense (Systems Analysis). commitment to that theater. to the Democratic party and try for the I wish to thank the Womens' International A publication on world military expendi­ Presidential nomination, Farley said: League for Peace and Freedom for granting tures put out by the U.S. Arms Control and "Mayor Lindsay hasn't been loyal to the me this time to appear before you. However, Disarmament Agency observes that the entire Republican party which made it possible the testimony I present today represents my world spent about $200 billion on military for the success he has had in public life. own views. expenditures in 1969. During that same Based on that record you couldn't expect him I shall limit my testimony to the general period, the U.S. spent about $80 billion or 40% to be loyal to the Democratic party and its purpose forces, excluding the incremental of the world's total. Excluding the incremen­ principles." costs and forces engaged in Indochina. In tal cost of the Vietnam war, the U.S. still Regarding President Nixon's chances for other words, I wish to concentrate on what accounted for as much as 30% . The entire re-election; Farley said: we otherwise might call the "baseline" gen­ NATO Alliance spent about $90 billion, ex­ "If President Nixon is not able to solve eral purpose forces. As you know, these forces cluding the incremental Vietnam war costs, his many problems, such as inflation and account for the largest portion of the defense compared to about $65 billion spent by the employment, he will be in a serious situa­ budget. entire Warshaw Pact, the bulk of which was tion when the voters go to the polls on It was observed last year that general pur­ spent by the Soviet Union. Of course, these election day. pose forces accounted for about 60% of the figures include outlays for strategic nuclear "I am of the opinion that with the influx total FY 71 defense budget or 70% of the forces by those countries so involved in addi­ of young voters the majority of them will pre-Vietnam baseline budget, excluding the tion to conventional or general purpose support the Democratic Presidential nomi­ incremental cost of the Vietnam war. The forces. nee. FY 72 budget does not appear to represent At first glance, the 72 budget suggests "That could be a decisive element in the a dramatic change in that allocation. dramatic cuts in general purpose forces and final outcome of the election and could bring I would like to suggest today a way to con­ equally dramatic changes in the underlying about a Democratic victory." ceptualize those general purpose forces and assumptions. However, I would suggest that the associated budgetary resources. In par­ these cuts and apparent changes are not as ticular, I wish to focus on force levels: why dramatic as they might first appear. we maintain any given level, what are some The key to general purpose force planning DEFENSE AUTHORIZATION BILL­ of the rather consistent interrelationships is land warfare and the number of division PART I peculiar to general purpose forces, what are forces to be fielded. As shown in Table 1, in some of the constants or "eternal verities," 1970 the U.S. had the capab111ty to mobilize and what are some of the questions that one and deploy a total of 12 active Army divisions HON. LES ASPIN might raise in reviewing the 72 budget. For and two active Marine divisions, augmented purposes of the record, my prepared text in­ by eight National Guard divisions and one OF WISCONSIN cludes numerous tables which I will refer reserve Marine division-a total of 23 division IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES to during my testimony. Finally, I would forces, excluding forces committed in South­ Monday, June 7, 1971 like to suggest some broader questions that east Asia. As shown in Table 4, as many as perhaps cannot be answered during this 13% active and reserve divisions were avail­ Mr. ASPIN. Mr. Speaker, soon the budget review but should be asked none­ able to reinforce the 4¥:3 divisions based in House will debate and vote on the de­ theless. Europe, for a total of 18 division forces. fense authorizaiton bill. At that time The ultimate question confronting the Moreover, we had this capability simultane­ I intend to offer an amendment which Administration, you and your Senate col­ ous to the deployment of 6Ya division forces will propose holding the fiscal year 1972 leagues is "how much is enough?" In a recent to Southeast Asia, in addition to other con­ book by Alain Enthoven and Wayne Smith tingencies as shown in Table 4. I do not wish authorization to the lev:el approved last bearing that title, the authors begin with a to suggest that we had the proper degree year. quote from former-secretary of Defense Rob­ of readiness; sufficient strategic lift capabil­ During the hearings on the bill, the ert S. McNamara.. I quote: "You cannot make ity; or the optimal mix of reconnaissance, Armed Services Committee heard testi­ decisions simply by asking yourself whether mobility, and fl.repower. Yet the undeniable mony from nongovernment witnesses. something might be nice to have. You have fact remains that we had an abundance of The following testimony of Charles P. to make a judgment on how much is enough." forces and were allocating sufficient sums of Shirkey supports the conclusion that the This statement was made in 1963: it resources, over and above VIetnam, to buy is equally true today. In the final analysis, and maintain a very impressive array of land funds requested by the administration the judgment that Secretary McNamara force capabillty. for defense in 1972 are more than we referred to is a judgment of how much con­ Taking into account the possibilit y of a need. Mr. Shirkey concludes that: fidence we feel is necessary to assure u.s. minor contingency and a holding act ion in As many as four Army divisions, seven and allied security will not be placed in Asia, it appears that 11 Ya active divisions Air Force tactical air wings and three jeopardy. (excluding the possibility of one division in Navy carrier task forces could be cut That judgment process is exceedingly com­ Vietnam) and a total of 20Ya division forces from the force levels proposed by the plex. The difficulty in making that judgment should be enough in 1972 to assure a reason­ administration in 1972 without jeopard­ is perhaps equalled by the responsibility that able, if not high confidence capability for you on this Committee share in reviewing the U.S. to respond flexibly and with dis­ izing the administration's one and one­ the budget before you and ultimately shap­ cretion to any NATO contingency-which half war strategy for general purpose ing our general purpose force capacity. You after all is the most demanding case which forces. are well aware that the recommendations and we can conceive in the near-term. However, Such a reduction in forces should in­ decisions that you will make will have an the 72 budget provides for 13 Ya active Army clude proportionate reductions in pro­ effect for many years to come. divisions or four more active divisions than curement and R. & D. as well a.s the asso­ We are speaking today of budgets, but of what might be regarded as "enough". Thus ciated direct and indirect support. course, the final product are the very forces an alternative which provides for 9 Ya ac­ Implementation of these force reduc­ themselves. It is perhaps useful to put that tive Army divisions (four less than the 72 relationship into perspective and look at the budget) and 3 active Marine divisions or a tions could save $7 to $15 billion in 1972. forces in being in 1969 and 1970. Those forces total of 21¥:3 active Stnd reserve division Mr. Shirkey is well qualified to com­ were largely the product of research and de­ forces compared to the 25 Ya proposed in the ment on the 1972 defense budget and the velopment of the fifties and early sixties, of 72 budget does not appear unreasonable. adequacy of general purpose forces, hav­ procurement actions taken in the early and Given a particular number of active and ing worked on the defense budget and mid sixties, and of budgetary and manage­ reserve divisions, the number of tactical air national security issues in the Bureau ment decisions on the operation and main­ wings is readily derived. Taking account of of the Budget and Office of Secretary tenance of forces in more recent years. Given the size of the Marine a.ir wing-about twice of Defense. this long chain of decisions, It is relevant to the size of Air Force and Navy tactical air ask whether those forces were "enough" wings-there has historically been about two Mr. Shirkey's testimony follows: when they became operational. No one bad a wings per division. One of these bas com- 18602 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS June 7, 1971 manly been associated with the m1ss1on of 72 budget or is the only method for deter­ pellation of "realistic deterrence," it is rele­ close air support; the remainder are designed mining how much is enough. Nor do I wish vant to question whether the concept of and assigned to such missions as deep inter­ to imply that I have addressed all the gen­ flexible response, particularly vis-a-vis the diction air superiority and air defense. The eral purpose force level issues to be resolved Soviets, continues to be relevant in the sev­ 72 budget includes 21 active Air Force tacti­ in this 72 budget. It is merely my hope that enties. If so, should it be defined the same cal air wings and 11 active Navy wings, in this approach and the questions it raises way it was in the 1960's? This particularly a total active and reserve force of 50% may be of some assistance to the Committee affects the NATO posture and the conven­ Air Force (or Navy) tactical air wing and its members in reviewing the 72 budget tional arms race with the Soviets. If the equivalents. For an alternative force of 21% and future Administration testimony. concept should be changed, how should it division forces, it appears that 40% active • be defined, what are the cost implications, and reserve Air Force (or Navy) tactical air In addition to the question "how much is and how do we get there from here? wing equivalents would be sufficient. enough?", I suggest that it is perhaps use­ Second, it is essential that we question Another major determinant of general ful to this Committee to raise certain other whether militarily Asia is critical to U.S. purpose force levels is the mix of land-based questions with the Office of Secretary of De­ security. It might be useful to note that in and sea-based tactical air given a particular fense, the Joint Chiefs of Staff and the indi­ constant 1970 dollars, the U.S. spent about number of tactical air wings. It can be as­ vidual military departments and services. $275 billion in pursuit of its foreign policy sumed for the indefinite future that the Given the time constraint, I wm simply objectives in East Asia in the sixties. Of that number of Marine wings is given; this leaves enumerate what I consider to be major ques­ total, roughly $180 blllion was for so-called only the number of Air Force and Navy air tions unanswered by the 72 budget: "baseline" general purpose forces and mili­ wings to be determined. Since Navy (or sea­ (1) What is the appropriate ratio of man­ tary assistance designed to deter and, if need based) tactical air wings are not designed for power to the number of Army divisions? Ex­ be, counter a conventional threat emanat­ use in NATO's Center Region, where most if amination will show that it is increasing in ing from Communist China. About $90 bil­ not all of U.S. land forces would be commit­ FY 72. lion represents the incremental costs of the ted, it appears that a force mix of 14 ac­ (2) Is it advisable to maintain 3 active war in Indochina through 1970. The remain­ tive Air Force wings and 8 active Navy tac­ amphibious divisions out of a total of 16% ing $5 billion is probably an overstatement tical air wings, augmented by the current active Army and Marine divisions (or even 4 of all unilateral and multilateral economic 8% Air Force and 2 Navy reserve wings, out of a total of 25% active and reserve di­ assistance and preferential trade to the area would be consistent with (a) the land force visions)? The Marine Corps continues to be during the past 10 years. If our interests are of 21% divisions and (b) the concept of organized into Marine Expeditionary Forces, derived from our principal interest in Japan, "realistic deterrence" (or flexible response) , primarily designed, equipped and trained for I submit they would be considerably limited. particularly as applied to the NATO theater. the amphibious assault mission. It would probably exclude Southeast Asia, A major factor in determining the size of (3) In implementing the Nixon Doctrine, perhaps Taiwan, and even a lower profile in naval forces is the number of carriers, in­ what is the military significance, feasib111ty Korea. One might even question one of the cluding attack carriers (CVAs) and anti­ and advisability of Security Assistance for basic assumptions underlying the U.S. in­ submarine warfare or ASW carriers ( CVSs) ; many recipient countries? In short, can we terest in Japan; namely, is the fear of are­ I will confine my discussion to CV As only. and should we try to accomplish through ex­ armed and independent Japan justified or Given 8 active Navy tactical air wings and panded Security Assistance to most recipi­ not. Japan after all is exceedingly vulnera.ble maintaining the current 2 reserve wings, it ents what we have been somewhat less than were she to rearm conventionally or with further appears that 10 attack carriers would successful in doing with U.S. forces, particu­ nuclear arms. be reasonable. The 72 budget includes 12 larly ground forces? Finally, I suggest there are some broader CV As and one CV, an experimental dual­ (4) Is the ratio of total active and reserve questions that force us even to redefine the capable attack and ASW carrier concept. As tactical air wings to divisions immutable? meaning of national security and the means noted in Table 7, to maintain a 10 CVA/CV The ratio of about 2 to 1 appears to be an to ensure it. What are the real ch:lllenges to force in the out-years would require either "eternal verity." Most interpretations of the our national and global security in the 1970's (a) cancellation of the Eisenhower, CVAN- Nixon Doctrine suggest that the cutback in and beyond? Admittedly, the problems of 69, currently under construction, or (b) de­ U.S. ground forces for Asian contingencies, aggression and the tyranny of war are not activation of one Forrestal-class CVA, the offset by greater self defense capab111ty large­ likely to disappear. These problems, for oldest of which will be 20 years old in 1975. ly through increased Security Assistance, which our military forces are relevant, have Just focusing on these major general pur­ would result in an increased ratio of tactical a very legitimate claim on our national re­ pose forces components, a case can be made air to division forces. As shown in Table 2, sources. But there are other problems which that the 72 budget has more than enough this is not the case in the 1972 budget. military expenditures at best defer and often for a flexible response for NATO. Given the ( 5) Does the 1972 budget adequately pro­ aggravate such as: population growth, which Administration's "1% war" strategy, the vide for the deployability and, in the final has only been deferred a decade or two NATO contingency is simply the most de­ analysis the usability of the active and re­ thanks to the "green revolution"; economic manding case; but this does not necessarily serve forces based in the U.S.? Specifically, and social deterioration, not only in the un­ imply that we would use these forces in re­ is there sufficient airlift, sealift and preposi­ derdeveloped world but also in the developed sponse to a NATO contingency only. It is stlll tioning; what is the appropriate mix of ac­ world; the adequacy of technology to cope prudent, perhaps, to plan for the use of tive and reserve forces; and what is the fea­ with pollution given the degree to which an some U.S. forces in response to a major con­ sibility of attaining the necessary readiness nations are flagrantly abusing the world en­ tingency in East Asia. However, assuming levels, particularly given the ever-increasing vironment; the potentially explosive issue of this is a valid basis for planning general pur­ complexity and sophistication of equipment? U.S. (and other developed countries) con­ pose forces, the major alternative force levels (6) Are the dual-capable forces-namely, sumption of the world's resources, now 40% proposed here would provide as much or more those designed to employ conventional as and predicted to be somewhere around 60% general purpose forces for deployment to well as nuclear munitions-available for by the turn of the century; and last, the East Asia than we committed in Korea or at conventional employment at the outset of need to make our industrial, technical and the height of the buildup in Vietnam, as a contingency? It is relevant to recall the automated societies fit for satisfying and shown in Tables 4, 6 and 8. non-availability of such forces in and around meaningful human existence. These are not If this alternative approach is valid, the Korea during the Pueblo crisis. simply matters of national concern and pri­ excess would include the following: (7) Finally, given the level of moderniza­ orities; they are a:lso matters of national se­ 4 active Army division forces; tion requested by all services in the 1972 curity, now and in the years ahead. In this 7 active Air Force tactical air wings; budget, can equivalent units be maintained sense, this Administration is correct when it 3 active Navy tactical air wings; and at equal or lower cost in future years? I states that we will solve the problems at 3 attack carriers ( CVAs) . would include such systems as the F-14, home and abroad or we will solve neither. Such a dramatic change in force levels F-15, S-3, DD-963, MBT-70, SAM-D, A-X, In closing, I would reemphasize the follow­ would greatly impact on numerous systems Cheyenne, and miscellaneous electronic and ing points: in procurement and even in R. & D. Of communications hardware designed for re­ I believe force levels in the 72 budget are course, savings would also include direct and connaissance and surveillance-commonly excessive for acceptable confidence in the indirect support associated with these forces. referred to as the "automated battlefield." U.S. capability to respond flexibly to the vari­ The total savings to the 72 budget would ex­ • • ous contingencies which might jeopardize ceed $7 billion. Cutting other general pur­ Beyond these specific questions, I submit U.S. and global security. I believe that we poses forces to achieve a balance given these that the Administration, this Committee and proposed reductions could perhaps double its counterpart in the Senate should give can save at least $7 billion and perhaps as the savings in FY 72 for a total of about $14- serious consideration to questions which go much as $14-15 blllion by cutting major 15 blllion. beyond the horizon of the 1972 budget and and associated excess forces alone. I do not wish to suggest that the capabiUty get to the very heart of the issue of national I think the mix and efficiency of general for flexible response to a NATO contingency, and global security in this and the remaining purpose forces resources, including Security particularly in Central Europe, is the only decades of this century. Asistance, are questionable. criterion for determining sufficiency in the First, in spite of the Administration's ap- The capability to operate and maintain June 7, 1971 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 18603

new systems sought in the 72 budget must a transition budget--raises more questions Again, Mr. Chairman, I thank you for this be weighed against the availabilty of re­ than it resolves. This Committee can make opportunity to appear before you today and sources in future years. a great contribution to the enhancement o:t will be glad to answer any questions which Finally, I submit this 72 budget--which the our national security by pursuing these and the Committee may have to the best of my Administration has made clear is no longer other necessary questions. ability. D TABLE I.-DEPLOYMENT OF MAJOR ACTIVE GENERAL PURPOSE FORCES END-FISCAL TABLE 3.-COMPOSITION OF ALTERNATIVE DIVISION FORCES-AS OF FISCAL YEAR EN YEAR 1970 Fiscal year- Air Navy 1965 1 pre- Marines Force, carrier Vietnam Army tactical task "baseline" 1970 2 1972 3 divisions Divisions Wings air wings forces I (actual) (actual) (estimate) Alternative

NATO: Europe______4}3______7 ______Active Forces: Mediterranean (6th Fleet)______Y.J Y-1------2 16 ~ • 17~ 13~ 9~3 3 3 Continental United States (CONUS) 2 3_ _ 4 5% 1% 1!}~ 9 5 10 ~':r(n-e;======3 3 Northeast Asia: Subtotal, active _____ ------__ _ Korea/Japan/Okinawa______2 ~ ~~ 2 ------19~ 20~{1 16~ 12~ Western Pacific (7th Fleet) ______79------______Reserve Forces: ======~ Southeast Asia______5}3 1 !}9 5 Total, major units ______17}3 23 ~~~i~es ======Subtotal, reserve ______------I Includes the Shangri-La, a CVS functioning as a CVA for the duration of the Vietnam war. TotaL--- ______------___===2=8=~{1===29=~===2=5=~====21=~~ 2 Includes% Army division assigned to 7th Army in Germany, and 2 Army divisions and 1}3 Air Force wings specifically "earmarked" for NATO augmentation. The remainder are generally regarded as Strategic Reserve Forces (STRAF). 3 These active forces in CONUS were complemented by the following reserve forces: 8 Army . I Fiscal year 196~ budget, P: ~6.; Sc_hultze, Setting National P~io~itie.s: 1971 budget, p. 19. (The divisions, 1 Marine division, 1 Marine air wing, 8}3 Air Force tactical air wings and 2 Navy carrier d1fference of ~~ act1ve Army diVISIOn IS due to the subsequent d1strnctron between division forces air wings. and special mission forces) 4 Includes 1 division (5th Mech. Div.) functioning as a training division for troops assigned to 2 Laird, fiscal year 1971 Defense program and budget, p. 127. Vietnam. a Fiscal year 1972 budget, p. 88. 5 Includes 3 to 4 in some stage of overhaul and 6 to 7 in some stage of training. • Includes 1 division activated during the Vietnam buildup for deployment to Vietnam. Source: Gen. William C. Westmoreland, Department of Defense Appropriations for 1971. State­ ment before a Subcommittee of the House Appropriations Committee, 91 Cong., 2 sess., 1970, part I, pp. 13, 20; Gen. Leonard F. Chapman, Jr., Ibid., p. 740; Adm. Thomas H. Moorer, CVAN-70 TABLE 4.-ALLOCATION OF ALTERNATIVE ACTIVE AND RESERVE LAND FORCES BY Aircraft Carrier, Testimony before the Joint Subcommittee of the Senate and House Armed Services Committees on CVAN-70 Aircraft Carrier, 91 Cong., 2 sess., Washington, D.C., p. 135; The Military CONTINGENCY 1 Balance 1970-71, The Institute for Strategic Studies, London, 1970, p. 3-5. [In divisions; active divisions in parentheses) TABLE 2.-MAJOR GENERAL PURPOSE FORCES AND COSTS OF ALTERNATIVE FORCE LEVELS­ AS OF FISCAL YEAR END Army Marine Totatz

NATO Europe ______17 (9 L______318 Fiscal year- (9 Or Asia (Korea or Southeast Asia) ______12 (4 ) 3 (2) 4 15 (6 ) 19651 pre­ And minor contingency______}3 ( }3) 1 (1) 5 1.J.i (1}3) Vietnam "baseline" 1970 z 1972 3 (actual) (actual) (estimate) Alternative I Total alternative forces consists of 21}3 divisions; see table 6 for allocation of alternative tactical air forces. Land forces (division): 2 Each could be complemented by 7 special forces groups, and various Navy special warfare Army: forces. Active ______16}3 17}3 13}3 9}3 3 Excludes 2 active Marine divisions for a temporary holding action in Korea or Southeast Asia Reserve ______8 8 8 8 Marines: -rExcludes 4}3 Active Army divisions based in Germany and % division based in Conus and Active ______------and assigned to 7th Army. Reserve ______-rciiUid be an Atlantic or Pacific-based division component of a Marine expeditionary force (MEF) with amphibious assault capability and a Conus-based airborne brigade. TotaL ______------28}3 29}3 25}3 21}3

Tactical air forces (wings): TABLE 5.-COMPOSITION OF ALTERNATIVE TACTICAL (FIGHTER/ ATTACK) AIR FORCES Air Force: Active ______21 23 21 14 [In Air Force tactical air wing equivalents) I Reserve ______7% 8}3 8}3 8}3 Navy: Active ______• ______15 14 11 Fiscal year- Reserve ___ . ______2 2 2 Marines: 1965 2 pre- Active. _____ ------. ___ _------Vietnam Reserve ______3 4nx2 .nx2 4nx2 q "baseline" 19703 1972. (actual) (actual) (estimate) Alternative Total (Air Force wing equiva- lents)4 ______53% 55}3 50}3 40% Naval forces (active forces): Active Forces: Attack carrier task forces CVA's/ Air Force ______------_ ~ 21 CV's) ______Navy ______23 21 14 15 15 13 10 15 14 11 Marines 1______----- ______8 ASW carrier task forces (CV's) __ • ____ 9 4 3 0 6 6 6 6 Amphibious task forces (MEF lift) ___ _ 2 1}3 1}3 1}3 Subtotal, active ______Cost of general purpose forces (1971 dol- 42 43 38 28 Iars in billions~------$44 $46 $40 $32 Reserve forces: Air Force ______7% 8% 8~ 8}3 1 The Budget of the U.S. Government, fiscal year 1967, p. 76; Charles L Schultze, Setting Na­ Navy ______------2 2 2 Marines 1______2 tional Priorities; the 1971 budget. the Brookings Institution, Washington, D.C., 1970, p. 19; the 2 2 2 2 Military Balance, 1965-66, the Institute for Strategic Studies, London, 1965, p. 26; Robert S. Subtotal, reserve ______McNamara, Department of Defense Appropriations, 1966, statement before a subcommittee of 11% 12}3 12}3 12% the House Appropriations Committee, 80 Cong .. 1st sess., Washington, D.C., 1965, pt. 1, pp. 97, TotaL ______• ______-- _____ 113-115; Jane's Fighting Ships 1969-70, Jane's Yearbooks, London, 1970, pp. 395-404; RobertS. 53% 55}3 50}3 40% McNamara, Department of Defense Appropriations, 1969, statement submitted to the Senate Appropriations Subcommittee, 90 Cong., 2d sess., Washington, D.C., 1968, pt. 5, p. 2739. 2 Melvin R. Laird, fiscal year 1971 defense program and budget statement before a joint session 1 An Air Force fighter/attack wing has 72 U.E. aircraft An attack carrier air wing includes about of the Senate Armed Services and Appropriations Committees, GPO, Washington, D.C., 1970, 75 U. E. fighter/attack aircraft, and thus, is equivalent to about 1 Air Force wing. However, a Marine pp. 127, 134--140, 142-143, 148-149, 153. air wing has about 140-145 U. E. fighter/attack aircraft and, therefore, is equivalent to about 2 Air s The budget of the U.S. Government, fiscal year 1972, p. 88. Force wings. • Marine air wings equivalent to about 2 Air Force (or Navy) tactical air wings; see footnote (1). table 5. 2 Schultze, Setting National Priorities; 1971 budget, p. 19; Military balance 1965-66, p. 26 a Author's estimates; reflects the estimated peacetime costs of all general purpose forces McNamJra, defense appropriations, 1966, pp. 113- 115. varying these major force elements. The cost of general purpose forces is the fiscal year 1971 3 Laird, fiscal year 1971 defense program and budget, p. 134--140. budget costs ($55,000,000.000) less the incremental costs of the Vietnam war ( -$11,000,000,000) • Fiscal year 1972 budget, p. 88. plus the peacetime costs of maintaining 1 Army division fore<:! ( +$800,000.000), 1 more than the pre-Vietnam "baseline" (17~ vs. 16~) . Of course, in 1972 dollars (with allowance for inflation 5 Programed at the time to become 24 wings for a total of 5673 wings-exactly twice the "base­ and pay incentives) all costs would increase. line" division force of 28~ divisions (see McNamara, defense appropriations ,1966,p. 113.) 18604 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS June 7, 1971

ABlE G.-AllOCATION OF AlTERNATIVE ACTIVE AND RESERVE TACTICAL AIR FORCES TABLE 7.-COMPOSITION OF ALTERNATIVE ATTACK CARRIER (CVA/CV) FORCE LEVELS BY CONTINGENCY t (CVA/CV'S AS OF END FISCAL YEAR)

[In Air Force wing equivalents; active wings in parentheses] z Fiscal year-

Air Force/Navy Marine Total a 1965 1 pre­ Vietnam "baseline" 1970 2 1972 3 NATO Europe or______29 73 (19) 2 (-) ( 31 73 (19) (actu al) (actual) (estimate) Alternati ve • Asia (Korea or Southeast Asia) ______21 }~ (11) 6 (4) 5 27 ~{1 (15) And minor contingency ______1 (1) 2 (2) 6 3 (3) CVAN:s: . N1m1tz class. ______._ •• ______------la~dTf~~~:~~ernative force consists of 40 73 tactical air wings ; see table 4 for allocation of alternative Enterprise class.______1 1 1 1 Post-World War II CVA's: Forrestal-class.. 7 8 7 8 2 See footnote (1) to table 5. World War II CVA 's: 52 6 8 Each could be _comple!llent~d ~y Special Air Wa~fare Forces (SAW F), currently in Vietnam. Midway-class •. ______------3 1 4 Excludes 2 act1ve Manne a1r wmgs (or 4 AF equ1valents) and 2 active AF/Navy air wings for a Hancock-class .•.• ______••• ____ •.. 4 54 1 ------holding action in Korea/ SEA. Essex-class. ___ __ • _____ ._ •.. ___ •••. 1 ------5 Excludes 10 active AF/Navy air wings for NATO, including 7 Air Force wings based in central ------Europe. SubtotaL ______15 515 12 10 6 Could_ be an A_tl~ntic· or Pacific·b~~ed air wing component of a Marine Expeditionary Force CV functioning as a CVA: Essex class (MEF), w1th amph1b10us assault capab1hty, and a CONUS-based AF/ Navy air wing. (Shangri-La) .. ______7 1 _____ •• __ .•. - __ . --.. -. -- CV (CVA functioning as dual-purpose CVA/ TABLE B.-DEPLOYMENT OF ALTERNATIVE ATTACK CARRIER (CVA) FORC E LEVELS CVS) : Forrestal-class (Saratoga) ______(1) TotaL ______15 16 13 10 .In training/overhaul

Western Paci fic Atlantic Med iter- 1 McNamara, Department of Defense appropriations, 1966, p. 97 ; Jane's 1969-70, pp. 39 ~04 . Pacific coa st coast ranean Other Total 2 Laird, 1971 Defense program and budget, p. 142. ! ~i~c~~r;t~~;~~~s ~~~li\·ee ·e~~hrough the 1970's would imply either cancellation of the Eisen· End fiscal year 1970 (actual) hower (CVAN-69) or deactivation of 1 Forrestal-class CVA, the oldest of which (the Forrestal) including Vietnam •.•.•••• 4(6) 4 2 ------16 would be 20 years old in fiscal year 1975. Alternative: 5 1n August 1970, deactivation of the Bon Homme Richard (Hanco~k class) was announced, 1 I ___ ------3 6 4 2 15 which reduces the force level to 14 CVA's. In September 1970, the M1dway completed a 4-year, 2 I ___ ------2 4 4 12 2 $207,000,000 modernization and replaced the Ticonderoga (Hancoc~ class). 3A .••• ------2 4 2 1 ======~=2l 10 6 The Midway or the Oriskany (Hancock class) would be replaced m 1977 by CVAN- 70 ( "Navy 3B .... ------1 2 4 2 2l 10 Study on Attack Carriers" p. 93). 1 Laird, 1971 Defense program and budget, p. 1421. s Alternative does not preclude the use of some carriers as CV's. I Admiral Moorer, CVAN- 70 Aircraft Carriers, p. 306. 2 Could be deployed in either the Atlantic or Pacific to augment existing forces, or to support the amph _i bious a_nd airborne forces as a hedge against a minor contingency during a major European or As1an contingency.

A DRUG LESSON FROM THE This year, with the support of the "It is now obvious t hat not enou gh weight was given to the observations of the Japa­ JAPANESE BOOK members of the Select Crime Committee, nese, who experienced a major epidemic of I have reintroduced the bill to trans­ methamphetamine abuse immediately fol­ fer amphetamines, methamphetamines, lowing World War II," Dr. Jerome H. Jaffee, HON. CLAUDE PEPPER methylphenidate-Ritalin-and phen­ a psychiatrist at the University of Chicago­ OF FLORIDA metrazine-Preludin-to schedule II, Pritzker School of Medicine, said in the cur­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES The administration finally, partially rent edition of Goodman and Gilman's text­ agreed with us and initiated proceedings book, "The Pharmacological Basis of Thera­ Monday, June 7, 1971 on May 26, 1971, to transfer ampheta­ peutics." The Japanese problem involved at it s peak Mr. PEPPER. Mr. Speaker, I wish to mines and methamphetamines to the more than one million people, Dr. Jaffee said, draw my colleagues' attention to the ad­ tighter controls of schedule II. Unfortu­ as large stores of surplus methamphetamine, mirable concern of the physicians of nately, this is but a half measure. Ritalin a type of amphetamine, were released for Huntington, Long Island, about the mis­ and Preludin, amphetamine-type central sale to a public "that had been notably free use and abuse of amphetamines. nervous system stimulants, remain in ~ of all types of drug abuse." Alarmed by the incident of misuse in schedule ill under lesser controls. These Many American physicians have been con­ their area and wary of the abuse pat­ two were the abused drugs in Japan and cerned about the spreading use of ampheta­ Sweden. mines in view of the known pharmacologic terns that developed in Japan and actions of these drugs. Sweden, these physicians decided to lim­ In commending the Long Island physi­ "Bennies" (for Benzedrine), "dexies" (for it their prescriptions for amphetamines cians for their foresight and self-imposed dextroamphetamine) and "ups" are com­ strictly to the treatments of two condi­ controls, I would also like to point out monly used slang terms that student s and tions for which there are no other drugs that a similar move was made by the truck drivers, among others, use when t hey available; namely, hyperkinesis and Utah Medical Association in December swallow the pills to stay awake. narcolepsy. 1970 when over half the association de­ DRUG NOW INJECTED As my colleagues know, between 5 and cided to cease prescribing amphetamines Now more Americans are abusing am­ 8 billion amphetamine dosage units were for the treatment of obesity. It is through phetamines by injecting the dru g as "speed" produced in 1969, far in excess of the few the action of responsible groups such as or "splash." Intravenous injections of am­ hundred thousand that the medical ex­ these that drug misuse and abuse can be phetamines can cause marked euphoria, a curbed. All the laws in the country will false sense of markedly enhanced physical perts told the Select Committee on Crime strength and mental capacit y, and a feel­ would be needed to treat hyperkinesis not prevent abuse without the help and support of the medical profession. It is ing that sleep and food are not needed. and narcolepsy, and even the first few Amphetamine was apparently first studied weeks of diet control programs. So con­ my hope that the example of these pharmacologically in the early nin et een­ cerned were the members of the Select groups will be followed by many. thirties. Committee on Crime that in the last I include the following two articles in The amphetamines are now known to be Congress, with the unanimous support of the RECORD at this point: among the most potent stimulants of the [From the New York Times, June 2, 1971] brain and central nervous system. But t he the members of the committee, I intro­ drug affects other organs as well. What the duced a bill to place stricter controls on A DRUG LESSON FROM THE JAPANESE BOOK drug can do elsewhere in the body is to the production and distribution of am­ (By Lawrence K. Altman) raise blood pressure, stimulate breathing, phetamine type drugs, in the hopes that The action that the physicians and phar­ and in high doses, cause the heart to beat this would curb the abuse of the legiti­ macists in Huntington, L .I ., took yesterday abnormally. mately produced drugs. Unfortunately, to restrict the use of amphetamines reflects Dr. Myron Prinzmetal and Dr. W. Bloom­ the administration opposed our bill and what Americans are now learning about this berg are credited with first using ampheta­ the comprehensive drug abuse preven­ form of drug abuse-a lesson t hat the Jap­ mine to treat narcolepsy, a rare diSease of anese learned about 25 years ago. unknown cause that produces uncontrollable tion and control bill was signed into law The lesson is that tight controls may be paroxysms of sleep, more frequently in men with the amphetamine-type drugs un­ necessary to prevent abuse of drugs such as than in women. der a limited form of control in sched­ amphetamines, which are potent stimu­ Narcolepsy was one of the two conditions ule III. lators of the brain. that the Huntington doctors agreed yester- June 7, 1971 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 18605 day was a legitimate indication for the drug. passed last December by the Utah State Why do courts interpret the Constitu­ The other legitimate use, they said, is in Medical Association recommending that tion to allow conduct and speech demon­ hyperkinesis, a condition of overactivity in "physicians be asked to refrain from pre­ children. scribing amphetamines or similar drugs for strably destructive of the very form of Uses of amphetamines for depressed moods, the treatment O!f obesity." government that made the Constitution possible in the first place? Why do chil­ like "the housewife blues," and obesity are A.M.A. ACTION POSSIBLE the major abuses noted Americans treat dren take to drugs to seek through drug­ themselves with amphetamines that they An A.M.A. spokesman said that his group induced euphoria an illusory and decep­ have obtained from other patients who have had taken no official stand on the merits tive escape from life in the best and freest obtained the pills on a doctor's prescription. of a voluntary embargo but that the issue might be raised at the annual meeting of land of opportunity in all the world? Others are said to obtain the drug easily Who has been responsible for all this from illegal sources. the House of Delegates of the A.M.A. later In many such cases, doctors have said, psy­ this month. tragedy? In a word, the "anti-Ameri­ chiatric care may be needed to treat the "On the one hand, people here say tblat any cans" and it is about time they knocked it underlying, basic problems. drug, even if it has a limited value, should off, for as the following editorial from Physicians vary on prescribing or not pre­ be available to licensed physicians," the the Indianapolis Star of May 23, 1971, scribing amphetamines for patients. Thus spokesinan said in a telephone interview so well points out, if they do not, Ameri­ some doctors would order the drug for a from Chicago. "On the ot'her hand, physicians should continue to re-evaluate and re-exam­ ca's youth will be consumed alive: patient who was refused such a prescription STOP IT, ANTI-AMERICANS from another physician. This, however, is ine their need for such drugs." characteristic of the way medicine is prac­ A spokesinan for the Fedeml Food and Stop it, you anti-Americans! Stop criticiz­ ticed. Drug Administration said in Washington that ing everything and everybody and every mo­ his agency had "no comment" on the Hunt­ tive and every action except your own. Stop ington plan, since it did not wish to become constantly sniping at your government. What EMBARGO ON AMPHETAMINE SET UP VOLUN­ involved in the question of what drugs in the world is the matter with you? You TARILY ON LONG ISLAND physicians could or could not prescribe. have the most wonderful nation on earth, a (By David A. Andelman) SEEK STATEWIDE EMBARGO nation that has gone to extraordinary HUNTINGTON, L.I., June 1.-More than half "The effect of this embargo will be favor­ lengths to uplift the poor, feed the hungry, of the licensed physicians and pharmacists in able for the physicila.n as well as the pa­ comfort the aftlicted, and extend justice to the Town of Huntington have agreed volun­ tient," said Dr. Rosen. "Too often, we, the everyone. Yet here you are, applauding the tarily to stop prescribing and dispensing am­ physician, have taken the easy way out in very people who degrade and mock America, phetamines except in two "medically re­ cases of obesity or depression. We have said, who tell you how selfish and corrupt Ameri­ cans are. quired instances.'' 'Here is a pill,' when we should have sat In what was described as the first such down with the patient and gotten to the Your own eyes and your own common agreement in the country, 153 of the town's root of the problem." sense should tell you that in no other land, 240 licensed physicians and 27 of the 42 Officials of the sponsoring Drug Council under no other system, is the individual more registered pharmacists agreed to stop pre­ said they hoped to extend the pledge to all respected or better treated. Nowhere is a per­ scribing and dispensing amphetamines ex­ physicians in Suffolk County and Ito contact son as free to do what he wants with his life. cept in the case of narcolepsy and hyper­ all 300 other drug councils in the state to Nowhere in the world, despite our occasional kinesis, two diseases for which the drug is gain a statewide embargo. overemphasis on getting and spending, are the recognized treatment. "By example we hope also eventually to charity and service to mankind more prac­ Narcolepsy is a disease in which the patient make this a nationwide movement," said Ar­ ticed or revered than right here in America. is incapable of staying awake and hyper­ thur Goldstein, chai.n:na.n of the Narcotics For the past couple of years you have al­ kinesis is an extensive overactivity in small Council. "This is a nationwide problem, al­ lowed a small handful of hypocritical critic~ children. In both cases, amphetamines are though we certainly must start locally." to flagellate us and our government. the "indicated drug of choice," or preferable He said the number of users of ampheta­ Be realistic, America. Where is your sense treatment. mines in Huntington or in the county was of proportion? We aren't a debased or rotten "To such other actions as drug prevention not known since prescriptions are often cir­ nation. We have our share of criminal mis­ and drug cure must be added drug with­ culated to many individuals other than the fits, but most of us are pretty decent peo­ drawal," Dr. Milton Gordon, chairman of the one to whom they were issued. He added, ple-hard-working, law-abiding, God-fear­ Suffolk County Medical Society narcotics however, that 40 amphetamine pills for each ing. All of us want a better life for ourselves task force that assisted the Huntington Nar­ man, woman and child in the country were and our children, and most of us want a bet­ cotics Guidance Council in implementing produced by legitimate drug companies each ter life for our neighbors too. the program, said at a news conference t.o­ year. · But this anti-Americanism is corrupting day. Last Wednesday the Justice Department our national soul. It's having a harmful ef­ Dr. Gordon said that there had been wide­ took the first steps toward placing a pro­ fect on our children, who are beginning to spread abuse of amphetamines, particularly duction quota on amphetamines by drug believe it. This false picture is making it in the treatment of obesity and depression, companies. easier for the haters, the doomsayers and the sometimes known as "housewife blues." "But these quotas will be set on the basis malcontents, those with the biggest mouths "There are far better alternative methods of how much is actually prescribed by le­ and the smallest consciences, to mislead and of treatment of both conditions," he said, gitimate physicians," Mr. Goldstein said. confuse us. It is twisting our values, making "and amphetamines have no place in this "Voluntary programs will cut down the base it difficult for our children to know right treatment." they use in determining production and will from wrong. REASON FOR PROGRAM further limit the supply available. Thousands of American boys have been killed in Vietnam by being trapped in Viet He said that it was felt by residents of the "If we want to convince our children not area and the physicians who participated in to use drugs,'' he said, "the:u we must be pre­ Cong villages where men, women and chil­ pared to set an example and show that we dren were paraded as villagers, when actually the program that it was "necessary to crack they were armed with Viet Cong cocktails, the drug sequence for all members of the adults are not dependent on them for our everyday existence." bombs and what have you. Our boys were community-that euphoria is possible in trying to be decent to the villagers and America today without the use of drugs." suddenly they found themselves completely Dr. Melville Rosen, past president of the surrounded by the whole village, armed to Suffolk County Medical Society, told the ANTI-AMERICANISM-NO LONGER A the teeth. But the poor bleeding hearts in news conference that the 153 physicians who America, these anti-American so-called agreed to the embargo represent "nearly 90 LUXURY WE CAN AFFORD patriots, instead of having any sympathy for per cent of those physicians in the township our boys, who of course had to fight back, felt who might regularly prescribe ampheta­ HON. LOUIS C. WYMAN sorry for the old men and children who got mines." hurt in the mix-up. Of course they would Those who did not return the pledge state­ OF NEW HAMPSHIRE get hurt in that kind of a mess. We had a ments, he said, generally through oversight, IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES lot of boys killed in that action. The anti­ consisted largely of specialists such as an­ Americans had no sympathy for our boys, esthesiologists and dermatologists who would Monday, June 7, 1971 but they had all kinds of sympathy for the not normally prescribe the drugs. Mr. WYMAN. Mr. Speaker, why do poor villagers who were simpy used, in­ Nine refused to sign the pledge, saying that people who should know better try to tear nocently or otherwise, by the Viet Cong. This they wished to "retain the freedom to judge American down instead of build it up? is war, make no mistake about it, but these each patient individually and prescribe the anti-American loudmouths seem to believe drug indicated," as one disse.nting physician Why do public officials make the ridic­ we have no right to wage it in our own wrote. ulous claims that the Nation is captive defense. An official of the American ·Medical Asso­ of corruption and its Government lead­ One United States senator actually made ciation said that the only other case on rec­ ers pawns of the military-industrial com­ a statement that the American prisoners of ord of a similar embargo was a resolution plex, whatever that may be? war in Hanoi might as well just stay there, CXVII--1170--Part 14 18606 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS June 7, 1971 because they certainly wouldn't have been reserved for those who cannot be with us, him lose faith in the stated objectives of his prisoners of war if they had had enough but whose courage and endurance in captiv­ society. sense not to enlist for a useless and barbaric ity brought us together. No matter what their declared int ent or war. Well, the facts are they didn't enlist-­ We are not here for a partisan reason. We how sincere the demonstrators' desire for they were drafted. And many of the very are here for a humanitarian cause. And our "peace", they have been fulfilling the mis­ same men who voted to support President cause transcends any political divisions. We sion of psychological warfare-not against Kennedy when he went into Vietnam and are not here as hawks or doves. We are here the enemy, but against our own nation. who supported the Tonkin Resolution, later, as Americans who are concerned about the And the cost of this has been the unneces­ when the war became unpopular, turned plight of almost 1,600 brave countrymen who sary deaths of thousands of young Amer­ about face and blamed the whole thing on are missing or held prisoner by the enemy icans and an unnecessary prolonging of the President Johnson. And now they are in Southeast Asia. suffering and hardships of our prisoners of blaming the war on President Nixon, who Some of them have been held captive for war. didn't have a single thing to do with start­ six or even seven years . . . longer than any Peace demonstrators subscribe to many ing this war. But the very men who are other prisoners in any of our past wars or myths easily exposed if only they were in­ loudest in their criticism of President Nixon conflicts. The fact that we do not even terested in the truth. How many students e.nd the present situation in Vietnam, which know how many are prisoners is a grim re­ have been assigned Marvin Gettleman's book is gradually being solved, are the very ones minder of the inhumane and barbaric treat­ on the Vietnam War as outside reading? And who really helped start the whole mess. This ment they are enduring. have any been told to test its blatant prop­ is the worst display of national hypocrisy we In violation of the most basic terrns of aganda against the historical facts in "Viet­ have ever witnessed in this country. the Geneva Convention, the enemy has not nam: Anatomy of Conflict" (by Wesley It is unbelievable that so small a minority given us a complete listing of the men they Fishel)? of Americans could create such a terrible hold prisoner. The North Vietnamese Com­ Professor Fishel's book commits the ap­ atmosphere in this country. If it were not for munists have not allowed Red Cross teams parent academic sin of recalling the entire the loudmouths the world would not know to visit the internment camps to see that history of the Vietnam confiict, including anything about what is going on here, be­ these prisoners are receiving humane treat­ the fact that that great Vietnamese patriot, cause it is so much more peaceful here, and ment. They have not permitted release of Ho Chi Minh, never saw his native land in safer, than any place else in the world. But the sick and injured. And they have not all the years between 1911 and 1940. to hear these bleeding hearts yell, you would even exhibited a minimum of human decency Nor was this because he was in lonely exile. think Russia is a Utopia compared to and compassion • • •. He was a founder of the French Communist America. Instead, time and again, the Communists Party and in 1924, worked in Moscow as an Stop this anti-American rot. Because if you have cruelly and cynically used the plight official representative of the French Com­ don't, America's youth will be consumed by of our missing men in a sadistic game to munists. When he did return to Vietnam, he the stench of this hypocritical rhetoric. further their own aims. did so as a representative of the Cornitern, Stop it, America, before it is too late! Only some among us tonight--the wives fomenting revolution against the French in and farnllies of these brave men-can ever that phase of thls long war. really know in full measure the terrible an­ Ho Chi Minh was not even a true Viet­ GOVERNO"R REAGAN SPEAKS ON guish this inhumanity has caused. namese nationalist. In fact, in 1946 . . . be­ But millions of Americans, from every fore the National Union movement h ad ac­ POW ISSUE corner of this land, who can only. try to tually engaged the French in combat ... Ho imagine your pain, say to you and to all the engineered the slaughter of many Vietnam­ HON. BURT L. TALCOTT other wives and relatives of our missing and ese nationalist supporters ... those who were imprisoned men: We want with all our hearts interested in a truly free Vietnam. OF CALIFORNIA to share your burden. One of the Communist tactics was simple IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES There is an extra element of tragedy in assassination of all who dared disagree with Monday, June 7, 1971 the plight of your husbands, sons and them. Another was to send the Vietnamese brothers.· Unlike other confiicts, in other nationalists as a vanguard against the Mr. TALCOTT. Mr. Speaker, Governor times, they cannot take comfort in the French. In one incident, 2,000 young Viet­ Reagan is one of our Nation's most elo­ knowledge that whatever their hardships, namese between the ages of 15 and 20 were quent speakers. More importantly, he America is united behind them. left to defend Hanoi while Ho's own Com­ captures the spirit of America, he finds This is the first group of American prison­ munist forces slipped out the back door. This ers of war who have ever had to endure­ was hardly original with Her-it is standard good in people, and he "tells it like it is" along with captivity-the bitter awareness Communist operating procedure. when he speaks on national issues. that some of their own countrymen are more Or doesn't anyone remember World War II Many Californians are missing in ac­ concerned about the enemy than about when the Polish and Jewish guerrillas in the tion or prisoners of war in Laos, Cam­ them. No doubt many participate in parades Warsaw ghetto were told by the advancing bodia, South Vietnam, and North Viet­ for peace with all sincerity, but I would Soviet- armies to rise up and strike against nam, so Governor Reagan has a special find that easier to believe if they weren't the Nazis as the Russians attacked the city. interest in the POW issue. marching beneath the enemy's fiag. The signal was given and Warsaw freedom Recently in Los Angeles, at a POW1 One of the more prominent demonstrators fighters struck with every weapon they had, recently said on national television the including rocks and !bricks. But, the Soviet MIA International, Inc., dinner, Gover­ prisoner of war problem was a "joke" and arrny halted its advance and waited-waited nor Reagan successfully put in much that there is no way to get them home with­ until there were no sounds of confiict from clearer perspective a number of issues out setting a firm date for withdrawal in the ghettcr-not even the cries of the wound­ about POW's, America, our present re­ advance. ed-just a deadily silence. The Communists sponsibilities and policies relating to The issue of the prisoners is not a joke. would not be sharing power with local lead­ peace in Vietnam. It is now the single most important issue ers when they took over Poland from the I commend to every Member the speech involved in this long and savage war and Nazis. of Governor Reagan and include excerpts we want them back now. It only took a few days in Warsaw. In therefrom in the body of the REcoRD at Those in America who speak of "peace" Hanoi the young Vietnamese nationalists be­ say it can be easily purchased by accepting trayed by Ho Chi Minh held out for two this point: the terms the enemy has dictated. They months before the benevolent kindly dictator It is customary for a speaker, when in­ imply that the United St ates and those who Uncle Ho heard the silence he was wait ing vited to address such a distinguished gather­ serve their country's military forces do not for. ing, to describe the opportunity as a priv­ share their desire for peace. Whatever the Another myth is that at the Geneva Con­ llege. And I am privileged to be with you divisions we may have over the origins of ference on Indo-China in 1954, the United this evening, privileged and honored. the Vietnam War, the desire for peace is States and South Vietnam agreed to hold No one could stand before this particular unanimous. And nowhere is this felt more free elections to unify the country and that assembly without also feeling deep humility strongly than among the men who know we refused to honor the agreement for fear and great pride. the sight and sound and smell of war. Ho would win. All propagandists sell this Hum111ty because that is the only possible Some of the ugliest and more lasting scars one--Richard Goodwin, Felix Greene, Dr. emotion in the face of the human courage in this war have been inflicted, not by the Spock and Norrnan Cousins. They often mis­ and sheer fortitude we are acknowledging enemy on a far-away battlefield, but by use a quote from the late President Eisen­ by our presence here tonight; and pride divisions among our own people, at home, hower to support this claim-always carefully because it is an occasion for pride to see in our own streets. omitting the lines which would reveal he so many Americans expressing their personal Psychological warfare is practiced in time was speaking of an election that would have concern for the fate of a gallant few. of war to reduce the enemy's belief in his pitted Ho Chi Minh or anyone else against It is these missing men who are the real own cause, to make him distrust his own the French puppet Emperor Bao Dai. guests of honor here tonight. And perhaps leaders and colleagues • . . to raise serious The truth is the United States and South it is appropriate for us to leave one empty doubts in his own mind about the justice Vietnam did .not endorse the so-called 1956 chair on this rostrum and mark it reserved- of his system of government and to make election proposal-not because they were not June 7, 1971 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 18607 interested in free elections, but because Ho Hue. He must remember the terrorist bomb­ homes and loved ones to go half a world Chi Minh and the Communists refused to ings of school rooms, buses, movie theaters away. They fly out over a strange land agree to hold such free elections under inter­ and street corner crowds long before we through machine gun and rocket fire and national supervision. The United States was were even in the war. There are a million then having. done their appointed task seek not included as an official party in the final refugees who fled North Vietnam to escape out a dot on the ocean and try to land in settlement of the French Indo-China war. the mass exe-cutions in the North which stormy darkness on the heaving de-ck of a Subsequently South Vietnam repeatedly were as savage and senseless as the mass carrier. proposed free elections throughout the coun­ murder of landlords by Mal Tse Tung in What produces these young men-where do try-to be held under international supervi­ China. they come from? The answer js so simple. sion when peace and order was restored. Al­ For four years we have sat at the table America produces them and has in every ways it was Ho who refused. in p,aris offering bombing halts, cease fires time of crisis for 200 years. They come from In 1955 the people of South Vietnam proved and mutual withdrawal. Never once has the our cities, our farms, our small towns. the correctness of President Eisenhower's as­ enemy said "If you do this your prisoners Last December, T.V. recorded the White sessment of Emperor Baa Dai. In a legitimate will be returned", he has said only that he House meeting of the President and some of referendum with 90 percent of the people will talk about it if we will quit. the gallant leaders of that daring attempt to participating he was overwhelmingly de­ Some of those who yearn for peace as rescue prisoners from a camp in the enemy feated by the late President Diem. well as some members of Congress have been heartland. The President asked the com­ A year later the Diem government an­ playing Russian Roulette again at no risk mander where he had found such men. The nounced that South Vietnam would accept to themselves. For the gun was always answer so quietly given should have thrilled the defacto separation of Vietnam and would aimed at someone else's head. every American. He said, "We could have had not resort to force in an effort to re-unify the There are signs that the enemy-badly thousands, Sir." Thousands willing to gamble country. He urged the re-unification of Viet­ hurt in Cambodia and Laos-was putting their lives to save another-greater glory nam by peaceful means through truly demo­ out feelers indicating he might finally be hath no man. cratic and free elections. Again it was Ho ready to do business in the Paris meetings. But even this heroic rescue mission be­ who rejected such overtures. The massive demonstrations, the talk in came the object of criticism and debate by Then on May 8, 1960, Ho Chi Minh held Congress of trying to vote our capitulation, some public officials whose carping surely his kind of election. There was no need for has given him reason to hang on a while lent some measure of comfort to the enemy. longer, to launch raids and increase Amer­ A decade ago, an American President said voting booths because there was no secret ican casualties for propaganda value here at ballot. The people of Vietnam marked their that Americans should let the world go forth home. How many young Americans died and that we would pay any price, bear any bur­ ballots at tables set up on street corners, will die in Vietnam because of the parades helped by Ho's Communist agents. And what den, to assure the survival of all those things and speeches in Washington? The enemy has we hold precious-to guarantee that the do you know? Ho got almost 99 percent of been encouraged to believe he can win the vote. Less than a third of the other of­ freedoms we enjoy will be secured for our the cruel waiting game--not by how many children and their children. fices were even contested. divisions he can put in the field in Vietnam All this time there was an International Those words should be a reminder of the but by how many divisions there are among very meaning and purpose of government; to Control Commission set up by the 1954 Ge­ our own people--here in America. neva agreements. It did very little because offer the protection of all to even the least The President has chosen, as he should, among us wherever in the world he may the Communists had insisted on unanimous a program of withdrawal geared directly decisions. The representatives were from be. Distance alone must not be allowed to to the ability of the South Vietnamese to rob a man of his God-given right ot life and Canada, India and Communist Poland and assume responsib111ty of their own defense. the Communist member could be counted on liberty. And this too is our concern, or have some of If we are unwilling to make such a pledge for a consistent veto. Finally in 1962 the rep­ us· decided we no longer hold out the hand to each other then our trumpet will sound an resentatives of Canada and India charged the of brotherhood to the down trodden? uncertain note and all the world will hear. Communists of North Vietnam with subver­ At one of our state colleges recently a And therein lies great danger. From the sive and hostile actions designed to overthrow speaker was explaining our Vietnam ·policy. vantage point of history, we look back on the free government of South Vietnam. A middle-aged man in the audience began wars we might have avoided had an enemy This is just part of the history so often heckling him and of course was immediately not mistaken our desire for peace or our edited out of the versions some of our stu­ joined by a certain element among the stu­ patience for weakness. dents receive. dents. Then a young man in the audience We are not given to bellicose sabre rat­ But all of thd.s is historioal fact--available stood up and addressed the hecklers. He tling or unnecessary belligerence. But the to anyone who seeks the truth about Vie-t­ was an exchange student from Vietnam-in savage captors of our young men must be nam. fact a refugee from North Vietnam. made to know that each one of those young For those in the demonstrations and He said, "If you don't think it is in your men is precious to us; that there will be no marches, espe-cially those who truly believe interest to help my country-why don't you peace until they are restored to their fami­ in peace and prefer to march under our get out? It's that easy, you don't have to lies. Our President has said as much. Now it flag-! have a question: suppose we do what find a reason-just go." And then he made is up to all of us to make it unmistakably they propose? Tell the enemy we are getting it plain that his people needed our help, but clear to the enemy that he spoke only what is out now-give them a date and unilaterally he asked, "Do you really ever think about in the heart of each one of us. We will not lay down our weapons? We are told the our people, wonder about them--do you buy our peace by adandoning even one enemy will leave our departing men un­ care about them? If you don't--if you don't American. molested and return our prisoners after we want to help us then go home." The crowd {NOTE-Since Governor Reagan speaks have reduced our presence to zercr-demon­ was silent--! would like to think-ashamed. from notes, there may be additions to, or strators, Congressmen, senators and any We can hope that meetings like this one changes in the above text. However, the gov­ number of assorted bleeding hearts tell us here tonight will help Hanoi from fatally ernor will stand by the above quotes.) this. misreading the mood of America. What if they are wrong? What if there is The President has offered the Communists even one chance that the enemy descends an immediate cease fire throughout Indo­ on our retreating forces once their numbers china, the immediate release of all prisoners, GOVERNMENTAL WASTE had been sufficiently reduced? What if there an all Indochina peace conference, complete is a battle on the beach-a "Dunkirk" with withdrawal of all outside forces and a politi­ thousands of our young men killed and cap­ cal settlement of the hostilities there. But HON. JOHN M. ZWACH tured? Do our pleaders for peace have facts he has said we will not abandon our men OF MINNESOTA not known to the President? Will they guar­ who are prisoners. We will stay as long as IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES antee absolutely this will not happen? we have to and do what we have to, to get The answer, of course, is they have no such them back. Monday, June 7, 1971 facts and they can make no such certain Millions of Americans must endorse this Mr. ZWACH. Mr. Speaker, one of the guarantee. They are just sure in their own position, must in a thunderous voice tell Congressmen, Senators and the faint of main concerns of our people is the high minds that everything will turn out all right. cost of government at all levels. As a If it does not--well their purpose was noble. heart--but most particularly the enemy-he Their only sin was wanting peace--at any is not going to win his way here in Main result of this high cost, their taxes are price. But someone else will pay that price. Street America. at record levels, they are almost more The President has no such easy write-off. Some of the young ladies on my staff have than many of them, especially our senior As Commander-in-Chief he must take into been wearing bracelets which are distributed citizens, can bear. consideration even that one in a million by a student group on behalf of our prisoners. To bring some relief to these hard­ possibility of disaster-for he must answer to Each bracelet bears a name and date. The pressed taxpayers, we must practice each one of our men and for ea.ch one of name of a missing man and the date he strict economy at every level of govern­ them. was lost. One reads-Lt. David Rehmann- Into his consideration must go all that he 12-2-66. The lieutenant is a U.S. Navy pilot ment. knows of the enemy-the murder of more from Lancaster, California. He is known to Curtis Warnke, editor of the Wood than 30,000 village leaders, the violation of be a prisoner-a captive for 4% years. Lake News, in our Sixth Congressional holiday truces, the slaughter and burial of I find myself asking, "Where do we find District, was greatly disturbed recently thousands of men, women and children at such men?" Young men who leave their at receiving a Govermnent telegram an- 18608 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS June 7, 1971 nouncing a change of meeting place of ship of former Congressman and Presi­ reasons, to get their contingent fee a.s a part dent Judge of Commonpleas Court of their next year's earnings. an Environmental Protection Agency In addtion, some negligence law firms rou­ conference in Chicago. Henry Ellenbogen has had several tinely waited to collect an inventory of cases Mr. Speaker, I would like to share this "firsts" and has paid some amazing divi­ involving one insurance company so that a thought-provoking editorial with all of dends. Among these, reducing the time package deal could be made with the claims the people who read the CoNGRESSIONAL lag between date of accident and court manager. Finally, Ellenbogen found that RECORD. With your permission, I am hearing to the lowest of any major met­ many lawyers came into court ill prepared, hereby inserting it: ropolitan area-one and a half years; 83 through not knowing the law or the full percent of cases are settled before trial. facts of a case. This meant that the case EDITORIAL BY CURTIS WARNKE might take twice as long as it should have. About a year ago we wrote a strong edi­ All of this, of course, results in lower As a stam in promoting earlier settlements, torial criticizing the various governmental costs for the taxpayers. Judge Ellenbogen appointed Judge Ruggero agencies for sending out literally hundreds of Mr. Charles Starrett was appointed as Aldisert--one of the 19 judges who then thousands of news releases and thus filling Pittsburgh's first court administrator, made up Allegheny County's Court of Com­ our wastebasket at taxpayer expense-the and an mM data processing machine mon Pleas-as calendar-control judge. Aldi­ tide has not turned, and as a matter of fact sert's job: to get as many cases settled as if anything the situtaion has gotten worse. was installed to gather statistics, the first in a U.S. court. rapidly as possible before trial. Aldisert, then Most of these so-called "news releases" are 43, had been a successful negligence lawyer blatant attempts at "putting feathers in their In his appointment of Judge Ruggero before going on the bench. "The first thing own caps" and contribute absolutely nothing Aldisert, Judge Ellenbogen made another we discovered," Aldisert told me, "was that to good government. The government pay­ wise selection. In his role of calendar the lawyers would cooperate only if they roll, the paper costs, the postage costs, etc., control judge, Judge Aldisert, now a knew that we would get tough." to send out all this propaganda must amount judge of the U.S. Court of Appeals for One of the first get-tough areas was con­ to a staggering figure in dollars and cents. the Third Circuit, has worked diligently tinuances. A ·trial would often be delayed be­ Certainly the taxpaying citizen would be bet­ cause one of the lawyers did not want it tried ter served if the governmental agencies would with lawyers, judges, claimants, in an and asked for a continuance. Pittsburgh's curtail or quit this practice. It makes no effort to really clear the d~ck and has courts began a policy of giving no continu­ sense at all! been able to settle over 25 percent of ances which were asked for on the day of But even worse than that is the occasional pending cases in pretrial conciliation trial. Lawyers then came in with pleas of telephone call or telegram the average news­ conferences. heart attacks. "When I wouldn't budge," paper receives from these governmental Aldisert recalls, "the attorneys started claim­ agencies. Some of them are really asinine. This month's issue of Reader's Digest carries the Pittsburgh courts story, which ing that they had a trial that day in federal A good case in point was last Friday night. court, which traditionally gets precedence The editor was in the shop working until I include at this point in the RECORD over local court trials. Most of these excuses about ten p.m. He then went to the Wood for the attention of my colleagues: weren't valid, so we began a. regular confer­ Lake Cafe for a cup of coffee. At approxi­ PITTSBURGH'S PROGRAM FOR EFFICIENT COURTS ence between our clerks and the federal­ mately 10:30 the phone rang there and the (By Murray Teigh Bloom) court clerks on pending cases to get an operator told the proprietor she was trying honest picture of which lawyers would be to reach the Editor of the Wood Lake News. In most of the country, the battle of the needed where and when. That ended the When called to the phone, she told us that civil-court. backlog is a losing one: every year phony federal-court excuse." she had an "important telegram" to read to the interval between the time an accident To make the no-continuance policy more us from Washington, D.C. Not knowing what occurs and the time final settlement is made credible, a courtroom, a judge and a jury to expect, we told her to read it naturally! g1'ows longer and longer. According to the always had to be available when a lawyer'& What a tremendous disappointment! The Institute of Judicial Administration, the plea. was turned down. Pittsburgh began pre­ telegram was from some federal agency­ average time between joining of the suit and selecting juries on Friday for trials beginning something like the Environmental Control trial is roughly three to five years in Chicago, the first thing Monday morning, thus saving Agency or some such animal! And it said about four years in New York and Philadel­ half a day for each trial. Judges cooperated something to the effect that the press con­ phia, and three years in Detroit. As a result, by cutting down on their delays between ference for some Mr. Rumple Rumpleskin or accident victims and insurence companies trials--often three to four hours-to a mere somebody had been changed from the Con­ suffer financial loss, sloppy trJ.al habits flour­ 30 minutes. rad Hilton Hotel in Chicago to some other ish, and the public pays increased court costs. But soon a. new obstacle emerged. Most hotel for Monday morning. The telegram But one U.S. metropollis, Allegheny County cases were being handled by a comparatively went on to say that it was necessary to (Pittsburgh, Pa.), has won this continuing small group of lawyers. About 20 law firms change the meeting room because of a con­ battle by reducing the time la.g to the short­ represented some 81 percent of the plain­ flict, etc. est interval for any major (population more tiffs in the area, and about 14 law firms did Now-isn't that something! As though the than 1.5 m.illio.n) metropolitan area--one and nearly all the trial work for the insurance Wood Lake News was sending a reporter to one half years. Most lawyers and judges agree companies. Inevitably, these busy lawyers hear Mr. Rumple Rumpleskin in the first that, in order to see how injuries develop, a.t would get so jammed up that the court cal­ place. Heaven forbid. We've had it with least a year should elapse before a case is endar would call for their trying two or governmental agencies, commissions, etc. on tried. more cases at the same time. Aldisert quickly this publicity bit! Pittsburgh's new regime started in 1963, made it clear that delays would not be al­ We dare not venture how many newspa­ when Henry Ellenbogen, a former Congress­ lowed on this ground. The solution: the pers in the country they telegraphed to con­ man and veteran judge, became President court arbitrarily assigned ready cases to vey the important message tha.t Mr. Rumple Judge of the Court of Common Pleas. Ellen­ other lawyers in the overburdened attorney's Rumplesking was taking in another room, bogen was determined to improve the court's office. but can guess it would number in the thou­ efficiency. "There were no statistics," he re­ Nevertheless, Ellenbogen and Aldisert knew sands. And at $5 to $6 a crack, that ain't calls, "so there was no way of knowing how that the success of their program still de­ peanuts! And we'd also venture a guess that far behind we were." pended primarily on the number of settle­ not over two people so telegraphed gave a To find out, Ellenbogen appointed Charles ments they could effect before trial. To damn one way or the other. H. Starret t, Jr., as Pittsburgh's first court facilitate such settlements, both sides now It's high time for the legislatures and the administrator. Starrett, a newspaperman meet with a judge for a. conference two to congress to investigate this practice of self­ with years of experdence 1.n covering the three months before the trial is scheduled. perpetuation engaged in by the "animals" courts, investigated the possibility of a data­ Then, after examining the essential facts they have created. As you can tell from the processing system, and in 1964 International and medical reports, the judge has private tone of this editorial, we are getting sick of Business Machines installed one-the first sessions with each side, at which the lawyers it! of its k:ind in a. U.S. court--which told Pitts­ tell the judge, off the record, what kind burgh just how long it took to settle each of settlement they really have in mind. case. "Most of the time," says Aldisert, "the TAXPAYERS BENEFIT BY EFFI­ "But having oocUMte statistics was the basic difference between sides is not what CIENCY IN PITTSBURGH COURTS merest beginning," Ellenbogen says. "To happened at the accident but how much the slash through our backlog, we would have damages should be. At one of these sessions to settle more cases much m-o.re efficiently." the complaint's lawyer said, 'Judge, I've got HON. WILLIAM S. MOORHEAD There were obstacles aplenty. In Pitts­ to have $20,000 on this one.' Then a few burgh, as elsewhere, long delay had become minutes later the insurance company lawyer OF PENNSYLVANIA a. comfortable way of life for the judges, said, 'Confidentially, judge, I can't go over IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES comfortable and profitable for some lawyers $25,000. Of course, he thanked me when I Monday, June 7, 1971 Delay e nabled. many negligence lawyers to got it settled for $20,000." build up an inventory of cases. Some pursued These conciliation conferences settle 25 Mr. MOORHEAD. Mr. Speaker, the their more lucrative ones and s1lalled on those percent of the pending cases. But if the case courts revitalization program begun 8 they did not want to try. others delayed is not settled by the day of the trial, a "last years ago under the imaginative leader- cases simply because they preferred, for tax chance" conference is called. "Now there's June 7, 1971 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 18609 a great incentive to settle," explains Aldisert, many battles in Italy and southern number of workers subjected to poten­ "particularly if the judge is a good mediator." France. Out of 235 men, Murphy and one tially harmful noise levels exceeds the Judge Ellenbogen holds the local record; supply sergeant were the only ones left number exposed to any other health on one day he conciliated 70 cases. If these had gone to trial, the cost to the public of the original group at the end of his hazard in the work environment. would have been $280,000. foreign tour. Audie Murphy was a brave .Thi •s exposure to noise is not merely By their efficient and imaginative methods soldier and among many other decora­ an irritant to the worker-it is a direct Pittsburgh's cour·ts have been able to get tions he received the highest award that threat to his mental and physical health. 83 percent of their cases settled before trial, can be bestowed on any American by his Excessive noise can inflict damage on the and only about seven percent of all cases country, the Medal of Honor. In Jan­ ear, resulting in temporary and even per­ actually get as far as the jury verdict. uary 1945, an American infantry com­ manent hearing loss. It disrupts sleep, Aldisert believed that even this percentage left too many cases on the docket. He began pany fighting the huge Colmar pocket causes annoyance, interferes with speech. analyzing the work patterns of lawyers who in eastern France was besieged by six Research has shown that noise can af­ seemed to have a disproportionate number tanks and waves of German infantry. fect mental health, physiological activi­ of trials. Every year at a bench-bar confer­ Second Lieutenant Audie Murphy, who ties, and even workers' efficiency. ence, the calendar-control judges (there are was in charge of the American company, Certain effects of noise may lead to now two) meet with representatives of the ordered his outnumbered men to with­ industrial accidents by interfering with leading law. firms. Says Aldisert, "We tell draw to cover of a nearby wooded area speech and auditory wanling signals and these la.wyers exactly how many of their then continued to give fire directions to by increasing annoyance and fatigue and cases are being settled, and at what stage, and how many went to trial. One firm, for ex­ his artillery on a field telephone. Behind decreasing alertness. ample, had three times as many cases going him an American tank burst into flames. On May 29, the Secretary of Labor to trial as the average. I told them that by As the crew fted for shelter Lieutenant published in the Federal Register the insisting on trial they were not only costing Murphy leaped to the top of the burning noise exposure limitations he has pro­ the public money but were losing money tank, grabbed its 50-caliber machinegun mulgated under the new Occupational themselves. and stood there exposed on three sides to Safety and Health Act, Public Law 91- "What Pittsburgh did is now being copied the enemy, firing into the German lines. 596. However, these standards are de­ by other cities,'' Judge Aldisert told me re­ For more than an hour, despite a leg monstrably too lax to protect the ma­ cently. He is now a. judge of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit. "And wound he continued firing until he had jority of working men and women. Sci­ maybe it is time for all of us to think seri­ killed or wounded an estimated 50 Ger­ entific research has clearly shown that ously about related problems thrut don't get mans. When the enemy began to retreat, prolonged exposure to noise levels of 85 as much attention as crowded court cal­ Lieutenant Murphy rejoined his men and decibels or more will result in permanent endars, yet have a strong bearing on them. organized a counterattack and secured hearing impairment for the average in­ For example, should the taxpayer h~ve to the woods. After having been wounded dividual. Yet, these new standards afford bear the entire burden of civil-court cases three times, Lieutenant Murphy was re­ no more protection than the old Walsh­ over auto accidents? If the litigants knew turned to stateside duty. In addition to Healey standards-90 decibels for an 8- that they had to pay a good part of the court hour day. costs, you'd see less haggling over small the Medal of Honor, Murphy received 24 amounts." war decorations from the American Gov­ I believe it is interesting to note that Judge Aldisert has other ideas about how ernment including the Distinguished over ~ years ago, in January 1969, the we can reduce the length and costs of acci­ Service Cross, the Legion of Merit, the outgmng Johnson administration pro­ dent trials. "Most of these trials run four Silver Star, the Bronze Star, and the posed noise standards considerably more days, often because plaint iff lawyers feel that Purple Heart. He received three decora­ stringent than these, restricting workday unless the case is extended in court the jury tions from the French Government, in­ exposure to maximum of 85 decibels. won't be impressed. Actually, the juror's interest is usually lost after the second day: cluding the Croix de Guerre with palm In order to insure more adequate pro­ he has heard too many witnesses say exactly and was also decorated by the Belgian tection for workers from excessive and the same thing. Government. harmful noise than that afforded by "I think that there should also be health Mr. Speaker, Audie Murphy was a fel­ those standards set under the Occupa­ checks on all prospective judges. Absenteeism low Texan. His father W8"s a sharecrop­ tional Safety and Health Act, I have in­ in older judges has put more large city courts per and Audie was one of 11 children who troduced legislation which would amend behind schedule than almost any other sin­ helped pick cotton to help support his that act to direct the Secretary of Labor gle factor." Pittsburgh's judges are understandably family. Despite an early life of poverty, to promulgate noise exposure limitations proud that they have reduced their inventory he believed with all his heart in America no less protective than provided in the of cases to a tolerable level. But no one has and her traditions. following table: any illusions. "You can't relax," says Ellen­ In these troubled times in America, it Permissible noise exposures bogen. "New ideas are opposed even by earn­ is my fervent hope that the spirit and Sound est lawyers and well-meaning judges. The gallantry of this great soldier will in­ l ev el only way our changes can spread widely and spire all Americans, especially our young Durat ion per day, hours: dBA quickly is for the public to become aware adults, to defend the freedoms which 8 hours ------80 that the courts are their courts, run by their 6 ------82 taxes. Courts should not be run for the con­ Audie Murphy so valiantly fought to pre­ serve for them. 4 ------85 venience of lawyers and judges." 3 ------87 Mr. Speaker, I especially want tu con­ 2 ------90 vey my deepest condolences to Audie 1Y2 ------92 AMERICA'S MOST DECORATED Murphy's wife and their three children 1 ------95 WORLD WAR II VETERAN-AUDIE over their great loss. Y2% or------less ______105100 MURPHY-LAID TO REST IN AR­ LINGTON CEMETERY This legislation, the Occupational NOISE AND THE WORKER Noise Control Act of 1971 (H.R. 6990 HON. OLIN E. TEAGUE and H.R. 6991), would produce an OF TEXAS across-the-board reduction of 10 decibels "iN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES HON. WILLIAM F. RYAN from these levels currently in effect. Be­ Monday, June 7, 1971 OF NEW YORK cause of the nature of the decibel scale IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES a reduction of 10 decibels means that Mr. TEAGUE of Texas. Mr. Speaker at the perceived loudness would be cut in Arlington National Cemetery this morn­ Monday, June 7, 1971 half. ing, Audie Murphy, the most decorated Mr. RYAN. Mr. Speaker, in the report Thirty-five Members of Congress have veteran of World War II, was laid to rest "Noise-Sound Without Value," which joined me in sponsoring the Occupation­ among thousands of other American was issued in September 1968, by the al Noise Control Act of 1971. They are: heroes who have fought to preserve the Federal Council for Science and Tech­ BELLA S. ABZUG, Of New York. freedom of our great country. He joined nology, the number of workers in the JOSEPH ADDABBO, of New York. the Army in June 1942. He was in Casa­ United States experiencing noise condi­ HERMAN BADILLO, of New York. blanca in 1943 and took part in the land­ tions unsafe to hearing was estimated as N:ICK BEGICH, of Alaska. ing in Sicily that same year and then being "in excess of 6 million and as high MARIO BIAGGI, of New York. landed at Anzio. His company fought as 16 million." Some experts feel that the JONATHAN BINGHAM, of New York. 18610 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS June 7, 1971 FRANK BRASCO, of New York. Neither hearing aids nor surgical opera­ Finally, properly maintaining a machine PHILLIP BURTON, Of California. tions can bring back the ability to hear will keep it running quieter. those levels. A man who works six to eight Dr. Rosen said that the noise levels the JAMES C. CLEVELAND, of New Hamp- hours a day for ten years, Dr. Rosen esti­ government considers acceptable are much shire. mated, will, at the age of 40, have the hear­ too high for true safety, but if workers would JOHN CONYERS, of Michigan. ing of a man of 65. force their bosses to maintain these levels, RONALD DELLUMS, of California. Also, when you hear a loud noise, your some good could be done. JoHN G. Dow, of New York. heart beat automatically quickens, your DON EDWARDS, of California. stomach tightens, and you begin to br~th (From the Federal Register, May 29, 1971] ELLA T. GRASSO, Of Connecticut. faster. Nature makes us do these automat­ SECTION 1910.95.-0CCUPATIONAL NOISE SEYMOUR HALPERN, of New York. ically. EXPOSURE MICHAEL HARRINGTON, of Massachu- For millions of years, loud noises meant (a) Protection against the effects of noise setts. danger to man, and so he evolved to the exposure shall be provided when the sound stage where loud nois~s brought about KEN HECHLER, of West Virginia. levels exceed those shown in Table G-16 changes within the body that might help when measured on the A scale of a standard HENRY HELSTOSKI, of New Jersey. fight some unknown danger. sound level meter at slow response. When LOUISE DAY HICKS, Of MassachusettJ; Today, our bodies still go through these noise levels are determined by octave band ROBERT KASTENMEIER, Of Wisconsin changes even when we know that no danger analysis, the equivalent A-weighted sound EDWARD KOCH, of New York. is present, and even when we are not sur­ level may be determined as follows: ROBERT LEGGETT, Of California. prised by the noises. And today, those bodily (Chart is not printed in RECORD.] ABNER MIKVA, of illinois. changes themselves are dangerous. Equivalent sounds level contours. Octave PARREN MITCHELL, of Maryland. Continually quickened heart beats eventu­ band sound pressure levels may be con­ WILLIAM MOORHEAD, of Pennsylvania. ally cause premature hardening of the ar­ verted to the equivalent A-weighted sound teries, and contribute to heart attacks. level by plotting them on this graph and CLAUDE PEPPER, of Florida. If a person's stomach tightens often, it noting the A-weighed sound level corre­ BERTRAM PODELL, of NeW York. can cause painful ulcers, and can contribute sponding to the point of highest penetration CHARLES B. RANGEL, of New York. to just about every disease of the digestive into the sound level contours. This equiva­ THOMAS M. REES, of California. tract with which a person could become af­ lent A-weighted sound level, which may ROBERT ROE, of New Jersey. fiicted. differ from the actual A-weighted sound BENJAMIN ROSENTHAL, Of New York. Moreover, stress on the lungs, forcing them level of the noise, is used to determine EDWARD ROYBAL, of California. to breath faster, weakens their resistance to exposure limits from Table I.G-16. tuberculosis, and other infectious diseases. (b) (1) When employees are subjected JAMES SCHEUER, Of NeW York. to sound exceeding those listed in Table JOHN SEIBERLING, of Ohio, and And these damages take place even when the individual worker is totally unaware of G-16, feasible administrative or engineering LESTER WOLFF, of New York. them. "The brain can become accustomed to controls shall be utilized. I! suoh controls The enactment of this legislation loud noises," Dr. Rosen said, "but the heart fail to reduce sound levels within the levels would be a major step toward making cannot." of Table G-16, personal protective equip­ our factories, construction sites, and One of the ways scientists have proven ment shall be provided and used to reduce places of work more tolerable-and less the danger of noises, Dr. Rosen said, is to sound levels within the levels of the table. unhealthy-for the American worker. study people living in the African deserts, (2) I! the variations in noise level in­ which are relatively quiet. He, himself, has volve maxima at intervals of 1 second or less, At this point I include the new occu­ it is to be considered continuous. pational health and safety regulations conducted much of the reseMch. Heart attacks and nervous tension is al­ ( 3) In all cases where the sound levels on noise exposure and an article from most unknown among these people, and they exceeds the values shown herErln, a continu­ the United Electrical, Radio, and Ma­ generally live much longer than those work­ ing, effective hearing conservation program chine Workers of America's publication, ing in noisy places. shall be administered .. UE News, of May 31, 1971, detailing the EXISTING SOLUTIONS TABLE G-16.-Permissible noise expoS'Ures 1 dangers of on-the-job noise. "We do not have to put up with loud fac­ Sound level The documents follow: tory noises," Dr. Rosen said. "The technology dBA slow FACTORY NOISE CAUSES GREAT HEALTH exists to overcome them." Duration per day, hours: response DAMAGE, EXPERT WARNS However, he warned against the use of ear 8 ------90 NEw YoRK.-Continuous loud factory noise protectors. Bosses try to get workers to wear 6 ------92 can do great damage to the health of work­ them in order to put the responsibility for 4 ------95 ers, a leading hearing specialist has ex­ health protection on the workers themselves. 3 ------97 plained. Also, they are much cheaper than other steps 2 ------100 The expert, Dr. Samuel Rosen, internation­ that might be taken, so they cut into profits 17'2 ------102 ally known for making major innovations in to a much lesser extent. 1 ------105 hearing loss treatment, urged workers "to Most plugs or ear muffs are ineffective in 1'2%o or------less______115110 raise hell with the bosses-noisely" to quiet cutting down the noise that reaches the ear the plant down, and to use the new Job from most factory machines, the doctor ex­ 1 When the daily noise exposure is com- Safety Act to ask for federal investigations plained. posed of two or more periods of noise ex­ of high noise levels in workplaces. However, if they are effective, they also posure of different levels, their combined ef­ He made these remarks at the recent Oc­ cut down on the worker's ability to hear fect should be cons.idered, rather than the in­ cupational Health Conference, attended by other workers. This could be dangerous in dividual effect of each. I! the sum of the UE representatives, along with representa­ time of emergencies. For example, if a worker following fractions: C1/T1+C2/T2 Cn/Tn tives from trade unions all over the nation. is about to be hit by a falling object and exceeds unity, then, the mixed exposure There are many ways an employer can another man tries to warn him to get out of should be considered to exceed the limit safeguard his workers against noise, the doc­ the way, he might not be able to hear if he's value. Cn indicates the total time of ex­ tor continued, but most take the least ef­ wearing ear protectors. posure at a specified noise level, and Tn in­ fective measure--requiring employees to Furthermore, workers wearing ear muffs dicates the total time of exposure permitted wear ear muffs or ear plugs. will continually shout to one another to be at that level. Dr. Rosen stressed that damage to health heard, which does damage to the vocal cords Exposure to impulsive or impact noise continues even after workers feel they are and other parts of the body. should not exceed 140 dB peak sound pres­ used to the loud noises, and that noise not Techniques have been developed to cut sure level. only causes deafness, but contributes to down noise-but the employers must be causing a wide variety of other diseases. pressured into investing the money to get "Noise is toxic to the whole body," Rosen them installed. HOUSE RESOLUTION 319 said, "and all those who work around loud For exarnP'le, an English manufacturer has noises are in danger." developed sound-proof baffles that have cut HON. ANDREW JACOBS. JR. by fifty percent even the noise ma.de by DAMAGE DONE OF INDIANA Continuous loud noises cause those cells jackhammers digging into cement. These ln the ear mechanism which help transmit jackhammers were recently displayed at a " IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES sounds to the brain to tire out. I! these cells trade show in New York. Monday, June 7, 1971 Also, sound absorbing material exists are given a chance to rest, they can recover. Mr. JACOBS. Mr. Speaker, the fol­ But if the worker must go back to the which can be used to cushion machinery, factory day in and day out, these cells are and can be installed in factory walls. Tech­ lowing is the language of House Resolu­ not able to rest. The result is that the noise­ niques for mounting machinery have b~n tion 319, which I introduced on March damaged ear becomes insensitive to normal developed which likewise cut down the oper- 17, 1971. I was hoping it might catch the speaking levels. 81ting noise levels. attention of the administration: June 8, 1971 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE 18611

H. RES. 319 policy of her government is "In case the Resolved, That the United States shall Whereas the President of the United United States Government declares it will forthwith propose at the Paris peace talks States on March 4, 1971, stated that his withdraw from South Vietnam all its troops that in return for the return of all Ameri­ policy is that: "as long as there are Ameri­ and those of the other foreign countries in can prisoners held in Indochina, the United can POW's in North Vietnam we will have the United States camp, and the parties States shall withdraw all its Armed Forces to maintain a residual force in South Viet­ will engage at once in discussion on: from Vietnam within sixty days following the nam. That is the least we can negotiate "The question of ensuring safety for the signing of the agreement: Provided, That for." total withdrawal from South Vietnam of the agreement shall contain guarantee by United States troops and those of the other the Democratic Republic of Vietnam and Whereas Madam Nguyen Thi Binh, chief foreign countries in the United States the National Liberation Front of safe con­ delegate of the Provisional Revolutionary camp. duot out of Vietnam for all American pris­ Government of the Republic of South Viet­ "The question of releasing captured mili­ oners and all American Armed Forces simul­ nam stated on September 17, 1970, that the tary men." taneously.'

HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES-Tuesday, June 8, 1971 The House met at 12 o'clock noon. worth has become more and more evi­ amendments as may have been adopted, and Rev. Dr. Clarence T. Mayo, Mount dent as the Federal bureaucracy has the previous question shall be considered as Olive Baptist Church, Cape May Court mushroomed uncontrolled since World ordered on the bill and amendments thereto House, N.J., offered the following to final passage without intervening motion Warn. except one motion to recommit. prayer: There is probably no accurate way to Our Father in heaven, we come to estimate the savings this agency has Thee at this hour to invoke Thy blessings effected in the past half century, but the CALL OF THE HOUSE sum is truly immense. upon the head of our Nation and this as­ Mr. GROSS. Mr. Speaker, I make the sembly, who from day to day are called I am sure the distinguished head of the GAO, Comptroller General Elmer point of order that a quorum is not pres­ upon to face the perplexities of a chang­ ent. ing order and tasks that need Thy guid­ B. Staats, would wince to hear me say it, but I wish Members of the Congress The SPEAKER. Evidently a quorum is ance and strength. Leave them not to not present. walk alone, but be to them a very present would call upon the General Accounting Office even more often than they now Mr. BOGGS. Mr. Speaker, I move a help in the time of need. Remember in call of the House. mercy all for whom Christ died and do to assist in rooting out the waste and inefficiency that all too often lie buried A call of the House was ordered. whom it is our duty to remember in The Clerk called the roll, and the fol­ prayer, we ask in the name of the Father, in the nooks and crannies of the vast Federal Establishment. lowing Members failed to answer to their and of the Son, and of the Holy Ghost. names: Amen. Because of the enormous size of the Government today, the General Account­ [Roll No. 123] ing Office is, in my opinion, in danger of Abourezk Frenzel Pryor, Ark. Alexander Gibbons Rangel THE JOURNAL losing its war against waste--not because Anderson, Ill. Gray of a lack of talent and know-how, but Rees The SPEAKER. The Chair has exam­ Aspinall Halpern Rodino because of a lack of manpower to do Baring Heckler, Mass. R~oney, N.Y. ined the Journal of the last day's pro­ what needs be done. Belcher Jarman Rosenthal to Bevill Kee Roy ceedings and announces to the House his The best answer, of course, is a drastic approval thereof. Blagg! Kemp Runnels reduction in the size of the Federal Gov­ Blatnik Kluczynski Sandman Without objection, the Journal stands ernment. Brooks Landrum Shoup approved. I want to extend my personal con­ Celler Lent Slack There was no objection. Chisholm Link Spence gratulations to each employee of the Clark Long, La. Staggers General Accounting Office on the oc­ Clay McCulloch Stephens Each Conyers McMillan Teague, Tex. APPOINTMENT OF CONFEREES ON casion of this anniversary. of them Culver Mahon Thompson, H.R. 4724, 1972 MARITIME AU­ should be proud of the knowledge that Dellums Mathis, Ga. N.J. THORIZATION they are members of a government Dent Metcalfe Tiernan agency that pays its own way. There are Diggs Mollohan VanderJagt Dorn O'Hara Mr. GARMATZ. Mr. Speaker, I ask not very many of those around today. Dowdy Pelly unanimous consent to take from the Edwards, La. Pike Speaker's table the bill (H.R. 4724) to Ford, Poage authorize appropriations for certain PROVIDING FOR CONSIDERATION William D. Powell maritime programs of the Department OF H.R. 8293, CONTINUATION OF The SPEAKER. On this rollcall 367 of Commerce, with Senate amendments THE INTERNATIONAL COFFEE Members have answered to their names, thereto, disagree to the Senate amend­ AGREEMENT ACT OF 1968 a quorum. ments, and request a conference with the Mr. DELANEY. Mr. Speaker, by direc­ By unanimous consent, further pro­ Senate thereon. tion of the Committee on Rules, I call u'p ceedings under the call were dispensed The SPEAKER. Is there objection to with. the request of the gentleman from House Resolution 465 and ask for its Maryland? The Chair hears none, and immediate consideration. The Clerk read the resolution, as fol­ PROVIDING FOR CONSIDERATION appoints the following conferees: Mr. lows: GARMATZ, Mr. DOWNING, Mrs. SULLIVAN, H. RES. 405 OF H.R. 8293, CONTINUATION OF Mr. PELLY, and Mr. MAILLIARD. THE INTERNATIONAL COFFEE Resolved, That upon the adoption of this resolution it shall be in order to move that AGREEMENT ACT OF 1968 the House resolve itself into the Committee The SPEAKER. The gentleman from THE 50TH ANNIVERSARY OF GAO of the Whole House on the State of the New York is recognized for 1 hour. Union for the consideration of the bill (H.R.