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Japan Studies Review JAPAN STUDIES REVIEW Volume Seventeen 2013 Interdisciplinary Studies of Modern Japan Steven Heine Editor John A. Tucker Book Review Editor Editorial Board Yumiko Hulvey, University of Florida John Maraldo, Emeritus, University of North Florida Matthew Marr, Florida International University Mark Ravina, Emory University Ann Wehmeyer, University of Florida Brian Woodall, Georgia Institute of Technology Copy and Production Jennylee Diaz María Sol Echarren Maria Magdaline Jamass Kristina Loveman Gabriela Roméu JAPAN STUDIES REVIEW VOLUME SEVENTEEN 2013 A publication of Florida International University and the Southern Japan Seminar CONTENTS Editor’s Introduction i Re: Subscriptions, Submissions, and Comments ii ARTICLES Language Conflict and Language Rights: The Ainu, Ryūkyūans, and Koreans in Japan Stanley Dubinsky and William Davies 3 A Bakery Attack Foiled Again Masaki Mori 29 Consuming Nostalgia in a Bowl of Noodle Soup at the Shin Yokohama Rāmen Museum Satomi Fukutomi 51 A Counter Culture of the 1980s: Ozaki Yutaka’s Songs Shuma Iwai 71 The Effectiveness and Learners’ Perception of Teacher Feedback on Japanese-as-a-Foreign Language Writing Nobuaki Takahashi 93 ESSAYS The Rise in Popularity of Japanese Culture with American Youth: Causes of the ‘Cool Japan’ Phenomenon Jennifer Ann Garcia 121 Arousing Bodhi-Mind: What is the ‘Earth’ in Dōgen’s Teachings? Shohaku Okumura 143 BOOK REVIEWS Doing Business with the New Japan: Succeeding in America’s Richest International Market By James D. Hodgson, Yoshihiro Sano, and John L. Graham Reviewed by Don R. McCreary 155 Demystifying Pearl Harbor: A New Japanese Perspective By Takeo Iguchi Reviewed by Daniel A. Métraux 157 The Art of the Gut: Manhood, Power, and Ethics in Japanese Politics By Robin M. LeBlanc Reviewed by Daniel A. Métraux 160 The Proletarian Gamble: Korean Workers in Interwar Japan By Ken C. Kawashima Reviewed by Bernice J. deGannes Scott 163 CONTRIBUTORS/EDITORS i EDITOR’S INTRODUCTION Welcome to the seventeenth volume of the Japan Studies Review (JSR), an annual peer-reviewed journal sponsored by the joint efforts of the Asian Studies Program at Florida International University and the Southern Japan Seminar. JSR continues to be both an outlet for publications related to Southern Japan Seminar events and a journal that encourages submissions from a wide range of scholars in the field. This year’s journal features five articles. Stanley Dubinsky and William Davies examine language issues within ethnic minority communities – the Ainu, Ryūkyūans, and Koreans – in Japan. Masaki Mori examines the short story by Murakami Haruki, titled “Pan’ya Saishūgeki” and weaves its meaning into a narrative of postindustrial generalities and generational transformation. Satomi Fukutomi describes the significance of the Shin Yokohama Rāmen Museum to the nostalgic representation of the “rāmen” dish as a national symbol of Japan. Shuma Iwai tells the story of Ozaki Yutaka’s music career in the 1980s with detailed analyses of his song lyrics. Nobuaki Takahashi presents the results of a study on corrective feedback in Japanese-as-a-foreign-language writing. This issue also features two essays. Jennifer Ann Garcia examines the causes of the ‘Cool Japan’ phenomenon and the admiration of Japanese culture among American youth. Shohaku Okumura presents his paper from a conference held in November 2011 on Zen Master Dōgen’s teachings on Bodhi-mind. Included in this issue are four book reviews. Don R. McCreery reviews Doing Business with the New Japan: Succeeding in America’s Richest International Market by James D. Hodgson, Yoshihiro Sano and John L. Graham. Daniel A. Métraux has two book reviews, one on Demystifying Pearl Harbor: A New Japanese Perspective by Takeo Iguchi and another one on The Art of the Gut: Manhood, Power, and Ethics in Japanese Politics by Robin M. LeBlanc. Bernice J. deGannes Scott reviews The Proletarian Gamble: Korean Workers in Interwar Japan by Ken C. Kawashima. Steven Heine ii Re: Submissions, Subscriptions, and Comments Submissions for publication, whether articles, essays, or book reviews, should be made in electronic formats, preferably Word for Windows via email attachment (please inquire about other formats). The editor and members of the editorial board will referee all submissions. Annual subscriptions are $35.00 (US). Please send a check or money order payable to Florida International University to: c/o Steven Heine, Professor of Religious Studies and History Director of the Asian Studies Program Florida International University Modesto A. Maidique Campus, SIPA 505 Miami, FL 33199 Professor Heine’s office number is 305-348-1914. Faxes should be sent to 305-348-6586 and emails sent to [email protected]. Visit our website at http://asian.fiu.edu/jsr. PDF versions of past volumes are available online. All comments and feedback on the publications appearing in Japan Studies Review are welcome. ISSN: 1550-0713 Articles LANGUAGE CONFLICT AND LANGUAGE RIGHTS: THE AINU, RYŪKYŪANS, AND KOREANS IN JAPAN Stanley Dubinsky University of South Carolina William D. Davies University of Iowa Introduction Despite (and perhaps because of) a long-maintained myth of the ethnic purity of Japanese citizenry, ethnic minorities in Japan have been forced to confront issues of language conflict and language rights. The Ainu, Ryūkyūan and Korean minorities each exemplify a distinct linguistic circumstance in this regard. The Ainu are an aboriginal people of northern Japan, who have had a language and culture imposed upon them through Japanese territorial expansion. By contrast, Koreans immigrants find themselves a linguistic minority in an adopted land. The Ryūkyūan situation, distinct from both, represents an intra-lingual (as opposed to inter- lingual) conflict, as Ryūkyūan is considered (by some) to be a variety of Japanese. In what follows, a brief survey of the ethnic and political history of each group and the nature of the Ainu, Ryūkyūan, and Korean languages provide some historical background to the conflicts and a context for distinguishing the linguistic and paralinguistic properties of them. We then examine some of the linguistic and language-related human rights issues that have affected the three groups. Comparisons with the circumstances of Amerindians, Puerto Rican immigrants, and African-American English speakers in the United States afford some further insight into the Japanese situation. In making these comparisons, we find some very salient parallels, which suggest that particularism of the Japanese and American cases might be better understood as instances of more general patterns of inter- and intra-linguistic conflict. The Origin of Japanese Before taking up the matter of linguistic minorities in Japan, it is instructive to situate Japanese linguistically in its region and to understand the nature of, and motivations for the promotion of, Standard Japanese over regional dialects. 4 DUBINSKY & DAVIES There is a range of theories regarding the origin of Japanese, some of which are more plausible than others. However, there is no firm consensus regarding any single one of the more plausible theories. Theories connecting Japanese with North Asian languages include those placing Japanese with the Altaic or Ural-Altaic languages, those connecting Japanese with Korean (which many scholars place in the Altaic family), and theories connecting Japanese with Ryūkyūan. Other hypotheses relate Japanese with Southeast Asian languages—the Malayo-Polynesian, Austro- Asiatic, and Tibeto-Burman theories. And there are yet other, more recent hypotheses. Several things are clear from discussions in Miller (1974), Shibatani (1990), and Holmberg (2010) that help explain the lack of consensus. First, the split of Japanese from its nearest linguistic relatives (such as perhaps Korean) took place much longer ago than did that of the Romance language descendants of Latin, which was only 1000–1500 years ago. This makes historical reconstruction of the Japanese language more difficult. Second, Japanese scholars have tended not to use scientific methods of linguistic reconstruction with particular rigor, thus making the results of many comparisons somewhat suspect. This may be in part due to a belief about the special nature of Japanese, in comparison with other languages. Miller (1974: 94–95) states that, for Japanese scholars, “foreign languages, Western languages, perhaps even Chinese, have genetic relationships (shin’en kankei) that can be and often are established by the scholarship of the comparative method, but that Japanese is, in this respect as in so many others, ‘unique,’ in that it has only a keitō [(family) lineage], which must, by terminological definition, remain forever obscure.” Finally, although some linguistic relationships (such as the overarching Altaic origins) are unsettled, some parts of this picture, such as the Japanese- Korean and Japanese-Ryūkyūan connections, are fairly secure. However, proposals differ with respect to these relationships as well. For example, Robbeets (2005) considers Japanese and Korean to have developed from different subfamilies of the Macro-Tungusic branch of the Altaic family, while Japanese and Ryūkyūan are more closely related, being the sole members of the Japonic language group. On the other hand, Miller (1971, as reported in Shibatani 1990) takes Japanese, Korean, and Ryūkyūan to have developed from a common ancestral Proto-Korean- Japanese language, exclusive of other Tungusic languages. Shibatani (1990:101), for his part, does not accept
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