DOCSLIB.ORG

Hypogymnia Phylogeny, Including Cavernularia, Reveals Biogeographic Structure Author(S): Jolanta Miadlikowska, Conrad L

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Hypogymnia Phylogeny, Including Cavernularia, Reveals Biogeographic Structure Author(S): Jolanta Miadlikowska, Conrad L Hypogymnia phylogeny, including Cavernularia, reveals biogeographic structure Author(s): Jolanta Miadlikowska, Conrad L. Schoch, Stacie A. Kageyama, Katalin Molnar, François Lutzoni, and Bruce McCune Source: The Bryologist, 114(2):392-400. 2011. Published By: The American Bryological and Lichenological Society, Inc. DOI: 10.1639/0007-2745-114.2.392 URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/full/10.1639/0007-2745-114.2.392 BioOne (www.bioone.org) is an electronic aggregator of bioscience research content, and the online home to over 160 journals and books published by not-for-profit societies, associations, museums, institutions, and presses. Your use of this PDF, the BioOne Web site, and all posted and associated content indicates your acceptance of BioOne’s Terms of Use, available at www.bioone.org/page/ terms_of_use. Usage of BioOne content is strictly limited to personal, educational, and non-commercial use. Commercial inquiries or rights and permissions requests should be directed to the individual publisher as copyright holder. BioOne sees sustainable scholarly publishing as an inherently collaborative enterprise connecting authors, nonprofit publishers, academic institutions, research libraries, and research funders in the common goal of maximizing access to critical research. Hypogymnia phylogeny, including Cavernularia, reveals biogeographic structure Jolanta Miadlikowska1,6, Conrad L. Schoch2,3, Stacie A. Kageyama2,4, Katalin Molnar1,5, Franc¸ois Lutzoni1, and Bruce McCune2 1 Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708-0338, U.S.A.; 2 Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331-2902, U.S.A.; 3 Current address: National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, 45 Center Drive, MSC 6510, Bethesda, MD 20892-6510, U.S.A.; 4 Current address: USDA Agricultural Research Service, Fort Keogh Livestock and Range Research Laboratory, Miles City, MT 59301-4016, U.S.A.; 5 Current address: Institute of Ecology and Botany, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 2163 Va´cra´to´t, Alkotma´ny u. 2-4, Hungary ABSTRACT. We inferred phylogenetic relationships using Bayesian and maximum likelihood approaches for two genera of lichenized fungi, Hypogymnia and Cavernularia (Parmeliaceae). Based on the combined ITS and GPD1 dataset from 23 species (49 specimens) of Hypogymnia and two species (8 specimens) of Cavernularia, we conclude that Hypogymnia is paraphyletic, and that it should include Cavernularia to retain its monophyly. Hypogymnia hultenii (5 Cavernularia hultenii) and H. lophyrea (5 C. lophyrea) are accepted here. Five species of Hypogymnia represented by more than a single individual were found to be monophyletic and significantly supported. The phylogeny reflects a statistically significant biogeographic pattern where continental-scale endemic taxa tend to occur within the same phylogenetic group. Sorediate taxa, which have worldwide or broader geographical ranges than affiliated species lacking soredia, are spread across the phylogenetic tree. Hypogymnia contains three species pairs: H. krogiae and the sorediate counterpart H. incurvoides, H. minilobata and the sorediate H. mollis, and H. lophyrea and the sorediate H. hultenii. In the case of H. minilobata, both members of the pair are restricted to a small area in southern California. In the other two cases, the fertile counterpart occurs only in North America, while the sorediate species occurs in both North America and Fennoscandia. This suggests but not proves an origin of each species pair in North America, with migration of the sorediate member to Fennoscandia following the prevailing wind direction. KEYWORDS. Biogeography, Cavernularia, DNA sequences, GPD1, Hypogymnia, ITS, lichenized ascomycetes, Parmeliaceae, species pair. 6 Corresponding author’s e-mail: [email protected] DOI: 10.1639/0007-2745-114.2.392 The Bryologist 114(2), pp. 392–400 0007-2745/11/$1.05/0 Copyright E2011 by The American Bryological and Lichenological Society, Inc. Miadlikowska et al.: Phylogeny of Hypogymnia 393 ¤¤¤ The Parmeliaceae is a large, conspicuous family of Hypogymnia in apothecial anatomy, lobe lichenized fungi, and one of the best studied based on morphology, and chemistry. Both Ra¨sa¨nen (1943) both morphological and molecular data (Blanco et al. and Krog (1951) merged Cavernularia into 2006; Crespo et al. 2007). This family, as defined by Hypogymnia, but this concept was not adopted by Crespo et al. (2007), appears to be monophyletic. The later authors, including later works by Krog. cupulate exciple is currently the only phenotypic The species pair concept (Du Rietz 1924; synapomorphy that unites the Parmeliaceae. In this Mattson & Lumbsch 1989; Poelt 1970) has not been apothecial anatomy, the proper exciple isolates the applied within Hypogymnia. McCune and Schoch hypothecium from the medulla. The ‘‘parmelioid’’ (2009) suggested that the sorediate H. mollis was group within the family appears also to be sister to the otherwise similar but esorediate monophyletic, but Hypogymnia (Nyl.) Nyl. and H. minilobata, both endemic to southern California. Cavernularia Degel. are placed outside that group In Cavernularia, however, C. hultenii and C. lophyrea (Crespo et al. 2007). are an obvious species pair. In this study we examine Hypogymnia occurs in temperate to subpolar the phylogenetic and geographic relationships of environments with the greatest diversity in oceanic to other potential species pair within Hypogymnia (e.g., suboceanic climates. It is found on all continents H. incurvoides and H. krogiae). except Antarctica. In tropical to subtropical latitudes The phylogeny of Hypogymnia has not been the genus occurs only at high elevations. studied. In this paper we focus on selected species of Approximately 100 species are recognized at present Hypogymnia and Cavernularia, based on (McCune unpubl.). All Hypogymnia species lack reconstructed phylogeny using the combined entire rhizines and have thickened lobes (either solid or nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer region hollow), bifusiform spermatia, substipitate apothecia, (ITS: ITS1, 5.8S, and ITS2) and partial and asci with eight simple, hyaline, ellipsoid to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase gene subspherical spores. Most have hollow lobes, a black (GPD1). We address the following questions: 1) are lower cortex, contain atranorin, physodic acid and species represented in our data by at least two related compounds, and have small spores (,9 mm individuals (12 out of 25) monophyletic? 2) what are long). A few have solid lobes or a brown to dark the phylogenetic relationships among species, brown lower cortex or larger spores or contain usnic including potential species pairs? 3) does acid instead of atranorin. Cavernularia represent a separate genus or should it The related genus Cavernularia occurs in be included in Hypogymnia as suggested by Ra¨sa¨nen oceanic temperate regions of North America and (1943) and Krog (1951)? 4) can we detect a Fennoscandia (Ahti & Henssen 1965; Degelius 1952; biogeographic pattern based on their inferred Printzen & Ekman 2002). Cavernularia is a genus of phylogenetic history? only two species, appearing like a tiny Hypogymnia but with a dense array of small pits in the lower MATERIAL AND METHODS surface. In contrast to the holes in the lower surface, Sampling and alignments. Fungal genomic lobe tips, and axils of some species of Hypogymnia, DNA was isolated from approximately 5 mm long the pits in Cavernularia do not open into a lobe sections of lichen thalli using the FastDNAH kit and cavity, but instead open into a small, broadened The FastPrep instrument from MPI Biochemicals chamber that is completely lined by the lower cortex. (Irvine, CA). DNA amplifications were completed These minute cavities (ca. 0.1 mm diameter) were using PCR Master Mix from Promega Corporation termed ‘‘cavernulae’’ by Degelius (1937), and (Madison, WI) under the following PCR conditions: differentiate Cavernularia from all other parmelioid 94u C for 2 min; five cycles at 94u C for 40 s, 55u C for lichens. Otherwise Cavernularia resembles 45 s lowering by 0.8u C per cycle and 72u C for 90 s; 394 The Bryologist 114(2): 2011 30 cycles at 94u C for 30 s, 52u C for 45 s and 65u C supported at $ 70% as monophyletic in one for 120 s and a final cycle for 10 min at 72u C. The majority rule bootstrap tree, but supported as ITS region was amplified with primers ITS4 and ITS5 non-monophyletic in another. No conflict was (White et al. 1990). Primers Gpd1LM and Gpd2LM detected, therefore, the two single locus datasets were were used to obtain a partial sequence (1 kb) of the concatenated in an ITS+GPD1 59-OTU combined GPD1 gene (Myllys et al. 2002; Thell et al. 2004). One dataset (TreeBASE; http://purl.org/phylo/treebase/ ITS PCR product (for H. macrospora 2) had to be phylows/study/TB2:S11110). A maximum likelihood cloned (due to the presence of multiple peaks in the search using RAxML, 1000 replicates, GTR model chromatograms) using the Topo-TA 5-minute PCR with gamma distribution and four discrete rate cloning kit (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA) categories (GTRGAMMA) was performed on the following the manufacturer’s protocol. We sampled 59-OTU combined dataset. Phylogenetic confidence 23 species of Hypogymnia represented by 49 was estimated for the combined dataset with ML individuals and two species of Cavernularia bootstrapping (RAxML), using the same settings as represented by eight individuals. Brodoa for the single-locus
Load more

Recommended publications
  • A Study of the Pruinose Species of Hypogymnia (Parmeliaceae, Ascomycota) from China
    See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259425488 A study of the pruinose species of Hypogymnia (Parmeliaceae, Ascomycota) from China Article in The Lichenologist · November 2012 DOI: 10.1017/S0024282912000473 CITATIONS READS 3 134 2 authors, including: Xinli Wei Institute of Microbiology Chinese Academy of Sciences 65 PUBLICATIONS 355 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects: Lichen species composition and distribution in China View project Discovering the possibility of life on Mars View project All content following this page was uploaded by Xinli Wei on 09 June 2015. The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file. The Lichenologist 44(6): 783–793 (2012) 6 British Lichen Society, 2012 doi:10.1017/S0024282912000473 A study of the pruinose species of Hypogymnia (Parmeliaceae, Ascomycota) from China Xin-Li WEI and Jiang-Chun WEI Abstract: Six pruinose species of Hypogymnia are reported in this paper, including one new species Hypogymnia pruinoidea. The type of Hypogymnia pseudopruinosa was found to be a mixture with H. laccata. Hypogymnia pseudopruinosa is therefore typified with a lectotype, and the description of H. pseudopruinosa is revised. Distributions of the six pruinose species are given and discussed. Com- ments on differences and similarities between pruinose species of Hypogymnia are made. Diagnostic characters of each species, and a key to the pruinose species of Hypogymnia in China, are also provided. Key words: H. pruinoidea, H. pseudopruinosa, lichen substances, pruina Accepted for publication 6 June 2012 Introduction Materials and Methods Although over 100 species of Hypogymnia Specimens treated here are preserved in the Lichen (Nyl.) Nyl.
    [Show full text]
  • Appendix K. Survey and Manage Species Persistence Evaluation
    Appendix K. Survey and Manage Species Persistence Evaluation Establishment of the 95-foot wide construction corridor and TEWAs would likely remove individuals of H. caeruleus and modify microclimate conditions around individuals that are not removed. The removal of forests and host trees and disturbance to soil could negatively affect H. caeruleus in adjacent areas by removing its habitat, disturbing the roots of host trees, and affecting its mycorrhizal association with the trees, potentially affecting site persistence. Restored portions of the corridor and TEWAs would be dominated by early seral vegetation for approximately 30 years, which would result in long-term changes to habitat conditions. A 30-foot wide portion of the corridor would be maintained in low-growing vegetation for pipeline maintenance and would not provide habitat for the species during the life of the project. Hygrophorus caeruleus is not likely to persist at one of the sites in the project area because of the extent of impacts and the proximity of the recorded observation to the corridor. Hygrophorus caeruleus is likely to persist at the remaining three sites in the project area (MP 168.8 and MP 172.4 (north), and MP 172.5-172.7) because the majority of observations within the sites are more than 90 feet from the corridor, where direct effects are not anticipated and indirect effects are unlikely. The site at MP 168.8 is in a forested area on an east-facing slope, and a paved road occurs through the southeast part of the site. Four out of five observations are more than 90 feet southwest of the corridor and are not likely to be directly or indirectly affected by the PCGP Project based on the distance from the corridor, extent of forests surrounding the observations, and proximity to an existing open corridor (the road), indicating the species is likely resilient to edge- related effects at the site.
    [Show full text]
  • New Or Interesting Lichens and Lichenicolous Fungi from Belgium, Luxembourg and Northern France
    New or interesting lichens and lichenicolous fungi from Belgium, Luxembourg and northern France. X Emmanuël SÉRUSIAUX1, Paul DIEDERICH2, Damien ERTZ3, Maarten BRAND4 & Pieter VAN DEN BOOM5 1 Plant Taxonomy and Conservation Biology Unit, University of Liège, Sart Tilman B22, B-4000 Liège, Belgique ([email protected]) 2 Musée national d’histoire naturelle, 25 rue Munster, L-2160 Luxembourg, Luxembourg ([email protected]) 3 Jardin Botanique National de Belgique, Domaine de Bouchout, B-1860 Meise, Belgium ([email protected]) 4 Klipperwerf 5, NL-2317 DX Leiden, the Netherlands ([email protected]) 5 Arafura 16, NL-5691 JA Son, the Netherlands ([email protected]) Sérusiaux, E., P. Diederich, D. Ertz, M. Brand & P. van den Boom, 2006. New or interesting lichens and lichenicolous fungi from Belgium, Luxembourg and northern France. X. Bul- letin de la Société des naturalistes luxembourgeois 107 : 63-74. Abstract. Review of recent literature and studies on large and mainly recent collections of lichens and lichenicolous fungi led to the addition of 35 taxa to the flora of Belgium, Lux- embourg and northern France: Abrothallus buellianus, Absconditella delutula, Acarospora glaucocarpa var. conspersa, Anema nummularium, Anisomeridium ranunculosporum, Artho- nia epiphyscia, A. punctella, Bacidia adastra, Brodoa atrofusca, Caloplaca britannica, Cer- cidospora macrospora, Chaenotheca laevigata, Collemopsidium foveolatum, C. sublitorale, Coppinsia minutissima, Cyphelium inquinans, Involucropyrenium squamulosum, Lecania fructigena, Lecanora conferta, L. pannonica, L. xanthostoma, Lecidea variegatula, Mica- rea micrococca, Micarea subviridescens, M. vulpinaris, Opegrapha prosodea, Parmotrema stuppeum, Placynthium stenophyllum var. isidiatum, Porpidia striata, Pyrenidium actinellum, Thelopsis rubella, Toninia physaroides, Tremella coppinsii, Tubeufia heterodermiae, Verru- caria acrotella and Vezdaea stipitata.
    [Show full text]
  • Secuenciación Metagenómica Y Nuevos Procedimientos Bioinformáticos Para Entender La Evolución De Hongos Liquenizados
    UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID FACULTAD DE FARMACIA TESIS DOCTORAL Secuenciación metagenómica y nuevos procedimientos bioinformáticos para entender la evolución de hongos liquenizados Metagenome sequencing with new bioinformatic approaches to understand the evolution of lichen forming fungi MEMORIA PARA OPTAR AL GRADO DE DOCTOR PRESENTADA POR David Pizarro Martínez Directores Ana María Crespo de las Casas Pradeep Kumar Divakar Madrid © David Pizarro Martínez, 2019 Universidad Complutense de Madrid Facultad de Farmacia Departamento de Farmacología, Farmacognosia y Botánica SECUENCIACIÓN METAGENÓMICA Y NUEVOS PROCEDIMIENTOS BIOINFORMÁTICOS PARA ENTENDER LA EVOLUCIÓN DE HONGOS LIQUENIZADOS METAGENOME SEQUENCING WITH NEW BIOINFORMATIC APPROACHES TO UNDERSTAND THE EVOLUTION OF LICHEN FORMING FUNGI MEMORIA PARA OPTAR AL GRADO DE DOCTOR PRESENTADA POR: DAVID PIZARRO MARTÍNEZ BAJO LA DIRECCIÓN DE LOS DOCTORES ANA MARÍA CRESPO DE LAS CASAS y PRADEEP KUMAR DIVAKAR Madrid, 2019 Universidad Complutense de Madrid Facultad de Farmacia Departamento de Farmacología, Farmacognosia y Botánica SECUENCIACIÓN METAGENÓMICA Y NUEVOS PROCEDIMIENTOS BIOINFORMÁTICOS PARA ENTENDER LA EVOLUCIÓN DE HONGOS LIQUENIZADOS METAGENOME SEQUENCING WITH NEW BIOINFORMATIC APPROACHES TO UNDERSTAND THE EVOLUTION OF LICHEN FORMING FUNGI MEMORIA PARA OPTAR AL GRADO DE DOCTOR PRESENTADA POR: DAVID PIZARRO MARTÍNEZ BAJO LA DIRECCIÓN DE LOS DOCTORES ANA MARÍA CRESPO DE LAS CASAS y PRADEEP KUMAR DIVAKAR Madrid, 2019 UNIVE R SIDAD • COMPLU!~~R~~ DECLARACIÓN DE AUTORÍA Y ORIGINALIDAD DE LA TESIS PRESENTADA PARA OBTENER EL TÍTULO DE DOCTOR D ./Dña. Da,·id Pizarro Martínez estudiante en el Programa de Doctorado Fannacia ~----------------- de la Facultad de Fannacia de Ja Universidad Complutense de Madrid, como autor/a de la tesis presentada para la obtención del título de Doctor y titulada: Secuenciación metagenómica y nuevos procedimientos biomformáucos para entender la e'oluc16n de hongos hquenizados y dirigida por: Ana Mª Crespo de las Casas y Pradeep K.
    [Show full text]
  • Monitoring Air Quality in Class I Wilderness Areas of the Northeastern United States Using Lichens and Bryophytes Alison C
    United States Department of Agriculture Monitoring Air Quality in Class I Wilderness Areas of the Northeastern United States Using Lichens and Bryophytes Alison C. Dibble, James W. Hinds, Ralph Perron, Natalie Cleavitt, Richard L. Poirot, and Linda H. Pardo Forest Service Northern Research Station General Technical Report NRS-165 December 2016 1 Abstract To address a need for air quality and lichen monitoring information for the Northeast, we compared bulk chemistry data from 2011-2013 to baseline surveys from 1988 and 1993 in three Class I Wilderness areas of New Hampshire and Vermont. Plots were within the White Mountain National Forest (Presidential Range—Dry River Wilderness and Great Gulf Wilderness, New Hampshire) and the Green Mountain National Forest (Lye Brook Wilderness, Vermont). We sampled epiphyte communities and found 58 macrolichen species and 55 bryophyte species. We also analyzed bulk samples for total N, total S, and 27 additional elements. We detected a decrease in Pb at the level of the National Forest and in a subset of plots. Low lichen richness and poor thallus condition at Lye Brook corresponded to higher N and S levels at these sites. Lichen thallus condition was best where lichen species richness was also high. Highest Hg content, from a limited subset, was on the east slope of Mt. Washington near the head of Great Gulf. Most dominant lichens in good condition were associated with conifer boles or acidic substrates. The status regarding N and S tolerance for many lichens in the northeastern United States is not clear, so the influence of N pollution on community data cannot be fully assessed.
    [Show full text]
  • Australasian Lichenology Number 56, January 2005
    Australasian Lichenology Number 56, January 2005 Australasian Lichenology Number 56, January 2005 ISSN 1328-4401 The Austral Pannaria immixta c.olonizes rock, bark, and occasionally bryophytes in both shaded and well-lit humid lowlands. Its two most distinctive traits are its squamulose thallus and its gyrose apothecial discs. 1 mm c:::::===-­ CONTENTS NEWS Kantvilas, ~ack Elix awarded the Acharius medal at IAL5 2 BOOK REVIEW Galloway, DJ-The Lichen Hunters, by Oliver Gilbert (2004) 4 RECENT LITERATURE ON AUSTRALASIAN LICHENS 7 ADDITIONAL LICHEN RECORDS FROM AUSTRALIA Elix, JA; Lumbsch, HT (55)-Diploschistes conception is 8 ARTICLES Archer, AW-Australian species in the genus Diorygma (Graphidaceae) ....... 10 Elix, JA; Blanco, 0; Crespo, A-A new species of Flauoparmelia (Parmeliaceae, lichenized Ascomycota) from Western Australia ...... .... ............................ ...... 12 Galloway, DJ; Sancho, LG-Umbilicaria murihikuana and U. robusta (Umbili­ cariaceae: Ascomycota), two new taxa from Aotearoa New Zealand .. ... .. ..... 16 Elix, JA; Bawingan, PA; Lardizaval, M; Schumm, F-Anew species ofMenegazzia (Parmeliaceae, lichenized Ascomycota) and new records of Parmeliaceae from Papua New Guinea and the Philippines .................................. .. .................... 20 Malcolm, WM-'ITansfer ofDimerella rubrifusca to Coenogonium ........ ......... 25 Johnson, PN- Lichen succession near Arthur's Pass, New Zealand ............... 26 NEWS JACK ELIXAWARDED THE ACHARIUS MEDALAT IAL5 The recent Fifth Conference of the International Association for Lichenology (1AL5) in Tartu, Estonia, was a highly successful event, and most Australasian lichenologists will have the opportunity to read of its various academic achieve­ ments in other media*. The social programme included the traditionallAL Din­ ner, where, after many days of symposia, poster sessions, excursions, meetings and other lichenological events, conference delegates mingle informally and dust away their weariness over food and drink.
    [Show full text]
  • Assessment of Lichens As Biomonitors of Heavy Metal Pollution in Selected Mining Area, Slovakia Amer H
    ISSN-1996-918X Cross Mark Pak. J. Anal. Environ. Chem. Vol. 22, No. 1 (2021) 53 – 59 http://doi.org/10.21743/pjaec/2021.06.07 Assessment of Lichens as Biomonitors of Heavy Metal Pollution in Selected Mining Area, Slovakia Amer H. Tarawneh1, Ivan Salamon2*, Rakan M. Altarawneh3, Jozef Mitra1 and Anastassiya Gadetskaya4 1Tafila Technical University, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, P.O.Box 179, Tafila 66110, Jordan. 2University of Presov, Faculty of Humanities and Natural Science, Department of Ecology, 01, 17th November St., 081 16, Presov, Slovakia. 3Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Mutah University, Karak 61710, Jordan. 4School of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan. *Corresponding Author Email: [email protected] Received 07 September 2020, Revised 23 April 2021, Accepted 26 April 2021 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Abstract Lichens have widely been used as bioindicators to reflect the quality of the environment. The present study was conducted to investigate the lichens diversity that grows on the surface of waste heaps from an abandoned old copper mine in Mlynky, Slovakia. In spite of the heavy metal- contaminated environment, we documented twenty species of lichens in the selected site. Taxonomically the most numerous group were represented by Cladonia with seven species, as well other species; namely, Acarospora fuscata, Cetraria islandica, Dermatocarpon miniatum, Hypogymnia physodes, Hypogymnia tubulosa, Lecanora subaurea, Lepraria incana, Physcia aipolia, Porpidia macrocarpa, Pseudevernia furfuracea, Rhizocarpon geographicum and Xanthoria parietina. The content of selected heavy metals (Cu, Fe, and Zn) in the predominant lichens Cetraria islandica, Cladonia digitata, Cladonia pyxidata, Hypogymnia physodes and Pseudevernia furfuracea were analyzed.
    [Show full text]
  • Lichens of Alaska's South Coast
    United States Department of Agriculture Lichens of Alaska’s South Coast Forest Service R10-RG-190 Alaska Region Reprint April 2014 WHAT IS A LICHEN? Lichens are specialized fungi that “farm” algae as a food source. Unlike molds, mildews, and mushrooms that parasitize or scavenge food from other organisms, the fungus of a lichen cultivates tiny algae and / or blue-green bacteria (called cyanobacteria) within the fabric of interwoven fungal threads that form the body of the lichen (or thallus). The algae and cyanobacteria produce food for themselves and for the fungus by converting carbon dioxide and water into sugars using the sun’s energy (photosynthesis). Thus, a lichen is a combination of two or sometimes three organisms living together. Perhaps the most important contribution of the fungus is to provide a protective habitat for the algae or cyanobacteria. The green or blue-green photosynthetic layer is often visible between two white fungal layers if a piece of lichen thallus is torn off. Most lichen-forming fungi cannot exist without the photosynthetic partner because they have become dependent on them for survival. But in all cases, a fungus looks quite different in the lichenized form compared to its free-living form. HOW DO LICHENS REPRODUCE? Lichens sexually reproduce with fruiting bodies of various shapes and colors that can often look like miniature mushrooms. These are called apothecia (Fig. 1) and contain spores that germinate and Figure 1. Apothecia, fruiting grow into the fungus. Each bodies fungus must find the right photosynthetic partner in order to become a lichen. Lichens reproduce asexually in several ways.
    [Show full text]
  • A Re·Examination of John Shirley's Collection of Tasmanian Lichens
    und of/he Royal Volume 122(2 191-!1-! A RE·EXAMINATION OF JOHN SHIRLEY'S COLLECTION OF TASMANIAN LICHENS by Gintaras Kantvilas (with one table and one KANTVILAS, G" 19SR (31:x): A fe-examination of John Shirley's collection of Tasmanian lichens, Pap. Proc. R, Fasm. 122(2): 59-67, ISSN 0080~l703. Department of Botany, University of Tasmania, G.P,O. Box Hohart, Tasmania, Anstralia 7()() I. The Tasmanian lichen collection of John Shirley (1849-1922) (housed in the Queensland HerhJrimn) examined and fe·determined, Two new combinations, RillOdil1i1 aspcrata (Shirley) KantviJas and Pv!'cl1u!a goidc/iflll (Shirley) Kantvilas, are proposed, and !ectotypes are sel up for Bacidiil weymouthii (Shirley) Zahlhr. and Pyrenu/a ch!oropiaca Shirley from authentic material. Several lichen records are based on misidentifications and are deleted from the checldist of Tasmanian lichens, Key Words: Shirley, lichens, Tasmania. INTRODUCTION Shirley's association with Tasmania in 1892 when he visited Hobart for a meeting of the John Francis Shirley was born in Dorchester, AAAS, held on 7-16 January, There he studied England, on 11 lR49 and died in Brisbane, plants on ne3rby Mt Wellington and made the Australia, on 5 April 1922, He with a acquaintance of William Anderson one Bachelor of .science degree from the University of of the leading amateur botanists in London where he qualified as a teacher. In 1878, he Tasmania at that time (Kantvilas 1983). In the same to Queensland and was appointed year, he became a corresponding member of the headmaster at Roma 111 the south of the colony, He Royal of Tasmania.
    [Show full text]
  • One Hundred New Species of Lichenized Fungi: a Signature of Undiscovered Global Diversity
    Phytotaxa 18: 1–127 (2011) ISSN 1179-3155 (print edition) www.mapress.com/phytotaxa/ Monograph PHYTOTAXA Copyright © 2011 Magnolia Press ISSN 1179-3163 (online edition) PHYTOTAXA 18 One hundred new species of lichenized fungi: a signature of undiscovered global diversity H. THORSTEN LUMBSCH1*, TEUVO AHTI2, SUSANNE ALTERMANN3, GUILLERMO AMO DE PAZ4, ANDRÉ APTROOT5, ULF ARUP6, ALEJANDRINA BÁRCENAS PEÑA7, PAULINA A. BAWINGAN8, MICHEL N. BENATTI9, LUISA BETANCOURT10, CURTIS R. BJÖRK11, KANSRI BOONPRAGOB12, MAARTEN BRAND13, FRANK BUNGARTZ14, MARCELA E. S. CÁCERES15, MEHTMET CANDAN16, JOSÉ LUIS CHAVES17, PHILIPPE CLERC18, RALPH COMMON19, BRIAN J. COPPINS20, ANA CRESPO4, MANUELA DAL-FORNO21, PRADEEP K. DIVAKAR4, MELIZAR V. DUYA22, JOHN A. ELIX23, ARVE ELVEBAKK24, JOHNATHON D. FANKHAUSER25, EDIT FARKAS26, LIDIA ITATÍ FERRARO27, EBERHARD FISCHER28, DAVID J. GALLOWAY29, ESTER GAYA30, MIREIA GIRALT31, TREVOR GOWARD32, MARTIN GRUBE33, JOSEF HAFELLNER33, JESÚS E. HERNÁNDEZ M.34, MARÍA DE LOS ANGELES HERRERA CAMPOS7, KLAUS KALB35, INGVAR KÄRNEFELT6, GINTARAS KANTVILAS36, DOROTHEE KILLMANN28, PAUL KIRIKA37, KERRY KNUDSEN38, HARALD KOMPOSCH39, SERGEY KONDRATYUK40, JAMES D. LAWREY21, ARMIN MANGOLD41, MARCELO P. MARCELLI9, BRUCE MCCUNE42, MARIA INES MESSUTI43, ANDREA MICHLIG27, RICARDO MIRANDA GONZÁLEZ7, BIBIANA MONCADA10, ALIFERETI NAIKATINI44, MATTHEW P. NELSEN1, 45, DAG O. ØVSTEDAL46, ZDENEK PALICE47, KHWANRUAN PAPONG48, SITTIPORN PARNMEN12, SERGIO PÉREZ-ORTEGA4, CHRISTIAN PRINTZEN49, VÍCTOR J. RICO4, EIMY RIVAS PLATA1, 50, JAVIER ROBAYO51, DANIA ROSABAL52, ULRIKE RUPRECHT53, NORIS SALAZAR ALLEN54, LEOPOLDO SANCHO4, LUCIANA SANTOS DE JESUS15, TAMIRES SANTOS VIEIRA15, MATTHIAS SCHULTZ55, MARK R. D. SEAWARD56, EMMANUËL SÉRUSIAUX57, IMKE SCHMITT58, HARRIE J. M. SIPMAN59, MOHAMMAD SOHRABI 2, 60, ULRIK SØCHTING61, MAJBRIT ZEUTHEN SØGAARD61, LAURENS B. SPARRIUS62, ADRIANO SPIELMANN63, TOBY SPRIBILLE33, JUTARAT SUTJARITTURAKAN64, ACHRA THAMMATHAWORN65, ARNE THELL6, GÖRAN THOR66, HOLGER THÜS67, EINAR TIMDAL68, CAMILLE TRUONG18, ROMAN TÜRK69, LOENGRIN UMAÑA TENORIO17, DALIP K.
    [Show full text]
  • Lichens and Associated Fungi from Glacier Bay National Park, Alaska
    The Lichenologist (2020), 52,61–181 doi:10.1017/S0024282920000079 Standard Paper Lichens and associated fungi from Glacier Bay National Park, Alaska Toby Spribille1,2,3 , Alan M. Fryday4 , Sergio Pérez-Ortega5 , Måns Svensson6, Tor Tønsberg7, Stefan Ekman6 , Håkon Holien8,9, Philipp Resl10 , Kevin Schneider11, Edith Stabentheiner2, Holger Thüs12,13 , Jan Vondrák14,15 and Lewis Sharman16 1Department of Biological Sciences, CW405, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2R3, Canada; 2Department of Plant Sciences, Institute of Biology, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Holteigasse 6, 8010 Graz, Austria; 3Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, 32 Campus Drive, Missoula, Montana 59812, USA; 4Herbarium, Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA; 5Real Jardín Botánico (CSIC), Departamento de Micología, Calle Claudio Moyano 1, E-28014 Madrid, Spain; 6Museum of Evolution, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 16, SE-75236 Uppsala, Sweden; 7Department of Natural History, University Museum of Bergen Allégt. 41, P.O. Box 7800, N-5020 Bergen, Norway; 8Faculty of Bioscience and Aquaculture, Nord University, Box 2501, NO-7729 Steinkjer, Norway; 9NTNU University Museum, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway; 10Faculty of Biology, Department I, Systematic Botany and Mycology, University of Munich (LMU), Menzinger Straße 67, 80638 München, Germany; 11Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK; 12Botany Department, State Museum of Natural History Stuttgart, Rosenstein 1, 70191 Stuttgart, Germany; 13Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK; 14Institute of Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Zámek 1, 252 43 Průhonice, Czech Republic; 15Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 1760, CZ-370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic and 16Glacier Bay National Park & Preserve, P.O.
    [Show full text]
  • The Lichen Genus Hypogymnia in Southwest China Article
    Mycosphere 5 (1): 27–76 (2014) ISSN 2077 7019 www.mycosphere.org Article Mycosphere Copyright © 2014 Online Edition Doi 10.5943/mycosphere/5/1/2 The lichen genus Hypogymnia in southwest China McCune B1 and Wang LS2 1 Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331-2902 U.S.A. 2 Key Laboratory of Biodiversity and Biogeography, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Heilongtan, Kunming 650204, China McCune B, Wang LS 2014 – The lichen genus Hypogymnia in southwest China. Mycosphere 5(1), 27–76, Doi 10.5943/mycosphere/5/1/2 Abstract A total of 36 species of Hypogymnia are known from southwestern China. This region is a center of biodiversity for the genus. Hypogymnia capitata, H. nitida, H. saxicola, H. pendula, and H. tenuispora are newly described species from Yunnan and Sichuan. Olivetoric acid is new as a major lichen substance in Hypogymnia, occurring only in H. capitata. A key and illustrations are given for the species known from this region, along with five species from adjoining regions that might be confused or have historically been misidentified in this region. Key words – Lecanorales – lichenized ascomycetes – Parmeliaceae – Shaanxi – Sichuan – Tibet – Yunnan – Xizang. Introduction The first major collections of Hypogymnia from southwestern China were by Handel- Mazzetti, from which Zahlbruckner (1930) reported six species now placed in Hypogymnia, and Harry Smith (1921-1934, published piecewise by other authors; Herner 1988). Since the last checklist of lichens in China (Wei 1991), which reported 16 species of Hypogymnia from the southwestern provinces, numerous species of Hypogymnia from southwestern China have been described or revised (Chen 1994, Wei & Bi 1998, McCune & Obermayer 2001, McCune et al.
    [Show full text]