GLOBAL MONITORING CHECKLIST ON WOMEN, PEACE AND SECURITY Afghanistan • Democratic Republic of Congo Nepal • Northern Ireland • Sri Lanka Gender Action for Peace and Security UK Gender Action for Peace and Security UK (GAPS) was formally and international policy levels. The pooled learning and practical established in May 2006. GAPS is a research and advocacy organisation experience of the group enables it to act as a valuable resource for the that works to bridge the gap between the realities of women (activists UK government in ensuring implementation of its commitments as well and non-activists) at the local level in conflict and post-conflict regions as raising awareness of issues related to women, peace and security. and UK decision makers and practitioners working on peace and security. GAPS had input into the UK National Action Plan on women, peace GAPS will highlight both practical examples of women’s contributions to and security. peace and reconstruction efforts as well as strategic ways forward for the implementation of UN SCR 1325 and the UK National Action Plan. GAPS working members are: International Alert, IANSA Women’s Network; International Rescue Committee; Northern Ireland Women’s GAPS works for the promotion of equality and diversity for the public European Platform; Soroptimist International; UNIFEM UK; United benefit by: “building on UNSCR 1325; and, through collective action, Nations Association UK; Widows for Peace through Democracy; promoting, facilitating and monitoring the meaningful inclusion of Womankind Worldwide; Women for Women International, UK; UK gender perspectives in all aspects of UK policy and practice on peace Women’s International League for Peace and Freedom (UK WILPF); plus, and security”. three independent consultants. This is achieved by the collaborative research and advocacy by working group members around key policy instruments such as UN Security Resolution 1325 on Women, Peace and Security and the UK National Action Plan on women, peace and security. The strength of GAPS lies in it being an expert group of individuals and organisations working on gender, peace and development issues that is able to act as a resource and provide support to policymakers engaged in promoting peace and security. GAPS’ members have extensive contacts in conflict-affected regions and at different national 2 GAPS Acknowledgements The editor of this resource was Charlotte Onslow, Director of Gender Sri Lanka was compiled by Tim Symonds, a long-standing activist in Action for Peace and Security, who has over ten years experience women's campaigns and co-founder of the 300 GROUP campaign to working in women’s rights and gender and conflict issues with NGOs. get more women elected. Margaret Owen from Widows for Peace through Democracy provided some useful initial research. Kathryn Lockett compiled the research on Afghanistan in her capacity of South Asia Programme Manager at WOMANKIND Worldwide. She GAPS is extremely thankful to the country chapter peer reviewers for has extensive experience working in the NGO sector on women’s their constructive input: Nounou Booto, Common Cause (DRC); Chulani rights in Afghanistan, Nepal, India and Russia. Kodikara, a Sri Lankan academic (Sri Lanka); Horia Mosadiq, Amnesty International (Afghanistan); and, Charlotte Watson, International Alert The Democratic Republic of Congo research was prepared by (Nepal). In addition, GAPS is extremely grateful to David Ackers and Lara Annie Matundu Mbambi, WILPF DRC, a Kinshasa based gender and Thursley for their indispensable hard work in copy editing and to Martha development consultant. Marie-Claire Farray (UK WILPF and Common Jean Baker, UK WILPF, and Hilary Page, UNIFEM UK, for proof reading the Cause UK), a UK based Congolese women’s rights activist provided resource. Any deficiencies remain the responsibility of the authors. valuable translation and input. Finally, the editor would like to thank all those GAPS members who The section on Nepal was researched by Lesley Abdela, a consultant provided valuable feedback through out the design and completion of on gender and human rights with experience in Iraq, Afghanistan, Sierra the research project. Particular thanks go to Karen Barnes and Minna Leone and Kosovo. She was recently hired as GenCap Senior Gender Lyytikainen of International Alert for their editorial input. The original Advisor to the UN Agencies in Nepal. idea for the Global Monitoring Checklist was inspored by GAPS member Margaret Owen (Widows for Peace through Democracy). Kate McCullough and Irene Miskimmon from the Northern Ireland Women’s European Platform (NIWEP) researched the section With out the financial support of Polden Puckham Charitable Foundation on Northern Ireland. Both are experienced women’s rights and and some additional support from Joseph Rowntree Charitable Trust, development experts from Belfast. this research would not have been possible. 3 GAPS Table of Contents Introduction 9 Chapter 1 Afghanistan 15 Chapter 2 Democratic Republic of Congo 41 Chapter 3 Nepal 71 Chapter 4 Northern Ireland 99 Chapter 5 Sri Lanka 119 Key findings and recommendations 145 Appendix A: UN Security Council Resolution 1325 and UN Security Council Resolution 1820 on Women, Peace and Security 155 Cover image © International Alert. All other images © International Alert unless otherwise specified. 4 GAPS Acronyms ADB Asian Development Bank AfDB African Development Bank GTZ Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (German APPG UK All Party Parliamentary Group Agency for Technical Cooperation) ASEAN Association of Southeast Asian Nations HRW Human Rights Watch AU African Union ICC International Criminal Court CAF Country Assistance Framework ICG International Crisis Group CEDAW Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination ICRC International Committee of the Red Cross against Women IDP Internally displaced persons CIDA Canadian International Development Agency IHL International Humanitarian Law CPP Conflict-Prevention Pool, UK Foreign and Commonwealth ILO International Labour Organisation Office IMF International Monetary Fund CSO Civil society organisation INGO International non-governmental organisations DDR Disarmament, demobilisation and reintegration INSTRAW Institute for Research and Training for the Advancement of DDRRR Disarmament, demobilisation, reintegration, resettlement and Women repatriation IOM International Organisation for Migration DfID UK Department for International Development IRC International Rescue Committee DPKO UN Department of Peacekeeping Operations JICA Japan International Cooperation Agency EC European Commission MDGs Millennium Development Goals EUROPOL European Law Enforcement Organisation MEP Member of the European Parliament FCO UK Foreign and Commonwealth Office MoD UK Ministry of Defence FPTP First-past-the-post MoI Ministry of Interior GAPS Gender Action for Peace and Security UK NAP National action plan GenCap UN Gender Standby Capacity Project NGO Non-governmental organisations GRB Gender Responsive Budgeting OCHA UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs 5 GAPS OHCHR Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights PR Proportional representation PRGSP Poverty reduction and growth strategy paper PRSP Poverty reduction strategy paper PSWG 1325 UN Peace Support Working Group 1325 SAARC South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation SAP South Asia Partnership SGBV Sexual and gender-based violence SSR Security sector reform TRC Truth and Reconciliation Commission UNCT UN Country Team UNDAF UN Development Assistance Framework UNDHR UN Universal Declaration of Human Rights UNDP UN Development Programme UNFPA UN Population Fund UNHCR UN High Commissioner for Refugees UNICEF UN Children’s Fund UNIFEM UN Development Fund for Women UNMIN UN Mission in Nepal UNPFN UN Peace Fund for Nepal UNSCR 1325 UN Security Council Resolution 1325 on Women, Peace and Security (2000) UNSCR 1820 UN Security Council Resolution 1820 on Women, Peace and Security (2008) USAID US Agency for International Development VAW Violence against women WB World Bank WFP UN World Food Programme 6 GAPS Glossary The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Dis- class, caste, religion and socio-economic status. They are important for crimination against Women (CEDAW) understanding the socio-economic dynamics and impact of conflict. Adopted in 1979 by the UN General Assembly and consists of a preamble and 30 articles, which define what constitutes discrimination against women Gender-based violence (GBV) and sets up an agenda for national action to end such discrimination. By GBV refers to violence that is primarily targeted against individuals or groups accepting the Convention, States commit themselves to such national of individuals on the basis of their gender identity. It includes acts that inflict action.1 physical, mental or sexual harm or suffering, threat of such acts, coercion and other deprivations of liberty. GBV can take place in the home, in the Disarmament, demobilisation and reintegration (DDR) community or in public institutions and is exacerbated by conflict and include DDR programmes include activities designed to facilitate disbanding sexual violence, exploitation, abuse and harassment; interpersonal violence combatants and easing their transition back into society. They are often given in the home; sex trafficking and forced prostition; harmful cultural practices priority at the cessation of hostilities. Disarmament is the collection of small such as female