Seasonal Subsistence in Late Woodland Southwestern Ontario

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Seasonal Subsistence in Late Woodland Southwestern Ontario Western University Scholarship@Western Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository 9-23-2011 12:00 AM Seasonal Subsistence in Late Woodland Southwestern Ontario: An Examination of the Relationships Between Resource Availability, Maize Agriculture, and Faunal Procurement and Processing Strategies Lindsay J. Foreman The University of Western Ontario Supervisor Dr. Lisa Hodgetts The University of Western Ontario Graduate Program in Anthropology A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the equirr ements for the degree in Doctor of Philosophy © Lindsay J. Foreman 2011 Follow this and additional works at: https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/etd Part of the Archaeological Anthropology Commons Recommended Citation Foreman, Lindsay J., "Seasonal Subsistence in Late Woodland Southwestern Ontario: An Examination of the Relationships Between Resource Availability, Maize Agriculture, and Faunal Procurement and Processing Strategies" (2011). Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository. 280. https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/etd/280 This Dissertation/Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by Scholarship@Western. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository by an authorized administrator of Scholarship@Western. For more information, please contact [email protected]. SEASONAL SUBSISTENCE IN LATE WOODLAND SOUTHWESTERN ONTARIO: AN EXAMINATION OF THE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN RESOURCE AVAILABILITY, MAIZE AGRICULTURE, AND FAUNAL PROCUREMENT AND PROCESSING STRATEGIES (Spine title: Seasonal Subsistence in Late Woodland Southwestern Ontario) (Thesis format: Integrated Article) by Lindsay Judith Foreman Graduate Program in Anthropology A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy The School of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies The University of Western Ontario London, Ontario, Canada © Lindsay J. Foreman 2011 THE UNIVERSITY OF WESTERN ONTARIO School of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies CERTIFICATE OF EXAMINATION Supervisor Examiners Dr. Lisa Hodgetts Dr. Neal Ferris Dr. Peter Timmins Dr. Yolanda Morbey Dr. David Smith The thesis by Lindsay Judith Foreman entitled: Seasonal Subsistence in Late Woodland Southwestern Ontario: An Examination of the Relationships Between Resource Availability, Maize Agriculture, and Faunal Procurement and Processing Strategies is accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Date Chair of the Thesis Examination Board ii ABSTRACT This study uses the zooarchaeological record to examine seasonal mobility and scheduling of faunal procurement and processing activities by southwestern Ontario’s two Late Woodland (ca. A.D. 800-1600) communities, Western Basin and Iroquoian. Faunal datasets collated from a number of Western Basin sites are combined to reconstruct the timing and location of annual hunting and fishing pursuits. A greater degree of flexibility in the scheduling and organization of these activities within the local environment is identified than was previously recognized. From the spring until the fall, Western Basin fishers intensively harvested lake- and river-dwelling species. This aquatic orientation is also reflected in the abundance of muskrat and waterfowl in the assemblages. In winter, some groups remained near the lakes to hunt and fish, while others moved to the interior where they procured deer, other mammals, and birds. The overall picture is of a relatively high degree of mobility, flexibility, and variability within their seasonal round. In comparison, the Iroquoian groups inhabiting the same region were much more stationary, locating many of their camps and villages in upland areas near tributaries, creeks, and/or ponds, from which a number of different habitats could be easily accessed. Hunters and fishers belonging to this community emphasized the exploitation of locally available animal resources, especially cervids. During the 800 years of interest, Western Basin and Iroquoian peoples combined hunting, fishing, and collecting with the growing of introduced squash, maize, sunflower, tobacco, and bean crops. The faunal data indicate that by A.D. 1200, both traditions diversified their faunal procurement activities de- emphasizing cervid hunting and targeting several other animals. At the same time, hunting and fishing became more focused on the resources available near iii their settlements. These changes in faunal exploitation helped to facilitate the scheduling of domestic crop production. The cause(s) behind the extensive fragmentation of Western Basin cervid (deer) assemblages is also investigated. Categorizing large mammal specimens by bone size, type (i.e., cancellous bone, cortical bone), element, fracture characteristics, and degree of burning demonstrates a practice of separating appendicular (i.e., long bones, phalanges) and axial (i.e., cranium, vertebrae, ribs) elements during processing for bone marrow and grease. These activities were carried out year-round between A.D. 800 and 1600, suggesting that bone grease was important to Western Basin food preparation and consumption. Key Words: seasonality, subsistence, settlement, Late Woodland period, southwestern Ontario, mobility, maize agriculture, zooarchaeology, carcass processing, Western Basin, Iroquoian iv DEDICATION This research is dedicated to the memory of my grandmother, Barbara Elizabeth Watson McOustra Blong (1921-2008). Nana, Thank you for giving me the courage and strength to finish what I started, for believing in me, and for always listening. v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The completion of this dissertation would not have been possible without the help and support of a number of institutions and people. I would like to take this opportunity to recognize the organizations that funded this project over the past seven years. The Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada (SSHRC), Canada Graduate Scholarships, Doctoral Scholarship, awarded to me in 2004 (Award #: 767-2004-1507), enabled me to devote all of my efforts to this research during the first few years. At the same time, The University of Western Ontario Graduate Tuition Scholarship covered my academic fees. As a recipient of Research Western’s Graduate Thesis Research Award and with funding provided by the Department of Anthropology, I was also able to attend several conferences to present my findings. Finally, I was recently awarded the Society of Graduate Students 125th Anniversary Scholarship, which gave me the time necessary to finish writing and revising this work. Thanks also go to my employers over the past four years. At The University of Western Ontario, I was fortunate to hold several teaching and research assistantships, as well as act as the Bioarchaeology Lab Supervisor in the Department of Anthropology. During this time, I also worked as a research archaeologist for Timmins Martelle Heritage Consultants Inc., D.R. Poulton and Associates Inc., and The Fossil Hill Group. Thank you all for your patience, understanding, and encouragement, as well as for accommodating my writing schedule! And now for the people. First and foremost, I would like to thank my supervisor, Dr. Lisa Hodgetts, for her support, encouragement, and reassurance over the course of this journey. She was always there with a smile, chocolate, and sage advice to help me clear each hurdle, no matter how big or small! Thank you for your patience and for helping me stay focused and motivated to the end. vi To my committee members Dr. Christopher Ellis and Dr. Peter Timmins, and to my internal examiner, Dr. Neal Ferris, thank you for lending your ears, eyes, and thoughts, and for sharing your decades of expertise in Ontario Archaeology to this project. Thank you also for encouraging me to take my interpretations to the next level and to realize their contribution to the discipline beyond our provincial border! Thanks also go to my external examiners, Dr. Yolanda Morbey of the Department of Biology at The University of Western Ontario, and Dr. David Smith of the Department of Anthropology at the University of Toronto, Mississauga Campus. Your questions and insights immensely improved this research and provided me with additional confidence in the importance of my findings. Dr. Christine White, also of the Department of Anthropology at The University of Western Ontario, suggested how best to interpret the old and new southern Ontario stable isotope data. Along with Dr. Christopher Watts, Rebanks Postdoctoral Fellow, Department of World Cultures, Royal Ontario Museum, Dr. Genevieve Dewar, Department of Anthropology, University of Toronto, Scarborough Campus, and Dr. Jaime Ginter, School of Community Liberal Studies, Sheridan College, provided me with a much more accurate picture of Western Basin subsistence within which to frame my interpretations. Since 2007, Jim Wilson of Golder Associates Inc. has kept me up-to-date on the excavation and analysis of several new Western Basin sites north of London. He also gave me the opportunity to analyze and incorporate the faunal material recovered from several of these sites into my research. Thanks are also extended to William A. Fox of Parks Canada. Bill provided copies of unpublished faunal reports from his tenure as the Southwestern Ontario Regional Archaeologist. Further, his research on Lake Erie burbot helped me to better understand the importance of this fish to prehistoric peoples occupying the region. While finishing up my analyses at the Royal Ontario Museum (ROM), Dr. Kevin Seymour and Brian Iwama of the Vertebrate
Recommended publications
  • Alberta Wild Species General Status Listing 2010
    Fish & Wildlife Division Sustainable Resource Development Alberta Wild Species General Status Listing - 2010 Species at Risk ELCODE Group ID Scientific Name Common Name Status 2010 Status 2005 Status 2000 Background Lichens Cladonia cenotea Powdered Funnel Lichen Secure Cladonia cervicornis Lichens Ladder Lichen Secure verticillata Lichens Cladonia chlorophaea Mealy Pixie-cup Lichen Secure Lichens Cladonia coccifera Eastern Boreal Pixie-cup Lichen Undetermined Lichens Cladonia coniocraea Common Pixie Powderhorn Secure Lichens Cladonia cornuta Bighorn Pixie Lichen Secure Lichens Cladonia cornuta cornuta Bighorn Pixie Lichen Secure Lichens Cladonia crispata Organpipe Lichen Secure Lichens Cladonia cristatella British Soldiers Lichen Secure Cladonia Lichens Mealy Pixie-cup Lichen Undetermined cryptochlorophaea Lichens Cladonia cyanipes Blue-footed Pixie Lichen Sensitive Lichens Cladonia deformis Lesser Sulphur-cup Lichen Secure Lichens Cladonia digitata Fingered Pixie-cup Lichen May Be At Risk Lichens Cladonia ecmocyna Orange-footed Pixie Lichen Secure Lichens Cladonia fimbriata Trumpeting Lichen Secure Lichens Cladonia furcata Forking Lichen Sensitive Lichens Cladonia glauca Glaucous Pixie Lichen May Be At Risk Lichens Cladonia gracilis gracilis Gracile Lichen May Be At Risk Lichens Cladonia gracilis turbinata Bronzed Lichen Secure Lichens Cladonia grayi Gray's Pixie-cup Lichen May Be At Risk Lichens Cladonia humilis Humble Pixie-cup Lichen Undetermined Lichens Cladonia macilenta Lipstick Powderhorn Lichen Secure Cladonia macilenta Lichens
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Chapter 6134 Department of Natural Resources Endangered, Threatened, Special Concern Species
    1 CHAPTER 6134 DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES ENDANGERED, THREATENED, SPECIAL CONCERN SPECIES 6134.0100 STATUTORY AUTHORITY. 6134.0150 PURPOSE AND SCOPE. 6134.0170 SPECIES NAMES. 6134.0200 ANIMAL SPECIES. 6134.0300 VASCULAR PLANTS. 6134.0400 LICHENS; MOSSES; LIVERWORTS; FUNGI. 6134.0100 STATUTORY AUTHORITY. Pursuant to Minnesota Statutes, section 84.0895, the species of wild animals and plants listed in parts 6134.0200 to 6134.0400 are designated as endangered, threatened, or of special concern, as indicated in those parts. Statutory Authority: MS s 84.0895 History: 8 SR 1921; L 1986 c 386 art 4 s 9 Published Electronically: June 11, 2008 6134.0150 PURPOSE AND SCOPE. Minnesota Statutes, section 84.0895, subdivision 3, requires the commissioner of natural resources to adopt rules designating species meeting the statutory definitions of endangered, threatened, or species of special concern. Minnesota Statutes, section 84.0895, subdivision 5, authorizes the commissioner to adopt rules that regulate treatment of species designated as endangered or threatened. Thus, two different sets of rules have been adopted: parts 6134.0100 to 6134.0400 designate species in the three statutory categories; and parts 6212.1800 to 6212.2300 create regulations for species designated as endangered or threatened. Species designated as species of special concern are not protected by Minnesota Statutes, section 84.0895 or rules adopted under that section. Parts 6212.1800 to 6212.2300 and Minnesota Statutes, section 84.0895, impose a variety of restrictions, a permit program, and several exemptions pertaining to species designated as endangered or threatened. Among these are that acts otherwise prohibited may be allowed by permit issued by the commissioner; plants on certain agricultural lands and plants destroyed in consequence of certain agricultural practices are exempt; and the accidental, unknowing destruction of designated plants is exempt.
    [Show full text]
  • Moose Management Areas in Labrador !
    "S Converter Station Transmission Corridor Submarine Cable Crossing Corridor Moose Management Area Source: Newfoundland and Labrador Department of Environment and Conservation (2011) FIGURE ID: HVDC_ST_550 0 75 150 Kilometres QUEBEC Nain ! A t l a n t i c O c e a n Hopedale ! LABRADOR Makkovik ! Postville ! Schefferville! 85 56 Rigolet ! 55 54 North West River ! ! Churchill Falls Sheshatshiu ! Happy Valley-Goose Bay 57 51 ! ! Mud Lake 48 52 53 53A Labrador City / Wabush ! "S 60 59 58 50 49 Red Bay Isle ! elle f B o it a tr Forteau ! S St. Anthony ! G u l f o f St. Lawrence ! Sept-Îles! Portland Creek! Cat Arm FIGURE 10.3.5-2 Twillingate! ! Moose Management Areas in Labrador ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Port Hope Simpson ! Mary's Harbour ! LABRADOR "S Converter Station Red Bay QUEBEC ! Transmission Corridor ± Submarine Cable Crossing Corridor Forteau ! 1 ! Large Game Management Areas St. Anthony 45 National Park 40 Source: Newfoundland and Labrador Department of Environment and Conservation (2011) 39 FIGURE ID: HVDC_ST_551 0 50 100 Kilometres 2 A t l a n t i c 3 O c e a n 14 4 G u l f 41 23 Deer Lake 15 22 o f ! 5 41 ! Gander St. Lawrence ! Grand Falls-Windsor ! 13 42 Corner Brook 7 24 16 21 6 12 27 29 43 17 Clarenville ! 47 28 8 20 11 18 25 29 26 34 9 ! St. John's 19 37 35 10 44 "S 30 Soldiers Pond 31 33 Channel-Port aux Basques ! ! Marystown 32 36 38 FIGURE 10.3.5-3 Moose and Black Bear Management Areas in Newfoundland Labrador‐Island Transmission Link Environmental Impact Statement Chapter 10 Existing Biophysical Environment Moose densities on the Island of Newfoundland are considerably higher than in Labrador, with densities ranging from a low of 0.11 moose/km2 in MMA 19 (1997 survey) to 6.82 moose/km2 in MMA 43 (1999) (Stantec 2010d).
    [Show full text]
  • 6134.0200 ANIMAL SPECIES. Subpart 1. Mammals. the Following Species of Mammals Are Designated As: A
    1 REVISOR 6134.0200 6134.0200 ANIMAL SPECIES. Subpart 1. Mammals. The following species of mammals are designated as: A. Endangered: none. B. Threatened: (1) Spilogale putorius, eastern spotted skunk; and (2) Thomomys talpoides, northern pocket gopher. C. Of special concern: (1) Alces americanus, moose; (2) Cervus canadensis, elk; (3) Cryptotis parva, North American least shrew; (4) Eptesicus fuscus, big brown bat; (5) Lynx canadensis, Canada lynx; (6) Microtus ochrogaster, prairie vole; (7) Microtus pinetorum, woodland vole; (8) Mustela nivalis, least weasel; (9) Myotis lucifugus, little brown myotis; (10) Myotis septentrionalis, northern myotis; (11) Onychomys leucogaster, northern grasshopper mouse; (12) Perimyotis subflavus, tri-colored bat; (13) Perognathus flavescens, plains pocket mouse; (14) Phenacomys ungava, eastern heather vole; (15) Puma concolor, mountain lion; (16) Reithrodontomys megalotis, western harvest mouse; (17) Sorex fumeus, smoky shrew; (18) Synaptomys borealis, northern bog lemming; and (19) Urocitellus richardsonii, Richardson's ground squirrel. Subp. 2. Birds. The following species of birds are designated as: A. Endangered: (1) Ammodramus bairdii, Baird's sparrow; Copyright ©2013 by the Revisor of Statutes, State of Minnesota. All Rights Reserved. 2 REVISOR 6134.0200 (2) Ammodramus henslowii, Henslow's sparrow; (3) Anthus spragueii, Sprague's pipit; (4) Athene cunicularia, burrowing owl; (5) Calcarius ornatus, chestnut-collared longspur; (6) Charadrius melodus, piping plover; (7) Lanius ludovicianus, loggerhead
    [Show full text]
  • Captive Wildlife Regulations, 2021, W-13.12 Reg 5
    1 CAPTIVE WILDLIFE, 2021 W-13.12 REG 5 The Captive Wildlife Regulations, 2021 being Chapter W-13.12 Reg 5 (effective June 1, 2021). NOTE: This consolidation is not official. Amendments have been incorporated for convenience of reference and the original statutes and regulations should be consulted for all purposes of interpretation and application of the law. In order to preserve the integrity of the original statutes and regulations, errors that may have appeared are reproduced in this consolidation. 2 W-13.12 REG 5 CAPTIVE WILDLIFE, 2021 Table of Contents PART 1 PART 5 Preliminary Matters Zoo Licences and Travelling Zoo Licences 1 Title 38 Definition for Part 2 Definitions and interpretation 39 CAZA standards 3 Application 40 Requirements – zoo licence or travelling zoo licence PART 2 41 Breeding and release Designations, Prohibitions and Licences PART 6 4 Captive wildlife – designations Wildlife Rehabilitation Licences 5 Prohibition – holding unlisted species in captivity 42 Definitions for Part 6 Prohibition – holding restricted species in captivity 43 Standards for wildlife rehabilitation 7 Captive wildlife licences 44 No property acquired in wildlife held for 8 Licence not required rehabilitation 9 Application for captive wildlife licence 45 Requirements – wildlife rehabilitation licence 10 Renewal 46 Restrictions – wildlife not to be rehabilitated 11 Issuance or renewal of licence on terms and conditions 47 Wildlife rehabilitation practices 12 Licence or renewal term PART 7 Scientific Research Licences 13 Amendment, suspension,
    [Show full text]
  • (Arborimus Longicaudus), Sonoma Tree Vole (A. Pomo), and White-Footed Vole (A
    United States Department of Agriculture Annotated Bibliography of the Red Tree Vole (Arborimus longicaudus), Sonoma Tree Vole (A. pomo), and White-Footed Vole (A. albipes) Forest Pacific Northwest General Technical Report August Service Research Station PNW-GTR-909 2016 In accordance with Federal civil rights law and U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) civil rights regulations and policies, the USDA, its Agencies, offices, and employees, and institutions participating in or administering USDA programs are prohibited from discriminating based on race, color, national origin, religion, sex, gender identity (including gender expression), sexual orientation, disability, age, marital status, family/parental status, income derived from a public assistance program, political beliefs, or reprisal or retaliation for prior civil rights activity, in any program or activity conducted or funded by USDA (not all bases apply to all pro- grams). Remedies and complaint filing deadlines vary by program or incident. Persons with disabilities who require alternative means of communication for program information (e.g., Braille, large print, audiotape, American Sign Language, etc.) should contact the responsible Agency or USDA’s TARGET Center at (202) 720-2600 (voice and TTY) or contact USDA through the Federal Relay Service at (800) 877-8339. Additionally, program information may be made available in languages other than English. To file a program discrimination complaint, complete the USDA Program Discrimi- nation Complaint Form, AD-3027, found online at http://www.ascr.usda.gov/com- plaint_filing_cust.html and at any USDA office or write a letter addressed to USDA and provide in the letter all of the information requested in the form.
    [Show full text]
  • FEIS Citation Retrieval System Keywords
    FEIS Citation Retrieval System Keywords 29,958 entries as KEYWORD (PARENT) Descriptive phrase AB (CANADA) Alberta ABEESC (PLANTS) Abelmoschus esculentus, okra ABEGRA (PLANTS) Abelia × grandiflora [chinensis × uniflora], glossy abelia ABERT'S SQUIRREL (MAMMALS) Sciurus alberti ABERT'S TOWHEE (BIRDS) Pipilo aberti ABIABI (BRYOPHYTES) Abietinella abietina, abietinella moss ABIALB (PLANTS) Abies alba, European silver fir ABIAMA (PLANTS) Abies amabilis, Pacific silver fir ABIBAL (PLANTS) Abies balsamea, balsam fir ABIBIF (PLANTS) Abies bifolia, subalpine fir ABIBRA (PLANTS) Abies bracteata, bristlecone fir ABICON (PLANTS) Abies concolor, white fir ABICONC (ABICON) Abies concolor var. concolor, white fir ABICONL (ABICON) Abies concolor var. lowiana, Rocky Mountain white fir ABIDUR (PLANTS) Abies durangensis, Coahuila fir ABIES SPP. (PLANTS) firs ABIETINELLA SPP. (BRYOPHYTES) Abietinella spp., mosses ABIFIR (PLANTS) Abies firma, Japanese fir ABIFRA (PLANTS) Abies fraseri, Fraser fir ABIGRA (PLANTS) Abies grandis, grand fir ABIHOL (PLANTS) Abies holophylla, Manchurian fir ABIHOM (PLANTS) Abies homolepis, Nikko fir ABILAS (PLANTS) Abies lasiocarpa, subalpine fir ABILASA (ABILAS) Abies lasiocarpa var. arizonica, corkbark fir ABILASB (ABILAS) Abies lasiocarpa var. bifolia, subalpine fir ABILASL (ABILAS) Abies lasiocarpa var. lasiocarpa, subalpine fir ABILOW (PLANTS) Abies lowiana, Rocky Mountain white fir ABIMAG (PLANTS) Abies magnifica, California red fir ABIMAGM (ABIMAG) Abies magnifica var. magnifica, California red fir ABIMAGS (ABIMAG) Abies
    [Show full text]
  • Checklist of Mammals of Thunder Bay District
    Checklist of Mammals of Thunder Bay District Thunder Bay Field Naturalists Revised July 2018 Introduction The 2018 edition of the Checklist of the Mammals of Thunder Bay District, Ontario, represents a significant update since the last Thunder Bay Field Naturalists (TBFN) mammal checklist by Keith Denis in 1978. In particular, there have been changes in nomenclature due to taxonomic revisions at the species, genus and family levels. Five new species have also been confirmed in the district since 1978 (American Badger, Cougar, Gray Fox, Wolverine and Virginia Opossum), and there have been changes in the at-risk status of a number of species. The Atlas of the Mammals of Ontario (Dobbyn 1994), The Natural History of Canadian Mammals (Naughton 2012), and two volumes of Handbook of Canadian Mammals (van Zyll de Jong 1983, 1985) were used to update species’ status. Increased use of acoustic monitoring and several small mammal trapping projects in the district (e.g., McLaren et al. 2011) have improved our knowledge about the distribution of bats, rodents, and shrews. Fur harvest and aerial survey data were used to update status of furbearers and ungulates respectively. Notes on any significant changes to the taxonomy or nomenclature of each species, as well as their distribution and abundance within the Thunder Bay District are provided. The geographical area referred to as Thunder Bay District in this checklist is the official judicial District of Thunder Bay (Figure 1). It extends from the eastern border of Quetico Provincial Park north to the Albany River system, and east to White River and Michipicoten and Caribou islands in Lake Superior.
    [Show full text]
  • The Heather Vole, Genus Phenacomys, in Alaska
    438 THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST Vol. 118 The Heather Vole, Genus Phenacomys, in Alaska S. O. MACDONALD1, 3,AMY M. RUNCK2, and JOSEPH A. COOK3,* 1P.O. Box 58, Gila, New Mexico 88038-0058 USA 2Biological Sciences Department, Idaho State University, Pocatello, Idaho 83209-8007 USA 3Museum of Southwestern Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131 USA; Corresponding author, e-mail [email protected] MacDonald, S. O., Amy M. Runck, and Joseph A. Cook. 2004, The heather vole genus Phenacomys, in Alaska. Canadian Field-Naturalist 118(3): 438-440. Four specimens of heather vole (genus Phenacomys) collected in the coastal mountains of Southeast Alaska document the first Recent records of this vole in Alaska. Alternative hypotheses on the relationship of these newly-discovered populations to extant and historical populations are outlined, and additional studies proposed. Key Words: Heather vole, Phenacomys sp., Southeast Alaska. Since publication of a synopsis of the land mammal The distribution of the heather vole is poorly known fauna of Southeast Alaska (MacDonald and Cook throughout western North America (Figure 1) and geo- 1996), new field and laboratory studies of the mam- graphic variation has been little studied (for overviews mals of this region have resulted in new perspectives see McAllister and Hoffmann 1988; Nagorsen 1990; on the zoogeography of the North Pacific Coast (Con- Musser and Carleton 1993). Some authorities (Ander- roy et al. 1999; Cook and MacDonald 2001; Cook et son 1942; Cowan and Guiguet 1965; Peterson 1966; al. 2001). In our 1996 publication, we speculated that Hallett 1999) recognized the distinctiveness of western several mammal species found on the eastern side of populations (P.
    [Show full text]
  • Measuring What Matters: Assessing the Full Suite of Benefits of OHF Investments
    Measuring what matters: Assessing the full suite of benefits of OHF investments Final Report January 8, 2021 This project is a collaborative effort among LSOHC staff and researchers at the University of Minnesota (Ryan Noe, Christina Locke, Eric Lonsdorf, Bonnie Keeler) and the Natural Resource Research Institute in Duluth, Minnesota (George Host, Jessica Gorzo, Lucinda Johnson, Alexis Grinde, Michael Joyce, Josh Bednar, Josh Dumke.) Photo credits, from left: U.S. National Park Service, Andy Reago & Chrissy McClarren (cropped), U.S. National Park Service, Daniel Schwen (cropped). Credits for aerial imagery used in this report: Esri, DigitalGlobe, GeoEye, Earthstar Geographic, CNES/Airbus DS, USDA, USGS, AeroGRID, IGN, and the GIS User Community. Table of Contents Executive Summary ................................................................................................................................. 2 OHF portfolio overview .......................................................................................................................... 5 Metrics ........................................................................................................................................................ 6 Scoring OHF investments ....................................................................................................................... 7 1. OHF scores on individual metrics .................................................................................................... 8 2. Multiple benefit scoring ....................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Captive Wildlife Division 2 Restricted List
    Restricted Listing – Division 2 Animals currently in the province that are listed in Division 2 are not considered overtly dangerous, but pose other risks. They may be held for the remaining life of the animal only if they were in a person’s possession prior to June 1, 2021, and if the ministry is notified by November 30, 2021. Item Class (Common Name) Scientific Name PART 1 AMPHIBIANS (CLASS AMPHIBIA) 1. Family Ambystomatidae Gray Tiger Salamander Ambystoma mavortium diaboli Barred Tiger Salamander Ambystoma mavortium mavortium Eastern Tiger Salamander Ambystoma tigrinum 2. Family Bufonidae Canadian Toad Anaxyrus hemiophrys Great Plains Toad Bufo cognatus 3. Family Dendrobatidae Rockstone Poison Dart Frog Dendrobates nubeculosus 4. Family Hylidae Gray Tree Frog Dryophytes versicolor Tiger Leg Frog Pithecopus hypochondrialis Boreal Chorus Frog Pseudacris maculata 5. Family Hynobiidae Tokyo Salamander Hynobius tokyoensis 6. Family Pipidae African Clawed Frog Xenopus laevis 7. Family Ranidae Northern Leopard Frog Lithobates pipiens Wood Frog Lithobates sylvaticus 8. Family Rhacophoridae Flying Foam Nest Frog Polypedates leucomystax Vietnam Flying Frog Rhacophorus calcaneus Item Class (Common Name) Scientific Name Indonesian Flying Frog Rhacophorus reinwardtii Mossy Frog Theloderma bicolor 9. Family Scaphiopodidae Plains Spadefoot Toad Spea bombifrons 10. Family Sirenidae Lesser Siren Siren intermedia Greater Siren Siren lacertina PART 2 BIRDS (CLASS AVES) 1. Family Corvidae American Crow Corvus brachyrhynchos Black-billed Magpie Pica hudsonia 2. Family Icteridae Red-winged Blackbird Agelaius phoeniceus Brewer’s Blackbird Euphagus cyanocephalus Brown-headed Cowbird Molothrus ater Common Grackle Quiscalus quiscula Yellow-headed Blackbird Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus 3. Family Passeridae House Sparrow Passer domesticus 4. Family Phasianidae Cheer Pheasant Catreus wallichii Brown-eared Pheasant Crossoptilon mantchuricum Himalayan Monal Lophophorus impejanus Edwards’s Pheasant Lophura edwardsi Swinhoe’s Pheasant Lophura swinhoii Elliot’s Pheasant Syrmaticus ellioti 5.
    [Show full text]
  • Mammal Species Native to the USA and Canada for Which the MIL Has No Image (170) 31 July 2021
    Mammal species native to the USA and Canada for which the MIL has no image (170) 31 July 2021 ARTIODACTYLA (includes CETACEA) (25) BALAENIDAE - bowheads and right whales 1. Eubalaena japonica - Northern Pacific Right Whale 2. Eubalaena glacialis – North Atlantic Right Whale BALAENOPTERIDAE - rorqual whales Balaenoptera ricei - Rice’s Whale DELPHINIDAE - ocean dolphins 1. Feresa attenuata - Pygmy Killer Whale 2. Globicephala melas - Long-finned Pilot Whale 3. Lagenodelphis hosei - Fraser’s Dolphin 4. Leucopleurus acutus - Atlantic White-sided Dolphin 5. Stenella attenuata - Pantropical Spotted Dolphin 6. Stenella clymene - Clymene Dolphin 7. Stenella longirostris - Spinner Dolphin KOGIIDAE - pygmy sperm whales 1. Kogia breviceps - Pygmy Sperm Whale 2. Kogia sima - Dwarf Sperm Whale ZIPHIIDAE - beaked whales 1. Berardius bairdii - Baird’s Beaked Whale 2. Berardius minimus - Least Beaked Whale 3. Hyperoodon ampullatus - Northen Bottlenose Whale 4. Indopacetus pacificus - Tropical Beaked Whale 5. Mesoplodon bidens - Sowerby’s Beaked Whale 6. Mesoplodon carlhubbsi – Hubbs’s Beaked Whale 7. Mesoplodon densirostris - Blainville’s Beaked Whale 8. Mesoplodon europaeus - Gervais’s Beaked Whale 9. Mesoplodon ginkgodens - Ginkgo-toothed Beaked Whale 10. Mesoplodon mirus - True’s Beaked Whale 11. Mesoplodon perrini - Perrin’s Beaked Whale 12. Mesoplodon stejnegeri - Stejneger’s Beaked Whale 13. Ziphius cavirostris - Cuvier’s Beaked Whale CARNIVORA (8) CANIDAE - dogs Canis lycaon - Eastern Wolf MEPHITIDAE - skunks 1. Conepatus leuconotus - American Hog-nosed Skunk 2. Spilogale gracilis - Western Spotted Skunk MUSTELIDAE - weasels and relatives Martes americana - American Marten OTARIIDAE - eared seals Arctocephalus townsendi - Guadalupe Fur Seal PHOCIDAE - earless seals 1. Cystophora cristata - Hooded Seal 2. Histriophoca fasciata - Ribbon Seal 3. Phoca largha - Spotted Seal CHIROPTERA (20) MOLOSSIDAE - free-tailed bats 1.
    [Show full text]