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Psychosocial Risks, Stress and Violence in the World of Work

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Psychosocial Risks, Stress and Violence in the World of Work INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL 2016 / Volume 8 / Issue 1–2 2016 / Volume OF LABOUR RESEARCH Psychosocial risks, stress and violence in the world of work 2016 / VOLUME 8 / ISSUE 1–2 Psychosocial risks, stress and violence in the world of work ILO International Journal of Labour Research 2016 Vol. 8 Issue 1–2 Psychosocial risks, stress and violence in the world of work INTERNATIONAL LABOUR OFFICE, GENEVA Copyright © International Labour Organization 2017 First published 2016 Publications of the International Labour Office enjoy copyright under Protocol 2 of the Uni- versal Copyright Convention. Nevertheless, short excerpts from them may be reproduced without authorization, on condition that the source is indicated. For rights of reproduction or translation, application should be made to ILO Publications (Rights and Licensing), International Labour Office, CH-1211 Geneva 22, Switzerland, or by email: [email protected]. The International Labour Office welcomes such applications. Libraries, institutions and other users registered with a reproduction rights organization may make copies in accordance with the licences issued to them for this purpose. Visit www.ifrro.org to find the reproduction rights organization in your country. International Journal of Labour Research Geneva, International Labour Office, 2017 ISSN 2076-9806 ILO Cataloguing in Publication Data The designations employed in ILO publications, which are in conformity with United Nations practice, and the presentation of material therein do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the International Labour Office concerning the legal status of any country, area or territory or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers. The responsibility for opinions expressed in signed articles, studies and other contributions rests solely with their authors, and publication does not constitute an endorsement by the International Labour Office of the opinions expressed in them. Reference to names of firms and commercial products and processes does not imply their endorse- ment by the International Labour Office, and any failure to mention a particular firm, commercial product or process is not a sign of disapproval. ILO publications and digital products can be obtained through major booksellers and digital distribution platforms, or ordered directly from [email protected]. For more infor- mation, visit our website: www.ilo.org/publns or contact [email protected]. This publication was produced by the Document and Publications Production, Printing and Distribution Branch (PRODOC) of the ILO. Graphic and typographic design, manuscript preparation, copy editing, layout and composition, proofreading, printing, electronic publishing and distribution. PRODOC endeavours to use paper sourced from forests managed in an environmentally sustainable and socially responsible manner. Code: DTP-CORR-WEI-PCL International Journal of Labour Research 2016 Contents Vol. 8 Issue 1–2 7 Preface Maria Helena André 11 Prevention of psychosocial risks and work-related stress Valentina Forastieri It is a universal principle that people have the right to the highest attainable standards of health. Without health at work a person cannot contribute to society and achieve well-being. If health at work is threatened, there is no basis for productive employment and socio-economic development. The burden of mental ill health is becoming highly relevant to the world of work. It has an important impact on people’s well-being, reducing employment prospects and wages, with a deleterious effect on families’ income and organizations’ productivity, and causing high direct and indirect costs to the economy. In this complex context, the workplace is at the same time an important source of psychosocial risks and the ideal setting for addressing them with a view to protecting the health and well-being of workers through collective preventive measures. In times of change in the world of work, coping successfully with psychosocial risks in the workplace is essential for protecting the health and well-being of workers while enhancing the productivity of organizations. 35 Psychosocial risks and violence in the world of work: A trade union perspective Jane Pillinger This article discusses violence and harassment as a psychosocial risk in the world of work – a highly topical subject, in the context of the debate about the introduction of an ILO standard on the issue. It focuses in particular on how trade unions have been instrumental in raising awareness about the gravity of the problem and in negotiating agreements, workplace policies and occupational safety and prevention 3 International measures with employers. Violence and harassment are both a gender Journal equality issue and an issue of occupational safety and health, with serious of Labour Research implications for workers’ health and well-being. The article discusses 2016 how new risks of psychological violence are emerging from changing Vol. 8 patterns of work and growing work pressures, non-standard forms of Issue 1–2 employment in the informal economy, and the globalization of labour markets – and how those risks are disproportionately faced by women. It also looks at how traditional definitions of workplace violence and harassment can be broadened within a “world of work” framework by taking into account issues such as travel to and from work, third-party violence perpetrated by customers and clients, and the impact domestic violence has in the workplace. 63 Workplace violence in France: Towards an analysis of vulnerable targets Sandrine Laviolette This article aims to shed light on workers who are more vulnerable than others in the context of the multifaceted phenomenon of workplace violence, with a focus on France. Given the lack of intervention by French lawmakers, the article examines how the national social partners have addressed the issue and attempts to propose an analysis of this vulnerability, demonstrating that it stems both from criteria pertaining to various categories of workers (identity-related variables based on biological, physio gnomic or socio-cultural factors; socio-economic variables; or those linked to foreigner status) and from certain occupational settings deemed “at risk”. 85 Flexible and remote work in the context of digitization and occupational health Elke Ahlers The digitization of work can be expected to bring opportunities for quality of life and health. At the same time, the associated health risks also need to be recognized early on and minimized by appropriate regulatory means. The findings of the WSI Works Council Survey 2016 show which problems are arising in the workplace and where action is required. For mobile/remote working in particular, many of the typical risks such as overwork, constant reachability, difficult integration of work and family life are nothing new. They are the consequence of increasing flexibilization and have long been a challenge to occupational safety and health. As digitization progresses, the need to act will grow more urgent. 4 101 The psychosocial impacts of technological change Contents in contemporary workplaces, and trade union responses Pav Akhtar and Phoebe Moore New psychosocial challenges face workers in the digitalized arena, where the threat of stress and ill health is real and where women and vulnerable groups, including intensive technology-using professionals and managers, continue to experience the worst impacts of these threats. The use and application of new technologies in workplaces have been shown to create possibilities for reduced autonomy and privacy; intensified workloads exacerbated by the requirement for algorithmic reputation-building; an accelerated working pace and an “always-on” working environment; and threats to paid work itself as automation becomes ever more possible. Trade unions are addressing these challenges, alongside the international community and within the normative framework of the ILO. 5 International Journal of Labour Research 2016 Preface Vol. 8 Issue 1–2 Maria Helena André Director, Bureau for Workers’ Activities (ACTRAV), ILO sychosocial risks and their consequences such as stress, as well as violence Pand harassment at work – being all closely interrelated and often acting as contributing causes and consequences of one another – affect the well-being and occupational health and safety of workers. Violence and harassment in the world of work have an impact not only on the victims but also on their co-workers and the working envir- onment in general, as well as on companies that face organizational and eco- nomic repercussions. Work-related stress is determined by psychosocial hazards found in work organization, work design, working conditions and labour relations. The interrelationship between work-related stress and violence develops when violence and harassment generate elevated stress levels affecting both the vic- tims and witnesses among the co-workers. Furthermore, violence and harass- ment may occur as a result of work-related stress and psychosocial hazards. Conflicts arising from poor work organization that were not properly man- aged can also be a source of violence. Workplace organization and design, to- gether with work intensity, are other relevant factors, as workers experiencing stress, conflict and/or isolation are at risk of psychosocial harm. In the age of accelerating technologies, the digitalization of work is bringing oppor- tunities but is at the same time creating new health risks such
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