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Seasonal Subsistence in Late Woodland Southwestern Ontario

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Seasonal Subsistence in Late Woodland Southwestern Ontario Western University Scholarship@Western Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository 9-23-2011 12:00 AM Seasonal Subsistence in Late Woodland Southwestern Ontario: An Examination of the Relationships Between Resource Availability, Maize Agriculture, and Faunal Procurement and Processing Strategies Lindsay J. Foreman The University of Western Ontario Supervisor Dr. Lisa Hodgetts The University of Western Ontario Graduate Program in Anthropology A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the equirr ements for the degree in Doctor of Philosophy © Lindsay J. Foreman 2011 Follow this and additional works at: https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/etd Part of the Archaeological Anthropology Commons Recommended Citation Foreman, Lindsay J., "Seasonal Subsistence in Late Woodland Southwestern Ontario: An Examination of the Relationships Between Resource Availability, Maize Agriculture, and Faunal Procurement and Processing Strategies" (2011). Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository. 280. https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/etd/280 This Dissertation/Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by Scholarship@Western. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository by an authorized administrator of Scholarship@Western. For more information, please contact [email protected]. SEASONAL SUBSISTENCE IN LATE WOODLAND SOUTHWESTERN ONTARIO: AN EXAMINATION OF THE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN RESOURCE AVAILABILITY, MAIZE AGRICULTURE, AND FAUNAL PROCUREMENT AND PROCESSING STRATEGIES (Spine title: Seasonal Subsistence in Late Woodland Southwestern Ontario) (Thesis format: Integrated Article) by Lindsay Judith Foreman Graduate Program in Anthropology A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy The School of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies The University of Western Ontario London, Ontario, Canada © Lindsay J. Foreman 2011 THE UNIVERSITY OF WESTERN ONTARIO School of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies CERTIFICATE OF EXAMINATION Supervisor Examiners Dr. Lisa Hodgetts Dr. Neal Ferris Dr. Peter Timmins Dr. Yolanda Morbey Dr. David Smith The thesis by Lindsay Judith Foreman entitled: Seasonal Subsistence in Late Woodland Southwestern Ontario: An Examination of the Relationships Between Resource Availability, Maize Agriculture, and Faunal Procurement and Processing Strategies is accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Date Chair of the Thesis Examination Board ii ABSTRACT This study uses the zooarchaeological record to examine seasonal mobility and scheduling of faunal procurement and processing activities by southwestern Ontario’s two Late Woodland (ca. A.D. 800-1600) communities, Western Basin and Iroquoian. Faunal datasets collated from a number of Western Basin sites are combined to reconstruct the timing and location of annual hunting and fishing pursuits. A greater degree of flexibility in the scheduling and organization of these activities within the local environment is identified than was previously recognized. From the spring until the fall, Western Basin fishers intensively harvested lake- and river-dwelling species. This aquatic orientation is also reflected in the abundance of muskrat and waterfowl in the assemblages. In winter, some groups remained near the lakes to hunt and fish, while others moved to the interior where they procured deer, other mammals, and birds. The overall picture is of a relatively high degree of mobility, flexibility, and variability within their seasonal round. In comparison, the Iroquoian groups inhabiting the same region were much more stationary, locating many of their camps and villages in upland areas near tributaries, creeks, and/or ponds, from which a number of different habitats could be easily accessed. Hunters and fishers belonging to this community emphasized the exploitation of locally available animal resources, especially cervids. During the 800 years of interest, Western Basin and Iroquoian peoples combined hunting, fishing, and collecting with the growing of introduced squash, maize, sunflower, tobacco, and bean crops. The faunal data indicate that by A.D. 1200, both traditions diversified their faunal procurement activities de- emphasizing cervid hunting and targeting several other animals. At the same time, hunting and fishing became more focused on the resources available near iii their settlements. These changes in faunal exploitation helped to facilitate the scheduling of domestic crop production. The cause(s) behind the extensive fragmentation of Western Basin cervid (deer) assemblages is also investigated. Categorizing large mammal specimens by bone size, type (i.e., cancellous bone, cortical bone), element, fracture characteristics, and degree of burning demonstrates a practice of separating appendicular (i.e., long bones, phalanges) and axial (i.e., cranium, vertebrae, ribs) elements during processing for bone marrow and grease. These activities were carried out year-round between A.D. 800 and 1600, suggesting that bone grease was important to Western Basin food preparation and consumption. Key Words: seasonality, subsistence, settlement, Late Woodland period, southwestern Ontario, mobility, maize agriculture, zooarchaeology, carcass processing, Western Basin, Iroquoian iv DEDICATION This research is dedicated to the memory of my grandmother, Barbara Elizabeth Watson McOustra Blong (1921-2008). Nana, Thank you for giving me the courage and strength to finish what I started, for believing in me, and for always listening. v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The completion of this dissertation would not have been possible without the help and support of a number of institutions and people. I would like to take this opportunity to recognize the organizations that funded this project over the past seven years. The Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada (SSHRC), Canada Graduate Scholarships, Doctoral Scholarship, awarded to me in 2004 (Award #: 767-2004-1507), enabled me to devote all of my efforts to this research during the first few years. At the same time, The University of Western Ontario Graduate Tuition Scholarship covered my academic fees. As a recipient of Research Western’s Graduate Thesis Research Award and with funding provided by the Department of Anthropology, I was also able to attend several conferences to present my findings. Finally, I was recently awarded the Society of Graduate Students 125th Anniversary Scholarship, which gave me the time necessary to finish writing and revising this work. Thanks also go to my employers over the past four years. At The University of Western Ontario, I was fortunate to hold several teaching and research assistantships, as well as act as the Bioarchaeology Lab Supervisor in the Department of Anthropology. During this time, I also worked as a research archaeologist for Timmins Martelle Heritage Consultants Inc., D.R. Poulton and Associates Inc., and The Fossil Hill Group. Thank you all for your patience, understanding, and encouragement, as well as for accommodating my writing schedule! And now for the people. First and foremost, I would like to thank my supervisor, Dr. Lisa Hodgetts, for her support, encouragement, and reassurance over the course of this journey. She was always there with a smile, chocolate, and sage advice to help me clear each hurdle, no matter how big or small! Thank you for your patience and for helping me stay focused and motivated to the end. vi To my committee members Dr. Christopher Ellis and Dr. Peter Timmins, and to my internal examiner, Dr. Neal Ferris, thank you for lending your ears, eyes, and thoughts, and for sharing your decades of expertise in Ontario Archaeology to this project. Thank you also for encouraging me to take my interpretations to the next level and to realize their contribution to the discipline beyond our provincial border! Thanks also go to my external examiners, Dr. Yolanda Morbey of the Department of Biology at The University of Western Ontario, and Dr. David Smith of the Department of Anthropology at the University of Toronto, Mississauga Campus. Your questions and insights immensely improved this research and provided me with additional confidence in the importance of my findings. Dr. Christine White, also of the Department of Anthropology at The University of Western Ontario, suggested how best to interpret the old and new southern Ontario stable isotope data. Along with Dr. Christopher Watts, Rebanks Postdoctoral Fellow, Department of World Cultures, Royal Ontario Museum, Dr. Genevieve Dewar, Department of Anthropology, University of Toronto, Scarborough Campus, and Dr. Jaime Ginter, School of Community Liberal Studies, Sheridan College, provided me with a much more accurate picture of Western Basin subsistence within which to frame my interpretations. Since 2007, Jim Wilson of Golder Associates Inc. has kept me up-to-date on the excavation and analysis of several new Western Basin sites north of London. He also gave me the opportunity to analyze and incorporate the faunal material recovered from several of these sites into my research. Thanks are also extended to William A. Fox of Parks Canada. Bill provided copies of unpublished faunal reports from his tenure as the Southwestern Ontario Regional Archaeologist. Further, his research on Lake Erie burbot helped me to better understand the importance of this fish to prehistoric peoples occupying the region. While finishing up my analyses at the Royal Ontario Museum (ROM), Dr. Kevin Seymour and Brian Iwama of the Vertebrate
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