A Sociolinguistic Survey of Lahul Valley, Himachal Pradesh

DigitalResources Electronic Survey Report 2019-006

Brad Chamberlain and Wendy Chamberlain A Sociolinguistic Survey of Lahul Valley, Himachal Pradesh

Brad Chamberlain and Wendy Chamberlain

SIL International® 2019

Data and materials collected by researchers in an era before documentation of permission was standardized may be included in this publication. SIL makes diligent efforts to identify and acknowledge sources and to obtain appropriate permissions wherever possible, acting in good faith and on the best information available at the time of publication.

Abstract

The main purpose of this survey of the Lahul Valley of Himachal Pradesh was to determine the best language varieties for communicating with the Lahuli people. The survey was conducted in June, July, and August of 1996. The survey was divided into three studies: a language and dialect area study; a language use, attitudes, and vitality study; and a bilingualism study. Wordlists were collected for the Pattani language, which is the largest language group in Lahul. Recorded Text Testing was used. Oral questionnaires were the means to study language use, attitudes and vitality. Self-reported levels of bilingualism in Hindi were assessed through questionnaires, informal interviews, and observation. In addition, a test based on the Recorded Text Testing procedure was used to see if minority language groups of Lahul could understand the most widely spoken Lahuli language, Pattani. Although Lahul Valley is home to only 20,000 residents, there are seven mother tongue languages: Pattani, Gahri, Tinani, Bhoti, Lohari, Chinali and Pangi. Lexical similarity study shows the seven to be distinct languages, five based on geography and two, the Lohari and Chinali, on caste. Of these languages, some exhibit significant dialect variation. In the Lahul language communities, people speak their mother tongue in all domains, particularly in the home and with others in the village. Hindi is often spoken with shopkeepers and is primarily used for trade and education. Many also sing Hindi songs. In all cases, the Lahuli communities have positive attitudes toward their mother tongue. They are proud of their languages and want to read and write their mother tongue. In addition, they appear to be positive toward their identity as Lahulis, regardless of their mother tongue. The language communities of Lahul show signs that they will continue to speak their mother tongue in the future. Information was collected to assess bilingual ability of Gahri and Tinani speakers in the Pattani language. Results suggest that the majority in these communities have some ability to understand Pattani. However, these levels are not as high as the mother tongue Pattani speakers in that language. Lahulis from all regions seem confident in their ability to use Hindi. The Bhoti-speakers are slightly less confident of their Hindi ability, while the Tinani-speakers are more confident. It appears that Hindi bilingualism is increasing, as more generations attend Hindi-medium schools. Lohars (and perhaps Chinals) are less educated on the whole than other Lahul communities, and also report a lower level of ability in using Hindi. Bilingualism levels in Hindi need to be further assessed throughout the valley. There appears to be no single language which would suit the entire population of Lahul. However, positive attitudes towards mother tongues indicate that mother tongue language work would be well received.

(This survey report written some time ago deserves to be made available even at this late date. Conditions were such that it was not published when originally written. The reader is cautioned that more recent research may be available. Historical data are quite valuable as they provide a basis for a longitudinal analysis and help us understand both the trajectory and pace of change as compared with more recent studies.—Editor)

Contents

Figure and tables 1 Introduction 1.1 Geography 1.2 History 1.3 The Lahuli people 1.3.1 Pattani people 1.3.2 Bodh people 1.3.3 Tinani people 1.3.4 Gahri people 1.3.5 Chinal caste 1.3.6 Lohar caste 1.4 Languages of Lahul Valley 1.4.1 Pattani language 1.4.2 Tinani language 1.4.3 Gahri language 1.4.4 Bhoti language 1.4.5 Chinali language 1.4.6 Lohari language 1.4.7 Pangi language 2 Purpose and goals 2.1 Language and dialect area study 2.1.1 Lexical similarity study 2.1.2 Dialect intelligibility study 2.2 Language use, attitudes, and vitality study 2.3 Bilingualism study 3 Language and dialect area study 3.1 Discussion of sample 3.2 Lexical similarity study 3.2.1 Introduction 3.2.2 Procedures 3.2.3 Results 3.3 Dialect intelligibility study 3.3.1 Introduction 3.3.2 Results of intelligibility testing 3.3.3 Post-RTT questionnaire results 4 Language use, attitudes, and vitality study 4.1 Procedures 4.2 Discussion of sample 4.3 Results 4.3.1 Language use 4.3.2 Language attitudes 4.3.3 Language vitality 5 Bilingualism study 5.1 Procedures 5.2 Pattani bilingualism 5.2.1 Introduction 5.2.2 Results of preliminary Pattani bilingualism study (PPB) 5.2.3 Post-PPB questionnaire results 5.3 Hindi bilingualism

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6 Summary and recommendations 6.1 Summary of findings 6.1.1 Dialect area study 6.1.2 Language use, attitudes, and vitality study 6.1.3 Bilingualism study 6.2 Recommendations 6.2.1 General recommendations for Lahul Valley 6.2.2 Pattani language recommendations 6.2.3 Gahri language recommendations 6.2.4 Tinani language recommendations 6.2.5 Bhoti language recommendations 6.2.6 Lohari language recommendations 6.2.7 Chinali language recommendations 6.2.8 Pangi language recommendations Appendix A: Wordlists Appendix B: Recorded Text Tests Appendix C: Language Use, Attitudes, Vitality, and Bilingualism Data Appendix D: Subject Background Information Appendix E: Lahul Community Information Appendix F: Questionnaires References

Figure and tables

Figure Continuum of lexical similarity among languages of Lahul Valley.

Table 1. Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribes in Lahul-Spiti (Kapoor 1993) Table 2. 1981 Census: Population of Lahul-Spiti, Himachal Pradesh Table 3. Distribution of sample among geographic regions of Lahul Valley Table 4. Distribution of sample among languages of Lahul Valley Table 5. Wordlist language names, locations, and language classifications Table 6. Lexical similarity among the Himalayish languages and varieties Table 7. Lexical similarity among the Tibetan languages and varieties Table 8. Lexical similarity among the Indo-Aryan languages and varieties Table 9. Lexical similarity among Lohari samples and the surrounding languages Table 10. Lexical similarity averages among all languages compared Table 11. Pattani language intelligibility testing results Table 12. Summary of Post-RTT Questionnaire results Table 13. Correlation of LUAQ subject mother tongue to geographic regions Table 14. Mother tongues and second languages of LUAQ subjects Table 15. Domains of language use in Lahul Valley Table 16. Responses to the question “What languages can you read and write?” Table 17. Summary of responses to language attitude questions Table 18. Summary of responses to language vitality questions Table 19. Preliminary Pattani bilingualism study results Table 20. Summary of Post-PPB Questionnaire results Table 21. Summary of answers to question “Are there people in your village who can’t speak Hindi?” Table 22. Summary of subject confidence in Hindi ability Table 23. Specific questions of perceived Hindi bilingualism levels

v 1 Introduction

1.1 Geography

‘Lahul’ refers to a region, rather than a specific language. For this survey, language research was conducted in Lahul Valley, which is part of the Lahul-Spiti district of Himachal Pradesh, India (see map 1).

Map 1. Lahul-Spiti district and its relation to Himachal Pradesh state

Map hand-drawn by Brad Chamberlain.

1 2

The Lahul area is remote, bordered by towering mountain ranges. The district of Lahul-Spiti is separated in the north from the Ladakh region of Jammu and Kashmir by the Baralacha range which has an average height of 5500 meters, and in the east is situated by the Tibet region. In the south-east the district is separated from Kinnaur district by a lofty mountain with an average height of 5000 meters. In the southwest and west the district is separated from Kulu and Chamba districts by the lofty range with an average elevation of 4500 meters (Bajpai 1987:1). This report focuses primarily on the languages of Lahul Valley, which are distinct from the region of Spiti. As shown on map 2, Lahul is made up of three separate (river) valleys. The Chandra, which includes Gondhla and Ranglo area; the Bhaga, constituted of the Gahar [Gahr] and Tod [Stod] valleys; and the Chandra-Bhaga [Chenab], including Pattan valley and the Chamba-Lahoul area, also known as Goonam. The average width of each of these valleys is barely a couple of nautical miles, while the total length is about sixty nautical miles of populated area, and another fifty nautical miles of barren mountain slopes. The total area is about 12,210 square km (Sahni 1994:19).

Map 2. Lahul Valley: Map of geographical regions in Lahul

Map hand-drawn by Brad Chamberlain.

Questionnaire results and informal interviews reveal that Lahulis view the Chandra river valley as including Tinan Valley (around Gondhla), Rangloi Valley (surrounding Sissu), and Khoksar Valley. The Chamba-Lahul area is also referred to as Reampher Valley.

The Lahul-Spiti district was initially part of the Punjab. However, after the reorganization of the Punjab state in 1966, the Lahul-Spiti district along with other hill areas of Punjab were merged in the Union Territory of Himachal Pradesh, which itself received the status of full-fledged state in 1971. In 1975 Chamba Lahul with its 4 kothis (administrative units) was integrated with Lahul (Tobdan 1983:61). Nowadays, the district is comprised of the three river valleys, with Keylong holding administrative headquarters and the main police station. In Lahul, the majority occupation is agriculture. Though there is not a large amount of level land, the river valleys appear fertile. At present potatoes have become the main cash crop and the most profitable produce of the Lahul valley. The altitude makes it the best seed potato that one can produce, and as a seed, it is being supplied throughout India.…besides being profitable for the seeds, the potatoes grown here serve as one of the staple foods of the local people (Sahni 1994:169). Additional crops include peas, hops, wheat, and a medicinal herb called ‘kuth’. Unfortunately, the high snowfall makes it only possible to harvest produce annually. The planting and harvesting season is short, so the food supply can only support a small population. The average snowfall in Lahul is not generally known, but the local people insist that the snow frequently approaches the roofs of their houses and they must climb out the third-story window to go anywhere. Their houses are approximately 10 meters tall. The snow falls in late October and remains until April. However, roads are usually closed nine months of the year, from October to June, due to avalanches, snow, and flooding. Lahul receives between 40 and 100 centimeters annual rainfall. In October the temperature drops below 25oC and in January can go below 10oC (The Oxford School Atlas 1993: 58–59). Lahul is regarded as a high altitude valley. In some villages at high elevations one will experience breathlessness due to a lack of oxygen. Lahul lies “between 31.44.57 N and 32.59.57.N latitude, and between 76.49.29 E and 78.41.34 E longitude. The average altitude of the valley is about 10,000 ft above sea-level, while the mountain peaks surrounding it soar upwards of 20,000 ft” (Sahni 1994:18). The stark severity of the Lahul area is beautiful to behold, with its thundering waterfalls, blue rivers, and pristine glaciers. It is host to a variety of wildlife. Above all, the sunsets are outstanding. The people of Lahul made this an enriching survey. Their charm, humor, and graciousness enabled us to acquire a large quantity of data despite the rigors of travel. It is our deepest desire to see this information used for the betterment of the Lahuli people.

1.2 History

Lahul has had a long and tempestuous history. The earliest recorded observations date back to approximately AD 629, when Hiuen Tsiang traveled through India (Government of India 1933:475). The valley was ruled by various kings for hundreds of years, and one can see the remnants of fortresses when traveling through the area. Historically, Lahul was a buffer land between Ladakh, Tibet, Kullu, and Chamba and it changed hands from one to another. Consequently there was intermixing of people belonging to different races and culture in this land buffer.…in fact, there is no particular community which inhabited the whole of Lahul at any time. Mongolian Tibetans from Ladakh and Tibet, and Aryans from Chamba and Kullu, form the main belt of the present population in the region (Kapoor 1993:113–114). In the past, the most common arrangement seems to have been for Ladakh in the northeast to rule the Tod [Stod] and Gahr Valleys, Chamba in the west to rule Chamba-Lahul beyond Thirot, and Kullu in the south to dominate the Ranglo and Gondhla Valleys. The Pattan Valley in western Lahul was disputed by all three (Sahni 1994:50).

Buddhism was introduced into Lahul around the 8th century, probably by Padma Sambhva, the famous missionary from Udyana, who, according to an ancient Tibetan book, visited Zahor and Garzha (Mandi and Lahul), and preached the doctrines of Buddha in Tibet.…previous to this, snake, demon and phallic worship was the prevalent religion, as in other parts of the hills (Government of India 1933:475). In more recent history, the Moravian Mission, founded in 1853, was a medium of great material advantage to Lahul (Government of India 1933:483). Although the Moravians have not been working in Lahul in the last 50 years, many people credit them with introducing potatoes, literacy, knitting cooperatives, and the Lahuli dress. Several Lahulis expressed their appreciation for the hard work done by the Moravians, who came from Germany. “Some of the missionaries had done valuable historical, archaeological and linguistic work” (Government of India 1933:483).

1.3 The Lahuli people

This sociolinguistic survey is of the Lahuli people of Himachal Pradesh, India. Lahuli does not refer to a specific language or even one group of people. “The word Lahaul has been derived from two local words, hya-yul, meaning deities or spirits (divine or supernatural, generally of the malevolent type) and hul, meaning land or abode” (Singh 1994:680). The term ‘Lahula’ “implies to every person, irrespective of his caste or race, who resides in the territory of Lahul region. Thus, ‘Lahula’ in fact is not the name of a tribe or community inhabiting the Lahul region” (Kapoor 1993:114). Hence, the term Lahuli as used in this report will refer to the people groups living in Lahul Valley. The Lahuli people have been given Scheduled Tribe status. The term “Lahula” has been included in the list of scheduled tribes, with other communities, and has inhabited different valleys in the region as a matter of abandoned precaution—so that if a particular person residing in the area does not belong to any one of the specified communities in the list of scheduled tribes, they may not be denied the benefits given to such communities (Government of India 1976). However the low caste (Harijan) groups are scheduled castes. “Shipis (Chinals) and Lohars belong to the menial classes and are treated as low caste among Lahula society, and have been declared as Scheduled Caste” (Kapoor 1993:116). For an understanding of the population of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in the area, note table 11:

Table 1. Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribes in Lahul-Spiti (Kapoor 1993) Year: 1981 Total Population: 32,100 Scheduled Caste Population: 723 Percentage of S.C. to total: 2.25% Scheduled Tribe Population: 23,766 Percentage of S.T. to total: 74.04%

A 1986 survey lists Lahul’s population at 19,404 people, with 181 towns. (Fifth All India Educational Survey 1986:16). The 1981 Census breaks down the population by valleys within Lahul as shown in table 2:

1 These statistics are for the Lahul-Spiti district; the numbers for Lahul Valley would be smaller.

Table 2. 1981 Census: Population of Lahul-Spiti, Himachal Pradesh

Name of the valley Population Pattan Valley 10,673 Gahr Valley 4,175 Stod Valley 1,605 Tinan Valley 2,058 Rangloi Valley 774 Mayar Valley 1,080

Within Lahul Valley, many families send their young people to Kullu or Manali for education. Those youth often stay on after graduation and get good jobs. Perhaps that is one reason why the population of Lahul-Spiti is declining. “Population has decreased from 32,100 in 1981, to 27,306 in 1986” (Government of H.P. 1986:2). Of the 217 subjects asked during this survey, 77 (35 percent) reported that they had lived in the Kullu-Manali area for one or more years of their life. Another 19 had lived in other areas outside of Lahul. From this, 44 percent of the sample claimed to have lived outside of Lahul Valley for more than one year. Lahul is a well-educated area. Many of the people interviewed during this survey had college educations, and most people had passed 10th class exams. “Currently, 161 towns have primary schools. So, 22,664 (83.02%) population are served by primary schools within their residence habitation (in Lahul-Spiti)” (Government of H.P. 1986:3). Questionnaires revealed that in sites studied for this survey, education levels were high. Representatives from each town claim that 100 percent of their children are attending school, and that most continue until the age of 15 years. An average literacy rate of 70 percent was also reported. The prosperity of Lahul Valley is reflected in their houses. Commonly, Lahuli houses are two or three stories tall, with up to 24 rooms. The ground floor is used for keeping livestock. Satellite dishes and solar powered lighting are found in many villages. Lahuli women wear distinctive clothing, consisting of a kurta pajama (long shirt and loose pants), with a heavy tunic worn over the clothes. The tunic is maroon or black, with decorative gold stitching. On top of the tunic, a matching jacket is worn. The Bodhs wear distinctive turquoise, coral, and pearl jewelry with the Lahuli dress.

1.3.1 Pattani people

The term Pattani will be used throughout this report to identify the people living in the Pattan Valley of Lahul. Pattani will also refer to their language. Many people from Pattan Valley also call themselves Swangla. Pattan Valley, due to its turbulent history, has the maximum mixture of people. “One of the major reasons is that this area has been most vulnerable and it has been tossed around among different kingdoms at different times, each leaving its own mark and its own group of settlers” (Sahni 1994:111). Hence, there are several castes, sub-castes, and religions in Pattan Valley. The main castes include “the Brahman, Rana and Rajput living in the Pattan Valley tract” (Singh 1994:1094–1095). When Pattanis questioned for this survey were asked which caste they belong to, their answers varied. Sixteen out of 87 reportedly belong to the Pandit caste, fifteen are Rajputs, ten are Thakurs, eleven replied that they are Swanglas, four are Bodh, two are Chinals and a large number, 27 of 87, are uncertain. People were comfortable calling themselves “Pattanis” and would only give their caste name when pressed. Some seemed confused by the question. As for their religion, “the Swangla profess Hinduism, and a few who have embraced Buddhism belong to the yellow sect. The 1981 Census records 93.40 percent of the Swangla as followers of Hinduism” (Singh 1994:1096). Yet in the research for this survey, 58 out of 87 Pattanis said they were Hindu, 26 out of 87 claimed Buddhism, two people said they worshipped “Shiva and Buddha” and one person professed Christianity.

The Pattanis are primarily agriculturalists, with healthy crops. “A few have taken to other occupations like running tea shops, wage labor, and white collar jobs” (Singh 1994:1096). A high percentage of government officials in the neighboring Kullu District are from Pattan Valley.

1.3.2 Bodh people

The name Bodh refers to the people living in Stod Valley, Mayar Valley, and Khoksar area. The largest population of Bodhs in Lahul live in Stod Valley. The Bodh people are Buddhist, and speak a language closely related to Tibetan. The Bodhs are also referred to as Tods, Botis, or Bhots. Sahni writes “in Mayar valley, more than half the people are Buddhists” and there is “no doubt that the origin of the majority of the people is Tibetan” (Sahni 1994:233, 107). He goes on to state that “Mayar valley is typically inhabited by Buddhists who have migrated mainly from Zanskar and perhaps some from Ladakh. In later years some came from Busher as well” (Sahni 1994:84). About the Khoksar Valley, he writes “A majority of the people of this area are also of Tibetan origin….These people seem to be from Kham district in Tibet, from where many tradesmen came to conduct business between India and Tibet” (Sahni 1994:108). One distinct feature of Bodh culture is the traditional practice of polyandry. “Among the Bhotes the practice of polyandry is losing its ground among the young generation. But the practice is so deep rooted that the younger generation cannot oppose it openly” (Kapoor 1993:128). Kapoor also states that “fraternal polyandry keeps the whole family intact. The division between brothers does not arise as they share a common wife. People cannot afford to fragment their small (land) holdings” (Kapoor 1993:129).

1.3.3 Tinani people

The Tinani people live in the Tinan and Rangloi Valleys. The Tinan Valley is also referred to as the Chandra River Valley (Bajpai 1987:3) or Gondhla Valley (Sahni 1994:109). Sahni states that “the people of Gondhla valley are a mixture of people from Malana, Busher, Zanskar, and perhaps Ladakh” (Sahni 1994:109). Perhaps that is why this survey research showed Tinan to be a combination of castes and religions. Of the 38 Tinanis interviewed, 31 professed Buddhism, six said they were Hindus, and one Tinani claimed to be a mixture of Hindu and Buddhist. As for castes in Tinan, ten people claimed the Rajput caste, nine said they were Bodhs. There is also a sizable Lohar population in this area.

1.3.4 Gahri people

The Gahri people live in the Gahr Valley, which holds the administrative offices in Keylong. They consider themselves of the “Bodh” caste, but speak a different language from the Bodhs of the Mayar, Khoksar, and Stod Valleys. “In Lahoul about 90 percent of the Gahar and Tod valleys consider themselves to be Buddhist” (Sahni 1994:233). The Gahri people also see themselves as different from the Bodhs to the north, whom they consider Tibetans. They refer to themselves as “Lahuli” and the other Bodhs as “Bhoti.” It is uncertain where the Gahris came from. “The origin of most people in Gahar valley seems to be Baltistani, and the original people of Baltistan were Buddhists. They may have been Balti Buddhists escaping religious persecution (from the Muslims, in the 14th century)” (Sahni 1994:108).

1.3.5 Chinal caste

The Chinals are considered one of the lowest caste groups of Lahul Valley. They are found scattered throughout all of Lahul. They are also called Shipi, Sipi, and Chanh (Tobdan 1983:11). Bajpai refers to them as Dagis (1987:32). “The Dagis are the menial caste, serving as porters, providing firewood, assisting in marriages and funerals, and acting as musicians in monasteries and temples” (Bajpai 1987:32). They also have a role in

7 religious rites, according to Singh. “The sacred specialists who serve them [the Pattanis] are from the Sipi community” (Singh 1994:1096). Reportedly, the Chinali language is very close to Sanskrit, and the Chinali people were eager to point this out. Much speculation has gone into why they have maintained their language so faithfully. It is suggested that the Chinals are among the oldest people groups living in Lahul. In fact, “the Greek authors Curtius and Diodoros of Alexander’s Invasion of India describe a kind of people whom they call as Sibi. According to these writers, the Sibis inhabited between the Hydespes (Jhelam) and the Indus” (Tobdan 1983:18). Several authors have suggested a connection between these Sibis and the Sipis [Chinals] of Lahul.

1.3.6 Lohar caste

The Lohars are also considered a low caste group. Like the Chinals, they live throughout the Lahul Valley, but this research showed the highest concentration of them living in Tinan Valley, particularly in Gondhla. Alternate names for the Lohars include Gara, Gaar, and Domba (Bajpai 1987:32). For this report, the name Lohar will refer to both the people group and caste. The Lohars’ traditional occupation is that of metalsmith. While many still practice that trade, they are involved in a variety of jobs. Of the ten Lohars interviewed, five were farmers, two owned stores, two were metalsmiths, and one was a student.

1.4 Languages of Lahul Valley

Although Lahul Valley is home to only 20,000 residents, there are seven mother tongue languages. For the most part, these languages are regional, spoken by people from particular sections of Lahul Valley. Such regional languages include Pattani, Gahri, Tinani, Bhoti, and Pangi (see map 3). In addition, some languages are spoken as mother tongues by people throughout Lahul who belong to particular castes. These caste-based languages are Chinali and Lohari. Of these languages, Pattani, Tinani, and Gahri are considered similar. Grimes (1992:537, 550) summarizes Grierson’s (1906) classification of these three languages as Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Bodic, Bodish, Himalayish, Kanauri.

Map 3. Languages of Lahul Valley

Map hand-drawn by Brad Chamberlain. In addition to the lexical connection with Tibeto-Burman languages, some scholars (Bailey 1938:46, and Francke 1909:181) have suggested that these languages also show relation to the Munda languages. As summarized by Grierson, “The indications of the ancient Munda influence on the forms of speech of Tibeto-Himalayan dialects is a matter of greatest interest. It connects languages spoken in Lahul, Kinnaur and Chamba with the Munda languages of Central India” (Grierson [1906] 1967:59). The Moravian missionaries made some attempt at formalizing the writing of these languages and translating the Bible. “The missionary scholars at Keylang put down all these dialects in writing in Tibetan script. They also translated some portions of the Bible in these languages” (Tobdan 1983:13). However, today the Bible portions are not in distribution (few are known to exist), and the practice of writing these languages in Tibetan script has been abandoned.

1.4.1 Pattani language

Pattani is spoken by the people of Pattan, Chamba-Lahul, and lower Mayar Valleys. It is the largest language in Lahul, with approximately 11,000 mother tongue speakers, and another 5,000 speaking it as a second language. Though Hindi is the primary language of wider communication (LWC) in Lahul Valley, Pattani may also be considered a LWC. It is common for Pattani speakers to use Pattani when they travel to other regions of Lahul and for people in those places to respond in Pattani.

Pattani is also referred to as Swangla, Patni, Manchati, Manchad, and Changsapa Boli. The western variety is also called Chamba-Lahuli.2 Pattani’s status as the LWC in Lahul has led to the designation Lahuli among communities outside of Lahul. Pattani speakers believe that their language consists of two predominant dialects, with a possible central variety occupying the region between these two. The eastern variety is spoken in Pattan Valley, from the village of Mooling to Jahlma (midway between Thirot and Tholang). The western variety is spoken primarily in the Chamba-Lahul Valley, from Thirot to Salgram. The central variety covers the area between Jahlma and Thirot. Grierson ([1906] 1967:453) referred to the eastern and western varieties when he wrote, “Manchati [Pattani] is closely related to the other Lahul dialects, and also to Kanauri…It is situated on both sides of the united Chandra-Bhaga [Chenab]. A similar dialect is spoken in the portion of Lahul within the Chamba state.” For this report, all varieties will be referred to as Pattani, with reference to the regions being made when necessary. Pattani is influenced by several different languages. The region was host to invasions from neighboring kingdoms throughout its history. This is reflected in the variety of linguistic influences on the Pattani language. “The languages or dialects which have influenced or contributed to Pattani are the dialect of the Malana village in Kullu [Kanashi], the dialects of Busher and Tibetan. One can also find in Pattani a few words from the Balti dialect” (Sahni 1994:214). In recent years, Pattani song books and poems have been published using the Devanagri script. These books are quite popular throughout Lahul. In addition, several cassettes of Pattani songs are in distribution.3

1.4.2 Tinani language

Tinani is spoken by the people of Tinan and Rangloi Valleys. This region extends from the confluence of the Chandra and Bhaga Rivers for 15 kilometers along the Chandra River. Approximately 2,000 people speak this language. Other names for Tinani include Teenan and Gondhla, while Rangloi Valley residents sometimes refer to it as Rangloi and Ranglokha. The Tinan language has some words in common with Pattani, others with Gahri, and many that are unique. However, in sentence structure and phonetics, it is said to closely resemble Pattani (Sahni 1994:216, Sharma 1989). Historically, many groups conquered and resided in Tinan Valley. In addition to Malana and Busher languages, Tinani shows the “influence of many other dialects—the Tibetan, Balti, Gahri, Pattani, Hindi, and Urdu” (Sahni 1994:216). Harcourt (1982 reprint:40) suggests that Tinani is made up of Tibetan, Pattani, Gahri, Hindi, and Persian words.

1.4.3 Gahri language

The Gahri language is spoken by approximately 4,000 people in Gahr Valley. This region is located along the Bhaga River, from its confluence with the Chandra, and upstream for about 15 kilometers. Keylong, the administrative headquarters of Lahul-Spiti District, is located here. Gahri is also called Ghara,4 Bunan, Boonan, Punan, Poonan, Erankad, and Keylong Boli. Several persons interviewed suggested that Punan is an old name and is not in use anymore.

2 Until 1966, the region of Lahul Valley to the west of Thirot was a part of Punjab State, while to the east it was considered Lahul. This political division is perhaps responsible for some of the dialect variation and the attitudes towards the varieties. 3 For example, Hendu Raja Ghetan,—Lahuli Git (Bhola T.V. Industries 1995). For many of these cassettes, the term Lahuli has been applied to the Pattani language. 4 Care needs to be taken not to confuse the terms Ghara and Gahri with Gara, the name used to designate the Lohars (blacksmiths) of Stod Valley, or Gaddi, the migratory shepherds who come north into Lahul during summers to graze their flocks.

In the early part of this century, some Gospel portions were translated into Gahri by A. H. Francke. Grierson notes, “In former days, when the Rajas of Kulu ruled in Lahul, the dialect was written in the Takari character, but now the Tibetan alphabet, which is much better suited for the purpose, is used instead” (Grierson [1906] 1967:469). However, neither these portions nor any other publications are currently available in Gahri.

1.4.4 Bhoti language

Bhoti refers to the Tibetan-related languages spoken by the 2,500 Bodh people in Lahul. This population is made up of the approximately 1,600 Stod Valley Bodhs, the 400 or so in Khoksar Valley, and 500 in upper Mayar Valley. Though the three Lahul Bhoti varieties are somewhat dissimilar, they will be called Bhoti for this report. De Roerich warns that though the Khoksar Bhoti agrees in many ways with Spiti Bhoti, a closer investigation of its phonology “shows its close affinity with the sub-dialect of Kolong [i.e., Stod] in the upper Bhaga” (De Roerich 1933:85). Other names for Bhoti varieties in Lahul include Tibetan-Lahul dialect, Bodh, Stod Bhoti, Stod, Tod, Tod-kad, Stod-skad, Mayar Bhoti, Mayari, Mewar, Khoksar Bhoti, and Rangloi.5 These Bhoti varieties fall between Western and Central Tibetan. “The Lahul dialect is important for the study of Tibetan linguistics because it represents a transitory stage between the dialects of the Western Tibetan group (Ladakh, Zanskar, Balti, Purig) and those of Spiti and Stod…which have a close affinity to the dialects of Central Tibet. The dialect of Lahul preserves many archaic forms of Tibetan speech” (De Roerich 1933:84). This was also noted earlier by Grierson, who stated that “the dialect is a kind of link between Western and Central Tibetan. It does not possess the tones of Central Tibetan. On the other hand, it in many details agrees with the Tibetan of Spiti” (Grierson [1906] 1967:69) Grimes (1992:550, 563) summarizes Grierson’s classifications, calling Ladakhi “Tibetan, Western,” and Spiti Bhoti “Tibetan, Central.” Based on this, the Bhoti of Lahul may be described as Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Bodic, Bodish, Tibetan, Unclassified.

1.4.5 Chinali language

Chinali is the language spoken by the members of the Chinal caste throughout Lahul Valley. The largest concentration appears to be in Gushal village, where about twenty families reside. Exact population figures are not known, though there are likely about 500 mother tongue speakers. Chinali is also referred to as Chinal dialect, Chana, Dagi, Shipi, and Harijan. The Chinal people, many of whom are well educated, are quick to state that their language is closely related to Sanskrit. Researchers have also noted the connection. “Experts who have studied the survival of spoken Sanskrit in some areas of the district believe that the ‘Chinals’ might have come to the isolated valleys of Lahaul and Spiti, sometime during the sixth century when Sanskrit is believed to have been a spoken language in north India” (Indian Express 1986:n.p.). This language was not noted in Grierson’s survey work. However, based on linguistic affiliations, it is safe to describe the language as Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Unclassified.

1.4.6 Lohari language

The Lohari language is spoken among the metalsmith caste of Lahul Valley. According to informal interviews, there are approximately 85 Lohar households throughout Lahul. The largest concentration is

5 Some researchers have combined Khoksar and Rangloi Valleys, and thus termed this language as Rangloi. However, residents of the region were strong in their conviction that Rangloi was a Tinani-speaking region ending at the Pagal Nala area, while the Bhoti speakers lived in Khoksar Valley.

11 in Gondhla, where there are twelve Lohar families. However, it is typical for one Lohar family to live in a village. Overall population is estimated at 500. Lohari is also referred to as Gara, Domba, and Dombiali. It is believed among Lohars that their language resembles Chinali, but that the two are unintelligible. Some Lohar sources express the opinion that while Chinali is related to Sanskrit, Lohari is more akin to Hindi. The Lohari language of Lahul was not mentioned by Grierson. However, like Chinali, it may be described as Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Unclassified. Grimes (1992:540) mentions a language called Gade Lohar spoken by the nomadic blacksmiths of Rajasthan, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh, Delhi, Haryana, and Punjab. The blacksmiths of Lahul are referred to as Garas in some parts of the valley and Lohar in others. The similarities of name, occupation, and location between the Lohars of Lahul and the group mentioned by Grimes are worthy of note. It is possible that the groups are historically related.

1.4.7 Pangi language

Pangi is an Indo-Aryan language located in eastern Chamba District, Himachal Pradesh, with a small population carrying over into western Lahul Valley. Before district lines were redrawn in 1966, the Pangi region was entirely located in Chamba District. The Lahuli villages where Pangi is spoken include Tindi, Raoli, and Purthi. Based on preliminary research, Pangi is described as Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Unclassified. Pangi is also referred to as Pangwali. Since it is not historically considered a Lahuli language, research was not conducted in Pangi.

2 Purpose and goals

The purpose of this survey was to assess the languages spoken in Lahul Valley and to determine which language varieties would be most effective for communicating with the people groups of Lahul. Therefore, the following goals were established: 1. To locate language and variety boundaries within Lahul Valley. 2. To identify a central variety within the majority language of Lahul. 3. To assess which languages Lahulis use in various domains. 4. To discover Lahuli people’s attitudes towards their mother tongue, as well as towards other languages with which they are in contact. 5. To assess the vitality of the languages of Lahul Valley. 6. To determine perceived levels of Hindi bilingualism among Lahulis. 7. To find out how well the Lahulis understand the majority language, even if it is not their mother tongue. In order to achieve these goals, the sociolinguistic survey was divided into three studies: a language and dialect area study; a language use, attitudes, and vitality study; and a bilingualism study.

2.1 Language and dialect area study

2.1.1 Lexical similarity study

This survey attempted to determine which languages are spoken as mother tongues in Lahul Valley, and locate the best varieties within those languages. This required a study of similarities and differences in vocabulary, or lexical similarity. Lexical similarity is the percentage of words between varieties that resemble each other in sound and meaning. In this survey, the degree of lexical similarity among the languages of Lahul Valley, as well as among varieties of each language, were researched. The lexical similarity among these varieties was calculated by means of comparing equivalent words using a

12 standardized 210-item wordlist (based on Blair 1990:28–29). Lexical similarity counting procedures are described in Appendix A.

2.1.2 Dialect intelligibility study

The Pattani language is the largest language group in Lahul Valley. Within the region where Pattani is spoken, some dialect variation is apparent. Recorded Text Testing (RTT) was used to help assess intelligibility levels among the Pattani varieties. Standard RTT procedures are discussed in Appendix B.

2.2 Language use, attitudes, and vitality study

It was necessary to study how the Lahulis use different languages throughout daily life. Also, it was useful to determine their attitudes towards the languages, and assess the vitality of the various languages spoken in Lahul. Language use and attitudes questionnaires, community information questionnaires, and post-RTT questionnaires were used to help determine these factors among the language communities of Lahul. From this information it is possible to make inferences about the vitality of the Lahul Valley languages, and the potential acceptance and use of materials in these languages. Questionnaires are included in Appendix F.

2.3 Bilingualism study

Self-reported levels of bilingualism in Hindi were assessed through questionnaires, informal interviews, and observation. In addition, a test based on the Recorded Text Testing procedure was used to see if minority language groups of Lahul could understand the most widely-spoken Lahuli language, Pattani.

3 Language and dialect area study

3.1 Discussion of sample

For this study, data were gathered from approximately one out of every five villages in the Lahul Valley. The village of Rarig on the Zanskar river, Darcha on the Bhaga, and Khoksar on the Chandra are the last Lahuli habitations along each of those rivers. Tingrat, in the Mayar Valley, is within five kilometers of the last village along that river. Within a particular region, an effort was made to collect data from the geographic extremes as well as from central points. Towns of less than 60 people, and larger towns of 500 or more were visited. Few villages in Lahul lie more than five kilometers from a road. An effort was made to collect data from villages located on the roads, as well as from some placed off the roads. Also, in most parts of Lahul Valley, regions can be divided between the side of the river which parallels a road, and the other side of the river, which has no road and thus is less accessible. Data were collected from sites on both sides of the rivers. Further discussion of site selection is included in Appendix A. The subjects interviewed represent a good cross-section of the Lahul population. Table 3 shows the distribution of the sample among geographic regions of Lahul Valley, while table 4 shows sample distribution among the languages of Lahul Valley.

Table 3. Distribution of sample among geographic regions of Lahul Valley

Region Census (1981) Number of Percentage of population subjects total in sample Pattan Valley 10,673 88 0.82% Gahr Valley 4,175 37 0.89% Stod Valley 1,605 32 1.99% Tinan Valley 2,058 38 1.85% Rangloi Valley 774 9 1.16% Mayar Valley 1,080 9 0.83% TOTAL 20,365 213 1.05%

Table 4. Distribution of sample among languages of Lahul Valley

Mother tongue Census (1981) Number of Percentage of language population subjects total in sample Pattani 11,032 92 0.83% Gahri 3,994 35 0.88% Tinani 2,264 27 1.19% Bhoti 2,352 46 1.82% Lohari, Chinali 723 13 1.80% TOTAL 20,365 213 1.05%

The data reveal that a significant percentage of the population within geographic regions as well as particular languages are included in the sample. The sample has a higher percentage of Stod Valley Bhotis, and a lower percentage of Pattanis.

3.2 Lexical similarity study

3.2.1 Introduction

Lahul Valley is home to seven languages. Pattani, Bhoti, Gahri, Tinani, and Pangi are all languages which correspond directly to geographical locations. Furthermore, significant varieties are also found within Pattani and Bhoti. The Lohari and Chinali languages are caste-based and are scattered throughout the valley. For this survey, language data were gathered in order to measure lexical similarity among varieties of a particular language, as well as between the different languages.

3.2.2 Procedures

One method of measuring lexical similarity is to compare the vocabulary of the speech varieties. In this survey, percentages of lexical similarity among the Lahuli languages (and varieties therein) were calculated by collecting and comparing a standardized 210-item wordlist. Wordlists were transcribed using the International Phonetic Alphabet. Lexical similarity counting procedures and the wordlists are given in Appendix A. Calculations were made using the WordSurv (Wimbish 1989) computer program.

3.2.3 Results

During this survey 22 wordlists were collected from 19 sites in Lahul Valley. In addition, three wordlists collected from neighboring regions of India (Spiti Bhoti, Ladakhi, and Pangi), and two wordlists

14 representing influential languages (Hindi and Tibetan) were included. Table 5 gives the language names, classifications, and locations of the wordlists compared in this study.

Table 5. Wordlist language names, locations, and language classifications

Language Location Valley Classification Language Location Valley Classification Bhoti Kolong Stod Tibetan Pattani Mooling Pattan Himalayish Bhoti Darcha Stod Tibetan Pattani Gushal Pattan Himalayish Bhoti Rarig Stod Tibetan Pattani Tholang Pattan Himalayish Bhoti Khoksar Khoksar Tibetan Pattani Jobrang Pattan Himalayish Bhoti Tingrat Mayar Tibetan Pattani Thirot Pattan Himalayish Bhoti Mane Spiti Tibetan Pattani Udeypur Ch-Lahul Himalayish Ladakhi Leh Ladakh Tibetan Pattani Salgram Ch-Lahul Himalayish Tibetan Lhasa TIBET Tibetan Pattani Chamrat Mayar Himalayish Lohari Gondhla Tinan Indo-Aryan Tinani Gondhla Tinan Himalayish Lohari Gawzang Gahri Indo-Aryan Tinani Sissu Rangloi Himalayish Chinali Gushal Pattan Indo-Aryan Gahri Gawzang Gahr Himalayish Chinali Nalda Pattan Indo-Aryan Gahri Keylong Gahr Himalayish Pangi Tindi Ch-Lahul Indo-Aryan Gahri Stingri Gahr Himalayish Hindi Indo-Aryan

Relatedness of Himalayish language varieties

Wordlists were collected in several sites within most of the languages of Lahul. Table 6 shows the lexical similarity among the Himalayish languages and their varieties.

Table 6. Lexical similarity among the Himalayish languages and varieties Pattani, Salgram 73 Pattani, Chimrat 74 82 Pattani, Udeypur 77 82 90 Pattani, Thirot 73 82 89 89 Pattani, Jobrang 68 77 84 86 90 Pattani, Gushal 71 77 82 82 87 82 Pattani, Mooling 65 75 80 78 87 82 77 Pattani, Tholang

50 53 57 59 61 58 57 53 Tinani, Sissu 49 50 57 57 60 57 58 52 90 Tinani, Gondhla

27 29 31 32 35 33 33 30 46 43 Gahri, Stingri 28 29 30 32 36 33 33 31 45 43 92 Gahri, Keylong 28 28 30 30 35 31 32 30 43 41 87 89 Gahri, Gawzang

Pattani lexical similarity

In response to questionnaires, subjects suggested that there are three varieties of Pattani, roughly defined as eastern (Mooling to Jahlma), central (Jahlma to Thirot), and western (Thirot to Salgram). However, results of a lexical similarity study do not support that claim. Instead, these data suggest that the Pattani

15 language centers in the Jobrang, Thirot, Udeypur area. There is gradually less similarity in the language the further a site is from the center. In particular, the samples from Chimrat and Salgram show low similarity with other Pattani varieties. Chimrat shows higher similarity with other western sites (82 percent) than it does with the eastern sites (75–77 percent). Though it seems plausible that Chimrat is being influenced by Mayar Bhoti (due to geographical proximity), the full lexical similarity chart does not support this hypothesis (as shown in Appendix A). Salgram shows relatively low lexical similarity with all other samples, the highest being 77 percent with Thirot, and the lowest being Tholang at 65 percent. In this case, it may be expected that Salgram is being influenced by the neighboring Pangi language. Yet, once again the results shown in the full lexical similarity chart do not support this hypothesis. Thus, both Chimrat and Salgram varieties of Pattani appear to have little outside influence on their vocabulary, yet are slightly divergent from each other and other Pattani varieties.6

Tinani lexical similarity

The Gondhla and Sissu varieties of Tinani show a 90 percent lexical similarity with one another. Though Sissu is within the Rangloi Valley where the language is sometimes referred to as Ranglokha, and Gondhla is in the Tinan Valley where the language is called Tinani, these results suggest that Ranglokha and Tinani are the same language. Further, given their locations near the east and west boundaries of the Tinani language, the data suggest that the whole of the Tinani language may contain relatively little variation.

Gahri lexical similarity

The three samples of Gahri range in lexical similarity from 87 to 92 percent with one another. Keylong and Stingri are both on the same side of the river, and show a 92 percent lexical similarity. Gawzang is across the river and a bit farther away from Keylong. It reveals an 89 percent similarity with Keylong. Stingri and Gawzang, located at extreme ends of the Gahr Valley, are the least similar, at 87 percent. This suggests that Keylong, centrally located in the Gahr Valley, may also be a central variety of the Gahr language. However, the lexical similarity percentages are consistently high, which could imply that the entire Gahr Valley reveals little linguistic variation in Gahri.

Relatedness of Tibetan language varieties

Table 7 shows the lexical similarity among the Tibetan languages and their varieties.

Table 7. Lexical similarity among the Tibetan languages and varieties Bhoti, Darcha, Stod Valley 92 Bhoti, Kolong, Stod Valley 86 91 Bhoti, Rarig, Stod Valley 82 81 79 Bhoti, Tingrat, Mayar Valley 76 79 75 76 Bhoti, Khoksar, Khoksar Valley 79 75 75 74 68 Ladakhi, Leh, Ladakh 74 68 65 66 62 66 Bhoti, Mane, Spiti Valley

46 45 42 43 40 46 41 Tibetan, Lhasa, Tibet

6 Salgram and Chimrat are both remote locations; neither is accessible by road. The remoteness of these locations may be a factor in their low lexical similarity with other Pattani samples.

The three Bhoti samples of Stod Valley cluster from 86 to 92 percent in lexical similarity, while being slightly less similar with the other Bhoti samples. Further, the Bhoti samples of Lahul Valley (that is Stod Valley, Mayar Valley, and Khoksar Valley), show higher levels of similarity with each other, 75 to 92 percent, than they do with the other Bhoti samples (Spiti Bhoti and Ladakhi). However, Khoksar and Mayar Valley Bhoti are slightly less similar to each other and the Stod variety of Bhoti. Of the two outside samples, Ladakhi shows consistently higher lexical similarity percentages with the Lahul Bhoti samples, 68 to 79 percent, than does Spiti Bhoti at 62 to 74 percent. Geographically, Stod Valley is central among the Bhoti sites covered for this survey. Within Stod Valley, Darcha is centrally located. At Darcha, three rivers meet, creating an ‘X’ of valleys with the basic orientation being to the north, south, east and west. To the north of Darcha is Ladakh, connected by a maintained road. Mayar Valley lies west, and is the first habitation over a trekking route along the river valley in that direction. Khoksar, similarly, is the first habitation accessed by a trekking path along a river valley and over a pass to the east. To the south, the main road leads to Kolong. Darcha, therefore, is a place where many Bhoti speakers have a chance to meet each other. When conducting research, one notices the many tea shops, truck stops, and checkpoints located in this crossroads town. This geographical placement of Darcha is reflected in the lexical similarity shown in these data. Tibetan is equally dissimilar from all Bhoti samples, ranging in scores from 40 to 46 percent. Based on this lexical similarity study, Darcha Bhoti appears to be a good representative of Stod Bhoti. Darcha Bhoti is relatively more similar to the outer Bhoti varieties of Mayar to the west and Khoksar to the southeast, but the lexical similarity with these outer locations is lower than expected. Further, Lahul Bhoti appears to share more vocabulary with Ladakhi than it does with Spiti Bhoti.

Relatedness of Indo-Aryan language varieties

Table 8 shows the lexical similarity levels among the Indo-Aryan languages and their varieties. When possible, those varieties that are more similar have been placed next to one another. Spaces have been inserted to emphasize language distinctions. A complete lexical similarity chart of the languages included in this study is found in Appendix A.5.

Table 8. Lexical similarity among the Indo-Aryan languages and varieties Chinali, Gushal 81 Chinali, Nalda 73 73 Lohari, Gondhla 69 68 82 Lohari, Gawzang 49 41 43 41 Pangi, Tindi 48 44 43 41 54 Hindi, standard

Chinali lexical similarity

The two samples of Chinali show an 81 percent lexical similarity with one another. The Gushal sample shows slightly higher lexical similarities with other languages than the Nalda sample (see complete lexical similarity chart in Appendix A.5). It is possible that the Gushal sample is more influenced by Hindi than is the Nalda sample, as seen by the four percent difference between their similarity scores with Hindi.

Lohari lexical similarity

The two samples of Lohari show an 82 percent lexical similarity with one another. The Lohars are mostly found as minorities within a community of different mother tongue speakers. It is useful to look at the relation of the two Lohari samples to their surrounding languages, to see if the vocabularies of these Indo-Aryan varieties are influenced by the Himalayish languages in their environment (see table 9).

Table 9. Lexical similarity among Lohari samples and the surrounding languages

Lohari, Gondhla 82 Lohari, Gawzang 16 14 Tinani, Gondhla 11 13 Gahri, Gawzang village

This research shows that the Lohari communities are maintaining their language with low levels of lexical borrowing. Even though the Lohars are minorities within their villages, the language does not appear to be influenced by the majority language.

Relationships between languages according to lexical similarity study

Table 10 shows the average percentage of shared vocabulary between the languages included in this study. A full lexical similarity chart is found following the wordlists in Appendix A.5.

Table 10. Lexical similarity averages among all languages compared Indo-Aryan Hindi 54 Pangi 44.5 46.5 Chinali 42 42 70.8 Lohari Himalayish-Bodish 12.3 11.8 21.8 22.3 Pattani 10 8 14.5 15.5 55.5 Tinani 6.3 5 10 11.7 31.1 43.5 Gahri Tibetan-Bodish 6.6 5.4 8.1 8.2 17 23.5 29.2 Bhoti 1 2 3 3.5 8 12 16.7 43.7 Tibetan

Unsurprisingly, the languages within each sub-group or language family share higher lexical similarity with other languages from the same classification than with languages from other families. The Indo-Aryan languages average from 42 to 70.8 percent lexical similarity with each other, and from one to 22.3 percent with languages from the other two classifications. The Himalayish languages average from 31.1 to 55.5 percent lexical similarity with each other, and five to 29.2 percent with languages from the other classifications. Finally, the Bodish languages average 43.7 percent with each other, but from one to 29.2 percent with the others. Among the Indo-Aryan languages, Lohari and Chinali show the highest level of lexical similarity, averaging 70.8 percent. Hindi is most similar to Pangi, averaging 54 percent lexical similarity, while with Chinali it averages 44.5 percent and with Lohari 42 percent. Pangi could be more related to Chinali than it is to Lohari (46.5 percent versus 42 percent). This suggests that lexically Pangi probably lies between Hindi and the two others. Overall, the Lohari and Chinali languages show more lexical similarity with the Himalayish languages than do Hindi or Pangi. Likewise, of the Himalayish languages, Pattani reveals a higher level of lexical similarity with the Indo-Aryan languages (11.8–22.3 percent) than do Tinani or Gahri. Among the Himalayish languages, Pattani and Tinani indicate the highest level of lexical similarity, averaging 55.5 percent. Gahri shows more lexical similarity with Tinani than it does with Pattani (43.5 percent, versus 31.1 percent). This suggests that lexically Tinani may fall somewhere between Pattani and Gahri. These results suggest that, based on wordlist comparisons, an order can be set showing the apparent levels of shared vocabulary between these languages. The figure below displays this order. Languages are

18 arranged by the amount of shared vocabulary between languages, even across genetic language family boundaries. Spacing between languages is relative to the percentage of difference between each adjacent pair of languages.

Hindi Pangi Chinali Lohari | Pattani Tinani Gahri Bhoti Tibetan | . . . . | . . . . | . . | . . . | . . . | . . . | . . . . . | ...... | . . . . . | | Himalayish Tibetan Indo-Aryan languages | Bodish languages

Figure 1. Continuum of lexical similarity among languages of Lahul Valley.

3.3 Dialect intelligibility study

3.3.1 Introduction

Among the seven languages in Lahul Valley, Pattani is spoken as a mother tongue by the largest population. In addition to being the mother tongue of Pattan and Chamba-Lahul Valleys, it is commonly learned as a second language in other regions of Lahul. In this study, 92 out of 213 (43 percent) respondents said that Pattani was their mother tongue. An additional 77 subjects claimed ability to speak Pattani as a second language. So, of our sample of 213 subjects, 79 percent claimed to have ability to speak Pattani. This is consistent with the findings of Sahni, who writes “although it is only the dialect of Pattan Valley, it is understood by about 80 percent of the people of Lahul” (Sahni 1994:214). Lahuli subjects suggested three varieties of the Pattani language, though the claim is not supported by results from a lexical similarity study. In response to questionnaires, subjects from eastern Pattan Valley claimed that on the “Udeypur side” of the valley, the speech style was slow and accented. Those from the Chamba-Lahul area often claimed that the “Tandi side” (that is, near the confluence of the Chandra and Bhaga Rivers) was fast and heavily accented. Subjects suggested that the language begins to shift in the central part of the region (around Thirot). For the purpose of this discussion, these regions are referred to as Pattani-east (Tandi side), Pattani-central and Pattani-west (Udeypur side). To determine if language variations affect the understanding of other varieties, dialect intelligibility testing was conducted. Recorded Text Tests (RTTs) were used to assess intelligibility between the Pattani varieties of the three regions. RTTs and testing procedures are shown in Appendix B. Three Pattani sites were selected as places to conduct intelligibility testing. Pattani-east is represented by Gushal village (population: 500). This town is located near the confluence of the Chandra and Bhaga rivers. It is on the southern side of the rivers, and had to be approached by footpath. Thirot was selected to represent Pattani-central. Thirot is a mid-sized village (population: 200) located along the main highway. It was chosen for its central location as well as for practical convenience—it is the only town in this region where tea shops and lodging are available. Udeypur was selected to represent Pattani-west. It is the main village (population: 500) identified with the “Chamba-Lahuli” variety. Subjects in the Gushal area of Pattan Valley often suggested that their language is different on the “Udeypur side.” Within the Chamba-Lahul region, it is the main center of trade and transportation, being located where the Mayar River meets the Chenab. Based on a lexical similarity study, questionnaires, and preliminary research, it was determined that significant dialect variation does not exist within either the Gahri or Tinani languages. Therefore, no further intelligibility testing was conducted. Intelligibility testing was not done in the other languages of Lahul Valley, in accordance with the purpose and goals set forth for this study.

3.3.2 Results of intelligibility testing

The results of intelligibility testing within the Pattani language area are shown in table 11. In general, RTT mean scores of around 80% or higher with accompanying low standard deviations are usually taken to indicate that representatives of the test point dialect display adequate understanding of

the variety represented by the recording. Conversely, RTT means below 60% are interpreted to indicate inadequate intelligibility (O’Leary 1992:Appendix A).

Table 11. Pattani language intelligibility testing results X = Average (mean) score Std = Standard deviation N = number of subjects RTT validation scores

Subjects Gushal Thirot Udeypur X = 97.2 X = 86 X = 87.3 Gushal text Std = 5.2 Std = 12.9 Std = 13.7 N = 16 N = 10 N = 11 X = 87 X = 100 X = 82.3 Thirot text Std = 13.2 Std = 0 Std = 10.1 N = 10 N = 12 N = 11 X = 87.5 X = 79.5 X = 94.6 Udeypur text Std = 15 Std = 12.8 Std = 6.9 N = 10 N = 10 N = 11

Evaluating these scores individually, one sees that the Gushal subjects averaged 87 percent on the Thirot RTT. This score likely indicates that most people in the Gushal area understand the text well. However, the high standard deviation of 13.2 indicates that some subjects had difficulty. The Gushal subjects scored an equally high 87.5 percent on the Udeypur RTT, again indicating that most people in Gushal understand the text well. Yet the standard deviation, at 15, is slightly higher, and indicates that some probably had difficulty. At 86 percent, Thirot subjects scored adequately on the Gushal RTT, indicating that most people in Thirot understood the Gushal text. Several subjects scored lower, 60–80 percent, resulting in the high standard deviation of 12.9. The Thirot subjects scored 79.5 percent on the Udeypur RTT, indicating that some people in Thirot may have had difficulty understanding that text. The high standard deviation of 12.8 indicates that while many could not fully understand the text, a few were able to answer correctly. On the Gushal RTT, Udeypur subjects scored an average of 87.3 percent, with a standard deviation of 13.7. These results indicate that most understood the Gushal text, but some had difficulty. The Udeypur subjects scored lower on the Thirot text (82.3 percent). At 10.1, the standard deviation is slightly lower than on other RTTs in this study. The standard deviation during test validation (hometown testing) is low for all three texts. However, when each is played in another community, the standard deviations are higher. While these high results suggest that some subjects had difficulty understanding the texts, there are other possible explanations. Demographic factors may lead to a high standard deviation. For example, it is possible that low education levels correlate to low scores. However, in these tests, no significant trend exists which correlates demographic factors to subject scores. Sometimes, a given subject may have difficulty with the testing procedure. In these results, any subject scoring lower than 85 percent on their hometown test was disqualified from the testing procedure. Only three subjects scored 75 percent or lower on both RTTs. These three subjects do not share common demographics. The lowest scores (55 percent) were scored by two of these three people. Though each scored well on their hometown tests, it may be that two of the subjects had difficulty with the testing procedure. Another factor that affects some subjects is test fatigue. However, in this study there is no trend indicating that subjects scored lower on the later questions.

After hearing a text, people were asked to state how much they understood. Most subjects, including those who scored low on a text, suggested that they understood “all” of it. Overall, 90 percent of the 98 subjects claimed to understand all of the story. Of the 46 subjects scoring 100 percent on a text, 87 percent claimed to understand “all.” Twenty-five subjects scored 70 percent or less on a text. Of those who scored low, 91 percent said that they understood “all.” This indicates that though some subjects scored low on a test, few felt that they had trouble understanding the texts. It is possible that the high standard deviations are caused by problems with the texts. Each text has some Hindi mixing, and further, each has at least one question with a Hindi answer. However, no trend is apparent to suggest that questions with Hindi answers were answered correctly more or less often than other questions. There are inherent differences in the three stories. Of the three, the Gushal text was the best quality recording, and the most interesting text. The Thirot text was interesting, but the sound quality was poor. The Udeypur text was a good quality recording, but many subjects found the content uninteresting. In looking at the test results and test conditions, no clear patterns emerge. There may be a combination of factors contributing to the high standard deviations. It is also possible that dialect variation creates difficulty for people from one region to understand a text from another. Overall, these results indicate that the Gushal text was understood by most Thirot and Udeypur subjects. The Thirot text was understood in Gushal, though less in Udeypur. Gushal subjects scored higher on the Udeypur text than did the Thirot subjects. The Pattani variety represented by the Gushal text may be well understood throughout the valley. The Gushal text scored highest, and similarly, the Gushal subjects scored highest on the other two stories. In Thirot and Udeypur, subjects scored high on their home texts and on the Gushal text, but scored lower on each other’s texts.

3.3.3 Post-RTT questionnaire results

After listening to each text and answering the comprehension questions, RTT subjects were then asked three post-RTT questions relating to their perceptions of these Pattani varieties. These questions were: • Where do you think this text is from? (Location) • How much of this text did you understand? (Comprehension) • Is the Pattani used in this text good Pattani? (Quality) When subjects finished listening to the three texts and answering the comprehension questions, they were asked a final question: • Of the three texts, which one used the best Pattani?7 (Best language) Table 12 shows the Post-RTT Questionnaire results. Percentage of subjects giving a particular answer is indicated. The sample of thirty subjects includes nine subjects from Gushal, ten from Thirot, and eleven from Udeypur. For analysis purposes, answers to question one were scored as correct if they indicated the correct source location or the name of another village near to the source. Question three was scored as “Good,” indicating a positive response, or “Bad,” indicating a negative response (such as: “Not good,” “Difficult to understand,” or “Different from us”).

7 An attempt was made to clarify with subjects that the question referred to the language itself, not to the quality of content of the text.

Table 12. Summary of Post-RTT Questionnaire results

Subject from: Gushal Thirot Udeypur Overall Text from: Gu. Th. Ud. Gu. Th. Ud. Gu. Th. Ud. Gu. Th. Ud. Location Correct 100 - 80 80 42 80 100 64 100 94 38 88 Incorrect - 100 20 20 58 20 - 36 - 6 62 12 Comprehension Full 93 100 100 80 75 70 91 82 92 86 84 90 Some 7 - - 20 25 30 9 18 8 14 16 10 Quality Good 100 44 44 70 83 70 91 91 100 89 75 87 Not good - 66 66 30 17 30 9 9 - 11 25 13 Best language 100 - - - 33 67 60 10 30 54 14 32

Gushal subjects correctly identified the Gushal text in all cases.8 The majority (80 percent) correctly identified the location of the Udeypur text. However, no subjects from Gushal correctly located the Thirot text. Almost all Gushal subjects claimed to fully understand all three texts. All Gushal subjects claimed that the Gushal text represented “Good Pattani,” and all identified the Gushal text as having the best Pattani of the three texts. Only 44 percent of subjects viewed the Pattani from the Thirot and Udeypur texts as good. The majority of Thirot subjects (80 percent) correctly located both the Gushal and Udeypur texts. However, only 42 percent correctly located the text from their own town. More Thirot subjects (80 percent) claimed to fully understand the Gushal text than the other two texts, though a high percentage claimed to fully understand those texts (75 percent for Thirot and 70 percent for Udeypur).9 At 83 percent, more Thirot subjects replied that the Thirot text used good Pattani than the other two texts (70 percent each). In contrast, only 33 percent viewed their own variety as the best Pattani in the three texts. Rather, 67 percent replied that the Udeypur text used the best Pattani. No Thirot subjects thought the Gushal text used the best Pattani (although more claimed to fully understand the Gushal text than the other texts). It is worth noting that these results contrast with Thirot subject scores on the text itself. Thirot subjects scored only 79.5 percent on the Udeypur test as compared with 86 percent on the Gushal test. All Udeypur subjects correctly located both the Udeypur and Gushal texts. Only 64 percent located the Thirot text correctly. Most subjects from Udeypur claimed to fully understand both the Udeypur and Gushal texts (92 percent and 91 percent). Slightly fewer (82 percent) claimed to fully understand the Thirot text. Almost all subjects thought that all three stories used good Pattani. However, of the three stories, the majority of Udeypur subjects (60 percent) identified the Gushal text as being the best example of the Pattani language. Fewer (30 percent) preferred the Udeypur text, while only 10 percent felt the Thirot text was best. Overall results show that 94 percent of the subjects were able to correctly locate the Gushal text, which might suggest that Gushal represents a distinguishable regional variety of Pattani. However, reference to a local deity within the Gushal text may have skewed these results. A high percentage of subjects correctly identified the source of the Udeypur text (88 percent). This suggests that a regional variety of Pattani is located around Udeypur and is distinguishable from the varieties of other regions. Thirot was correctly located by only 38 percent of the subjects, suggesting that it was not identifiable as a regional variety of Pattani.

8 It was discovered during the testing process that the Gushal text refers to a god (Rupirani) which is identified throughout the valley as Gushal’s god. This information likely added to the accurate locating of the Gushal text. 9 The recording quality of the Thirot text was not as good as that of other texts. This helps to explain why Thirot subjects, though they all scored 100 percent during test validation, felt they had difficulty understanding the text.

According to subject responses, Udeypur was fully understood by 90 percent of the sample. A high percentage of subjects (86 and 84 percent respectively) also claimed to fully understand the Gushal and Thirot texts. At 89 and 87 percent respectively, the Gushal and Udeypur texts were most often said to be good representations of the Pattani language. Only 75 percent of the subjects believed that the Thirot text was a good example of the Pattani language. In addition, a majority of subjects (54 percent) responded that the Gushal text had the best Pattani of the three stories. The Udeypur text was chosen as having the best Pattani language by 32 percent. Thirot was selected by only 14 percent. From these results, it appears that both the Gushal and Udeypur texts are viewed as good examples of Pattani, and that most subjects felt they fully understood them. Yet, of the two stories, more subjects preferred the Gushal text. Though it is possible that subjects were evaluating the text quality, rather than the language, it appears that the variety of speech used in the Thirot text was not well accepted. Compared with the Gushal and Udeypur varieties, fewer people claimed to fully understand the Thirot variety, and fewer viewed it as a good example of the Pattani language.

4 Language use, attitudes, and vitality study

4.1 Procedures

A study of language use will describe which speech varieties a community uses in different domains. Domains are social situations in which the use of one language variety is considered more appropriate than another (Fasold 1984:183). While studying language attitudes, an attempt is made to assess people’s perceptions of their own language as well as other languages with which they are in contact. By looking at the way a language is perceived, it is possible to determine how positive the subjects are towards their language. Language vitality refers to the prospect that a language will or will not be used by mother tongue speakers in the future. Though vitality is difficult to measure, it is possible to make some inferences about the future use of a language variety. To assess this information, a Language Use and Attitudes Questionnaire (LUAQ) was used. Information was also obtained through Community Information Questionnaires, and Post-RTT questions. Questions were asked in Hindi, with mother tongue translation during elicitation from people with little ability in Hindi. Copies of the questionnaires are found in Appendix F. Subject responses are found in Appendix C.

4.2 Discussion of sample

The LUAQ was administered to subjects from fourteen sites. A total of 132 subjects representing five of the languages of Lahul were questioned. For the most part, the languages of Lahul strongly correlate to geographical regions (see table 13). Thus, statistics can also be interpreted geographically.

Table 13. Correlation of LUAQ subject’s mother tongue to geographic regions

Subject’s Mother Tongue Pattani Bhoti Tinani Loharia Ghari Pattan Valley 18 - - - - Chamba-Lahul Valley 21 - - - - Mayar Valleyb 6 - - - - Stod Valley - 31 - - - Khoksar Valley - 8 - - - Tinan and Rangloi Valleys - - 18 8 - Ghar Valley - - - - 22 aLohars are found in small numbers in communities throughout Lahul Valley. However, Gondhla village in Tinan Valley is home to the only sizable community of Lohars in one location (twelve families). In this study, questionnaires were elicited only from Lohars in Tinan Valley. bThe southern part of Mayar Valley, from Shakoli to Chimrat is Pattani speaking. The northern part, however, is Bhoti speaking. Questionnaires were elicited only from Chimrat, in the Pattani-speaking region of Mayar Valley.

From the data, it is obvious that Pattani is spoken as a mother tongue in the Pattan, Reampher, and lower Mayar Valleys. Bhoti is the mother tongue of people living in the Stod, Khoksar, and upper Mayar Valleys. Tinan and Rangloi Valleys are home to the Tinani speakers, as well as to a sizable Lohari community. Finally, Ghari is spoken as a mother tongue exclusively in the Ghar Valley. The mother tongues and second languages of the LUAQ subjects are shown in table 14. These results are based on subject responses, and no attempt was made to assess the subjects’ fluency levels in these languages (except for some self-reported Hindi bilingualism assessment, and preliminary Pattani bilingualism assessment among Tinani and Ghari speakers, discussed in section 5, “Bilingualism study”).

Table 14. Mother tongues and second languages of LUAQ subjects

Subject’s Mother Tongue 2nd language Pattani Bhoti Ghari Tinani Lohari Overall Hindi 43 42 21 18 8 132 Pattani 0 19 10 15 6 50 English 21 15 6 7 0 49 Bhoti 8 0 7 14 5 34 Ghari 0 13 0 6 4 23 Tinani 1 12 2 0 7 22 Tibetan 0 8 4 0 0 12 Urdu 4 2 1 2 0 9 Punjabi 4 3 1 1 0 9 Nepali 4 1 0 0 0 5 Kullui 2 0 1 1 0 4 Sanskrit 3 1 0 0 0 4 Ladakhi 0 1 3 0 0 4 Pahari 2 0 0 0 0 2 Lohari 0 0 0 1 0 1 Chinali 0 0 0 1 0 1 Kangri 0 0 0 1 0 1

Every subject questioned reported ability to use at least some Hindi. English was also often mentioned as a second language of the Lahuli people, particularly among well-educated subjects. This is a reflection of the use of English as the medium of higher education in this area. Pattani was mentioned as a second language by the majority of subjects not speaking Pattani as a mother tongue. Bhoti is spoken by a sizable population within the non-Bhoti mother tongue regions. Of the main Lahul languages, Ghari and Tinani were mentioned as second languages less often, and (almost) no subjects reported learning Lohari (one subject), Chinali (one subject), or Pangi (zero subjects) as a second language. Among the mother tongue communities, Pattanis are the least likely to learn other languages from within Lahul Valley. Instead, they learn the outside languages of education, and of regions where many spend the winters while escaping snow-bound Lahul. Bhotis are more likely to learn Tibetan than are members of the other communities. In general, Tinanis appear to be well-versed in the other languages of Lahul, as well as in the outside languages. Lohars show a strong trend towards ability in the other Lahul Valley languages, but no Lohar subjects claimed ability in any of the outside languages other than Hindi.

4.3 Results

In detailing the results, data will be presented summarizing the responses of all subjects. This should give an indication of the general opinions of the Lahuli people. If data from a particular community display a significant divergence from the full sample, those data will also be presented. A complete listing of subject answers is given in Appendix C.

4.3.1 Language use

Lahul Valley language use

Table 15 summarizes the domains of reported language use from 132 subjects. The first question (about languages used with the subject’s spouse) and the third (asking which languages are used when speaking with their children) were answered only by the 87 subjects who are married and have children. Results are shown indicating the percentage of subjects who gave a particular response. Categories of answers are separated into MT, Hindi, Other Lahul (Lahuli language other than MT), and Outside (language other than Hindi, from outside of Lahul, such as Kullui, Sanskrit, or Punjabi).

Table 15. Domains of language use in Lahul Valley

Domain Question Response category What language is used (by you)… MT Hindi Other Lahul Outside with your spouse? 95% 5% 3% 1% Home with your parents? 95% 11% 2% - with your children? 94% 22% 3% - with friends? 80% 51% 6% 2% Village with old people? 98% 5% 10% - with leaders? 74% 41% 8% - (by children) while playing? 83% 54% 3% - Religion for religious discussion? 72% 28% 20% 1% for personal prayer? 59% 32% 15% 1% Market with shopkeepers? 54% 83% 10% - Songs to sing songs? 75% 66% 17% 4%

The results suggest that overall, Lahulis are using their mother tongue in most domains. The mother tongue is used frequently in the home and village domains. Hindi is seldom used in the home (though somewhat with children), or with old people. However, Hindi does appear to be the predominant language used at the market. A high percentage of Lahulis also sing songs in Hindi. Languages from Lahul, other than the subject’s mother tongue, are rarely used at home, in the village, or at the market. They are used a bit more for religious purposes and for singing. All in all, languages from outside of Lahul are rarely used by the subjects in this sample.

Language use by community

For the most part, the Pattani mother tongue community followed the same trends as other Lahulis. The Pattanis use their mother tongue less for personal prayer (scoring 40 percent) than did the complete sample. In contrast, Bhoti people use their mother tongue more in both religious domains (88 percent for religious discussion, and 90 percent for personal prayer) than the overall sample. Consequently, they use other Lahuli languages less often for religious purposes. Another anomaly in the Bhoti community is that while Hindi is reported as not spoken with spouse and children, 26 percent replied that they use Hindi while talking with their parents. These subjects were all school-aged (and thus unmarried and childless). Perhaps this suggests that Hindi will be used more by future generations of Bhoti speakers. For singing songs, a high percentage (85 percent) of Ghari speakers said they use their mother tongue. Other than singing, the Ghari speakers’ answers correlated to the overall scores very closely. Tinani speakers are less likely to use their mother tongue for personal prayer (28 percent) than are other communities. Instead, a higher percentage use Bhoti in these domains (50 percent for religious discussion, and 44 percent for personal prayer). The Lohars are less likely to use their mother tongue with village leaders (25 percent) and in the market place (13 percent) than are the other communities. This reflects their minority status within the communities. The results suggest that the language communities within Lahul follow similar trends in language use. Mother tongues are spoken at home and in their village. Hindi is used widely for market and education purposes. Other languages, both those from Lahul and from outside, are used less frequently.

Written language use

Subjects from each community were asked if they were literate, and if so, which languages they could read and write. The results are shown in table 16.

Table 16. Responses to the question “What languages can you read and write?”

Subject’s Mother Tongue Literate in Pattani Bhoti Ghari Tinani Lohari Overall Hindi 74% 81% 67% 89% 63% 77% English 51% 40% 43% 50% 13% 44% Tibetan - 29% - - - 9% Urdu 7% 7% 5% - - 5% Sanskrit 5% 2% 5% - - 3% Punjabi 2% 5% - - - 2% None 26% 17% 33% 11% 37% 23%

The majority of each community reported ability to read and write in Hindi. Many from each community also said that they could use English script. Tibetan script is only known by some of the Bhoti subjects. From this information, it appears that the Hindi script Devanagari is the most widely used script in Lahul Valley.

4.3.2 Language attitudes

Attitudes towards mother tongue language

Several questions on the LUAQ assess the attitudes of Lahul’s language communities towards their own mother tongue and Hindi. Table 17 summarizes the results of these questions for the full sample of subjects and for the individual language communities.

Table 17. Summary of responses to language attitude questions Question Key: MT good = “Is your mother tongue as good as Hindi?” MT pure = “Is the mother tongue used in your village pure, or mixed with other languages? If mixed, with which language?” Marry non-MT = “If a young mother tongue speaker marries someone with a different mother tongue, how does it make you feel?”

Subject’s Mother Tongue Question Answer Pattani Bhoti Ghari Tinani Lohari Overall MT good Yes 90% 83% 90% 100% 100% 89% No 12% 19% 14% - - 11% Yes 69% 69% 67% 50% 75% 66% MT pure Mixed with Hindi 31% 17% 14% 22% 13% 20% Mixed with other* 5% 5% 38% 28% 25% 14% Marry non-MT Good 62% 86% 76% 77% 75% 74% Bad 38% 14% 24% 23% 25% 26% *A response of “Mixed with other” was marked if subjects said that their language was mixed with a language other than Hindi. Responses to this question only contained languages from within Lahul. A total of ten subjects said that their language was mixed with Bhoti, three with Pattani, three with Tinani, two with Ghari, and one with Chinali.

Responses to the questions suggest that Lahulis have positive attitudes towards their mother tongue. A high percentage of subjects (83–100 percent) from all language groups believe that their language is as good or better than Hindi. In addition, the majority of all groups (50–75 percent, averaging 66 percent) responded that their language, as spoken in their village, is not mixed with other languages. Often, language attitudes are reflected by a community’s willingness to have its members marry speakers of differing languages. This study, however, found that the majority in each group has a positive attitude towards marriage between speakers of different languages. A typical subject’s response is that “a couple can get by with Hindi until they learn each other’s language.” A higher percentage of Pattani subjects were against cross-language marriages than among the other groups. Though this may simply reflect that Pattani is the largest mother tongue group in Lahul, with a larger pool of potential mother tongue speaking spouses, it also may reflect that Hindus (of which Pattanis have a higher percentage than other groups) in Lahul tend to be more concerned with caste issues than the Buddhist groups. This is supported by the result that Bhotis (which have the highest percentage of Buddhists among the groups) show the most positive response towards cross-language marriages. These attitudes towards intermarriage are reflected in the demographics of the subjects interviewed for questionnaires, RTTs and wordlists during this study. Information was gathered about the mother tongue of subjects as well as those of their spouses and parents. A summary of this information reveals that 19 percent (24 of 126) of the subjects married across language boundaries. In addition, 13 percent (27 of 213) have parents with cross-language marriages. This averages to an overall estimate that 15 percent (51 of 339) of the marriages in this sample are cross-language. Such results also suggest that

27 though there are definite feelings of identity based on a person’s mother tongue, there is also a strong feeling of “Lahuli” identity.

Other language attitudes

The Pattani and Bhoti languages each show signs of dialect variation within the language. It is useful to assess the attitudes of Pattani and Bhoti speakers towards the various dialects of each language. Language attitudes were studied through the use of the Community Information Questionnaire and the LUAQ. (Questionnaires are shown in Appendix F, while subject responses are found in Appendix C.) Subjects were asked to state: 1. Where their language is spoken exactly the same as they way they speak it. 2. Where their language is spoken differently. The subjects were then asked how they felt about different language varieties. In each case, the results of the language attitude questions on the Community Information Questionnaire reflect the results from the LUAQ questions. In addition, attitudes between speakers of the Pattani varieties were explored through the use of Post-RTT questions, as described in section 3.3, “Dialect intelligibility study.” In response to the questionnaires, Pattani subjects from the eastern part of Pattan Valley showed positive attitudes towards their own variety of the language, and towards the central variety. However, they often replied that the western variety (located near Udeypur) was different, heavily accented, and difficult to understand. Post-RTT results indicated positive attitudes towards their own variety, but negative towards the central and western varieties. Central Pattan Valley subjects showed no strong trend in locating “bad” varieties of Pattani, though a few suggested the eastern variety, saying, “I feel bad when I hear it.” Post-RTT results suggest that these subjects have a positive view at least of the western Pattani variety which was represented in the RTT test. The subjects from western Pattan Valley suggested that the varieties from Mayar Valley and near to the Pangi-language area farther west were bad varieties of Pattani. In Post-RTT questioning, they appeared to be positive towards all three varieties of the language. Overall, the eastern Pattan Valley variety, located from Mooling in the east to Jahlma in the west, was viewed positively. In response to questionnaires, Bhoti speakers from the three Bhoti regions (Stod Valley, upper Mayar Valley, and Khoksar Valley) were positive towards all the varieties. Of the Lahul Bhoti varieties, Stod appears to be the most highly regarded, perhaps because it is the largest Bhoti community in Lahul. Many subjects suggested that Ladakhi is the best variety of Bhoti. Spiti Bhoti was sometimes mentioned as a poor example of the Bhoti language.

Script attitudes

Research was conducted to gather information regarding attitudes towards different scripts for writing Lahuli languages. Several subjects from each community were asked to tell which script they thought would be best for writing their language. Pattani, Tinani, Chinali, and Lohari speakers all appear to prefer Devanagari script for recording their languages. Ghari speakers were mixed, some suggesting use of the Devanagari script, while some preferred the Tibetan script. Bhoti speakers strongly preferred use of the Tibetan script for writing their language.

4.3.3 Language vitality

On the LUAQ several questions were asked in an attempt to assess the vitality of the various Lahuli languages. Table 18 summarizes the responses of subjects to questions related to language vitality.

Table 18. Summary of responses to language vitality questions

Question Key: Non-MT = “Are there people of your caste, living in your village, who cannot speak your language?” Future = “What language will today’s children’s grandchildren speak?” Literacy = “Would you like your children to learn to read your language?”

Subject’s Mother Tongue Question Answer Pattani Bhoti Ghari Tinani Lohari Overall Non-MT Yes 7% 7% - - 12% 5% No 93% 93% 100% 100% 88% 95% MT 84% 81% 100% 72% 88% 83% Future* Hindi 30% 31% 33% 66% 30% 45% English 5% 5% 14% 17% - 8% Literacy Yes 88% 98% 90% 94% 88% 92% No 12% 2% 10% 6% 12% 8% *Many subjects responded by giving the names of several languages that would be used by future generations. Because of this, percentages do not equal a total of 100% for this item.

Few subjects from any community know people in their village who are unable to speak the mother tongue. When predicting what language will be spoken by future generations, most subjects from all communities suggested that the mother tongue would still be used. Many also expect that Hindi will be used in their community in the future. This belief was particularly strong among the Tinani speakers, 66 percent of whom expect Hindi to be spoken. Several subjects cited the current popularity of Hindi and English medium education as the reason why these languages would probably be learned in the future. Most subjects thought that mother tongue literature development and literacy were a good idea. Results were consistent throughout Lahul, with positive responses ranging from 88 to 94 percent of each population. The results give a strong indication that the Lahuli languages will continue to be spoken by generations in the future.

5 Bilingualism study

5.1 Procedures

A study of bilingualism gauges subjects’ ability in a language other than their mother tongue. In this survey, information was gathered for use in assessing how well people from some communities outside of Pattan Valley are able to use the Pattani language. Also, basic bilingualism information was gathered about Lahulis’ Hindi ability.

5.2 Pattani bilingualism

5.2.1 Introduction

Due to the large number of second-language Pattani speakers, an attempt was made to gauge Pattani language ability in these groups. The majority of these Pattani speakers come from the Tinani and Gahri mother tongue groups. Procedures followed during the preliminary Pattani bilingualism (PPB) study are based on standard RTT procedures, and are discussed in Appendix B. Typically, a large sample is tested in order to use RTT data as an indication of bilingual proficiency. These data, however, are not intended

29 as an indication of bilingualism proficiency, but rather to indicate whether or not other language communities are learning Pattani at any level. Once a suitable text in the Pattani language was chosen, then the text was tested within the Tinani community of Gondhla and the Gahri community of Keylong. These sites were selected because of their central location, large populations, and high lexical similarity scores within their language areas. Based on the results of the Pattani dialect intelligibility study (both RTT scores and Post-RTT Questionnaire results), the text from Gushal was selected as representative of the Pattani language.

5.2.2 Results of preliminary Pattani bilingualism study (PPB)

The Pattani bilingualism results for Gahri and Tinani speakers are given in table 19. The combined scores of all Pattani subjects on the Gushal text are summarized under the heading “Pattan Valley.” This score is provided to be an indication of the average score of Pattani speakers on the Gushal Pattani RTT.

Table 19. Preliminary Pattani bilingualism study results KEY: X = Average score (percentage) Std = Standard deviation N = Number of subjects

Subjects Keylong Gahri Gondhla Tinani Pattan Valley X = 79 X = 73.5 X = 91.2 Gushal Std = 14.3 Std = 15.1 Std = 11.5 text N = 10 N = 10 N = 37

It is useful to view the scores of Keylong Gahri and Gondhla Tinani subjects in relation to the scores of Pattani subjects. Subjects from Keylong and Gondhla scored lower on the Gushal text test than did the Pattan Valley subjects. This gives an indication that the second-language Pattani speakers from Keylong and Gondhla do not understand the Pattani language as well as the mother tongue Pattani speakers.10 The scores suggest that the Keylong and Gondhla subjects do have some understanding of the Pattani language. A lexical similarity study shows that Pattani has a 55.5 percent similarity with Tinani, and 31.1 percent with Gahri (see table 10 above). These low percentages indicate that bilingualism results cannot be attributed to inherent intelligibility. Most subjects interviewed in Keylong and Gondhla (78 percent) claimed to speak the Pattani language. Their claim is supported by the scores, which indicate that some subjects understood the Pattani text well. Five of the ten subjects from each location scored 80 percent or higher. Three subjects from Keylong and one from Gondhla scored 60 percent or lower.

10 Ideally, home town testing (HTT) would be conducted for these subjects to assess their ability to properly take the test. On the Keylong HTT, eleven subjects scored an average of 94.6 percent, with a standard deviation of 5.2. Each subject scored sufficiently to indicate acceptability as a test subject. However, an HTT was not conducted in Gondhla, due to low population and time constraints. If an HTT had been conducted, Tinani results would probably have been higher, due to the elimination of unqualified subjects.

5.2.3 Post-PPB questionnaire results

After answering the text comprehension questions, subjects were asked seven post-PPB questions. The answers to these questions are summarized in table 20. The percentage of subjects who gave a particular answer are indicated. The sample of twenty subjects includes ten from Gondhla and ten from Keylong.

Table 20. Summary of Post-PPB Questionnaire results

Subjects Questions Answers Keylong Gondhla 1. Where do you think this Gushal 70% 90% text is from? Other 30% 10% 2. How much of this text did Full 80% 90% you understand? Some 20% 10% 3. Is the Pattani used in this Good 80% 90% text good Pattani? Bad 20% 10% 4. Is this the same way you Same 30% 40% speak Pattani? Different 70% 60% 5. How often do you use Often 30% 40% Pattani? Occasionally 70% 60% 6. Would you like your kids Good idea 80% 100% to read/write Pattani? Bad idea 20% - 7. Would you let your child Approve 90% 90% marry someone like this? Disapprove 10% 10%

The results of the Post-PPB questions were similar between the Keylong Gahri subjects and the Gondhla Tinani subjects. Most people were able to correctly identify Gushal as the source of the text. However, the results of this question are open to interpretation since most people identified the god Rupirani (mentioned in the text) with Gushal village. Nine of the ten test subjects in Gondhla felt that they fully understood the Gushal text, as did eight of the ten Keylong subjects. This suggests confidence in their ability to understand Pattani. Most subjects in both communities (90 percent in Gondhla and 80 percent in Keylong) said that the Gushal text contained “good” Pattani. However, many (60 percent in Gondhla and 70 percent in Keylong) replied that the Gushal variety was different from the variety they use. In both communities, a minority (30 to 40 percent) said that they use Pattani “often.” Most subjects replied that they “occasionally” use Pattani (for example, when traveling in Pattan Valley, or when people from Pattan Valley come to visit them). It should be noted that in almost all cases, subjects claimed to speak Pattani with Pattan Valley residents. They are able to speak Pattani, but most people from Pattan Valley do not understand Gahri or Tinani. Pattani literacy was appreciated by both groups. All Gondhla subjects, and 80 percent of the Keylong subjects replied that they would like for their children to learn to read and write in Pattani. The two groups are in favor of marriage with Pattani speakers. This suggests that the communities have a positive attitude towards speakers of the Pattani variety used in the Gushal text. Overall, results indicate that the subjects have some ability to use Pattani. They exhibit positive attitudes towards both the mother tongue speakers of Pattani and the language itself.

5.3 Hindi bilingualism

To assess self-reported Hindi bilingualism ability, a Language Use and Attitudes Questionnaire (LUAQ) was used. It contains several questions about bilingual ability. Questionnaires were asked in Hindi, with

31 mother tongue translation during elicitation from people with little Hindi ability. Copies of these questionnaires are provided in Appendix F, while the subject responses are found in Appendix C. Every subject responding to the LUAQ reported some ability in Hindi. To help assess which communities within Lahul are better at Hindi, subjects were asked if there were people in their community who cannot speak Hindi. Results are shown in table 21.

Table 21. Summary of answers to question “Are there people in your village who can’t speak Hindi?”

Subject’s Mother Tongue Answer Pattani Bhoti Gahri Tinani Lohari Overall Yes 67% 62% 52% 28% 43% 56% No 33% 38% 48% 72% 57% 44%

In the majority of cases, subjects responded that there were some people in their village who cannot speak Hindi. Most often they elaborated by saying that a few older people, particularly women, do not speak Hindi. Of the various communities, Tinani subjects were least likely to know of non-Hindi- speaking people in their community. This perhaps indicates that a higher percentage of Tinanis, from all age groups, speak Hindi than do those from other communities. A majority of Lohars also stated that they did not know of Lohars who could not speak Hindi. Since Lohari is a caste language, most of whose speakers are scattered in villages where other Lahuli languages are spoken, such results are expected. Several questions were asked to determine how the subjects perceive their ability in Hindi. Table 22 presents results which show the overall confidence in their ability to speak and understand Hindi.

Table 22. Summary of subjects’ confidence in Hindi ability KEY: Hindi well = “Are you able to speak Hindi as well as you are able to speak your own mother tongue?” Radio Hindi = “When you listen to Hindi radio programs, how much do you understand?”

Subject’s Mother Tongue Question Answer Pattani Bhoti Gahri Tinani Lohari Overall Hindi well Yes 79% 71% 81% 94% 75% 79% No 21% 29% 19% 6% 25% 21% All 66% 55% 52% 88% 62% 63% Radio Hindi Most 24% 33% 38% 12% 25% 28% Little 10% 13% 10% - 13% 9%

While the majority in most groups (71–81 percent) responded that they use Hindi with the same proficiency as their mother tongue, the Tinani speakers were still more positive in their ability (94 percent). Similarly, in each community, most people stated that they understand the Hindi used on the radio. Yet, a higher percentage of Tinani subjects responded positively. A majority of the negative responses came from older female subjects who are less likely to use Hindi because of lower education levels and less travel. The results suggest that, while the majority of subjects from each community are confident of their ability to use Hindi, the Tinani community is particularly confident. Hindi bilingual ability often corresponds to a subject’s education level. In this study, 29 out of 133 subjects (22 percent) said that they could not use Hindi with the same proficiency as their mother tongue. Among those 29 subjects, 25 had less than five years of education. Only four of the 73 educated subjects (five percent) lacked confidence in their Hindi ability. This shows that almost all subjects who were not confident in their ability to use Hindi, were not highly educated. An additional four questions were asked to gain more specific information about perceived ability in Hindi. The results of these questions are summarized in table 23.

Table 23. Specific questions of perceived Hindi bilingualism levels

KEY: Quiet= “When you use Hindi and words don’t come, do you keep quiet?” Cloth= “If you go to purchase cloth from a merchant who only speaks Hindi, can you get a fair price?” Doctor= “If you take your child to a doctor who only speaks Hindi, can you understand the doctor’s advice?” Argument = “ If two men are arguing in Hindi about a land boundary, can you follow the argument?”

Subject’s Mother Tongue Question Answer Pattani Bhoti Gahri Tinani Lohari Overall Quiet Yes 42% 27% 33% 9% 33% 32% No 58% 73% 67% 91% 66% 68% Cloth Yes 95% 81% 100% 100% 100% 92% No 5% 19% - - - 8% Doctor Yes 88% 83% 86% 100% 33% 86% No 12% 17% 14% - 67% 14% Argument Yes 90% 86% 85% 100% 33% 88% No 10% 14% 15% - 67% 12%

Again, these results point to an overall confidence in Hindi ability. Particularly, subjects from all communities appear to feel quite confident in the use of Hindi at the market. Ninety-two percent of the overall sample said that they could get a fair price on cloth from a Hindi-speaking vendor. These questions also reveal that the Tinani speakers seem to have the highest level of confidence in their Hindi- speaking ability. The Lohars, though able to use Hindi in the marketplace, appear less confident in their ability to use Hindi for other purposes. Perhaps this is reflected either in their ability to use several Lahul languages, making Hindi less necessary for such functions, or in their self-perceived low status, which may make them less willing to claim Hindi competence. Data collected to assess self-reported Hindi bilingualism ability suggest that most people from each group are confident in their ability. Particularly, the Tinani-speaking community reported that they are well-versed in Hindi. People with low education levels are likely to feel less confident in their ability to use Hindi.

6 Summary and recommendations

6.1 Summary of findings

6.1.1 Dialect area study

Lexical similarity study

Based on the lexical similarity study, there are seven mother tongue languages spoken by the people of Lahul Valley. Five languages are geographically based, and two are caste based. Of these languages, some exhibit significant dialect variation. The central variety of Pattani, as represented by wordlists from Thirot and Jobrang villages, appears to be a good representative of the Pattani lexicon. These lists show high lexical similarity with most other Pattani samples. Of the three regions speaking Bhoti, Stod Valley appears to be a good representative. Darcha village in particular shows the highest percentage of lexical similarity with other Lahul Bhoti samples.

Neither Gahri nor Tinani shows significant lexical variation. Based on this study, each language seems to contain only one variety. Lohari does not appear to be influenced by surrounding languages, and can be considered as having one basic variety. However, further lexical similarity studies would be useful to confirm this. Chinali also appears to have one variety, but further studies would also be required in this language. Significant research has not been conducted in the Pangi language to make any conclusions. Further research is needed to assess the Pangi language.

Dialect intelligibility study

A dialect intelligibility study was conducted between the varieties of the Pattani language. Texts from the eastern and western ends of the valley, as well as a central location, were used to test intelligibility between the communities. Results suggest that the Gushal text (from the eastern region) was understood by subjects from the other regions. Gushal subjects scored high on the texts from other regions. However, Udeypur and Thirot scored low on each other’s texts. Hence, Pattani speech more similar to the Gushal variety may be best understood throughout the valley.

6.1.2 Language use, attitudes, and vitality study

In the Lahul language communities, people are speaking their mother tongue in all domains. Particularly, the mother tongue is used widely in the home, and with others in the village. Hindi is often spoken with shopkeepers, and is primarily used for trade and education. Many also sing Hindi songs. Some Buddhists from non-Bhoti communities use Bhoti for religious purposes. Some non-Pattanis sing songs in Pattani. Beyond this, language use of other-tongue Lahuli languages is rare. It is unlikely that Lahulis will shift from their own mother tongue to another Lahuli mother tongue. The most influential language appears to be Hindi, which is rarely used outside of market and education domains. In all cases, the Lahuli communities have positive attitudes toward their mother tongue. They are proud of their languages and want to read and write their mother tongue. In addition, they appear to be positive toward their identity as Lahulis, regardless of their mother tongue. Pattani shows some variation in the way it sounds in the regions of Pattan, Chamba-Lahul, and lower Mayar Valleys. Attitudes towards the Pattani varieties were assessed throughout the Pattani- speaking region. Results suggest that the Pattani spoken in eastern Pattan Valley is viewed positively and is likely the most prestigious Pattani variety. Results indicate that members of the Tinani and Gahri communities have positive attitudes towards both the mother tongue speakers of Pattani and the language itself. The Bhoti community also displays some dialect variation. Bhotis were positive towards varieties from all three Bhoti regions. Stod Valley appears to be highly regarded. Of outside Bhoti varieties, Ladakhi is well-liked by Lahul’s Bhoti speakers, while Spiti Bhoti is viewed less positively. The language communities of Lahul show signs that they will continue to speak their mother tongue in the future.

6.1.3 Bilingualism study

Information was collected to assess bilingual ability of Gahri and Tinani speakers in the Pattani language. Results suggest that the majority in these communities have some ability to understand Pattani. However, these levels are not as high as the mother tongue Pattani speakers in that language. Lahulis from all regions seem confident in their ability to use Hindi. The Bhoti-speakers are slightly less confident of their Hindi ability, while the Tinani-speakers are more confident. It appears that Hindi bilingualism is increasing, as more generations attend Hindi-medium schools. Lohars (and perhaps Chinals) are less educated on the whole than other Lahul communities, and also report a lower level of ability in using Hindi.

6.2 Recommendations

6.2.1 General recommendations for Lahul Valley

Bilingualism levels in Hindi need to be assessed throughout the valley. Hindi Sentence Repetition testing would be useful in such a study. There appears to be no single language which would suit the entire population of Lahul. However, positive attitudes towards mother tongues indicate that mother tongue language work would be well received. Needs for language development among Lahul Valley’s residents must be explored individually for each language community. Non-print media, such as cassette tapes, would likely prove an effective method for communicating with people from the smaller language groups of Lahul Valley.

6.2.2 Pattani language recommendations

Pattani is spoken as a mother tongue by the people of Pattan, Chamba-Lahul, and lower Mayar Valleys. It is the largest language community in Lahul Valley, with approximately 11,000 mother tongue speakers. Based on dialect intelligibility testing and a study of language attitudes, it would appear that the eastern Pattani variety is good for a language learner to study. However, a lexical similarity study reveals that the central region has the highest shared vocabulary with points throughout the valley. From this, it is recommended that the language learner study Pattani within eastern Pattan Valley, but on the western side of this region. The area around Jahlma (midway between Tholang and Thirot) may be well suited for language learning. Most Pattani speakers appear to be well versed in Hindi. However, Pattani is clearly preferred for use in the home, the village, and for religious purposes. Hindi is used in the education and market domains. Therefore, if language development is to be conducted in Pattani-speaking areas, use of the Pattani language is preferred over use of Hindi. Such a project would be accepted as indigenous, while a Hindi project may be considered an “outside” effort, and thus face more resistance. Reported Hindi literacy rates are high among Pattanis. A program targeting older females would prove useful in an effort to familiarize all Pattanis with the Devanagari script. Then Pattani language materials could be read by all segments of the population.

6.2.3 Gahri language recommendations

The Gahri language is spoken in the Gahr Valley, from the confluence of the Chandra and Bhaga rivers and north east for about 15 kilometers. The total population of Gahri speakers is approximately 4,000. The language does not show significant variation throughout the region, so no recommendation is made for a language learning location. Keylong is centrally located. A lexical similarity study showed that Keylong shares a high percentage of vocabulary with points from either end of the valley. However, because Keylong is the administrative center for Lahul Valley, Hindi is widely used there. It is possible that problems with Hindi mixing may arise in Keylong which would not occur in other Gahri-speaking villages. The people of Gahr Valley are actively using Gahri in all domains studied, particularly in the home. It is recommended that the Gahri language be used for language development in Gahr Valley. The Gahr people are well versed in both Hindi and Pattani. It is possible that they would identify with Pattani language materials more than with Hindi. However, they would identify still more strongly with Gahri language materials. Attitudes suggest that future work could be conducted in either Devanagari or Tibetan script. Since most Gahris know the Devanagari script and very few know the Tibetan script, the Devanagari script would prove more practical. It would be useful to experiment with both scripts to determine which gains acceptance. If the Tibetan script is used, literacy programs will be needed. If the Devanagari script is used, an effort to increase literacy levels among older females would help make Gahri language materials available to all Gahri speakers.

6.2.4 Tinani language recommendations

Tinani is spoken along the Chandra River in the Tinan and Rangloi Valleys. The population totals 2,000 mother tongue speakers. Tinani does not appear to show dialect variation within its small boundaries. Further, no strong attitudes were expressed regarding prestige of one place over another. This study suggests that a Tinani language learner could select any of the sites in Tinan or Rangloi Valley. Gondhla village, however, is host to a large Lohar community, and the language learner may do better to select a pure Tinani- speaking village. Results from this study indicate that the Tinanis are well educated. They report high levels of Hindi ability. The Tinanis also express the strongest belief that their language will be replaced by Hindi. Of the Lahuli communities, the Tinanis are the most likely to be well-served with Hindi materials. However, Tinani is actively spoken in the home and village domains. It is used infrequently for religious purposes. Since this is a Buddhist community, Bhoti is often used for religion. Again, it is recommended that language development among the Tinanis be conducted in Tinani. Further, Tinani language materials could be well accepted among the Tinani speaking community. The Devanagari script would be a good choice for this work.

6.2.5 Bhoti language recommendations

Bhoti is spoken as a mother tongue by the people of Stod Valley, Khoksar Valley, and upper Mayar Valley. The total population of Bhoti mother tongue speakers in Lahul is approximately 2,500. For many Lahul Bhotis, the Ladakhi variety is regarded as the best sample of their language. Based only on a lexical similarity study, it is not possible to assess if the Lahul Bhoti varieties are intelligible with Ladakhi. Further research is needed to assess dialect intelligibility between the Spiti, Lahul, and Ladakh Bhoti varieties. If an individual wants to learn Lahul Bhoti, then some suggestions can be made. Based on a lexical similarity study and a study of language attitudes, it is recommended that a language learner focus on the Stod Valley variety. In particular, Darcha village appears to be the most similar to other Bhoti varieties. Bhoti is the most effective language for language development work among Bhoti speakers. Though many speak Hindi, there is a lower percentage with Hindi ability than in other Lahul communities. Hindi is used only as a marketing and education language. Bhoti is used at home, in the community, and particularly for religion. For religious purposes, Hindi is viewed as the language of the Hindu community, while Bhoti is seen as the appropriate language for worship and religious discussion among Buddhists. It is recommended that Bhoti language materials be made available for use among Lahul Bhoti speakers. Again, it is possible that colloquial Ladakhi materials, if made available, could extend down into Lahul for use among these communities. Further research is necessary to assess this possibility. If a separate language development project is needed, then materials in the dialect of Stod Bhoti would likely be the most effective for use among the Bhotis of Lahul. Such work would be best conducted to include the use of the Tibetan script. The Tibetan script is highly respected throughout the Bhoti community. However, only a few of the Bhoti population can read and write using this script, while most can use the Devanagari script. A literacy program teaching the use of the Tibetan script for reading and writing Bhoti would prove useful and desirable among all segments of the Bhoti population. Materials using both scripts (Tibetan and Devanagari) may provide a balance between acceptance and accessibility.

6.2.6 Lohari language recommendations

Lohari is spoken throughout the Lahul Valley, by approximately 750 people. Preliminary study reveals no significant dialect variation within the Lohari language. Gondhla, in Tinan Valley, would be a good choice for language learning, since it contains the largest concentration of Lohars living in one location

(twelve families). Further research is needed in this group. It is likely that Lohari language development would be recommended. They are considered inferior by most other Lahul groups and may find it difficult to participate in language development projects aimed at other communities. The Devanagari script is best suited for the Lohari language. Literacy programs, targeting women in particular, would be helpful for making language materials available. Further research into the relationship between the Lahul Lohars and the Gare Lohars of north India is recommended.

6.2.7 Chinali language recommendations

Chinali is spoken throughout the Lahul Valley, particularly in Pattan Valley. A population figure is not known, though it is likely from 500 to 1,000. Further research is needed to assess dialect variation in the Chinali language. Gushal village, with approximately 150 Chinals, has the largest concentration of Chinals in any location. Gushal may be the best location for studying the Chinal language. As with Lohari, further research is needed in this group, but a Chinali language approach would most likely be recommended. Such work would be best with the Devanagari script, and mother tongue literacy programs would be necessary to help make language materials available to all segments of Chinal society.

6.2.8 Pangi language recommendations

The majority of Pangi speakers are found in the Chamba district of Himachal Pradesh, with only a small population living in the far western section of Lahul Valley. Further survey is recommended throughout this language to assess lexical similarity, dialect intelligibility, and language use, attitudes, and bilingualism among Pangi speakers. Recommendations for language development cannot be made based on data gathered for this survey.

Appendix A: Wordlists

A.1 Procedure for counting lexical similarity

A standard list of vocabulary items was collected from speakers at key locations for each of the languages studied in this survey. This list was used for the wordlists elicited during this survey which are given in A.4. In standard procedure, the 210 words are elicited from a person who has grown up in the target locality. The list is then collected a second time from another such speaker. Any differences in responses are examined in order to identify (1) incorrect responses due to misunderstanding of the elicitation cue, (2) loan words offered in response to the language of elicitation when indigenous terms are actually still in use, and (3) terms which are simply at different places along the generic-specific lexical scale. Normally, a single term is recorded for each item of the wordlist. However, more than one term is recorded for a single item when synonymous terms are apparently in general use or when more than one specific term occupies the semantic area of a more generic item on the wordlist. The wordlists are compared to determine the extent to which the vocabulary of each pair of speech forms is similar. No attempt is made to identify genuine cognates based on a network of sound correspondences. Rather, two items are judged to be phonetically similar if at least half of the segments compared are the same (category 1) and of the remaining segments at least half are rather similar (category 2). For example, if two items of eight segments in length are compared, these words are judged to be similar if at least four segments are virtually the same and at least two are rather similar. The criteria applied are:

1. Category 1 a. Contoid (consonant-like) segments which match exactly b. Vocoid (vowel-like) segments which match exactly or differ by only one articulatory feature c. Phonetically similar segments (of the sort which frequently are found as allophones) which are seen to correspond in at least three pairs of words 2. Category 2 All other phonetically similar pairs of segments which are not, however, supported by at least three pairs of words 3. Category 3 a. Pairs of segments which are not phonetically similar b. A segment which is matched by no segment in the corresponding item

After pairs of items in two wordlists had been determined to be phonetically similar or not, according to the criteria stated above, the percentage of items judged similar was calculated. The procedure was repeated for each pair of dialects and languages. The pair by pair counting procedure was greatly facilitated by the use of Wordsurv, a computer program designed for this purpose. The wordlist data and the transcribed texts as included in the subsequent appendices are field transcriptions and have not undergone thorough phonological and grammatical analysis.

A.2 Selection of wordlist collection sites

Wordlist collection sites were chosen based on the following factors:

A.2.1 Pattani sites

Questionnaires (LUAQ and Community Information) revealed that Pattani speakers recognize three varieties of the Pattani language. The eastern variety is characterized by “fast” speech, and is bounded by the village of Mooling to the east and Jahlma to the west. The western variety is characterized by

35 36

“slow” speech, and is bounded by Thirot on the east, Salgram on the west, and Chamrat to the north. A central, transitional variety was identified as existing from Jahlma on the east up to Thirot on the west. Wordlist collection sites were selected to represent each of these regions. Pattani-east is represented by Mooling, Gushal, and Tholang. Mooling and Gushal are located on the southern bank of the Chenab River. This area is inaccessible by vehicle. Tholang, however, is located along the main road to the north of the river. Pattani-central is represented by Thirot (northern bank of the Chenab River) and Jobrang (southern bank of the Chenab River). Pattani-west (or Chamba-Lahuli) is represented by Udeypur which is central to the region and located along the main road. Salgram represents the western edge of the Pattani language, and is located south of the Chenab River. Chimrat is the northern-most point in Mayar Valley where Pattani is spoken.

A.2.2 Tinani sites

Tinani is spoken in the neighboring Tinan and Rangloi Valleys. Gondhla represents the Tinani variety spoken in Tinan Valley, and is near the western edge of the Tinani language boundary. Sissu represents the Tinani variety spoken in Rangloi Valley, and is located near the eastern edge of the Tinani language boundary.

A.2.3 Ghari sites

Speakers of the Ghari language are living in the Ghar Valley along the Bhaga River. Wordlist collection sites were selected to represent the geographical extents of the Ghar Valley. Stingri village is the farthest northeast location where Ghari is spoken. Keylong, the headquarters of Lahul-Spiti District, is the largest town in the Ghar Valley. It was selected as a central location representing the Ghari language. Gawzang is the furthest southwest location where Ghari is spoken. It also represents the east bank of the Bhaga River, an area inaccessible by vehicles.

A.2.4 Bhoti sites

Speakers of Bhoti languages (Tibetan-related) are found in three regions of the valley. Wordlist collection sites were selected to assess the lexical similarity among the varieties of Bhoti spoken in each of these regions. The main concentration of Bhoti speakers is found in Stod Valley (located on the Bhaga River) from Kwaring to Darcha, and along the Zanskar River northwest to Rarig and Chikka. A few towns in Khoksar Valley also speak Bhoti. The northern part of Mayar Valley (north of Chimrat) forms the third Bhoti region in Lahul Valley. Wordlist collection sites were selected to represent each of these regions: Stod Bhoti is represented by Kolong (south), Darcha (central), and Rarig (north and west); Khoksar Bhoti is represented by one wordlist collected in Khoksar village; and Mayar Bhoti is represented by one wordlist collected from Tingrat village. In addition to these three Lahul Valley regions of Bhoti, wordlists sites were selected to represent related Bhoti varieties from surrounding geographical regions. These wordlists were taken from previous sociolinguistic reports (Beine 1990, Webster and Webster 1991). Ladakhi is the dialect spoken in the Ladakh district of Jammu and Kashmir, located directly north of Stod Valley. The people of Stod Valley reported that their language is very similar to, if not the same as, the language of Ladakh. Ladakhi is represented by one wordlist collected from Leh, Ladakh. Spiti Bhoti is the dialect spoken in Spiti Valley, to the east of Stod and Khoksar Valleys. Spiti Bhoti is represented by one wordlist from Mane village, Spiti.

A.2.5 Lohari sites

Lohari is spoken by members of the Lohar (blacksmith) caste in Lahul Valley. They live throughout the valley, and typically one family of Lohars is located in each town or village. There is, however, a concentration of Lohari speakers found in the Gondhla area of Tinan Valley. Gondhla, in Tinan Valley, represents the Lohari variety spoken by the largest population of Lohars, concentrated in the Gondhla area. Gawzang, in Ghar Valley is home to one Lohar family. This site was selected as representative of the typical situation of Lohars in Lahul. Also, while the Lohar of Gondhla are surrounded by Tinani speakers, the Gawzang Lohars are surrounded by Ghari speakers.

A.2.6 Chinali sites

Chinali is spoken by members of the Chinal caste in Lahul Valley. They live throughout Lahul, though primarily in the Pattan Valley. The Chinals inhabit fewer towns than the Lohars, and unlike the Lohars, several families often reside in the same village. Questionnaires revealed that the largest population of Chinali speakers is living in Gushal, Pattan Valley. Gushal represents the Chinali variety spoken by the large population of Chinals living there. Nalda was chosen to represent a more typical Chinali community of only a few families, surrounded by Pattani speakers.

A.2.7 Other languages

Three other wordlists were included in this study. Pangi is spoken at the western edge of Lahul District, though the majority of Pangi speakers are found in Chamba District. A sample of Pangi as spoken in Tindi is included (Beine 1990). Hindi is the language of wider communication (LWC) in Lahul Valley, and while it is not a mother tongue of the people, the majority are well versed in Hindi. Also, Hindi was the language used for elicitation of words in wordlist collection sites of Lahul Valley. Tibetan is an influential language among the Buddhist population of Lahul Valley. It is significant as a religious language, and is the most similar LWC to the Bhoti languages of Lahul. A sample of standard Lhasa Tibetan (taken from Webster and Webster 1991) is used to represent this language.

A.3 Notes on wordlist presentation.

Wordlists are presented on the following pages, with one gloss per column. The elicitation(s) from each site are listed below that gloss. Each line is arranged showing a two-letter code for the language of the sample, followed by the sample site. A number follows, which indicates the grouping number for that elicitation. For example, within one gloss column, all lines with the number “1” are considered to be phonetically similar and are grouped together. Following the number comes the actual elicitation, written using the International Phonetic Alphabet. The two-letter language codes are:

Code Language Code Language Hi Hindi Ti Tinani Pg Pangi Ga Gahri Ch Chinali Bh Bhoti Lo Lohari Ld Ladakhi Pa Pattani Tb Tibetan

A.4 Wordlists

1. body 2. head 3. hair 4. face 5. eye Hi, Standard 6 ʃʌɾir Hi, Standard 6 sɪɾ Hi, Standard 1 bɐl Hi, Standard 3 mũh Hi, Standard 1 ɐ̃ŋkh Pg, Tindi 1 dʒɐn Pg, Tindi 4 kopʌli Pg, Tindi 1 bɐl 4 tʃehəɾɐ Pg, Tindi 3 tir Ch, Gushal 4 puk Ch, Gushal 3 kəpɐ Ch, Gushal 5 ʃiɾɐ Pg, Tindi 3 mũ Ch, Gushal 3 ʈiɾ Ch, Nalda 4 ɸuk Ch, Nalda 3 kʌpɐ Ch, Nalda 5 ʃiɾɐ Ch, Gushal 3 mũh Ch, Nalda 3 tiɾe Lo, Gondhla 4 phuk Lo, Gondhla 3 kʌpɐ Lo, Gondhla 4 ʃik Ch, Nalda 3 mũh Lo, Gondhla 3 tiɾɐ Lo, Gawzang 4 phuk Lo, Gawzang 3 kʌpɐ Lo, Gawzang 4 ʃik Lo, Gondhla 3 mu Lo, Gawzang 3 tiɾə Pa, Jobrang 4 puk Pa, Jobrang 5 pundzɐ Pa, Jobrang 3 kɾɐh Lo, Gawzang 3 mu Pa, Jobrang 3 tiɾɐh 4 pukʌ Pa, Thirot 5 pundʒɐ Pa, Thirot 3 kɾɐ Pa, Jobrang 2 moθ Pa, Thirot 3 tiɾe Pa, Thirot 4 phuk̚ Pa, Udeypur 5 puɲdʒɐ Pa, Udeypur 3 kɾɐh Pa, Thirot 2 mot̪ Pa, Udeypur 3 tiɾɐ Pa, Udeypur 4 pug Pa, Gushal 5 puɲdʒɐ Pa, Gushal 3 kɾɐ Pa, Udeypur 2 mot̪ Pa, Gushal 3 ʈiɾɐ Pa, Gushal 4 phuk̚ Pa, Mooling 5 pũnzɐ Pa, Mooling 3 kɾɐ Pa, Gushal 2 mot ̪̚ Pa, Mooling 3 tiːɾɐ Pa, Mooling 5 mɐnuk Pa, Tholang 5 phunzɐ Pa, Tholang 3 kɾɐ Pa, Mooling 2 mɔ̃t̪ Pa, Tholang 3 ʈiɾɐ Pa, Tholang 4 phukh Pa, Chimrat 5 pundʒ Pa, Chimrat 3 kɾɐ Pa, Tholang 2 mot ̪̚ Pa, Chimrat 3 tiɾh Pa, Chimrat 4 phug Pa, Salgram 5 pũndʒ Pa, Salgram 3 kɾɐ Pa, Chimrat 2 mot̪ Pa, Salgram 3 tiɾ Pa, Salgram 4 phuk Ti, Sissu 1 bəlo Ti, Sissu 1 bʌl Pa, Salgram 2 mod̪ Ti, Sissu 2 mig̚ Ti, Sissu 2 dzuʔ Ti, Gondhla 1 bɐlog Ti, Gondhla 1 bɐl Ti, Sissu 2 mʌt̪ Ti, Gondhla 2 mig Ti, Gondhla 2 dzugɐ Ga, Keylong 5 puʃɐ Ga, Keylong 3 kɾʌ Ti, Gondhla 2 mod̪ Ga, Keylong 2 miʔ Ga, Keylong 2 dʒuks Ga, Stingri 5 puʃɐ Ga, Stingri 3 kɾʌ Ga, Keylong 2 moð Ga, Stingri 2 mi Ga, Stingri 2 dʒuks Ga, Gawzang 5 puʃɐ Ga, Gawzang 3 kɾʌ Ga, Stingri 2 mod̪ Ga, Gawzang 2 miʔ Ga, Gawzang 2 dzuks Bh, Darcha 2 gho Bh, Darcha 2 ɕɐ Ga, Gawzang 2 mod Bh, Darcha 2 mi Bh, Darcha 2 dʒuŋ Bh, Kolong 2 go 3 tɹɐ Bh, Darcha 1 toŋ Bh, Kolong 2 miʔ 3 zukpo Bh, Rarig 2 go 6 tɹɐ Bh, Kolong 1 d̪oŋ Bh, Rarig 2 mɪk Bh, Kolong 3 zuk̚po Bh, Tingrat 2 gho Bh, Kolong 2 ɕɐ Bh, Rarig 1 d̪og Bh, Tingrat 2 miʔ Bh, Rarig 3 zũŋpõ Bh, Khoksar 2 go Bh, Rarig 2 ɕɐ Bh, Tingrat 1 dõ.i Bh, Khoksar 2 mɪ Bh, Tingrat 3 dzupho Ld, Leh 2 go Bh, Tingrat 2 ʂɐ 1 d̪oŋ Ld, Leh 2 mik̚ 3 zuŋpo Bh, Spiti 2 gɔ Bh, Khoksar 2 ʃɐ Bh, Khoksar 1 d̪oŋ Bh, Spiti 2 mĩk Bh, Khoksar 3 dʒupːo Tb, Lhasa 2 go̥ Ld, Leh 2 ʂɐ Ld, Leh 1 l̩doŋ Tb, Lhasa 2 mik Ld, Leh 3 zukspo Bh, Spiti 2 ʃɐ Bh, Spiti 1 doŋ Bh, Spiti 2 dʒu Tb, Lhasa 6 ta Tb, Lhasa 1 doŋba Tb, Lhasa 3 sukpo

6. ear 7. nose 8. mouth 9. teeth 10. tongue Hi, Standard 2 kɐn Hi, Standard 4 nɐk Hi, Standard 3 mũh Hi, Standard 1 dɐ̃nt Hi, Standard 2 dʒibh Pg, Tindi 2 kɐn Pg, Tindi 4 nɐk Pg, Tindi 3 mũ Pg, Tindi 1 d̪ɐnt̪ Pg, Tindi 2 dʒib Ch, Gushal 2 kan Ch, Gushal 4 nɐk Ch, Gushal 4 ʂũnt Ch, Gushal 1 dɐ̃t Ch, Gushal 2 dʒib Ch, Nalda 2 kɐn Ch, Nalda 4 nɐk Ch, Nalda 4 ʃunth Ch, Nalda 1 dʌnde Ch, Nalda 2 dʒib Lo, Gondhla 2 kʌn Lo, Gondhla 4 nʌk Lo, Gondhla 4 ʃunt Lo, Gondhla 1 d̪ʌn Lo, Gondhla 2 dzib Lo, Gawzang 2 kʌn Lo, Gawzang 4 nʌk Lo, Gawzang 3 muh Lo, Gawzang 1 dʌn Lo, Gawzang 2 dʒɪb Pa, Jobrang 3 ɾetɐh Pa, Jobrang 2 ɲɐ Pa, Jobrang 1 ɐh Pa, Jobrang 3 tsuwɐh Pa, Jobrang 3 leh Pa, Thirot 3 ɾete 3 ɲɐ Pa, Thirot 1 ɐh Pa, Thirot 3 tʃuwɐ Pa, Thirot 3 le Pa, Udeypur 4 ɾeʒɐ Pa, Thirot 2 ɲɐ Pa, Udeypur 1 ɐh Pa, Udeypur 3 tʃuwɐ Pa, Udeypur 3 lɛ Pa, Gushal 3 ɾeʈɐ Pa, Udeypur 3 jɐ Pa, Gushal 1 ɐh 3 tsuwɐ Pa, Gushal 3 ɭɛ̃ Pa, Mooling 3 ɾeʈɐ Pa, Gushal 2 ɲjɐ Pa, Mooling 1 ɐh 4 tsuwɐ Pa, Mooling 3 le Pa, Tholang 3 ɾeʈɐ Pa, Mooling 2 ɲɐ Pa, Tholang 1 ɐ Pa, Gushal 3 tʃuwɐ Pa, Tholang 3 le Pa, Chimrat 3 ɾeʈh Pa, Tholang 2 ɲjɐ Pa, Chimrat 1 ɐhː Pa, Mooling 3 tsuwɐ Pa, Chimrat 3 le Pa, Salgram 3 ɾet 3 ɲjɐ Pa, Salgram 1 ɐh Pa, Tholang 3 tʃuɐ Pa, Salgram 3 le Ti, Sissu 3 ɾet Pa, Chimrat 2 ɲɐh Ti, Sissu 1 ɐː Pa, Chimrat 3 tʃuwɐ Ti, Sissu 3 leʔ Ti, Gondhla 3 ɾet 3 ɲɐh Ti, Gondhla 1 ɐhː Pa, Salgram 3 tsuɐ Ti, Gondhla 3 le Ga, Keylong 3 ɾetsi Pa, Salgram 2 ɲɐ Ga, Keylong 1 ɐh Ti, Sissu 4 tsɐ Ga, Keylong 3 le Ga, Stingri 3 ɾetsi 3 ɲɐ Ga, Stingri 1 ɐh Ti, Gondhla 4 tsɐ Ga, Stingri 3 le Ga, Gawzang 3 ɾetsi Ti, Sissu 2 ɲɐ Ga, Gawzang 1 ɐʔ Ga, Keylong 3 sʌwɐ̃ Ga, Gawzang 3 le Bh, Darcha 1 nʌmtʃo 3 ɲɐ Bh, Darcha 2 kʌ Ga, Stingri 3 suwə Bh, Darcha 1 tʃe Bh, Kolong 1 nəmtʃho Ti, Gondhla 2 ɲɐ Bh, Kolong 2 khɐso Ga, Gawzang 3 sʌwɐ̃ Bh, Kolong 1 dʒɛ Bh, Rarig 1 nʌmtʃhok 3 ɲɐ Bh, Rarig 2 khɐ Bh, Darcha 2 so 1 tʃɛ Bh, Tingrat 1 ɲʌmdʒoʔ Ga, Keylong 1 giumpũ Bh, Tingrat 2 khɐ Bh, Kolong 2 soʔ Bh, Rarig 1 tʃɛ Bh, Khoksar 1 nʌmtʃho Ga, Stingri 1 giumpũ Bh, Khoksar 2 khɐ Bh, Rarig 2 so Bh, Tingrat 1 tʂɐ Ld, Leh 1 nʌmtʃok̚ Ga, Gawzang 1 gjumpo Ld, Leh 2 khɐ Bh, Tingrat 2 soʔ Bh, Khoksar 1 tʃɛ Bh, Spiti 1 ɐmtʃok Bh, Darcha 2 nʌ Bh, Spiti 2 khɐ Bh, Khoksar 2 so Ld, Leh 1 ɬtʃe Tb, Lhasa 1 amtʃo Bh, Kolong 2 n̪ɐh Tb, Lhasa 2 kha Ld, Leh 2 so Bh, Spiti 1 tʃe Bh, Rarig 2 n̪ɐh Bh, Spiti 2 so Tb, Lhasa 4 tʃilip Bh, Tingrat 2 nɐh Tb, Lhasa 2 sɔ Bh, Khoksar 2 ɳɐ̃ Ld, Leh 4 nɐkun Bh, Spiti 2 nɐ Tb, Lhasa 4 naku

11. breast 12. belly 13. arm 14. elbow 15. palm Hi, Standard 8 stʌn Hi, Standard 6 peʈ Hi, Standard 4 hɐʈh Hi, Standard 6 kʊhʌni Hi, Standard 4 hʌtheli a tʃhati Pg, Tindi 6 pet Pg, Tindi 1 bɐ Pg, Tindi 1 ɐɾk Pg, Tindi 4 ɐth Pg, Tindi 2 dɐdo Ch, Gushal 6 peʈ Ch, Gushal 1 bɐĩ 2 ɐɾk Ch, Gushal 4 hɐth Ch, Gushal 3 jɐqɐ Ch, Nalda 6 peʈ Ch, Nalda 4 hʌʈh Ch, Gushal 2 ɐɾkunə Ch, Nalda 1 powhwʌt Ch, Nalda 3 jɐqɐ Lo, Gondhla 6 peʈ Lo, Gondhla 4 hɐt̪ Ch, Nalda 2 ɐɾkʌn Lo, Gondhla 1 pɐwʌt̪ Lo, Gondhla 3 jɐkɐ Lo, Gawzang 6 peʈ Lo, Gawzang 2 bohuwi Lo, Gondhla 1 ʌɾki Lo, Gawzang 4 hathi Lo, Gawzang 0 ɴo entry Pa, Jobrang 4 koʔ Pa, Jobrang a ɾʌŋ Lo, Gawzang 0 ɴo entry Pa, Jobrang 2 pʌlthʌ Pa, Jobrang b tʃutʃu 5 koʔ Pa, Thirot 9 ɾəŋ Pa, Jobrang 1 əɾki 7 guɭ Pa, Thirot 4 kɐ Pa, Thirot 5 kopːe Pa, Udeypur a ɾʌŋ Pa, Thirot 1 ɐɾki Pa, Thirot 1 pʌwət̪ Pa, Udeypur 4 kɐh Pa, Udeypur 5 kopːɐ Pa, Gushal 9 ɾəŋ Pa, Udeypur 1 əɖki Pa, Udeypur 1 pʌʋət̪ Pa, Gushal 4 kəh Pa, Gushal 4 khoʔ Pa, Mooling 9 ɾɐŋ Pa, Gushal 1 əɾki Pa, Gushal 2 pəlthəh Pa, Mooling 4 kɐ 5 khoʔ 9 ɾʌn Pa, Mooling 1 ɐɽki Pa, Mooling 7 guːɽ Pa, Tholang a tʃhʌt̪hi Pa, Mooling 4 koʔ Pa, Tholang a ɾʌŋ Pa, Tholang 1 ɐɾki Pa, Tholang 2 pʌlt̪ɐ Pa, Chimrat 7 pɐu 5 koʔ Pa, Chimrat 9 ɾʌn Pa, Chimrat 1 ɐɾkhi Pa, Chimrat 2 pʌlthɐ Pa, Salgram 4 kɐ Pa, Tholang 4 kokh Pa, Salgram 3 guɽ 5 koɖuki 7 gud Ti, Sissu 5 kiu Pa, Chimrat 5 koph Ti, Sissu 5 kiutsʌ Pa, Salgram 1 ɐɽki Pa, Salgram 1 pɔwət̪ Ti, Gondhla 5 kiu Pa, Salgram 1 bɐnɨ Ti, Gondhla 5 kiutsʌ Ti, Sissu 8 niuŋkuthu Ti, Sissu 3 tɐlʌ Ga, Keylong 5 kjũŋʈõh Ti, Sissu 4 khogh Ga, Keylong 5 kjutsih Ti, Gondhla 8 niuŋkuthu Ti, Gondhla 3 t̪ɐlɐ Ga, Stingri 5 kjuʈoŋ Ti, Gondhla 4 khogh Ga, Stingri 5 kjutsi Ga, Keylong 7 lɐʔ Ga, Keylong 6 bʊtsi 6 mɐmɐ Ga, Keylong 3 dʌn Ga, Gawzang 5 kjutsi b t̪hil Ga, Stingri 9 lɐgjɛp Ga, Gawzang 5 kjuktoŋ 7 puɛ Bh, Darcha 7 lʌpɐ Ga, Stingri a tsiskspɐ Ga, Gawzang 8 lʌʔ Bh, Darcha 9 ʈʌŋo Ga, Stingri 3 d̪hʌn 8 puŋpɐ Ga, Gawzang 9 toktok 9 lʌʔ c pibi Ga, Gawzang 3 dhʌn Bh, Kolong 7 lək̚pɐ Bh, Darcha 8 ɲiunkutʃ Bh, Darcha 8 lɐʔtil Bh, Kolong 1 ɖəŋgo Bh, Darcha 2 tuʈpʌ 8 pʊ̃ŋpɐ c dɹumo Bh, Kolong 8 ləkt̪ɪl Bh, Rarig 1 ɖʌŋ Bh, Kolong 2 ɖot̚pɐ Bh, Rarig 8 pʊmpɐ Bh, Kolong 8 ɲʊŋkʊɾtʃɪ Bh, Rarig 8 lʌkt̪ɪl Bh, Tingrat 9 ʈɐŋ Bh, Rarig 2 ʈot̪pɐ Bh, Tingrat 6 lɐnɐɾ Bh, Rarig 3 dɛmutʃoŋ Bh, Tingrat 8 lɐt̪hil Bh, Khoksar b tʃʊtʃʊ Bh, Tingrat 8 ʈhuepɐ 7 lɐʔpɐ Bh, Tingrat 3 temu 8 lɔk̚til Ld, Leh 9 tɐŋ 8 ʈopɐ 7 lɐk̚pɐ 3 themoʔ Bh, Khoksar 3 t̪ɐlɐ Bh, Spiti 9 ʈʌŋ 2 ʈopɐ Bh, Khoksar 6 ɭʌŋʌɾ 3 tʃemuʔ Ld, Leh 8 lɐktɪl Tb, Lhasa 0 ɴo entry Bh, Khoksar 2 tot̪pɐ Ld, Leh 7 lɐkpɐ Bh, Khoksar 4 jʊŋʊt̪u Bh, Spiti 8 lɐkʈɪl Ld, Leh 2 totpɐ b lɐktʃis Ld, Leh 3 tɛmɐʒoŋ Tb, Lhasa 5 bartil Bh, Spiti 2 tɾʌtpʌ Bh, Spiti 7 lʌkpʌ Bh, Spiti 3 temotʃu Tb, Lhasa a tʃokɔ Tb, Lhasa 7 lakpa Tb, Lhasa 0 ɴo entry

16. finger 17. nail 18. leg 19. skin 20. bone Hi, Standard 1 ʌ̃ŋgʌli Hi, Standard 1 nɐ̃khun Hi, Standard 5 pæɾ Hi, Standard 2 khɐl Hi, Standard 3 hʌɗːi Pg, Tindi 1 ʌngʌli Pg, Tindi 2 nʌʃ Pg, Tindi 1 dʒʌŋ 8 tʃʌmɾi Pg, Tindi 4 hʌdʒoɾʌ Ch, Gushal 1 ʌŋguli Ch, Gushal 2 nʌʃ Ch, Gushal 3 kondʒɐ Pg, Tindi 7 tʃhoɾi Ch, Gushal 2 hɐʈːɐ Ch, Nalda 1 ɐũli Ch, Nalda 2 nʌʃ Ch, Nalda 6 thuɽu Ch, Gushal 8 tʃʌm Ch, Nalda 2 hɐʈːɐ Lo, Gondhla 1 ɐŋuli Lo, Gondhla 2 niʃ Lo, Gondhla 6 tuɽu Ch, Nalda 6 tɾʌpi Lo, Gondhla 1 ɐɾt̪ɐ Lo, Gawzang 0 ɴo entry Lo, Gawzang 2 niʃ Lo, Gawzang 4 kuɾ Lo, Gondhla 6 t̪ɾʌpi Lo, Gawzang 0 ɴo entry Pa, Jobrang 4 bɾemdʒɐ Pa, Jobrang 6 t̪ɪn Pa, Jobrang 6 thuɖu Lo, Gawzang 6 tɾʌpi Pa, Jobrang 5 ɾuspə Pa, Thirot 4 bɾemdʒe Pa, Thirot 6 tɪn Pa, Thirot 6 tuɖu Pa, Jobrang 2 khʌlʌʈu Pa, Thirot 5 ɾusp Pa, Udeypur 2 bemol Pa, Udeypur 6 t̪ɪn Pa, Udeypur 6 ʈʊɖu 6 t̪əpɾi Pa, Udeypur 6 ɾus 4 bɾemdʒɐ Pa, Gushal 6 tɪn Pa, Gushal 6 t̪huɖu Pa, Thirot 2 khʌl Pa, Gushal 5 ɾuʃphɐ Pa, Gushal 4 bɾɛmdʒɐ Pa, Mooling 6 t̪iːn Pa, Mooling 6 ʈuːɽ 6 t̪ɾəbi Pa, Mooling 5 ɾuspɐ Pa, Mooling 4 pɾɛmzɐ Pa, Tholang 6 t̪in Pa, Tholang 3 konzɐ Pa, Udeypur 6 t̪ɾəbi Pa, Tholang 5 ɾuspɐ Pa, Tholang 4 bɾɛmdʒɐ Pa, Chimrat 6 tin Pa, Chimrat 3 koɲdʒ Pa, Gushal 6 t̪ɾəpɪɖi Pa, Chimrat 6 ɾus Pa, Chimrat 4 bɾemdʒe Pa, Salgram 6 t̪hin 6 tuɾu Pa, Mooling 6 t̪ɾʌpɽi Pa, Salgram 6 ɾus Pa, Salgram 4 bɾemz Ti, Sissu 6 tin Pa, Salgram 3 konzɐɾ Pa, Tholang 5 ʃɐ Ti, Sissu 5 ɾuspɐ Ti, Sissu 4 bɾɛndz Ti, Gondhla 6 tin Ti, Sissu 7 tʌŋtʌŋ Pa, Chimrat 2 khʌl Ti, Gondhla 5 ɾuspɐ Ti, Gondhla 4 bɾɛnz Ga, Keylong 3 ʃun Ti, Gondhla 7 tʌŋtʌŋ Pa, Salgram 2 khʌl Ga, Keylong 5 ɽuspɐ Ga, Keylong 3 bʊtsi Ga, Stingri 3 ʃun Ga, Keylong 2 qɐŋ Ti, Sissu 1 botʃə Ga, Stingri 5 ɾuspɐ Ga, Stingri 3 butsi Ga, Gawzang 3 ʃuŋ Ga, Stingri 2 kʌŋ Ti, Gondhla 1 botʃ 6 ɾuspɐ Ga, Gawzang 3 bhodzi Bh, Darcha 4 sɛd̪mo Ga, Gawzang 2 kʌŋ Ga, Keylong 1 botʃi Ga, Gawzang 5 ɾusphɐ Bh, Darcha 5 dʒhu Bh, Kolong 4 sɛd̚moʔ Bh, Darcha 2 kʌŋpu Ga, Stingri 1 bʌtsi 6 ɾusphɐ Bh, Kolong 5 dzu Bh, Rarig 4 sɛd̪moʔ Bh, Kolong 2 kəŋpɐ Ga, Gawzang 1 bʌtsi Bh, Darcha 5 ɾuphɐ 6 dzu Bh, Tingrat 4 sɛɾmuʔ Bh, Rarig 2 kʌŋpɐ Bh, Darcha 3 pʌpho Bh, Kolong 5 ɾuɸɐ Bh, Rarig 5 dʒu 5 sɛɾmuʔ Bh, Tingrat 2 kɐŋbɐh 3 pɐkpɐ Bh, Rarig 5 ɾuʂpɐ Bh, Tingrat 5 d̪z̪u Bh, Khoksar 4 sɛmːo Bh, Khoksar 7 tʌŋtʌŋ Bh, Kolong 3 pək̚po 6 ɾuʂpɐ Bh, Khoksar 6 zugu Ld, Leh 4 sɛnmo Ld, Leh 2 kɐŋbɐ Bh, Rarig 3 pʌkspʌ Bh, Tingrat 5 ɽypɐ Ld, Leh 5 dzugu Bh, Spiti 4 sɛrmo 2 skɐŋ Bh, Tingrat 3 pɐkphɐ 5 ɾuphɐ 6 dzugu Tb, Lhasa 5 simu Bh, Spiti 2 kʌŋbʌ Bh, Khoksar 2 khʌlɐ 5 ʐypɐ Bh, Spiti 5 dʒu Tb, Lhasa 2 kəŋba Ld, Leh 3 pʌksphɐ Bh, Khoksar 5 ɾusphɐ Tb, Lhasa 6 dzuku Bh, Spiti 4 pɐo 6 ɾusphɐ Tb, Lhasa 3 pəkpə Ld, Leh 5 ɹuspɐ Bh, Spiti 8 ɾulwɐ Tb, Lhasa 7 ɾukɔ

21. heart 22. blood 23. urine 24. feces 25. village Hi, Standard 1 dɪl Hi, Standard 2 khun Hi, Standard 2 mut Hi, Standard 6 ʈʌʈːi Hi, Standard 2 gɐũ 4 hɾidʌi Pg, Tindi 3 lɐo 3 peʃab Pg, Tindi 6 tʌti Pg, Tindi 3 gʌ̃ɾɐh Pg, Tindi 1 dil Ch, Gushal 4 ɾʌt Pg, Tindi 2 mot Ch, Gushal 2 hʌgɐwu Ch, Gushal 2 gɐʋ Ch, Gushal 2 ɛndʒu Ch, Nalda 4 ɾʌt Ch, Gushal 2 mut̪ɾʌmu Ch, Nalda 1 gu 6 nʌgʌɾ Ch, Nalda 2 hendʒuʔ Lo, Gondhla 4 ɾɐt̪ Ch, Nalda 2 mutʌɾ 2 hʌgɐõ Ch, Nalda 6 nʌgʌɾ Lo, Gondhla 3 iɾo Lo, Gawzang 4 ɾʌt Lo, Gondhla 2 mut̪ɾʌm Lo, Gondhla 1 gu Lo, Gondhla 6 nʌgʌɾ Lo, Gawzang 3 hiɾo Pa, Jobrang 5 ʃuːi Lo, Gawzang 2 mutuɾ Lo, Gawzang 1 guʔ Lo, Gawzang 6 nɐgɐɾ Pa, Jobrang 7 ʃudʒə Pa, Thirot 5 ʃui Pa, Jobrang 4 tʃəŋdʒi Pa, Jobrang 3 khiː Pa, Jobrang 6 nʌgɐɾ Pa, Thirot 5 kəgi 5 sui Pa, Thirot 4 tʃʌɲdi Pa, Thirot 3 khi Pa, Thirot 6 nəgɐɾ 8 sem Pa, Udeypur 5 ʃui Pa, Udeypur 4 tsʌŋd̪i Pa, Udeypur 3 khi Pa, Udeypur 6 nʌgʌɾ Pa, Udeypur 5 kɐgi Pa, Gushal 5 ʃui Pa, Gushal 4 tʃəŋdʒi Pa, Gushal 3 khi Pa, Gushal 6 nəgəɾ 7 ʃudʒɐ Pa, Mooling 5 ʃui Pa, Mooling 4 tʃʌndʒi Pa, Mooling 3 ki Pa, Mooling 6 nʌgʌɾ Pa, Gushal 7 sudʒɐ Pa, Tholang 5 ʃui Pa, Tholang 4 tʃəŋdʒi Pa, Tholang 3 ki Pa, Tholang 6 nʌgʌɾ Pa, Mooling 8 sɛm Pa, Chimrat 5 ʃui Pa, Chimrat 4 tʃɐŋt̪i Pa, Chimrat 3 khi Pa, Chimrat 6 nʌgʌɾ Pa, Tholang 7 tʃudʒɐ Pa, Salgram 5 ʃui Pa, Salgram 4 tʃɐnd̪i Pa, Salgram 7 tʃi Pa, Salgram 7 sɐgɐ Pa, Chimrat 8 sem Ti, Sissu 5 ʃuː Ti, Sissu 4 tʃʌŋthi Ti, Sissu 3 khi Ti, Sissu 6 nɐgɐɾ Pa, Salgram 5 kɐgi Ti, Gondhla 5 ʃuwi Ti, Gondhla 4 tʃʌŋt̪i Ti, Gondhla 3 khi Ti, Gondhla 6 nʌgʌɾ Ti, Sissu 8 sɛm Ga, Keylong 5 ʃu Ga, Keylong 1 dʒɐ Ga, Keylong 5 koko Ga, Keylong 5 lɛks Ti, Gondhla 8 sim Ga, Stingri 5 ʃu Ga, Stingri 1 dʒʌ Ga, Stingri 5 koko Ga, Stingri 5 lɛks Ga, Keylong 7 ʃuʃʌ Ga, Gawzang 5 ʃu Ga, Gawzang 6 ʒjɐʔ Ga, Gawzang 5 koko Ga, Gawzang 5 lɛks Ga, Stingri 7 ʃuʃɐ Bh, Darcha 6 ʈhɐ Bh, Darcha 5 tʃin Bh, Darcha 4 kjʌkpʌ Bh, Darcha 1 ʈoŋ Ga, Gawzang 7 ʃuʃɛ Bh, Kolong 6 ʈhɐʔ Bh, Kolong 5 tʃɪn Bh, Kolong 4 kjɐʔpɐʔ 4 jul Bh, Darcha 6 niŋ Bh, Rarig 6 ʈhɐʔ Bh, Rarig 5 tʃɪn Bh, Rarig 4 kjʌŋpɐʔ Bh, Kolong 1 ɖoŋ Bh, Kolong 6 ɲiŋ Bh, Tingrat 6 ʈhɐʔ Bh, Tingrat 5 tʃin Bh, Tingrat 4 kjʌk̚pɐ 4 jyl Bh, Rarig 6 ŋɪ̃ŋ Bh, Khoksar 1 ɕhɐ Bh, Khoksar 5 tʃɪn Bh, Khoksar 4 kjɐʔpɐʔ Bh, Rarig 4 jul Bh, Tingrat 6 ɲɪŋ Ld, Leh 6 thɐkh Ld, Leh 7 tʃhɐp Ld, Leh 4 skjɐkpɐ Bh, Tingrat 1 ʈhõŋ.bɐh Bh, Khoksar 6 ɲɪ̃ŋ Bh, Spiti 6 thʌ 5 ɬtʃin Bh, Spiti 8 tʃʌpʌ 4 jul Ld, Leh 6 sniŋ Tb, Lhasa 6 tha Bh, Spiti 5 tʃɪn Tb, Lhasa 4 kjakpa Bh, Khoksar 4 jyl Bh, Spiti 6 ɲiŋ Tb, Lhasa 5 tʃiŋba Ld, Leh 4 jul Tb, Lhasa 6 ɲiŋ 4 gɐmjul Bh, Spiti 4 ul Tb, Lhasa 0 ɴo entry

26. house 27. roof 28. door 29. firewood 30. broom Hi, Standard 3 ghʌɾ Hi, Standard 9 tʃhʌt Hi, Standard 1 dʌɾvɐzɐ Hi, Standard 1 idhʌn Hi, Standard 4 dʒhɐɖu Pg, Tindi 3 ghɐɾ Pg, Tindi 9 tsʌt 7 phɐʈʌk 3 lʌkʌɖi Pg, Tindi 1 buwɐr Ch, Gushal 3 ghʌɾ Ch, Gushal 5 ʃʌɾɐɳ Pg, Tindi 1 dɐrwɐdʒʌ Pg, Tindi 2 kɐtoɾ Ch, Gushal 1 buɐɾ Ch, Nalda 3 ghʌɾ Ch, Nalda 5 ʃɐɾnʌ Ch, Gushal 2 d̪uwɐɾ Ch, Gushal 2 kɐʈo Ch, Nalda 1 boɐɾ Lo, Gondhla 3 ghʌɾ Lo, Gondhla 7 ʃʌɾu Ch, Nalda 2 duɐɾ Ch, Nalda 2 kɐʈo Lo, Gondhla 2 bokhʌɾ Lo, Gawzang 3 ghʌɾ Lo, Gawzang 5 ʃɐɾn Lo, Gondhla 2 d̪uɐɾ Lo, Gondhla 2 kʌʈho Lo, Gawzang 2 phokoɾ Pa, Jobrang 1 bhʌɾbɐɾ Pa, Jobrang 4 lʌŋ Lo, Gawzang 2 doɐɾ Lo, Gawzang 2 kʌtho Pa, Jobrang 5 pɾeʔ Pa, Thirot 2 ghʌɾbɐɾ Pa, Thirot 4 lʌɳ Pa, Jobrang 8 pɪt̪ɐŋ Pa, Jobrang 4 siŋ Pa, Thirot 5 pɾek Pa, Udeypur 2 ghʌɾbɐɾ Pa, Udeypur 6 lʌŋd̪i Pa, Thirot 6 penəŋ Pa, Thirot 4 sɪɲ Pa, Udeypur 5 pɾɛk Pa, Gushal 2 gəɾbɐɾ Pa, Gushal 4 ɭəŋ Pa, Udeypur 6 penɐ Pa, Udeypur 4 sɪŋ Pa, Gushal 5 pɾek̚ Pa, Mooling 2 gʌrbɐːɾ Pa, Mooling 4 lɐːŋ 8 pitɐɳ Pa, Gushal 4 sĩŋ Pa, Mooling 5 pɾɛ Pa, Tholang 2 ghʌɾbɐɾ Pa, Tholang 4 ɭʌŋ Pa, Gushal 8 pɪt̪ɐŋ Pa, Mooling 4 sĩːŋ Pa, Tholang 5 pɾɛg Pa, Chimrat 2 ghʌɾbɐɾ Pa, Chimrat 6 lɐɳd̪i Pa, Mooling 8 pit̪ɐːŋ Pa, Tholang 4 siŋ Pa, Chimrat 5 pɾek 6 tʃʊ̃m Pa, Salgram 4 lɐŋ Pa, Tholang 8 pɪt̪ɐŋ Pa, Chimrat 4 sɪɳ Pa, Salgram 5 pɾek Pa, Salgram 6 tʃum Ti, Sissu 6 lʌŋ.thi Pa, Chimrat 6 penɐh Pa, Salgram 4 siŋ Ti, Sissu 5 pɾɛʔ Ti, Sissu 5 kjum Ti, Gondhla 4 lʌŋ Pa, Salgram 6 penɐ Ti, Sissu 4 s̪iŋ Ti, Gondhla 5 pɾɛg Ti, Gondhla 5 kjum Ga, Keylong 3 kjumɐʃ Ti, Sissu 8 pitʌŋ Ti, Gondhla 4 siŋ Ga, Keylong 5 pɾɛksi Ga, Keylong 5 khum Ga, Stingri 1 jʌŋtek Ti, Gondhla 8 pitʌŋ Ga, Keylong 4 ʃiŋ Ga, Stingri 5 pɾɛksi Ga, Stingri 5 kjum Ga, Gawzang 3 kjumɐɾ Ga, Keylong 8 pitʌŋ Ga, Stingri 4 ʃiŋ Ga, Gawzang 5 pɾɛksi Ga, Gawzang 5 kjum Bh, Darcha 8 tho Ga, Stingri 8 pit̪ʌŋ Ga, Gawzang 4 ʃiŋ Bh, Darcha 7 sikdɨ Bh, Darcha 4 kɐ̃ŋpʌ 8 thok̚ Ga, Gawzang 8 pitʌŋ Bh, Darcha 4 ʃiŋ a siduʈ Bh, Kolong 4 khəŋpɐ Bh, Kolong 2 khənthoʔ Bh, Darcha 5 khoɾsʌ Bh, Kolong 4 ʃiŋ Bh, Kolong 7 siʔd̪ut ̪̚ Bh, Rarig 4 khʌŋpɐ Bh, Rarig 2 khʌt̪o 3 go Bh, Rarig 4 ʃɪŋ Bh, Rarig 7 sʌʔd̪uʔ Bh, Tingrat 4 khʌŋ.bɐh Bh, Tingrat 2 khʌnd̪o Bh, Kolong 5 goɾsɐ Bh, Tingrat 4 ʃiŋ Bh, Tingrat 6 puĩŋ Bh, Khoksar 4 khʌŋpɐ 8 thoʔ Bh, Rarig 5 goɾsɐ Bh, Khoksar 4 ʃiŋ Bh, Khoksar 3 ɕɐksi Ld, Leh 4 khɐŋpɐ Bh, Khoksar 2 khɛnt̪ɐ Bh, Tingrat 4 hwo Ld, Leh 4 ʃiŋ Ld, Leh 9 olmo Bh, Spiti 4 kʌŋpʌ Ld, Leh 2 kɐthɔkh Bh, Khoksar 3 go Bh, Spiti 4 ʃiŋ Bh, Spiti 8 undʒɪl Tb, Lhasa 0 ɴo entry Bh, Spiti 8 tok Ld, Leh 3 zgo Tb, Lhasa 0 ɴo entry Tb, Lhasa 0 ɴo entry Tb, Lhasa 0 ɴo entry Bh, Spiti 3 gõ Tb, Lhasa 0 ɴo entry

31. mortar 32. pestle 33. hammer 34. knife 35. axe Hi, Standard 3 khʌɾʌl Hi, Standard 9 musʌl Hi, Standard 3 hʌthoɖi Hi, Standard a tʃɐku Hi, Standard 5 kulhɐɖi 5 okhli Pg, Tindi 3 bʌtɐ Pg, Tindi 3 hɐtoɾi a tʃʌkːu Pg, Tindi 1 dʒowt Pg, Tindi 6 pɐt Ch, Gushal 6 gogd̪ʊm Ch, Gushal 4 ʈoɭu Pg, Tindi 7 pɐitʃɐ Ch, Gushal 6 kuɾɐi Ch, Gushal 2 gogd̪ʊm Ch, Nalda 6 gɔgduŋ Ch, Nalda 4 ʈoɭu Ch, Gushal a tʃɐku Ch, Nalda 6 kuɾhɐi Ch, Nalda 2 gɔgduŋ Lo, Gondhla 6 gogd̪um Lo, Gondhla 2 ghɐnt Ch, Nalda a tʃɐku Lo, Gondhla 6 kuɾhɐi Lo, Gondhla 2 gogd̪um Lo, Gawzang 6 gogdum 3 hɐt̪oi Lo, Gondhla 3 kɐtɐɾu Lo, Gawzang 6 kuɾhɐi Lo, Gawzang 2 gogdum Pa, Jobrang 7 kelɪɾɐ Lo, Gawzang 3 hʌthoi a tʃɐku Pa, Jobrang 3 kʌɾdʒi Pa, Jobrang 2 gogd̪ʊŋ Pa, Thirot 6 gogd̪um Pa, Jobrang 4 tholu Lo, Gawzang a tʃʌku Pa, Thirot 2 kɐi Pa, Thirot 2 gogd̪um Pa, Udeypur 6 gogd̪uŋ Pa, Thirot 4 tholu Pa, Jobrang 5 ɲuksɐ 7 məgui Pa, Udeypur 2 gogd̪uŋ Pa, Gushal a siŋ Pa, Udeypur 4 tholo a tʃəku Pa, Udeypur 3 kɐɾdʒi Pa, Gushal 2 gogd̪um Pa, Mooling 6 gɔgd̪um Pa, Gushal 4 ʈholu Pa, Thirot 5 ɲukt̪ 8 mʌguɖi Pa, Mooling 4 khusums Pa, Tholang 9 musli Pa, Mooling 4 ʈholu a tʃɐkːu Pa, Gushal 3 kəɾdʒi Pa, Tholang 2 gogd̪um 9 musʌl Pa, Tholang 3 hɐt̪oɖi Pa, Udeypur 5 ɲuksɐ Pa, Mooling 3 khɐːɾdʒi Pa, Chimrat 2 gogd̪um Pa, Chimrat 6 gogd̪um Pa, Chimrat 4 t̪holu Pa, Gushal 5 ɲuksɐ Pa, Tholang 3 kəɾdʒi Pa, Salgram 4 kuːsum Pa, Salgram 8 kuːsum Pa, Salgram 4 tholo Pa, Mooling 5 njuksə Pa, Chimrat 2 kɐi Ti, Sissu 2 gogdum Ti, Sissu 6 gogdum Ti, Sissu 4 tholu Pa, Tholang a tʃɐku Pa, Salgram 2 kɐi Ti, Gondhla 2 gogdum Ti, Gondhla 6 gogdum Ti, Gondhla 1 d̪ɐtʃi Pa, Chimrat 5 ɲuks Ti, Sissu 4 kiɾəgi Ga, Keylong 2 godum Ga, Keylong 1 bɐːbe 4 tholu Pa, Salgram 5 ɲuksɐ Ti, Gondhla 4 kʌɾgi Ga, Stingri 2 gogd̪um Ga, Stingri 6 gogd̪um Ga, Keylong 4 thʌlu Ti, Sissu 4 kuɾts Ga, Keylong b tʌkɐɾ Ga, Gawzang 1 dʒɛɾduŋ Ga, Gawzang 4 dʒɛɾduŋ Ga, Stingri 4 t̪holu Ti, Gondhla 4 kuɾutsɐ Ga, Stingri b t̪ʌkʌɾ Bh, Darcha 2 koduŋ Bh, Darcha 2 bikpu 5 t̪hwɐ Ga, Keylong a tsʌku Ga, Gawzang b tʌkɐɾ Bh, Kolong 2 gok̚d̪uŋ Bh, Kolong 6 gok̚d̪uŋ Ga, Gawzang 4 thʌlu Ga, Stingri 4 kuɾ Bh, Darcha a tʌɾi Bh, Rarig 2 goʔd̪uŋ Bh, Rarig 6 goʔd̪uŋ Bh, Darcha 4 thulu Ga, Gawzang a tsʌku Bh, Kolong a t̪ɐɾi Bh, Tingrat 2 gogd̪uŋ Bh, Tingrat 6 gogd̪uŋ 5 thowɐ Bh, Darcha 9 thi Bh, Rarig a t̪ɐɾi Bh, Khoksar 2 goʔdʊŋ Bh, Khoksar 5 d̪uwɐ Bh, Kolong 4 thuɭu Bh, Kolong 2 ɖi Bh, Tingrat a teɾi Ld, Leh 7 stunni Ld, Leh a stuŋʃiŋ Bh, Rarig 4 thulu 8 ɾəlɖi Bh, Khoksar a t̪ɛɾi Bh, Spiti 2 gokdũ Bh, Spiti 2 bikpu 5 thowɐ Bh, Rarig 2 ɖi Ld, Leh a stɐɾi Tb, Lhasa 0 ɴo entry Tb, Lhasa 0 ɴo entry Bh, Tingrat 4 ʈholu Bh, Tingrat 9 ti Bh, Spiti a tʌɾi 5 thuwɐ Bh, Khoksar 1 ɕhi Tb, Lhasa 9 tathi Bh, Khoksar 4 thoɭu a tʃʌkːu Ld, Leh 6 thuʒuŋ Ld, Leh 9 ti Bh, Spiti 4 tulu Bh, Spiti 9 ti Tb, Lhasa 0 ɴo entry Tb, Lhasa 9 thi

36. rope 37. thread 38. needle 39. cloth 40. ring Hi, Standard 3 ɾʌsːi Hi, Standard 2 ɖhago Hi, Standard 6 sui Hi, Standard 9 kʌpʌɖa Hi, Standard 1 ʌ̃ŋguthi Pg, Tindi 4 ɾʌdʒʌɾi Pg, Tindi 2 dhɐgɐ Pg, Tindi 5 sʌnɐn Pg, Tindi 3 dʒhʌne 5 tʃhʌlːɐ Ch, Gushal 3 ɾʌsi Ch, Gushal 2 dhɐgɐ Ch, Gushal 4 sinɐ Ch, Gushal 2 ɖʌbʊŋ Pg, Tindi 1 ʌngti Ch, Nalda 3 ɾʌʃi Ch, Nalda 2 dhɐgɐ Ch, Nalda 4 sinɐ Ch, Nalda 1 bɐʈhuɾ Ch, Gushal 1 ɐŋʊt̪i Lo, Gondhla 3 ɾʌʃi Lo, Gondhla 2 d̪ɐgɐ Lo, Gondhla 4 sinɐ Lo, Gondhla 1 bɐt̪ʌɾ Ch, Nalda 1 ɐũt̪hi Lo, Gawzang 3 ɾʌʃi Lo, Gawzang 2 ɖhɐgɐ Lo, Gawzang 3 pəntʃʌp 2 dʌbuŋ Lo, Gondhla 1 ʌŋuti Pa, Jobrang 3 ɾʌʃi Pa, Jobrang 7 tsut̚ Pa, Jobrang 7 tʃep̚ Lo, Gawzang 1 bɐtʌɾ Lo, Gawzang 1 ɐũthi Pa, Thirot 3 ɾʌʃi Pa, Thirot 7 tʃut Pa, Thirot 7 teːp Pa, Jobrang 5 jʌt̪ Pa, Jobrang 2 guitʌp Pa, Udeypur 1 d̪ɐidʒ Pa, Udeypur 7 sʊt̪ Pa, Udeypur 7 tʃɛp 6 kʌm Pa, Thirot 2 guit̪ɐp 2 d̪ʌldʒ 7 sud̪̚ Pa, Gushal 7 tʃɛp̚ Pa, Thirot 5 jɐt̪ Pa, Udeypur 2 guit̪ʌb Pa, Gushal 3 ɾəʃi Pa, Gushal 7 tʃut̪ Pa, Mooling 3 pæntʃɛp Pa, Udeypur 5 jʌθ Pa, Gushal 2 guit̪əp Pa, Mooling 3 ɾʌʃi Pa, Mooling 7 tsud̪̚ Pa, Tholang 3 pentʃɛp 6 khʌm Pa, Mooling 2 ghuit̪ɐp Pa, Tholang 3 ɾʌʃi Pa, Tholang 7 sud̪h Pa, Chimrat 7 tʃeːp Pa, Gushal 5 jət̪ Pa, Tholang 2 guit̪əp Pa, Chimrat 6 t̪hɐs Pa, Chimrat 7 tsut Pa, Salgram 7 tʃeβ Pa, Mooling 5 jɛt̪ Pa, Chimrat 2 gut̪hɐp Pa, Salgram 6 t̪hɐz Pa, Salgram 7 tsud̪h Ti, Sissu 1 kjɛp 6 kʌmdʒe Pa, Salgram 2 gut̪ɐbh Ti, Sissu 3 ɾɪʃi Ti, Sissu 1 bitʃ Ti, Gondhla 1 gɛb 8 kʌmdʒe Ti, Sissu 2 guɾtɐp Ti, Gondhla 3 ɾʌʃi 7 tsut Ga, Keylong 2 gjʌhkʌp Pa, Tholang 6 kʌm Ti, Gondhla 2 guɾtʌb Ga, Keylong 3 ɾʌʃi Ti, Gondhla 7 tsud̪ Ga, Stingri 1 kep Pa, Chimrat 6 khɐm Ga, Keylong 3 lɛsʌp 5 thʌpʌ Ga, Keylong 1 bidʒi Ga, Gawzang 2 kjəkʌp Pa, Salgram 6 kɐːm Ga, Stingri 3 lʌsʌp Ga, Stingri 5 t̪ʌkpɐ 6 nʌlmʌh Bh, Darcha 1 khʌp Ti, Sissu 5 jʌð Ga, Gawzang 3 lɛsʌp Ga, Gawzang 3 ɾɛʃi Ga, Stingri 1 bitsi Bh, Kolong 1 khəp̚ Ti, Gondhla 5 jʌd̪ Bh, Darcha 4 suɾdup 5 thʌkpɐ Ga, Gawzang 1 bidʒi Bh, Rarig 1 khʌp̚ Ga, Keylong c ɾʌs Bh, Kolong 4 sʊɾdʊp̚ Bh, Darcha 5 thʌpʌ Bh, Darcha 5 nemɐ Bh, Tingrat 1 kʌp̚ Ga, Stingri c ɾʌs Bh, Rarig 4 sʌɾdʊp Bh, Kolong 5 thəpə 3 kutpɐ Bh, Khoksar 1 kʌp̚ Ga, Gawzang c ɾʌs Bh, Tingrat 4 suɾdup 5 thək̚pə Bh, Kolong 3 kʊt̚pɐ Ld, Leh 1 khɐp Bh, Darcha b ɾe 4 suɾd̪ug Bh, Rarig 5 thuk̚pɐ 5 nemɐ Bh, Spiti 1 kʌpipʌl 4 kolɐ Bh, Khoksar 4 sʊɾdʊp̚ Bh, Tingrat 5 thɐpɐ Bh, Rarig 3 kuiphɐ Tb, Lhasa 1 kəp Bh, Kolong 4 goləʔ Ld, Leh 4 sɛɹdup Bh, Khoksar 3 ɾishi Bh, Tingrat 4 kubeʔ Bh, Rarig 4 golʌʔ Bh, Spiti 4 sotup 5 thəpe 4 kuʋeʔ Bh, Tingrat 4 goilɐ Tb, Lhasa 6 tsikoʔ Ld, Leh 5 thɐkpɐ Bh, Khoksar 3 kʊk̚pɐ Bh, Khoksar 4 goləʔ Bh, Spiti 5 thʌkpʌ Ld, Leh 3 skutpɐ Ld, Leh c ɾʌs Tb, Lhasa 5 təkpa Bh, Spiti 3 kupɐ Bh, Spiti b rẽ Tb, Lhasa 3 kupa Tb, Lhasa 0 ɴo entry

41. sun 42. moon 43. sky 44. star 45. rain Hi, Standard 7 suɾʌdʒ Hi, Standard 7 tʃɐ̃nd Hi, Standard 1 ɐkɐʃ Hi, Standard 3 tɐɾe Hi, Standard 1 bɐɾiʃ Pg, Tindi 1 din Pg, Tindi 3 dʒosun Pg, Tindi 2 ɐmbʌɾ 4 sɪtɐɾɐ 6 wʌɾʃɐ Ch, Gushal 2 d̪up Ch, Gushal 3 dʒosun Ch, Gushal 4 sʌɾg Pg, Tindi 3 tɐre Pg, Tindi 2 meg Ch, Nalda 2 duph Ch, Nalda 3 dʒosun Ch, Nalda 4 sʌɾg Ch, Gushal 3 tɐɾe Ch, Gushal 4 sʌndɐ Lo, Gondhla 2 duph Lo, Gondhla 7 tsʌni Lo, Gondhla 0 ɴo entry Ch, Nalda 3 tɐɾe Ch, Nalda 4 sʌndʌ Lo, Gawzang 2 dup̚ Lo, Gawzang 7 tsʌni Lo, Gawzang 4 sʌɾg Lo, Gondhla 3 t̪ɐɾɐ Lo, Gondhla 4 sʌnd̪ɐ Pa, Jobrang 3 ekːe Pa, Jobrang 5 lʌt̪s̪ʌŋ Pa, Jobrang 4 sʌɾg Lo, Gawzang 3 tɐɾe Lo, Gawzang 4 sʌndɐ Pa, Thirot 3 ege Pa, Thirot 5 lʌtʌn Pa, Thirot 4 sʌɾʌg Pa, Jobrang 1 kʌɾ Pa, Jobrang 4 səndə Pa, Udeypur 3 ɛge Pa, Udeypur 5 lɐtʃʌ Pa, Udeypur 4 sʌɾgɨ Pa, Thirot 1 kɐɾ Pa, Thirot 4 sʌndɐɾ Pa, Gushal 3 ekːe 5 lʌdʒʌ Pa, Gushal 4 səɾg Pa, Udeypur 1 khʌɾ Pa, Udeypur 4 sʌnd̪ɐɖ Pa, Mooling 3 ekːe Pa, Gushal 5 ɭətʃəŋ Pa, Mooling 4 sʌɾk Pa, Gushal 1 kəɾ Pa, Gushal 4 sənd̪ɐɖ Pa, Tholang 3 eke Pa, Mooling 5 lʌt̪ɐːŋ Pa, Tholang 4 sʌɾg Pa, Mooling 1 kɐːɾ Pa, Mooling 4 sʌnd̪ɐɽ Pa, Chimrat 3 ege Pa, Tholang 5 lʌtʃʌŋ Pa, Chimrat 4 sʌɾg Pa, Tholang 1 kʌɾ Pa, Tholang 4 sʌnd̪ɐɽ Pa, Salgram 3 ege Pa, Chimrat 5 lʌdʒɐh Pa, Salgram 4 sʌɾg Pa, Chimrat 1 kɐɾ Pa, Chimrat 4 ʃʌnd̪ɐ Ti, Sissu 3 ekhe Pa, Salgram 5 lʌzɐ̃ Ti, Sissu 3 nʌmkhʌ Pa, Salgram 1 kɐːɾ Pa, Salgram 4 sʌnd̪ɐ Ti, Gondhla 3 ekh Ti, Sissu 5 lɐ Ti, Gondhla 3 nʌmkhʌ Ti, Sissu 2 kɐɾmɐ Ti, Sissu 5 tʃɐɾpɐ Ga, Keylong 5 nitsi Ti, Gondhla 5 lɐ Ga, Keylong 3 nʌm Ti, Gondhla 2 kɐɾmɐ Ti, Gondhla 5 tʃʌɾpʌ Ga, Stingri 5 nitsi Ga, Keylong 6 lɛ Ga, Stingri 3 nʌm Ga, Keylong 2 kɐɾmɐ Ga, Keylong 3 ʃɪlti Ga, Gawzang 5 ɲitsi Ga, Stingri 5 lɐ Ga, Gawzang 3 nʌm Ga, Stingri 2 kʌɾmɐ Ga, Stingri 3 ʃilt̪i Bh, Darcha 6 nimɐ Ga, Gawzang 6 lɛ Bh, Darcha 3 nʌmkɐ Ga, Gawzang 2 kɐɾmɐ Ga, Gawzang 3 ʃɪlti Bh, Kolong 6 nimɐ Bh, Darcha 2 thɐɾ Bh, Kolong 3 nəmkɐ Bh, Darcha 2 kɐɾmʌ Bh, Darcha 5 tsɛɾpu Bh, Rarig 6 ŋɪmɐ 1 dɐwɐ Bh, Rarig 3 nʌmkhɐ Bh, Kolong 2 kəɾmɐ 5 tʃɐɾpɐ Bh, Tingrat 4 ɲẽː Bh, Kolong 2 d̪ɐɾ Bh, Tingrat 3 nʌmgɐh Bh, Rarig 2 kʌɾmɐ Bh, Kolong 5 tʃəɾpɐ Bh, Khoksar 6 ŋimɐ Bh, Rarig 1 d̪ʌwɐ Bh, Khoksar 3 nəmkɐ Bh, Tingrat 2 kɐɾmɐ Bh, Rarig 5 tʃʌɾ Ld, Leh 6 njimɐ Bh, Tingrat 1 dɐː Ld, Leh 3 nɐm Bh, Khoksar 2 kəɾmɐ Bh, Tingrat 5 tʃɐɾpɐ Bh, Spiti 6 nimɐ 4 dɐː Bh, Spiti 3 nʌm Ld, Leh 2 skɐɾmɐ Bh, Khoksar 5 tʃəɾpɐ Tb, Lhasa 6 njima Bh, Khoksar 4 d̪ʌgʌɾ Tb, Lhasa 3 nam Bh, Spiti 2 kɐɾmʌ Ld, Leh 5 tʃhɐɾpɐ Ld, Leh 8 ldɐgiɹmo Tb, Lhasa 2 kaɾma Bh, Spiti 5 tsʌrwu 1 ldzɐwɐ Tb, Lhasa 5 tʃhaːrpa Bh, Spiti 2 dhɐr Tb, Lhasa 1 dawa

46. water 47. river 48. cloud 49. lightning 50. rainbow Hi, Standard 1 pɐni Hi, Standard 8 nʌdi Hi, Standard 1 badʌl Hi, Standard 1 bɪdʒʌli Hi, Standard 5 Pg, Tindi 1 pɐni Pg, Tindi 3 dɐɾijɐ Pg, Tindi 1 bʌtʌl Pg, Tindi 1 bidʒʌli indɾʌdhʌnuʃ Ch, Gushal 1 pɐji Ch, Gushal 7 nɛ̃ Ch, Gushal 1 bʌdʌɾ 9 bidʒʌli Pg, Tindi 8 ɾoli Ch, Nalda 1 pɐ̃i Ch, Nalda 7 nẽː Ch, Nalda 1 bʌdʌɾ Ch, Gushal 1 bidʒili Ch, Gushal 3 ɖɾoŋ Lo, Gondhla 1 pɐ̃i Lo, Gondhla 7 ne Lo, Gondhla 1 bʌd̪ɐ 9 bidʒili Ch, Nalda 0 ɴo entry Lo, Gawzang 1 pɐ̃i Lo, Gawzang 7 nei Lo, Gawzang 1 bʌdɐɾ Ch, Nalda 1 bɪdʒɛli Lo, Gondhla 1 bɾoŋmo Pa, Jobrang 4 t̪iː Pa, Jobrang 1 bɛɳɖi Pa, Jobrang 3 d̪uː Lo, Gondhla 1 bidʒɨ Lo, Gawzang 0 ɴo entry Pa, Thirot 4 t̪i Pa, Thirot 1 bhɛnɖi Pa, Thirot 3 ɖu Lo, Gawzang 4 ghɐɾl Pa, Jobrang 3 dhɾomo Pa, Udeypur 4 t̪i Pa, Udeypur 1 benɖi Pa, Udeypur 3 ɖu Pa, Jobrang 1 bidʒɪli Pa, Thirot 9 səɾgoməɾ Pa, Gushal 4 t̪iː Pa, Gushal 1 bɛnɖi Pa, Gushal 3 ɖhu 2 dʒɾuk̚ Pa, Udeypur 6 koɾɳɐ Pa, Mooling 4 t̪i Pa, Mooling 1 bɛndi Pa, Mooling 3 dhu Pa, Thirot 1 bɪdʒ Pa, Gushal 3 dʒhoŋ Pa, Tholang 4 t̪iː Pa, Tholang 1 bɛnɖi Pa, Tholang 3 ɖu Pa, Udeypur 1 bɪdʒ Pa, Mooling 0 ɴo entry Pa, Chimrat 4 t̪i Pa, Chimrat 5 ghʌɖi Pa, Chimrat 3 ɖu Pa, Gushal 2 dʒuk Pa, Tholang 7 kʌnɖʌn Pa, Salgram 4 t̪i Pa, Salgram 1 benɖi Pa, Salgram 3 ɖu Pa, Mooling 2 dɾu Pa, Chimrat 2 bʌɖɭɐi Ti, Sissu 2 s̪oti Ti, Sissu 1 bɛnthi Ti, Sissu 3 du 3 dɾu Pa, Salgram 0 ɴo entry Ti, Gondhla 2 s̪oti Ti, Gondhla 1 bɛnth Ti, Gondhla 3 du Pa, Tholang 5 lokbʌɾphi Ti, Sissu 1 bɾoʔmɐʔ Ga, Keylong 2 soti Ga, Keylong 6 gɾopo Ga, Keylong 3 dũ Pa, Chimrat 8 sʌɾg.jʌkpepɐ Ti, Gondhla 1 gɾoŋbo Ga, Stingri 2 sot̪i Ga, Stingri 6 gɾokpo Ga, Stingri 3 d̪uh Pa, Salgram 1 biʒ Ga, Keylong 1 bɾomolɐlʌtsi Ga, Gawzang 2 soti Ga, Gawzang 6 gɾok̚po Ga, Gawzang 3 dũ Ti, Sissu 2 dʒɾuk̚ b bɾomolɐlʌtsi Bh, Darcha 3 tʃu Bh, Darcha a sʌŋpo Bh, Darcha 2 ɕin Ti, Gondhla 2 dʒɾug Ga, Stingri 1 bɾomolɛlʌtsi Bh, Kolong 3 tʃu Bh, Kolong 2 ɖokpo Bh, Kolong 2 ʃɪɳ Ga, Keylong 7 lʌp b bɾomolɛlʌtsi Bh, Rarig 3 tʃu a səŋpo 3 duʔ Ga, Stingri 2 dɾuk Ga, Gawzang 1 Bh, Tingrat 3 tɕu Bh, Rarig a sʌŋpo Bh, Rarig 2 ʃɪɳ 7 lʌb bɾomolɐlʌtsi Bh, Khoksar 3 tʃu Bh, Tingrat a sɐ̃phu Bh, Tingrat 2 ɕɪn Ga, Gawzang 9 zili b bɾomolɐlʌtsi Ld, Leh 3 tʃhu Bh, Khoksar 2 ɖokpo Bh, Khoksar 2 sɪɳ Bh, Darcha 5 lok̚ Bh, Darcha 4 dʒesʌn Bh, Spiti 3 tʃu a səŋpo Ld, Leh 2 ɹsin Bh, Kolong 2 dʒuk̚ d dʒhɐtson Tb, Lhasa 3 tʃhu Ld, Leh a tsɐnspo Bh, Spiti 2 ʃin Bh, Rarig 5 ɭoʔ Bh, Kolong3 ɖhɾomoləlɐtʃi b gjɐmso Tb, Lhasa 4 tiŋphə Bh, Tingrat 3 ɖug b ɖhɾomoləlɐtʃi Bh, Spiti 9 sɐwõ 5 loʔ Bh, Rarig 3 ɖhɾomoləlɐtʃi Tb, Lhasa 4 djuktʃhu Bh, Khoksar 3 ɖuʔ b ɖhɾomoləlɐtʃi Ld, Leh 6 skɐmlɐk Bh, Tingrat 4 dʒɐh Bh, Spiti 6 lɐk Bh, Khoksar 1 bɾoʔmoʔ Tb, Lhasa 2 dɹoke Ld, Leh c zɐʃutuŋks Bh, Spiti 4 dʒɐ Tb, Lhasa 4 dʒæʔ

51. wind 52. stone 53. path 54. sand 55. fire Hi, Standard 3 hʌwɐ Hi, Standard 4 pʌʈhːʌɾ Hi, Standard 5 ɾɐstɐ Hi, Standard 1 bɐlu Hi, Standard 1 ɐg Pg, Tindi 3 hɐwɐ Pg, Tindi 2 gor Pg, Tindi 2 bʌt 5 ɾet Pg, Tindi 1 ɐg Ch, Gushal 2 bijɐnɐ Ch, Gushal 6 ɾʊm Ch, Gushal 2 bʌt̪ɐ Pg, Tindi 1 bɐli Ch, Gushal 1 ɐg Ch, Nalda 2 biɐnʌ Ch, Nalda 6 ɾun Ch, Nalda 2 bʌth Ch, Gushal 7 ʃɪɾ Ch, Nalda 1 ʌgh Lo, Gondhla 1 bɐlũ Lo, Gondhla 6 ɾunɨ Lo, Gondhla 2 bʌt̪ɨ Ch, Nalda 7 ʃiɾ Lo, Gondhla 1 ʌg Lo, Gawzang 1 bɐlõ Lo, Gawzang 6 ɾunə Lo, Gawzang 2 bʌthə Lo, Gondhla 7 ʃiɾ Lo, Gawzang 1 ʌg Pa, Jobrang 4 lʌn̪ Pa, Jobrang 5 ɾʌʔ Pa, Jobrang 1 ʌm Lo, Gawzang 1 bɐli Pa, Jobrang 2 me Pa, Thirot 4 lʌn 5 ɾʌk Pa, Thirot 1 ʌm 7 ʃiɾ Pa, Thirot 2 mɛ̃ Pa, Udeypur 4 lʌn Pa, Thirot 5 ɾəg Pa, Udeypur 1 ʌm Pa, Jobrang 7 ʃiɾ Pa, Udeypur 2 mẽ Pa, Gushal 4 ɭəŋ Pa, Udeypur 5 ɾɐg Pa, Gushal 1 əm 7 ʃiʐ Pa, Gushal 2 mɛ̃ Pa, Mooling 4 lʌn Pa, Gushal 5 ɾəh Pa, Mooling 1 ɐːm Pa, Thirot 7 ʃɪɾ Pa, Mooling 2 m̩ me Pa, Tholang 4 lʌn̪ Pa, Mooling 5 ɾ̩ɐ Pa, Tholang 1 ɐm Pa, Udeypur 7 ʃɪɾ Pa, Tholang 2 me Pa, Chimrat 4 lʌn Pa, Tholang 5 ɾʌg 1 ʌm Pa, Gushal 7 ʃɪɾ Pa, Chimrat 2 mẽ Pa, Salgram 4 lʌn Pa, Chimrat 5 ɾɐgh Pa, Chimrat 1 ʌm Pa, Mooling 7 ʃiɾ Pa, Salgram 2 mẽ Ti, Sissu 4 lʌn Pa, Salgram 5 ɾɐg Pa, Salgram 1 ɐːm Pa, Tholang 7 ʃɪɾ Ti, Sissu 2 meh Ti, Gondhla 4 lʌn Ti, Sissu 5 ɾɐʔ Ti, Sissu 1 ɐmts Pa, Chimrat 7 ʃiɾ Ti, Gondhla 2 meh Ga, Keylong 4 lʌɲ Ti, Gondhla 5 ɾʌg Ti, Gondhla 1 ɐmts Pa, Salgram 7 ʃɪɾ Ga, Keylong 2 mẽ Ga, Stingri 4 lʌn Ga, Keylong 3 gɾʌŋ Ga, Keylong 1 ʌmdzɪ Ti, Sissu 6 ʂo Ga, Stingri 2 me Ga, Gawzang 4 lʌɲ Ga, Stingri 3 gɾʌŋ Ga, Stingri 1 ʌmsɐ Ti, Gondhla 6 ʂo Ga, Gawzang 2 mẽ Bh, Darcha 4 luŋpo Ga, Gawzang 3 gɾʌŋ Ga, Gawzang 1 ʌmtsi Ga, Keylong 2 bemɐ Bh, Darcha 2 mẽ Bh, Kolong 4 lʊŋɸo Bh, Darcha 1 dowɐ Bh, Darcha 4 lʌm Ga, Stingri 2 bemɐ Bh, Kolong 2 mɛ̃ Bh, Rarig 4 lʊŋɸo Bh, Kolong 1 d̪uɐː Bh, Kolong 4 ɭəmkɐ Ga, Gawzang 2 bemɐ Bh, Rarig 2 mɛ̃ 4 luŋ Bh, Rarig 1 d̪uɐː Bh, Rarig 4 ɭʌmkɐ Bh, Darcha 2 pemɐ Bh, Tingrat 2 mɛ Bh, Tingrat 4 luŋpo Bh, Tingrat 1 dowɐ̃ Bh, Tingrat 4 lʌm Bh, Kolong 2 bemɐ Bh, Khoksar 2 mɛ̃ Bh, Khoksar 4 lʊŋɸo Bh, Khoksar 1 d̪uɐː Bh, Khoksar 4 ɭəmkɐ Bh, Rarig 3 dʒemɐ Ld, Leh 2 me Ld, Leh 4 luŋɹɐkh Ld, Leh 1 l̩dowɐ Ld, Leh 4 lʌm Bh, Tingrat 2 pemɐ Bh, Spiti 2 mẽ 6 hiuŋspo Bh, Spiti 1 duʌ Bh, Spiti 4 lɐm 4 pjæ̃ ː Tb, Lhasa 2 meː Bh, Spiti 4 lũ Tb, Lhasa 1 dɔ Tb, Lhasa 3 kaŋlam Bh, Khoksar 2 bemɐ Tb, Lhasa 5 ɬakpa Ld, Leh 2 pemɐ Bh, Spiti 2 pemɐ Tb, Lhasa 3 tʃhema

56. smoke 57. ash 58. mud 59. dust 60. gold Hi, Standard 1 dhũɐ Hi, Standard 4 ɾɐkh Hi, Standard 8 miʈːi Hi, Standard 2 dhul Hi, Standard 3 sonɐ Pg, Tindi 1 dũɐ Pg, Tindi 3 putɐ Pg, Tindi 7 kɐ Pg, Tindi 2 dul Pg, Tindi 3 sonɐ Ch, Gushal 1 dhu Ch, Gushal 5 tʃɐɾ Ch, Gushal 6 dʒʌn Ch, Gushal 2 dhuɖ Ch, Gushal 3 sonʌ Ch, Nalda 1 dhũ Ch, Nalda 5 tʃɐɾ Ch, Nalda 6 dʒʌn Ch, Nalda 2 dhuɾ Ch, Nalda 3 sonʌ Lo, Gondhla 1 d̪hũ Lo, Gondhla 3 pʌʈhɐ Lo, Gondhla 6 zʌn Lo, Gondhla 2 d̪uɽ Lo, Gondhla 3 sone Lo, Gawzang 1 dhũ Lo, Gawzang 3 pʌthɐ Lo, Gawzang 6 dzʌn Lo, Gawzang 2 dhuɖ Lo, Gawzang 3 sonɐ Pa, Jobrang 3 tu Pa, Jobrang 6 tʌp̚ Pa, Jobrang 2 ʃɔh Pa, Jobrang 2 dhuːɖ Pa, Jobrang 1 dzʌŋ Pa, Thirot 3 ʈu Pa, Thirot 6 t̪əp Pa, Thirot 2 ʃho 2 dhuːl Pa, Thirot 1 dʒho Pa, Udeypur 3 tu Pa, Udeypur 6 tʌp Pa, Udeypur 2 ʃho Pa, Thirot 2 d̪uɖ Pa, Udeypur 1 dʒhʌ Pa, Gushal 3 thu Pa, Gushal 6 t̪əp Pa, Gushal 2 ʃho Pa, Udeypur 3 dʒʌgtɾʌg Pa, Gushal 1 dʒəŋ Pa, Mooling 3 tu Pa, Mooling 6 t̪ɐːp Pa, Mooling 2 ʂo Pa, Gushal 2 ɖhuɖ Pa, Mooling 1 dzɐːŋ Pa, Tholang 3 tuh Pa, Tholang 6 t̪ʌb Pa, Tholang 2 ʂo Pa, Mooling 2 d̪uːɽ Pa, Tholang 1 sʌŋ Pa, Chimrat 3 tu Pa, Chimrat 6 tʌp̚ Pa, Chimrat 2 ʃhol Pa, Tholang 2 d̪uɖ Pa, Chimrat 1 dʒɐh Pa, Salgram 3 ʈu Pa, Salgram 6 t̪ɐp Pa, Salgram 2 ʂo Pa, Chimrat 2 dhuɖ Pa, Salgram 1 dzɐ̃ Ti, Sissu 3 ʈũ Ti, Sissu 6 tʌp̚ Ti, Sissu 2 ɕoː Pa, Salgram 2 dhul Ti, Sissu 1 dzʌŋ Ti, Gondhla 3 ʈũ Ti, Gondhla 6 tʌ 7 kʌlɐ Ti, Sissu 2 dul Ti, Gondhla 1 dzʌŋ Ga, Keylong 2 khu Ga, Keylong 2 kiowks Ti, Gondhla 1 bemɐ 6 thʌldzup Ga, Keylong 2 sɛɾ Ga, Stingri 2 khu Ga, Stingri 2 kiuks Ga, Keylong 4 dʌmpʌ Ti, Gondhla 6 t̪ʌldzub Ga, Stingri 2 sɛɾ Ga, Gawzang 2 khu Ga, Gawzang 2 kjuks Ga, Stingri 4 dʌmpʌ Ga, Keylong 6 t̪ul Ga, Gawzang 2 sɛɾ Bh, Darcha 1 dupɐ Bh, Darcha 1 kogtʌɾ Ga, Gawzang 9 sɛ Ga, Stingri 5 sə Bh, Darcha 2 sɛɾ Bh, Kolong 1 dhʊt̚pɐ Bh, Kolong 1 gok̚t̪həl Bh, Darcha 4 tʌmpʌ Ga, Gawzang 6 t̪ul Bh, Kolong 2 sɛɾ Bh, Rarig 1 dhʊt̚pɐ Bh, Rarig 1 gok̚t̪həl 4 dɐmpɐk̚ Bh, Darcha 6 thʌlsup Bh, Rarig 2 seɾ Bh, Tingrat 5 tuʋeʔ Bh, Tingrat 1 goʔd̪həl Bh, Kolong a t̪həlwɐ Bh, Kolong 6 thəltɕub̚ Bh, Tingrat 2 sɛɾ Bh, Khoksar 3 t̪uwɐ 1 kok̚tʌl Bh, Rarig a t̪hʌlbɐ 7 thəltɕub̚ Bh, Khoksar 2 sɛɾ Ld, Leh 3 tutpɐ Bh, Khoksar 1 goʔd̪hel Bh, Tingrat a tʌlbɐ Bh, Rarig 2 dhʌltʃup̚ Ld, Leh 2 sɛɾ Bh, Spiti 3 tutpɐ Ld, Leh 1 koktʌl Bh, Khoksar a t̪həlwɐ Bh, Tingrat 1 bikhɐ Bh, Spiti 2 sɛr Tb, Lhasa 3 twua 7 soɾbɐ Ld, Leh 7 kɐlɐk 6 tʌlsup Tb, Lhasa 2 sɛɾ Bh, Spiti 1 koktʌr Bh, Spiti 5 dʌmjok Bh, Khoksar 2 dholsʊp Tb, Lhasa 1 ko̥tɛl Tb, Lhasa 3 dakpaʔ Ld, Leh 5 sɐsup 8 tɐlbɐ Bh, Spiti 4 putʃop Tb, Lhasa 7 thɛlːa

61. tree 62. leaf 63. root 64. thorn 65. flower Hi, Standard 3 peɖ Hi, Standard 4 pʌtːɐ Hi, Standard 2 dʒʌɾ Hi, Standard 1 kɐ̃ɳʈɐ Hi, Standard 5 phul Pg, Tindi 1 butɐ Pg, Tindi 4 pʌti 6 tʌnɐ Pg, Tindi 1 kʌndʌ Pg, Tindi 2 ɸul Ch, Gushal 1 buʈ Ch, Gushal 1 lʌp Pg, Tindi 4 siɾe Ch, Gushal 1 kʌnɖʌ Ch, Gushal 5 phul Ch, Nalda 2 buiʈ 4 pʌt̪ɐi Ch, Gushal 2 dʒʌɾ Ch, Nalda 1 kʌnɖʌ Ch, Nalda 5 phul Lo, Gondhla 1 buth Ch, Nalda 1 lʌph Ch, Nalda 2 dʒʌɾ Lo, Gondhla 2 tɕwɐk Lo, Gondhla 5 phuli Lo, Gawzang 1 bhʊt Lo, Gondhla 1 lɐph Lo, Gondhla 2 dʒʌɽi Lo, Gawzang 4 tswʌk Lo, Gawzang 5 phul Pa, Jobrang 1 buth Lo, Gawzang 1 lʌp 4 siɾ Pa, Jobrang 4 tswɐʔ Pa, Jobrang 6 udɾʌh Pa, Thirot 1 buʈ Pa, Jobrang 1 lʌp̚ Lo, Gawzang 2 dʒʌɖə Pa, Thirot 1 kɐɳt Pa, Thirot 6 uʒ Pa, Udeypur 1 buth Pa, Thirot 1 lʌp Pa, Jobrang 3 dʒʌŋ Pa, Udeypur 1 kʌɳɖhe Pa, Udeypur 6 uʃɐ Pa, Gushal 1 buʈh Pa, Udeypur 1 lʌp̚ Pa, Thirot 2 dʒɛlɐ Pa, Gushal 4 tswɐ 6 uzɐ Pa, Mooling 1 buth Pa, Gushal 1 ɭəp̚ Pa, Udeypur 2 dʒʌleɨ Pa, Mooling 4 tsuwɐ Pa, Gushal 6 uʒɐ Pa, Tholang 1 buʈh Pa, Mooling 1 lɐp̚ Pa, Gushal 2 ɖʐəɖ Pa, Tholang 4 tswɐʔ Pa, Mooling 6 uʂɐ Pa, Chimrat 1 buth Pa, Tholang 1 lʌb̚ Pa, Mooling 2 dʒʌɽ Pa, Chimrat 1 kɐɳɖ Pa, Tholang 6 uʐɐ Pa, Salgram 1 buʈh Pa, Chimrat 1 lʌp Pa, Tholang 3 dʒʌŋ Pa, Salgram 1 khɐnɖe Pa, Chimrat 6 uɾe Ti, Sissu 1 buth Pa, Salgram 1 lɐːb Pa, Chimrat 2 dʒʌɖ Ti, Sissu 4 tsʌ Pa, Salgram 4 oːɽ Ti, Gondhla 1 buth Ti, Sissu 1 lʌp̚ 3 dʒʌɖ Ti, Gondhla 4 tsɐg Ti, Sissu 1 bɐlʌ Ga, Keylong 1 buthɐ Ti, Gondhla 1 lʌb Pa, Salgram 2 dʒʌlɐ Ga, Keylong 4 tswɐ Ti, Gondhla 1 bɐlʌ Ga, Stingri 1 buthɐ Ga, Keylong 1 lʌp Ti, Sissu 3 dʒʌŋ Ga, Stingri 4 tswɐ Ga, Keylong 3 mɛntok Ga, Gawzang 1 buthɐ Ga, Stingri 1 lʌp Ti, Gondhla 3 dʒʌŋ Ga, Gawzang 4 tswɐ Ga, Stingri 3 mɛntok Bh, Darcha 1 bhuthʌ Ga, Gawzang 1 lʌp Ga, Keylong 1 bʌtɐʔ Bh, Darcha 3 tsɛɾmʌŋ Ga, Gawzang 3 mɛntoʔ Bh, Kolong 1 buʈɐ Bh, Darcha 3 luɾmʌ Ga, Stingri 1 bʌtɐʔ Bh, Kolong 3 tʃeɾməŋ Bh, Darcha 3 mintho Bh, Rarig 1 buʈɐ 2 lomɐ Ga, Gawzang 1 bʌtɐʔ Bh, Rarig 3 tʃeɾmʌŋ Bh, Kolong 3 mɪnt̪o Bh, Tingrat 1 buth Bh, Kolong 2 loiʔmɐʔ Bh, Darcha 1 pʌtʌ Bh, Tingrat 3 tsɛɾmʌʔ Bh, Rarig 3 ment̪o Bh, Khoksar 1 buʈhɐ 2 lot̚mɐ Bh, Kolong 1 bət̪ɐ Bh, Khoksar 3 tʃʌɾmʌŋ Bh, Tingrat 3 mɛndoʔ Ld, Leh 5 l̩tʃɐŋmɐ Bh, Rarig 2 lot ̪̚mɐʔ Bh, Rarig 1 bʌt̪ʌʔ Ld, Leh 3 tsɛɾmɐ̃ Bh, Khoksar 3 mɛnt̪oʔ Bh, Spiti 1 buthɐ Bh, Tingrat 1 lɐːb Bh, Tingrat 1 pɐtɐʔ Bh, Spiti 3 tsɐrmʌŋ Ld, Leh 3 mɛntok Tb, Lhasa 4 ʃiŋdoŋ 1 lʌp̚ 1 put̪ɐ Tb, Lhasa 3 tʃhema Bh, Spiti 3 mɛntʌk Bh, Khoksar 1 ɭʌp Bh, Khoksar 3 dʒʌŋ Tb, Lhasa 3 metɔʔ Ld, Leh 2 lomɐ Ld, Leh 1 pɐʈʌk Bh, Spiti 1 lʌp Bh, Spiti 1 bʌdʌk 2 lomʌ 5 tʃʌwʌ Tb, Lhasa 2 loːma Tb, Lhasa 0 ɴo entry

66. fruit 67. mango 68. banana 69. wheat 70. millet Hi, Standard 2 phʌl Hi, Standard 1 ɐm Hi, Standard 1 kelɐ Hi, Standard 3 gehũ Hi, Standard 4 dʒʌʋɐɾ Pg, Tindi 2 ɸʌl Pg, Tindi 0 ɴo entry Pg, Tindi 0 ɴo entry Pg, Tindi 4 kʌnʌk 6 kodɾɐ Ch, Gushal 2 phʌl̪ Ch, Gushal 1 ɐm Ch, Gushal 1 kelɐ Ch, Gushal 3 gewu Pg, Tindi 0 ɴo entry Ch, Nalda 2 phʌl̪ Ch, Nalda 1 ɐm Ch, Nalda 1 kɛlʌ Ch, Nalda 5 phukhɐn Ch, Gushal 4 dʒʌwɐɾ Lo, Gondhla 2 phʌl Lo, Gondhla 1 ɐm Lo, Gondhla 1 kelɐ Lo, Gondhla 3 gehũ Ch, Nalda 0 ɴo entry Lo, Gawzang 0 ɴo entry Lo, Gawzang 1 ɐm Lo, Gawzang 1 kelɐ Lo, Gawzang 3 gehũ Lo, Gondhla 4 dʒʌʋɐɾ Pa, Jobrang 2 phʌl Pa, Jobrang 1 ɐm Pa, Jobrang 1 kelɐ Pa, Jobrang 8 tʃuwɐ 6 kodɾɐ Pa, Thirot 2 phʌl Pa, Thirot 1 ɐm Pa, Thirot 1 kelɐ Pa, Thirot 8 tʃuwɐ Lo, Gawzang 6 kodɾɐ Pa, Udeypur 2 phʌl Pa, Udeypur 1 ɐm Pa, Udeypur 1 kelɐ Pa, Udeypur 8 tʃhuwɐ Pa, Jobrang 6 kodəɾɐ Pa, Gushal 2 phʌl Pa, Gushal 1 ɐm Pa, Gushal 1 kelɐ Pa, Gushal 8 tʃhuwɐ Pa, Thirot b tʃuwɐ Pa, Mooling 2 phʌl Pa, Mooling 1 ɐm Pa, Mooling 1 kelɐ Pa, Mooling 8 tʃuwɐ Pa, Udeypur 2 bɾʌpho Pa, Tholang 0 ɴo entry Pa, Tholang 1 ɐm Pa, Tholang 1 kelɐ Pa, Tholang 8 tʃuɐ Pa, Gushal 3 dʒət̪ Pa, Chimrat 2 phʌl Pa, Chimrat 1 ɐm Pa, Chimrat 1 kelɐ Pa, Chimrat 8 tʃuwɐ Pa, Mooling 4 dʒʌʋɐɾ Pa, Salgram 2 phʌl Pa, Salgram 1 ɐm Pa, Salgram 1 kelɐ Pa, Salgram 8 tʃuɐ Pa, Tholang 0 ɴo entry Ti, Sissu 2 phʌl Ti, Sissu 1 ɐm Ti, Sissu 1 kelɐ Ti, Sissu 2 dzʌt̚ Pa, Chimrat a t̪ɐndʒɐ Ti, Gondhla 2 pʌl Ti, Gondhla 1 ɐm Ti, Gondhla 1 kelɐi Ti, Gondhla 2 dzʌd̪ Pa, Salgram a thɐnzɐ Ga, Keylong 0 ɴo entry Ga, Keylong 1 ɐm Ga, Keylong 1 kelɐ Ga, Keylong 6 swʌtsi Ti, Sissu 9 pɐp Ga, Stingri 0 ɴo entry Ga, Stingri 1 ɐm Ga, Stingri 1 kelɐ Ga, Stingri 6 swʌtsi Ti, Gondhla 5 dzʌg Ga, Gawzang 0 ɴo entry Ga, Gawzang 1 ɐm Ga, Gawzang 1 kelɐ Ga, Gawzang 6 ʃwʌts Ga, Keylong 6 kodɾʌ Bh, Darcha 3 kuʃu Bh, Darcha 1 ʌm Bh, Darcha 1 kelɐ Bh, Darcha 1 dõ Ga, Stingri 6 kodɾʌ 1 ʃintok̚ Bh, Kolong 1 ɐm Bh, Kolong 1 kelɐ 1 dhɹo Ga, Gawzang 6 kodɾɐ Bh, Kolong 1 ʃiŋtoʔ Bh, Rarig 1 ɐm Bh, Rarig 1 kelɐ Bh, Kolong 1 ɖoh Bh, Darcha 0 ɴo entry Bh, Rarig 1 ɕɪŋt̪oʔ Bh, Tingrat 1 ɐm Bh, Tingrat 1 kelɐ Bh, Rarig 1 ɖoh Bh, Kolong 6 kodɾɐ Bh, Tingrat 2 phʌl Bh, Khoksar 1 ɐm Bh, Khoksar 1 kelɐ Bh, Tingrat 1 ʈhoː Bh, Rarig 6 kodɾɐ Bh, Khoksar 2 phʌl Ld, Leh 0 ɴo entry Ld, Leh 0 ɴo entry Bh, Khoksar 1 tʎo Bh, Tingrat 6 kodɾɐ Ld, Leh 4 khɐzɛs Bh, Spiti 0 ɴo entry Bh, Spiti 1 kelɐ Ld, Leh 1 tɹo 8 nei Bh, Spiti 1 ʃintɐk Tb, Lhasa 0 ɴo entry Tb, Lhasa 0 ɴo entry 9 nʌs Bh, Khoksar 6 kodɾɐ Tb, Lhasa 1 ʂintɔʔ Bh, Spiti 1 tõ Ld, Leh 0 ɴo entry Tb, Lhasa 1 toʃip Bh, Spiti 1 bɐdʒɐrɐ Tb, Lhasa 7 muntʃaʔ

71. rice 72. potato 73. eggplant 74. groundnut 75. chili Hi, Standard 6 tʃawʌl Hi, Standard 1 ɐlu Hi, Standard 1 bæ̃ ŋgʌn Hi, Standard 2 mũŋphʌli Hi, Standard 2 mɪɾtʃ Pg, Tindi 6 tʃowɛl Pg, Tindi 1 ɐlu Pg, Tindi 0 ɴo entry Pg, Tindi 2 muŋɸʌli Pg, Tindi 4 pipiɾi Ch, Gushal 6 tʃɐwu Ch, Gushal 1 ɐlu Ch, Gushal 1 beŋgɐn Ch, Gushal 2 muŋphʌli Ch, Gushal 4 pipi Ch, Nalda 6 tʃæu Ch, Nalda 1 ɐɽu Ch, Nalda 1 bẽŋgʌn Ch, Nalda 2 mõphɐli Ch, Nalda 4 pipi Lo, Gondhla 6 tʃawʌl Lo, Gondhla 1 ɐɽu Lo, Gondhla 1 bæ̃ ŋgʌn Lo, Gondhla 2 mũŋphʌli Lo, Gondhla 6 tsɐmik Lo, Gawzang 6 tsɐũ Lo, Gawzang 1 ɐɽu Lo, Gawzang 1 bæ̃ ŋgʌn Lo, Gawzang 2 mũŋphʌli Lo, Gawzang 6 tsʌmikh Pa, Jobrang 4 tuɾ Pa, Jobrang 1 ɐɖu Pa, Jobrang 1 bəŋgʌn Pa, Jobrang 1 bɐdɐm Pa, Jobrang 4 pɪpɪɭi Pa, Thirot 4 tuɾ Pa, Thirot 1 ɐɖu 2 sɪŋgot̪ɾi 2 məŋɸuli 4 pɪpɪɽi Pa, Udeypur 4 tuɾ Pa, Udeypur 1 ɐɖu Pa, Thirot 1 bɐigɐn Pa, Thirot 2 munɸʌli Pa, Thirot 4 pipi Pa, Gushal 4 ʈuɾh Pa, Gushal 1 əɖu Pa, Udeypur 1 beigɐn Pa, Udeypur 2 muŋphʌli Pa, Udeypur 4 pɪpɪɖi Pa, Mooling 4 thuːɾ Pa, Mooling 1 ɐːlu Pa, Gushal 1 bɛŋgən Pa, Gushal 2 mugphəli Pa, Gushal 4 ʈɪpɪɖi Pa, Tholang 4 tuɾ Pa, Tholang 1 ɐɽu Pa, Mooling 1 bæŋgʌn Pa, Mooling 2 muŋɸʌli Pa, Mooling 4 pipiɽi Pa, Chimrat 4 tuɾ Pa, Chimrat 1 ɐɖu Pa, Tholang 1 bæŋgʌn Pa, Tholang 0 ɴo entry Pa, Tholang 4 pipili Pa, Salgram 4 ʈuːɾ 1 ɐɽu Pa, Chimrat 1 bɐigɐn Pa, Chimrat 2 muŋphʌli Pa, Chimrat 4 pipi Ti, Sissu 3 dʒɛl Pa, Salgram 1 ɐɽu Pa, Salgram 1 bæŋgʌn Pa, Salgram 2 muŋphʌli Pa, Salgram 4 pibi Ti, Gondhla 3 dʒɛl Ti, Sissu 1 ɐɽu Ti, Sissu 1 bæ̃ ŋgʌn Ti, Sissu 2 muŋɸʌli Ti, Sissu 3 pundzi Ga, Keylong 2 bɾɛs Ti, Gondhla 1 ɐɽu Ti, Gondhla 1 bɐigʌn Ti, Gondhla 2 muŋɸʌli Ti, Gondhla 3 pundzi Ga, Stingri 2 bɾɛs Ga, Keylong 1 ɐɾu Ga, Keylong 1 bæ̃ ŋgʌn Ga, Keylong 2 muŋɸʌli Ga, Keylong 6 tʃɐmi Ga, Gawzang 2 bɾɛs Ga, Stingri 1 ɐɽu Ga, Stingri 1 bæ̃ ŋgʌn Ga, Stingri 2 muŋɸʌli Ga, Stingri 6 tsʌmi Bh, Darcha 1 te Ga, Gawzang 1 ɐlu Ga, Gawzang 1 bæ̃ ŋgʌn Ga, Gawzang 2 muŋɸʌli Ga, Gawzang 6 tsɐmiʔ Bh, Kolong 1 ɖɛ̃ 1 ɐɽu Bh, Darcha 0 ɴo entry Bh, Darcha 2 muŋɸʌli Bh, Darcha 6 tʃʌmi Bh, Rarig 1 ɖɛ̃ Bh, Darcha 1 ɐlu Bh, Kolong 1 beŋgən Bh, Kolong 2 mʊŋphəli 6 tʃɐmik̚ Bh, Tingrat 1 ɖei Bh, Kolong 1 əɖu Bh, Rarig 1 beŋgʌn Bh, Rarig 2 mʊŋphəli Bh, Kolong 6 tsəmiʔ Bh, Khoksar 1 ɽɛ̃ Bh, Rarig 1 ʌlu Bh, Tingrat 1 bəŋgʌn Bh, Tingrat 2 muŋphəli Bh, Rarig 6 tsəmiʔ Ld, Leh 7 dʌs Bh, Tingrat 1 ɐɖu Bh, Khoksar 1 beŋgən Bh, Khoksar 2 mʊŋphəli Bh, Tingrat 1 ɛɾmʌ 7 dɹʌs Bh, Khoksar 1 ʌɖu Ld, Leh 0 ɴo entry Ld, Leh 0 ɴo entry Bh, Khoksar 3 phunzi Bh, Spiti 1 dẽ Ld, Leh 1 ɐlu Bh, Spiti 1 bɐ̃igɛn Bh, Spiti 2 muŋɸʌli Ld, Leh 1 ɲeɾmɐ Tb, Lhasa 0 ɴo entry Bh, Spiti 1 ɐlu Tb, Lhasa 0 ɴo entry Tb, Lhasa 0 ɴo entry Bh, Spiti 4 pipliŋ Tb, Lhasa 2 ʂɔkɔʔ Tb, Lhasa 5 sipɛn

76. turmeric 77. garlic 78. onion 79. cauliflower 80. tomato Hi, Standard 3 hʌldi Hi, Standard 2 lʌhsʊn Hi, Standard 1 pjɐdʒ Hi, Standard 1 phulgobhi Hi, Standard 1 ʈʌmɐʈʌɾ Pg, Tindi 2 hɐdʒ Pg, Tindi 2 lɐsun Pg, Tindi 1 piɐdʒ Pg, Tindi 1 ɸulgobi Pg, Tindi 1 tɐmɐtɐr Ch, Gushal 3 hʌld̪uɾ Ch, Gushal 1 gopːɐ Ch, Gushal 1 pjɐdʒ Ch, Gushal 1 phulgobhi Ch, Gushal 1 ʈɐmɐʈʌɾ Ch, Nalda 3 hʌld̪ɛɾ Ch, Nalda 2 lɛsɪn Ch, Nalda 1 pjɐz Ch, Nalda 1 ɸulgobi Ch, Nalda 1 ʈɐmɐʈʌɾ Lo, Gondhla 3 hʌldi Lo, Gondhla 2 lɐsʌni Lo, Gondhla 1 pjɐdʒ Lo, Gondhla 1 phulgobhi Lo, Gondhla 1 ʈʌmɐʈʌɾ Lo, Gawzang 3 hʌldəɾ Lo, Gawzang 1 gokpɐ Lo, Gawzang 1 pjɐdʒ Lo, Gawzang 1 phulgobhi Lo, Gawzang 1 ʈʌmɐʈʌɾ Pa, Jobrang 3 hʌld̪i Pa, Jobrang 1 gokpɐh Pa, Jobrang 1 pjɐdʒ Pa, Jobrang 1 phulgobi Pa, Jobrang 1 ʈʌmʌʈɐɾ Pa, Thirot 3 hʌldi Pa, Thirot 2 lʌsun Pa, Thirot 1 piɐdʒ Pa, Thirot 1 ɸulgobi Pa, Thirot 1 tɐmɐtɐɾ Pa, Udeypur 3 hʌldi Pa, Udeypur 2 lʌsun Pa, Udeypur 1 pjɐdʒ Pa, Udeypur 1 phulgobhi Pa, Udeypur 1 ʈʌmɐʈʌɾ Pa, Gushal 3 hʌldi Pa, Gushal 1 gog̚pɐh Pa, Gushal 1 pjɐdʒ Pa, Gushal 1 phulgobhi Pa, Gushal 1 ʈəmɐʈəɾ Pa, Mooling 3 hʌld̪i Pa, Mooling 1 gokphɐ Pa, Mooling 1 piɐz Pa, Mooling 1 ɸulgobi Pa, Mooling 1 ʈɐmɐʈʌɾ Pa, Tholang 3 hʌldʌɾ Pa, Tholang 0 ɴo entry Pa, Tholang 1 pjɐdʒ Pa, Tholang 0 ɴo entry Pa, Tholang 0 ɴo entry Pa, Chimrat 3 hʌldi Pa, Chimrat 2 lʌsʌɳ Pa, Chimrat 1 pjɐdʒ Pa, Chimrat 1 phulgobi Pa, Chimrat 1 tɐmɐtɐɾ Pa, Salgram 3 hʌld̪i Pa, Salgram 2 lɐzʌn Pa, Salgram 1 pjɐz Pa, Salgram 1 phulgobhi Pa, Salgram 1 ʈʌmɐʈʌɾ Ti, Sissu 3 hʌldi Ti, Sissu 1 ghokphʌ Ti, Sissu 1 piɐdʒ Ti, Sissu 1 ɸulgobi Ti, Sissu 1 ʈʌmɐʈɐɾ Ti, Gondhla 3 hʌldi Ti, Gondhla 1 ghokphʌ Ti, Gondhla 1 piɐdʒ Ti, Gondhla 1 ɸulgobi Ti, Gondhla 2 liŋgɾi Ga, Keylong 3 hʌldi Ga, Keylong 1 gokpʌ Ga, Keylong 3 tsoŋ Ga, Keylong 1 ɸulgobi 1 ʈʌmɐʈɐɾ Ga, Stingri 3 hʌldi Ga, Stingri 1 gokpʌ Ga, Stingri 3 tsoŋ Ga, Stingri 1 ɸulgobi Ga, Keylong 1 tɐmɐtɐɾ Ga, Gawzang 3 hʌldi Ga, Gawzang 1 gokpʌ Ga, Gawzang 3 tsoŋ Ga, Gawzang 1 ɸulgobi Ga, Stingri 1 tɐmɐtɐɾ Bh, Darcha 5 ŋuwɐ Bh, Darcha 1 koʔpʌ Bh, Darcha 3 tsoŋ Bh, Darcha 1 ɸulgobi Ga, Gawzang 1 tɐmɐtɐɾ 4 juŋmɐ Bh, Kolong 1 gok̚pɐʔ Bh, Kolong 3 tɕoŋ Bh, Kolong 1 phulgobhi Bh, Darcha 1 tɐmɐtɐɾ Bh, Kolong 5 ɲʊwɐ Bh, Rarig 1 gok̚pɐʔ Bh, Rarig 3 tɕoŋ Bh, Rarig 1 phulgobhi Bh, Kolong 1 ʈəmɐʈʌɾ Bh, Rarig 5 ɲʊwɐ Bh, Tingrat 1 goʔpɐʔ Bh, Tingrat 3 tʃhoŋ Bh, Tingrat 1 phulgobi Bh, Rarig 1 ʈəmɐʈʌɾ Bh, Tingrat 4 juŋɐ 1 hwoʔpɐ Bh, Khoksar 3 tɕoŋ Bh, Khoksar 1 phulgobhi Bh, Tingrat 1 ʈʌmɐʈʌɾ 5 ɲuwɐ 1 hwok̚pɐ Ld, Leh 3 tsoŋ Ld, Leh 1 phulgobi Bh, Khoksar 1 ʈəmɐʈʌɾ Bh, Khoksar 3 hʌldi Bh, Khoksar 1 gok̚pɐʔ Bh, Spiti 2 piʌt Bh, Spiti 1 ɸulgobi Ld, Leh 1 tʌmɐtʌɾ Ld, Leh 4 jumpe Ld, Leh 1 zgokpɐ Tb, Lhasa 3 tsoŋ Tb, Lhasa 0 ɴo entry Bh, Spiti 1 tɐmɐtɐr Bh, Spiti 1 gʌsʌr Bh, Spiti 1 gokphɐ Tb, Lhasa 0 ɴo entry Tb, Lhasa 1 gɐːse Tb, Lhasa 1 gɔkpa

81. cabbage 82. oil 83. salt 84. meat 85. fat Hi, Standard 1 bʌndgobhi Hi, Standard 3 tel Hi, Standard 2 nʌmʌk Hi, Standard 2 mɐ̃s Hi, Standard 7 tʃʌɾbi Pg, Tindi 1 bʌndgobi Pg, Tindi 3 tɛl Pg, Tindi 1 lon Pg, Tindi 2 mɐs Pg, Tindi 4 mes Ch, Gushal 1 bʌnd̪gobi Ch, Gushal 3 tel Ch, Gushal 1 lõ Ch, Gushal 2 mɐ̃sɐ̃ Ch, Gushal 2 kɛiʈ Ch, Nalda 1 bʌndɪgobi Ch, Nalda 3 t̪ɛl̪ Ch, Nalda 1 lɔ̃ː Ch, Nalda 2 mɐ̃sɐ̃ Ch, Nalda 3 mɛ̃n Lo, Gondhla 1 bʌndgobhi Lo, Gondhla 3 t̪el Lo, Gondhla 1 lõ Lo, Gondhla 2 mɐsɐ̃ Lo, Gondhla 3 men Lo, Gawzang 1 bʌndgobhi Lo, Gawzang 3 tɛl Lo, Gawzang 1 lõː Lo, Gawzang 2 mɐsɐ Lo, Gawzang 3 mɛn Pa, Jobrang 1 bʌdəgobi Pa, Jobrang 3 t̪el Pa, Jobrang 3 tsɐː Pa, Jobrang 1 ʃa Pa, Jobrang 6 tsosɐ Pa, Thirot 1 bʌndgobi Pa, Thirot 3 tɛl Pa, Thirot 3 tsɐ Pa, Thirot 1 ʃɐ Pa, Thirot 6 tʃosɐ Pa, Udeypur 1 bʌnd̪gobhi Pa, Udeypur 3 tɛl Pa, Udeypur 3 tsʌ Pa, Udeypur 3 ɾhʌ Pa, Udeypur 6 tʃozɐ Pa, Gushal 1 bənd̪gobi Pa, Gushal 3 t̪ɛl 3 tʃhʌ Pa, Gushal 1 ʃɐ Pa, Gushal 6 tsoso Pa, Mooling 1 bʌndgobi Pa, Mooling 3 t̪ɛl Pa, Gushal 3 tsɐː Pa, Mooling 1 ʃɐ Pa, Mooling 6 tsoso Pa, Tholang 0 ɴo entry Pa, Tholang 3 t̪elɐ Pa, Mooling 3 tsɐ Pa, Tholang 1 ʃɐ Pa, Tholang 6 soʃɐ Pa, Chimrat 1 bʌndgobi Pa, Chimrat 3 tɛl Pa, Tholang 3 tsɐ Pa, Chimrat 1 ʃɐ Pa, Chimrat 6 tʃoso Pa, Salgram 1 bʌnd̪gobhi Pa, Salgram 3 t̪ele Pa, Chimrat 3 tsɐ Pa, Salgram 1 ʂɐ Pa, Salgram 6 sosɨ Ti, Sissu 1 bʌndəgobi Ti, Sissu 3 tel Pa, Salgram 3 tsɐ Ti, Sissu 1 ɕjɐ Ti, Sissu 6 tɕos Ti, Gondhla 1 bʌngobi Ti, Gondhla 3 tel Ti, Sissu 3 t̪s̪ɐ Ti, Gondhla 1 ʃɐ Ti, Gondhla 6 tʃos Ga, Keylong 1 bʌndgobi Ga, Keylong 3 tɛlɐ Ti, Gondhla 3 tsɐː Ga, Keylong 1 ʃɛ Ga, Keylong 6 tʃos Ga, Stingri 1 gobi Ga, Stingri 3 tɛlɐ Ga, Keylong 3 tsɐ Ga, Stingri 1 ʃɛ Ga, Stingri 6 tʃos Ga, Gawzang 1 bʌndgobi Ga, Gawzang 3 tɛlɐ Ga, Stingri 3 tsɐ Ga, Gawzang 1 ʃɛ Ga, Gawzang 1 boi Bh, Darcha 1 bʌndʌgobi Bh, Darcha 1 mʌɾnʌ Ga, Gawzang 3 t̪sɛ Bh, Darcha 1 ʃʌ Bh, Darcha 5 sil Bh, Kolong 1 gobhi Bh, Kolong 1 məɾɳɐʔ Bh, Darcha 3 tshʌ Bh, Kolong 1 ɕɐː Bh, Kolong 5 tɕɪl Bh, Rarig 1 gobhi Bh, Rarig 1 məɾɳɐʔ Bh, Kolong 3 tsɐː 1 ʃhɐ Bh, Rarig 5 tɕɪl Bh, Tingrat 1 bʌndgobi Bh, Tingrat 1 məɾɳɐ 3 tʃhəʔ Bh, Rarig 1 ɕɐː Bh, Tingrat 5 tʃhɪl Bh, Khoksar 1 bʌndgobi 3 t̪ɛl Bh, Rarig 3 tsɐː 1 ʃhɐ Bh, Khoksar 5 tʃhilu Ld, Leh 1 bʌndgobi Bh, Khoksar 1 mʌɾɳɐ 3 tʃhəʔ Bh, Tingrat 1 ʃɐ Ld, Leh 5 tsɪl Bh, Spiti 1 bʌndgobi Ld, Leh 1 mɐɾnʌk Bh, Tingrat 3 tshɐ Bh, Khoksar 1 ʃhɐ Bh, Spiti 5 tsɪl Tb, Lhasa 2 loŋkopetʃe Bh, Spiti 1 mʌr Bh, Khoksar 3 tʃɐ Ld, Leh 1 ʃɐ Tb, Lhasa 5 tsiːlu Tb, Lhasa 2 num Ld, Leh 3 tshɐ Bh, Spiti 1 ʃʌmʌr Bh, Spiti 3 tsɐh Tb, Lhasa 1 ʃa Tb, Lhasa 3 tsa

86. fish 87. chicken 88. egg 89. cow 90. buffalo Hi, Standard 1 mʌtʃhli Hi, Standard 4 mʊɾgi Hi, Standard 5 ʌɳɖɐ Hi, Standard 3 gɐj Hi, Standard 1 bhæ̃ s Pg, Tindi 1 mʌtʃli Pg, Tindi 2 kukhʌɾ Pg, Tindi 5 ʌndʌ Pg, Tindi 3 gɐi Pg, Tindi 1 bhɐis Ch, Gushal 1 mɐtʃ Ch, Gushal 2 kʊkuɖi Ch, Gushal 5 ʌɳdɐ Ch, Gushal 5 goɾu Ch, Gushal 1 bhɛ̃s Ch, Nalda 1 mʌtsh Ch, Nalda 2 kukuɖi Ch, Nalda 4 tɪglɪk Ch, Nalda 3 gɐː Ch, Nalda 2 bʌd̪hɛl Lo, Gondhla 1 mʌts Lo, Gondhla 2 kukuɽi Lo, Gondhla 4 tiklik Lo, Gondhla 3 gɐje Lo, Gondhla 6 mɛʃi Lo, Gawzang 1 mʌts Lo, Gawzang 2 kukhuɾik Lo, Gawzang 4 tiglig 5 goɾu Lo, Gawzang 6 mɛʃi Pa, Jobrang 1 mʌtʃ Pa, Jobrang 2 kukhuɖi Pa, Jobrang 4 tigli Lo, Gawzang 3 gɐ Pa, Jobrang 1 bhẽs Pa, Thirot 1 mʌtʃ Pa, Thirot 2 kukhudi Pa, Thirot 4 ʈigli Pa, Jobrang 6 gwʌnʌh 6 mehi Pa, Udeypur 1 mʌtʃ Pa, Udeypur 2 kukːuɖi Pa, Udeypur 4 tɪgli b ɾʌt̪ Pa, Thirot 1 bəŋ 1 mʌtʃʌli Pa, Gushal 2 kukuɖi Pa, Gushal 4 ʈɪglɪg Pa, Thirot b ɾət Pa, Udeypur 6 mei Pa, Gushal 1 mətʃh Pa, Mooling 2 kukhʌɽi Pa, Mooling 4 tigtli Pa, Udeypur 4 gone Pa, Gushal 1 bhʌ̃s Pa, Mooling 1 mʌtʃ Pa, Tholang 2 kukuɽi Pa, Tholang 4 ʈilig Pa, Gushal 4 goɳɛ Pa, Mooling 7 mẽhi Pa, Tholang 1 mʌts Pa, Chimrat 3 kukhɐ Pa, Chimrat 4 tigli Pa, Mooling 6 guɐn Pa, Tholang 1 bhæ̃ s Pa, Chimrat 1 mʌtʃʌli Pa, Salgram 3 kugɐ Pa, Salgram 4 tɪgli Pa, Tholang 6 gwɐnɐ Pa, Chimrat 8 mẽni Pa, Salgram 1 mʌtʃili Ti, Sissu 2 kukhuɾi Ti, Sissu 3 koɾtum Pa, Chimrat b ʌɾɐt̪ Pa, Salgram 3 deʃi Ti, Sissu 2 ɲɐ Ti, Gondhla 2 kukhuɾi Ti, Gondhla 3 koɾtum Pa, Salgram 4 gonɨ Ti, Sissu 1 bæ̃ s Ti, Gondhla 2 ɲɐ Ga, Keylong 2 kukʌɾi Ga, Keylong 3 kwɐɾtum Ti, Sissu 4 gʌnɖə Ti, Gondhla 1 bæ̃ s Ga, Keylong 2 ɲɐ Ga, Stingri 2 kukuɽi Ga, Stingri 3 kwɐɾt̪um Ti, Gondhla 4 gondh Ga, Keylong 5 mɐjɐ Ga, Stingri 2 ɲɐ Ga, Gawzang 2 kukʌɾi Ga, Gawzang 3 kwɐɾtum Ga, Keylong 7 hʌmbu Ga, Stingri 9 mʌjɐ Ga, Gawzang 2 ɲɛ Bh, Darcha 2 kukʌɾi Bh, Darcha 1 ghũwɐ Ga, Stingri 7 ʌmbu Ga, Gawzang 5 mɐjɐ Bh, Darcha 2 ɲɐ 5 dʒɐʃɐ 2 goŋɐ Ga, Gawzang 7 hɐmbu Bh, Darcha 1 bhɐis Bh, Kolong 2 ɲjɐ Bh, Kolong 1 dʒʌmo Bh, Kolong 1 gowɐ̃ Bh, Darcha 9 pʌlʌŋ Bh, Kolong 1 bhɛns Bh, Rarig 2 ɲjɐ 2 kukːuɖi Bh, Rarig 1 gowɐ̃ Bh, Kolong 1 bɛləŋ 6 məsi Bh, Tingrat 2 ɲɐ Bh, Rarig 1 dʒʌmo 1 kʊwɐ 9 peləŋ Bh, Rarig 1 bhɛns Bh, Khoksar 2 ɲjɐ 2 kukːuɖi Bh, Tingrat 1 wɐ̃ Bh, Rarig 1 bɛləŋ 6 məsi Ld, Leh 2 ɲɐ Bh, Tingrat 2 kukʌɽitɕɐ 2 wɐ̃ 9 peləŋ Bh, Tingrat 1 bhæ̃ s Bh, Spiti 2 ɲɐ Bh, Khoksar 2 kukuɖi Bh, Khoksar 1 kuwɐ Bh, Tingrat 9 pɔlʌŋ 6 mɐ̃jʃi Tb, Lhasa 2 ɲja Ld, Leh 5 tʃɛʃɐ Ld, Leh 6 ʈul a peʃi Bh, Khoksar 4 lʌŋʈo Bh, Spiti 6 tsʌpo 2 gõɐ̃ Bh, Khoksar 9 pʌlɐŋ Ld, Leh 5 mɐhe Tb, Lhasa 5 tʃjaʃa 1 gõɐ̃ Ld, Leh 9 bɐlɐŋ Bh, Spiti 1 bɐ̃is Bh, Spiti 1 gõwɐ̃ d lɐŋto Tb, Lhasa 5 maje 2 gõwɐ̃ Bh, Spiti 2 dʒomu Tb, Lhasa 2 go̥ŋa Tb, Lhasa 8 pɐːtʃu

91. milk 92. horns 93. tail 94. goat 95. dog Hi, Standard 1 dudh Hi, Standard 4 sɪ̃ŋ Hi, Standard 6 pũtʃh Hi, Standard 1 bʌkʌɾi Hi, Standard 5 kʊtːɐ Pg, Tindi 1 dudh Pg, Tindi 4 ʃiŋ Pg, Tindi 1 liŋti Pg, Tindi 1 bʌkʌɾi Pg, Tindi 5 kutʌ Ch, Gushal 1 dudh Ch, Gushal 4 ʃĩŋ Ch, Gushal 6 puɲdʒ Ch, Gushal 1 bʌkʌɾi Ch, Gushal 5 kʊt̪uɾ Ch, Nalda 1 dudh Ch, Nalda 4 ʃĩŋ Ch, Nalda 6 pundʒuɾ Ch, Nalda 1 bʌkʌɾi Ch, Nalda 5 kuʈuɾ Lo, Gondhla 1 d̪ud̪ɨ Lo, Gondhla 4 ʃiŋ Lo, Gondhla 5 pidʒoti Lo, Gondhla 1 bʌkiɾi Lo, Gondhla 5 kut̪ʌɾ Lo, Gawzang 1 dudh Lo, Gawzang 4 ʃiŋ Lo, Gawzang 5 pindzothi Lo, Gawzang 1 bʌkiɾi Lo, Gawzang 5 kutuɾ Pa, Jobrang 4 pɐnu Pa, Jobrang 1 ɖhe Pa, Jobrang 2 mekʊtu Pa, Jobrang 2 lʌ Pa, Jobrang 1 khi Pa, Thirot 4 pɐɳu 2 dʒe 2 mjɐkətu 5 tʃukʌɖi 2 kui Pa, Udeypur 4 pʌnu Pa, Thirot 1 dhe Pa, Thirot 2 mekuɖu Pa, Thirot 2 lʌ Pa, Thirot 2 kui Pa, Gushal 4 pɐnu Pa, Udeypur 1 ɖɛ̃ Pa, Udeypur 2 mɛkːuɖu 5 tʃʌgʌɖ Pa, Udeypur 2 kui Pa, Mooling 4 pɐnu Pa, Gushal 1 ɖhẽ Pa, Gushal 2 mẽkuʈhu̩ Pa, Udeypur 2 lʌ Pa, Gushal 2 kui Pa, Tholang 4 pɐnu Pa, Mooling 1 de Pa, Mooling 2 mekʈũ 5 tʃʌgʌɖ Pa, Mooling 2 khui Pa, Chimrat 4 pɐnu Pa, Tholang 1 ɖe Pa, Tholang 2 mekuʈu Pa, Gushal 2 lʌh Pa, Tholang 2 khwi Pa, Salgram 4 pɐn̪u Pa, Chimrat 1 dẽh Pa, Chimrat 3 miʈhol 5 tʃəkəʈ Pa, Chimrat 2 kui Ti, Sissu 3 pɐlmo Pa, Salgram 1 d̪e Pa, Salgram 2 me Pa, Mooling 2 lʌ Pa, Salgram 2 kui Ti, Gondhla 3 pɐlmo Ti, Sissu 1 dhe Ti, Sissu 2 mekod̪ũŋ 5 tʃukuɽ Ti, Sissu 2 kuwi Ga, Keylong 5 pɛltsi Ti, Gondhla 1 dhe Ti, Gondhla 2 mekod̪u Pa, Tholang 5 tʃhʌgʌɽ Ti, Gondhla 2 kwi Ga, Stingri 5 pɛltsi Ga, Keylong 3 ɾutso Ga, Keylong 4 ŋʌ̃mɐ Pa, Chimrat 5 tʃʌgɐ Ga, Keylong 3 kju Ga, Gawzang 5 pɛltsi Ga, Stingri 3 ɾotʃo Ga, Stingri 4 ŋʌmɐ Pa, Salgram 2 lɐ Ga, Stingri 3 ku Bh, Darcha 2 wumɐ Ga, Gawzang 3 ɾutʃo Ga, Gawzang 4 ŋʌ̃mɐ Ti, Sissu 2 lɐ Ga, Gawzang 3 kju 2 homɐ Bh, Darcha 3 ɾudʒo Bh, Darcha 4 ŋɐmʌ Ti, Gondhla 2 lɐ Bh, Darcha 1 khi Bh, Kolong 2 omɐ Bh, Kolong 3 ɾutʃo Bh, Kolong 4 ŋɐmə Ga, Keylong 2 lʌ Bh, Kolong 1 khi Bh, Rarig 2 ŋomɐ 3 ɾətʃho Bh, Rarig 4 ŋɐmə Ga, Stingri 2 lʌ Bh, Rarig 1 khi Bh, Tingrat 2 umɐ̃ Bh, Rarig 3 ɾʌtʃho Bh, Tingrat 4 ɲɐ Ga, Gawzang 2 lɛ Bh, Tingrat 1 khi Bh, Khoksar 2 omɐ Bh, Tingrat 3 ɾɐtʃo 4 ŋɐː Bh, Darcha 3 ɾɐmʌ Bh, Khoksar 1 khi Ld, Leh 2 omɐ Bh, Khoksar 3 ɾutʃo Bh, Khoksar 4 ŋɐmə Bh, Kolong 3 ɾəmɐh Ld, Leh 1 khi Bh, Spiti 2 omɐh Ld, Leh 3 ɾudʒo Ld, Leh 4 sŋɐmɐ Bh, Rarig 3 ɾəmɐh Bh, Spiti 1 ki Tb, Lhasa 2 oːma Bh, Spiti 3 rɐtʃo Bh, Spiti 4 ɲemɐ Bh, Tingrat 4 ɾobu Tb, Lhasa 1 khi Tb, Lhasa 3 ɹaːtʃo Tb, Lhasa 7 ʃukuʔ Bh, Khoksar 3 ɾəmɐh Ld, Leh 3 ɹɐmɐ Bh, Spiti 3 ɾɐmʌ Tb, Lhasa 3 ɹa

96. snake 97. monkey 98. mosquito 99. ant 100. spider Hi, Standard 9 sɐ̃p Hi, Standard 2 bʌndʌɾ Hi, Standard 1 mʌtʃhʌɾ Hi, Standard a tʃĩʈĩ Hi, Standard 4 mʌkʌɖi Pg, Tindi 3 kiɾʌ Pg, Tindi 5 mʌkʌɾ Pg, Tindi 0 ɴo entry Pg, Tindi 2 kiõni Pg, Tindi 3 gʌɾod Ch, Gushal 4 lõlɐ Ch, Gushal 5 mʌkuɖ Ch, Gushal 2 mʌɾtʃ Ch, Gushal 5 kuɾɪktʃɐ Ch, Gushal 1 buɳijɐɾ Ch, Nalda 4 lolʌ Ch, Nalda 5 mʌkːʌɾ Ch, Nalda 1 mʌtʃʌɾ Ch, Nalda 5 kuɾiktseʔ Ch, Nalda 1 buɳijɐɾ Lo, Gondhla 4 lolu Lo, Gondhla 5 mʌkʌɽɨ Lo, Gondhla 1 mʌtʃʌnui Lo, Gondhla 5 kuɾiktsɐ Lo, Gondhla 1 bũjɐɾ Lo, Gawzang 4 lolul Lo, Gawzang 0 ɴo entry Lo, Gawzang 1 mʌtʃhʌɾi Lo, Gawzang 6 kuɾkuthɪk Lo, Gawzang 1 bũjɐɾ 5 moɾɐ Pa, Jobrang 5 mʌkʌɖ Pa, Jobrang 1 mʌtʃʌɾ Pa, Jobrang 7 puɾikɐh Pa, Jobrang 6 ɾindʒɐt Pa, Jobrang 6 omɾɐ Pa, Thirot 2 bʌndʌɾi Pa, Thirot 1 mʌtʃʌɾ Pa, Thirot 7 puɾk̚ Pa, Thirot 6 ɾindʒɐʈi Pa, Thirot 6 omɾe 5 mʌgʌ Pa, Udeypur 1 mʌtʃʌɾ Pa, Udeypur 7 puɾkɐh Pa, Udeypur 2 gogʌɖi Pa, Udeypur 6 omɾzɐ Pa, Udeypur 5 mʌkːʌd Pa, Gushal 1 mətʃuɖu Pa, Gushal 5 kuɾɪtʃhʌ 6 ɾindʒɐt Pa, Gushal 6 omɾɐh Pa, Gushal 5 məkːəɖ Pa, Mooling 1 mʌtʃʌɾ 7 puɾkɐ Pa, Gushal 6 Pa, Mooling 6 omdʒɐ Pa, Mooling 5 mʌkʌɽ Pa, Tholang 3 mʌ̃ŋʌnɐ Pa, Mooling 4 kuɽsɐ ɾəɳdʒ.kɾiɳdʒ Pa, Tholang 6 omʐɐ Pa, Tholang 5 mʌkʌɽ Pa, Chimrat 1 mʌtʃʌɾi 7 puɾikɐ Pa, Mooling 6 ɾinzɐʈ Pa, Chimrat 6 omdʌ Pa, Chimrat 5 mʌgʌh Pa, Salgram 1 mʌʈ Pa, Tholang 5 kuɾiksɐ Pa, Tholang 6 ɾinzɐtu Pa, Salgram 6 omɾɨ Pa, Salgram 5 mɐgɐ Ti, Sissu 1 mʌtʃʌɾ Pa, Chimrat 7 puɾkeɨ Pa, Chimrat 6 ɾindʒɐ Ti, Sissu 8 ɾukjõmo Ti, Sissu 1 bhudʒo Ti, Gondhla 1 mʌtʃʌɾ Pa, Salgram 1 ɖɐg Pa, Salgram 5 ŋobiɾɐ Ti, Gondhla 9 sɐ̃p Ti, Gondhla 1 bhudʒu Ga, Keylong 5 tʃusɲi Ti, Sissu 6 kuɾkutum Ti, Sissu 7 ɾʌndzipomo Ga, Keylong a tebu Ga, Keylong 6 ɲũksi Ga, Stingri 5 tʃusɲi Ti, Gondhla 3 koɾiks Ti, Gondhla 7 ɾʌnsib Ga, Stingri a t̪hebu Ga, Stingri 6 ɲũksi Ga, Gawzang 5 tʃusɲi Ga, Keylong 6 kuɾkuthi Ga, Keylong 6 ɾindʒʌnbu Ga, Gawzang a tebu Ga, Gawzang 6 ɲũksi Bh, Darcha 1 mʌtʃʌɾ Ga, Stingri 6 kuɾkuthi Ga, Stingri 6 ɾintʃɛnbu Bh, Darcha 1 bhuɾiŋmɐ Bh, Darcha 4 ʃiu 8 dugdʌŋ Ga, Gawzang 6 kuɾkuthi Ga, Gawzang c tʃɪntʃɛnbu Bh, Kolong 1 buɾɪŋmo a tiu Bh, Kolong 1 mətʃhəɾ Bh, Darcha 6 kuɾkhiti Bh, Darcha 8 thɐɾibu 9 sɐ̃p Bh, Kolong 4 ɕiu Bh, Rarig 1 mətʃhəɾ c dogmɐ Bh, Kolong 8 t̪hɐɾebu Bh, Rarig 1 buɾiŋmoi Bh, Rarig 8 sigu Bh, Tingrat 4 pundzeʔ Bh, Kolong 6 kuɾkutːɪ Bh, Rarig 9 thʌgɾʌbu Bh, Tingrat 7 ɽhuɭ Bh, Tingrat 4 ɕiːu Bh, Khoksar 1 mətʃhəɾ Bh, Rarig 6 kuɾkutːɪ Bh, Tingrat 8 thɐɾʌn.bu Bh, Khoksar 1 buɾɪŋmo 4 ʂu Ld, Leh 7 zɐŋgi Bh, Tingrat 8 tɕɛmɐʔ.bu Bh, Khoksar d t̪hʌkʃʌnbu Ld, Leh 7 zɾul Bh, Khoksar 3 buʂo Bh, Spiti 0 ɴo entry Bh, Khoksar 6 kuɾkutːɪ Ld, Leh 9 thɐksɾɐbu Bh, Spiti b tũktul 4 ʃiu Tb, Lhasa 6 tukdaŋ Ld, Leh b temok̚butsik Bh, Spiti 9 thʌkwɐbu Tb, Lhasa 2 duːhul Ld, Leh 9 mʌnu Bh, Spiti 8 temɐ Tb, Lhasa b tøːm Bh, Spiti 4 ʃiu Tb, Lhasa 9 tøːma Tb, Lhasa 7 piu̥ː

101. name 102. man 103. woman 104. child 105. father Hi, Standard 3 nɐm Hi, Standard 1 ɐdʌmi Hi, Standard 7 ɔɾʌt Hi, Standard 3 bʌtʃtʃhɐ Hi, Standard 1 bɐp Pg, Tindi 3 nɐm 9 puɾuʃ 9 stɾi Pg, Tindi 3 bʌtʃe 3 pitɐ Ch, Gushal 2 nɐʋu Pg, Tindi 5 mɐnu Pg, Tindi 3 dʒilɐnu Ch, Gushal 6 mʌʈhu Pg, Tindi 1 bɐp Ch, Nalda 2 næ̃ u Ch, Gushal 5 mɐ̃wu Ch, Gushal 2 dʒolɐwu Ch, Nalda 6 mʌʈhuh Ch, Gushal 1 bɐ Lo, Gondhla 2 nɐũ Ch, Nalda 5 mɐ̃u Ch, Nalda 2 dʒɛlɐ̃u Lo, Gondhla 2 bʌi Ch, Nalda 1 bɐh Lo, Gawzang 2 nɐũ Lo, Gondhla 8 muʃʌlɐ Lo, Gondhla 2 dzɐlõɐ Lo, Gawzang 2 bhɐĩ Lo, Gondhla 1 bɐ Pa, Jobrang 1 min Lo, Gawzang 7 mʌʈhɐ Lo, Gawzang 2 dzʌloŋ Pa, Jobrang 5 kʌthu Lo, Gawzang 1 bʌʔ Pa, Thirot 1 min 8 muʃuɖɐ 6 mʌʈhi Pa, Thirot 5 kʌʈu Pa, Jobrang 1 bɐ Pa, Udeypur 1 mɪn Pa, Jobrang 3 gʌŋmi Pa, Jobrang 5 metʃmi Pa, Udeypur 5 kəʈu Pa, Thirot 1 bɐ Pa, Gushal 1 mɪn 6 mih Pa, Thirot 5 metʃmi Pa, Gushal 5 kəʈu Pa, Udeypur 1 bɐ 1 mĩn Pa, Thirot 6 mi Pa, Udeypur 5 mɛtʃmi Pa, Mooling 5 khʌʈhu Pa, Gushal 1 bɐ Pa, Mooling 1 min Pa, Udeypur 6 mi Pa, Gushal 5 metʃəmi Pa, Tholang 5 kɐʈu Pa, Mooling 1 bɐh Pa, Tholang 1 mĩn Pa, Gushal 6 mi Pa, Mooling 5 mɛtsmi Pa, Chimrat 5 kəɖu Pa, Tholang 1 bɐ Pa, Chimrat 1 mɪn Pa, Mooling 6 mi Pa, Tholang 5 metʃmi Pa, Salgram 5 khɐɾu Pa, Chimrat 1 bɐ Pa, Salgram 1 miŋ Pa, Tholang 3 gʌŋmi Pa, Chimrat 5 metʃmi Ti, Sissu 4 joɾe Pa, Salgram 1 bɐ Ti, Sissu 1 mĩn Pa, Chimrat 6 mi Pa, Salgram 5 mezmi Ti, Gondhla 4 joɾe Ti, Sissu 1 ɐwɐ Ti, Gondhla 1 mĩn Pa, Salgram 6 mi Ti, Sissu 5 mẽtsɐ 9 t̪ilɐg Ti, Gondhla 1 ɐbɐ Ga, Keylong 1 min Ti, Sissu 6 mĩ Ti, Gondhla 5 mẽtsɐ Ga, Keylong 1 bet̪e Ga, Keylong 1 ɐwɐ Ga, Stingri 1 min̪ Ti, Gondhla 6 mĩ Ga, Keylong 4 lɛspi Ga, Stingri 1 bɛt̪i Ga, Stingri 1 ʌwɐ Ga, Gawzang 1 min Ga, Keylong 6 mĩ Ga, Stingri 4 lɛsmi Ga, Gawzang 1 bet̪e Ga, Gawzang 1 ɐwɐ Bh, Darcha 1 min Ga, Stingri 6 mĩ Ga, Gawzang 4 lʌsmi Bh, Darcha 8 tu Bh, Darcha 1 ɐbɐ Bh, Kolong 1 mɪn Ga, Gawzang 6 mĩ Bh, Darcha 8 phumo 8 thuɣo Bh, Kolong 1 ɐbɐ Bh, Rarig 1 mɪŋ Bh, Darcha 6 mĩ Bh, Kolong 8 pomu Bh, Kolong 8 tug̚ 1 ɐʋɐ Bh, Tingrat 1 miŋ Bh, Kolong 2 budʒɐ Bh, Rarig 8 pomu 8 tugu 1 ɐwɐ Bh, Khoksar 1 mɪn 6 mih Bh, Tingrat 8 phũ Bh, Rarig 8 tug̚ Bh, Rarig 1 ɐbɐ Ld, Leh 1 miŋ Bh, Rarig 2 budʒɐ Bh, Khoksar 8 pomu 8 tugu 2 jʌp Bh, Spiti 1 min 6 mih Ld, Leh 8 pomo Bh, Tingrat 3 petse Bh, Tingrat 1 ɐpɐ Tb, Lhasa 1 miŋ Bh, Tingrat 6 mih Bh, Spiti 1 ɐne Bh, Khoksar 8 tug̚ Bh, Khoksar 1 ɐbɐ Bh, Khoksar 2 budʒɐ Tb, Lhasa 0 ɴo entry 8 tugu 1 ɐʋɐ 6 mih Ld, Leh 8 thuɣu 1 ɐwɐ Ld, Leh 6 mi Bh, Spiti 8 tu Ld, Leh 1 ɐbɐ Bh, Spiti 6 mi Tb, Lhasa 7 puːgɔʔ Bh, Spiti 1 ɐpɐ Tb, Lhasa 4 kjoga Tb, Lhasa 1 paba

106. mother 107. older.brother 108. younger.brother 109. older.sister 110. younger.sister Hi, Standard 4 mɐtɐ Hi, Standard 3 bʌɖɐbhɐi Hi, Standard 2 tʃhotɐbhɐi Hi, Standard 3 didi Hi, Standard 2 bʌhʌn 4 mɐ̃ 4 dɐdɐ Pg, Tindi 2 bhɐi Pg, Tindi 2 dɛdi Pg, Tindi 2 tʃoti.bɐin Pg, Tindi 2 idʒi Pg, Tindi 2 bɐu Ch, Gushal 2 bhɐi 3 dɛdi Ch, Gushal 2 bɛ̃hɛ̃ Ch, Gushal 1 ʌmːɐ Ch, Gushal 5 qʌqʌ Ch, Nalda 5 mʌʈhʌ.qʌqʌ Ch, Gushal 2 d̪ʌd̪ʌ Ch, Nalda 5 mʌʈhi.d̪ɐd̪ɐ Ch, Nalda 3 jɐːʔ Ch, Nalda 5 meɖʌqʌqʌ Lo, Gondhla 2 bʌjɐ Ch, Nalda 2 moɖi.d̪ɐd̪ɐ Lo, Gondhla 2 bæ̃ Lo, Gondhla 1 ʌmɐ Lo, Gondhla 5 kʌkɐ Lo, Gawzang 2 bhɐijɐ 4 moɖi.d̪ɐd̪ɐ Lo, Gawzang 2 bhɛ̃ Lo, Gawzang 1 ɐmɐ Lo, Gawzang 5 kɐkɐ Pa, Jobrang 6 nuɐ Lo, Gondhla 2 d̪ʌd̪ɐ Pa, Jobrang a ɾɪŋ Pa, Jobrang 3 jɐ Pa, Jobrang 5 kʌkʌ Pa, Thirot 6 nuwɐ Lo, Gawzang 2 dɐdɐ Pa, Thirot 4 kots.ɾiŋ Pa, Thirot 3 jɐ Pa, Thirot 5 moɖkɐkɐ Pa, Udeypur 6 nuwɐ Pa, Jobrang 1 ʌtʃ a kots.ɾiŋ Pa, Udeypur 1 əmːɐ Pa, Udeypur 5 kəkːɐ Pa, Gushal 6 nowɐ Pa, Thirot 3 d̪ɛd̪ɛ Pa, Udeypur a ɾɪŋ 3 jɐh Pa, Gushal 5 moɖɛkəkːɐ Pa, Mooling 4 kwɛtʃnũwã Pa, Udeypur 2 dɛd̪ɛ Pa, Gushal a ɾɪŋ Pa, Gushal 3 jɐ Pa, Mooling 5 moɽekɐkɐ 6 kwɛtʃnũwã 3 dɛd̪ɛ Pa, Mooling 4 kwɛtʃ.ɾiŋ Pa, Mooling 1 ʌmʌ Pa, Tholang 5 moɽekɐkɐ Pa, Tholang 6 noɐ̃ Pa, Gushal 1 ɐtʃhe a kwɛtʃ.ɾiŋ 3 jɐ Pa, Chimrat 5 moɖekɐh Pa, Chimrat 6 nuwɐ Pa, Mooling 1 moɽe.ʌtʃh Pa, Tholang a ɾɪŋ Pa, Tholang 1 ɐmɐ Pa, Salgram 5 moɾekɐg Pa, Salgram 4 kuɐtʃkɐg 4 moɽe.ʌtʃh Pa, Chimrat 6 nuʃhɐ 3 jɐ Ti, Sissu 1 ɐtʃo Ti, Sissu 3 tʃotʃo Pa, Tholang 1 ɐtʃhe Pa, Salgram 4 kuɐtʃ.d̪ed̪e Pa, Chimrat 3 jɐ Ti, Gondhla 1 hetig.hɐtʃo Ti, Gondhla 7 nukh Pa, Chimrat 4 moɖe.ɾɪŋ 5 kuɐtʃ.d̪ed̪e Pa, Salgram 3 jɐ Ga, Keylong 1 ɐtʃo Ga, Keylong 1 bet̪ Pa, Salgram 3 moɽe.d̪ed̪e Ti, Sissu 9 ophu Ti, Sissu 1 ɐmɐ Ga, Stingri 1 ʌtʃho 3 dʒɔdʒɔ 4 moɽe.d̪ed̪e Ti, Gondhla 8 nukhɐ Ti, Gondhla 1 ɐmɐ Ga, Gawzang 1 ɐtʃo Ga, Stingri 3 tʃutʃho Ti, Sissu 1 ɐtʃe Ga, Keylong 1 ɐphu Ga, Keylong 1 ɐmɐ Bh, Darcha 1 ɐtʃo Ga, Gawzang 1 bet̪ Ti, Gondhla 1 ɐtʃe 3 ʃiŋ Ga, Stingri 1 ʌmɐ Bh, Kolong 1 ətʃho Bh, Darcha 6 no Ga, Keylong 1 ɐtʃe Ga, Stingri 9 ʌpu Ga, Gawzang 1 ɐmɐ Bh, Rarig 1 ətʃho Bh, Kolong 3 tʃhotʃho Ga, Stingri 1 ʌtʃe Ga, Gawzang 3 ɕiŋ Bh, Darcha 1 ɐmɐ Bh, Tingrat 1 ɐtʃo 6 n̪o Ga, Gawzang 1 ɐtʃe Bh, Darcha 7 nʌ̃mo Bh, Kolong 1 əmɐ Bh, Khoksar 1 ətʃho Bh, Rarig 3 tʃhotʃho Bh, Darcha 1 ɐtʃi Bh, Kolong 1 əpːu Bh, Rarig 1 əmɐ Ld, Leh 1 ɐtʃo 6 n̪o Bh, Kolong 1 ətʃhi 3 ʃiŋmo Bh, Tingrat 1 ɐmɐ Bh, Spiti 1 ɐtʃo Bh, Tingrat 6 nɔ̃o Bh, Rarig 1 ətʃhi Bh, Rarig 7 n̪omo Bh, Khoksar 1 əmɐ Tb, Lhasa 6 tʃinphɔ 6 n̪o Bh, Tingrat 1 etʃi Bh, Tingrat 6 nũː Ld, Leh 1 ɐmɐ Bh, Khoksar 3 tʃhotʃho Bh, Khoksar 1 ʌtʃhe 8 nũː Bh, Spiti 1 ɐmɐ 6 n̪o Ld, Leh 1 ɐtʃe Bh, Khoksar 3 ʂiŋmo Tb, Lhasa 1 ama Ld, Leh 6 no Bh, Spiti 1 ɐtʃe Ld, Leh 7 nomo Bh, Spiti 6 nõh Tb, Lhasa 5 tʃiŋmɔ Bh, Spiti 7 nõmõ Tb, Lhasa 8 tʃuŋphɔ Tb, Lhasa 3 tʃuŋmɔ

111. son 112. daughter 113. husband 114. wife 115. boy Hi, Standard 1 beʈɐ Hi, Standard 1 beʈi Hi, Standard 8 pʌti Hi, Standard b pʌtni Hi, Standard 6 lʌɖʌkɐ 6 putɾɐ a putɾi Pg, Tindi 2 bʌtɐr Pg, Tindi 7 kowɐ Pg, Tindi 5 kowɐ Pg, Tindi 4 kowɐ Pg, Tindi 4 kuɾi Ch, Gushal 2 bʌt̪ɐɾ Ch, Gushal 4 dʒoili Ch, Gushal 5 kuwɐ Ch, Gushal 4 kuwɐ Ch, Gushal 3 kui Ch, Nalda 2 bhʌt̪ɐːɾ Ch, Nalda 4 dʒoili Ch, Nalda a ʃoɾu Ch, Nalda 4 koɐ Ch, Nalda 3 kuːi Lo, Gondhla 2 bɐt̪hɐɾ Lo, Gondhla 4 dzoili Lo, Gondhla 7 mʌʈhɐ Lo, Gondhla 4 koɐ Lo, Gondhla 3 kui Lo, Gawzang 2 bʌthɐɾ Lo, Gawzang 4 dzoili Lo, Gawzang 7 mʌʈhɐ 5 mʌthɐ Lo, Gawzang 8 mʌthi Pa, Jobrang 5 gʌgsɐ Pa, Jobrang 5 metsʌh 8 muʃuldɐ Lo, Gawzang 5 mʌthɐ Pa, Jobrang 6 mijo Pa, Thirot 5 ghʌkse Pa, Thirot 5 metʃe Pa, Jobrang 3 jo Pa, Jobrang 3 jo Pa, Thirot 7 miljo Pa, Udeypur 5 gʌgsɐ Pa, Udeypur 5 mɛtʃʌ Pa, Thirot 2 gʌmkʌɖu Pa, Thirot 3 jo Pa, Udeypur 6 mijo Pa, Gushal 5 gəksə Pa, Gushal 5 metʃhə Pa, Udeypur 2 gʌmkʌʈu Pa, Udeypur 3 jo Pa, Gushal 6 miy Pa, Mooling 5 gɐksɐ Pa, Mooling 5 mɛtsɐ Pa, Gushal 2 ghəŋkəʈ Pa, Gushal 3 jo Pa, Mooling 5 mɛtsmikhʌʈhu Pa, Tholang 5 gʌgsɐ Pa, Tholang 5 metʃɐ 4 kəʈhu Pa, Mooling 3 jo 6 mijõ Pa, Chimrat 6 gɐseʔ Pa, Chimrat 5 metʃe Pa, Mooling 3 jo Pa, Tholang 3 jo Pa, Tholang 6 mjo Pa, Salgram 6 gɐsɪ Pa, Salgram 8 mez Pa, Tholang 2 gʌŋkʌʈu Pa, Chimrat 3 jo Pa, Chimrat 6 mijo Ti, Sissu 3 dɐkpo Ti, Sissu 8 mɛd̪ Pa, Chimrat 4 kʌɖu Pa, Salgram 3 jo Pa, Salgram 7 milijo Ti, Gondhla 3 dɐkpo Ti, Gondhla 8 mɛd̪ Pa, Salgram 3 jo Ti, Sissu 3 jotʃɐ Ti, Sissu 2 gemɛtsɐ Ga, Keylong 3 dɐkpo Ga, Keylong 2 bɛɾmo Ti, Sissu 3 jotsə Ti, Gondhla 3 jotʃɐ Ti, Gondhla 2 gemɛtsɐ Ga, Stingri 3 dʌgpo Ga, Stingri 3 bjɛnmo Ti, Gondhla 3 jotʃʌ Ga, Keylong 2 butsɐ Ga, Keylong b tseme Ga, Gawzang 3 dɐkpo Ga, Gawzang 3 bjɛnmo Ga, Keylong 1 butsʌ Ga, Stingri 2 butsɐ Ga, Stingri b tsemɛ Bh, Darcha 1 ɐwu Bh, Darcha 1 ɐne Ga, Stingri 1 butsʌ Ga, Gawzang 2 butsɐ Ga, Gawzang b tseme Bh, Kolong 1 əu Bh, Kolong 1 ənɛ Ga, Gawzang 1 butsʌ Bh, Darcha 6 putsʌ Bh, Darcha 9 phumo Bh, Rarig 4 ʌgu Bh, Rarig 1 ənɛ Bh, Darcha b tu Bh, Kolong 7 thuː Bh, Kolong 9 pomu Bh, Tingrat 7 kjuɐ Bh, Tingrat 9 pɐmɐʔ b thuɣu Bh, Rarig 7 thuː Bh, Rarig 9 pomu 7 kjowɐh Bh, Khoksar a pime Bh, Kolong 1 bʊtʃhə Bh, Tingrat 6 putsɐh Bh, Tingrat 9 phũ Bh, Khoksar 7 kjøwɐ Ld, Leh d nɐmɐ Bh, Rarig 1 bʊtʃhə Bh, Khoksar 6 putsɐ a phũ Ld, Leh a mʌkpɐ Bh, Spiti c tsʌmu Bh, Tingrat 1 putsɐh Ld, Leh 7 thuɣu Bh, Khoksar 9 pomo Bh, Spiti 1 uuː Tb, Lhasa 6 kimɛn Bh, Khoksar 1 putsɐ Bh, Spiti 7 tu Ld, Leh 9 pomo Tb, Lhasa 9 tjokha Ld, Leh 1 putsɐ Tb, Lhasa 6 phu Bh, Spiti 9 pomu Bh, Spiti b tu Tb, Lhasa 9 phoːmuʔ Tb, Lhasa 0 ɴo entry

116. girl 117. day 118. night 119. morning 120. noon Hi, Standard 3 lʌɖʌki Hi, Standard 3 dɪn Hi, Standard 6 ɾɐt Hi, Standard 8 sʌweɾɐ Hi, Standard 2 dopʌhʌɾ Pg, Tindi 2 kuɾi Pg, Tindi 3 din Pg, Tindi 6 ɾɐt Pg, Tindi 2 biɐg Pg, Tindi 2 dupɛr Ch, Gushal 2 kuwi Ch, Gushal 2 dhjɐi Ch, Gushal 6 ɾɐt̪ Ch, Gushal 3 d̪ot̪ɛ̃ Ch, Gushal 1 d̪ijɐ Ch, Nalda a ʃoɾi Ch, Nalda 2 d̪ihɐɽɐ Ch, Nalda 3 pɐid̪i Ch, Nalda 3 d̪od̪ẽ Ch, Nalda 1 d̪iːʌ Lo, Gondhla 7 mʌʈhi 4 d̪ihɐɽɐ Lo, Gondhla 6 ɾɐt̪i Lo, Gondhla 3 d̪ɐt̪ei Lo, Gondhla 4 ɛɾunɨ Lo, Gawzang 7 mʌʈhi Lo, Gondhla 1 ɖɐɽɐ Lo, Gawzang 6 ɾɐthi Lo, Gawzang 3 dothɐĩ Lo, Gawzang 1 diə Pa, Jobrang 4 metsimi 2 d̪hijɐ Pa, Jobrang 2 ɲokolki Pa, Jobrang 4 mundʒɛ Pa, Jobrang 6 niɾɐ 5 mijo Lo, Gawzang 2 diə 6 ɾɐti Pa, Thirot 4 mundʒ 8 ʃot b metsimi Pa, Jobrang 6 niɾɐ Pa, Thirot 6 ɾɐt̪ Pa, Udeypur 4 muɲdʒ Pa, Thirot 6 niɾɐ Pa, Thirot 4 metʃɪmkʌʈu Pa, Thirot 6 niɾe Pa, Udeypur 2 ɲokːol Pa, Gushal 4 muɳdʒ Pa, Udeypur 7 shokːɛ Pa, Udeypur 4 mɛtʃʌmkʌʈu Pa, Udeypur 6 niɾɐ Pa, Gushal 6 ɾɐt Pa, Mooling 4 mundʒ Pa, Gushal 6 niɾɐ Pa, Gushal 4 medʒʊmkəʈ Pa, Gushal 1 dʒɐɖɐ Pa, Mooling 2 ɲokol Pa, Tholang 4 muɳdʒe Pa, Mooling 6 niɾɐ Pa, Mooling 5 mijõ Pa, Mooling 6 niɾɐ Pa, Tholang 6 ɾɐt Pa, Chimrat 4 mundʒe Pa, Tholang 7 ʃoket̪hʌl Pa, Tholang 4 metʃimkʌʈu Pa, Tholang 6 niɾɐ Pa, Chimrat 2 ɲokol Pa, Salgram 4 mundʒe Pa, Chimrat 6 niɾe Pa, Chimrat 4 medʒɪmkʌɖu Pa, Chimrat 1 dʒhɐɖɐ 6 ɾɐt̪ Ti, Sissu 5 nɐɾo Pa, Salgram 6 niːɾɨ Pa, Salgram 6 milijo 6 niɾeʔ Pa, Salgram 6 ɾɐt̪ Ti, Gondhla 5 nɐɾo Ti, Sissu 6 niɾ Ti, Sissu 1 gemɛts Pa, Salgram 6 niːɾ Ti, Sissu 4 piɾo Ga, Keylong 5 ŋɐɾo Ti, Gondhla 6 niɾ Ti, Gondhla 1 gemɛtsʌ Ti, Sissu 6 niɾ Ti, Gondhla 5 pit̪og Ga, Stingri 5 ŋɐɾo Ga, Keylong 6 niɾɐ Ga, Keylong b tseme Ti, Gondhla 6 niɾ Ga, Keylong 4 phɪɾo Ga, Gawzang 5 ŋɐɾo Ga, Stingri 5 ɲinɸed̪ Ga, Stingri b tseme Ga, Keylong 6 niɾɐ Ga, Stingri 1 mun Bh, Darcha 1 ŋɐmo Ga, Gawzang 6 ɲiɾə Ga, Gawzang b tseme Ga, Stingri 5 ɲin 4 phiɾo Bh, Kolong 1 ŋəmo Bh, Darcha 5 nimɐpe Bh, Darcha 8 phomutsun Ga, Gawzang 6 niɾɐ Ga, Gawzang 4 phɪɾo Bh, Rarig 1 ŋəmo 9 ɲɪŋgun Bh, Kolong 8 pomu Bh, Darcha 5 nimɐ Bh, Darcha 4 piɾo Bh, Tingrat 1 ŋɐũ Bh, Kolong 5 ɲiməphɛ Bh, Rarig 8 pomu Bh, Kolong 5 ɲimɐ Bh, Kolong 4 phiɾo Bh, Khoksar 9 t̪hoɾɛ Bh, Rarig 5 ɲiməphɛ Bh, Tingrat 8 põmõ Bh, Rarig 1 dzɐ 7 tʃhən Ld, Leh 1 sŋɐmo Bh, Tingrat 5 ɲimɐ 9 phũ Bh, Tingrat 1 ʃɐʔ Bh, Rarig 4 phiɾo 6 ŋɐtokh 5 nimikõ Bh, Khoksar 8 pomo 5 ɲimɐ 7 tsʌn Bh, Spiti 1 nɐmũ Bh, Khoksar 5 nimɐzɐɾɐ Ld, Leh 8 pomo Bh, Khoksar 5 nimɐ Bh, Tingrat 4 phiɾo 6 nɐtok Ld, Leh 3 dzɐɾɐ Bh, Spiti 8 pomu 5 niɲmo 7 tsʌn Tb, Lhasa 7 ʃɔkpa 9 ɲingun Tb, Lhasa 0 ɴo entry Ld, Leh 1 ʒɐk Bh, Khoksar 7 sʌnmo Bh, Spiti 3 dʒɐrɐ 5 ɲimɐ Ld, Leh 7 tshɐn Tb, Lhasa 5 ɲinkun Bh, Spiti 5 ɲinmo Bh, Spiti 7 tʃʌmo Tb, Lhasa 5 ɲjima Tb, Lhasa 7 tsɛnmu

121. evening 122. yesterday 123. today 124. tomorrow 125. week Hi, Standard 8 ʃɐm Hi, Standard 8 kʌl Hi, Standard 1 ɐdʒ Hi, Standard 1 kʌl Hi, Standard 1 hʌftah a sɐ̃l Pg, Tindi 9 ʃudʒi Pg, Tindi 3 hi Pg, Tindi 5 ʃu Pg, Tindi 1 hʌptʌ Pg, Tindi 1 bedi Ch, Gushal 4 i Ch, Gushal 1 ɐdʒ Ch, Gushal 5 sui Ch, Gushal 1 hʌpt̪ɐ Ch, Gushal 6 pʌjɐd̪i Ch, Nalda 4 hi Ch, Nalda 1 ʌdʒ Ch, Nalda 5 ʃuːi Ch, Nalda 1 hʌpt̪ɐ Ch, Nalda 6 pʌijɐd̪i Lo, Gondhla 4 iː Lo, Gondhla 1 ʌdz Lo, Gondhla 5 ʃui Lo, Gondhla 1 hɐpt̪ɐ Lo, Gondhla 7 pʌst̪ɛlɐ Lo, Gawzang 4 hi Lo, Gawzang 1 ɐdz Lo, Gawzang 5 ʃui Lo, Gawzang 0 ɴo entry Lo, Gawzang 7 pʌstəlʌh Pa, Jobrang 2 ɛɾe Pa, Jobrang 4 toʔ Pa, Jobrang 2 mutʌŋ Pa, Jobrang 5 niɾʌk̚ Pa, Jobrang 5 ɲokolki 2 ɛɾek̚ Pa, Thirot 4 t̪oʔ Pa, Thirot 2 mutɐɳ Pa, Thirot 1 ɐptɐ Pa, Thirot 5 ɲolkolk Pa, Thirot 2 ɛɾe Pa, Udeypur 4 t̪og Pa, Udeypur 2 mut̪ʌŋ Pa, Udeypur 1 hept̪ʌ Pa, Udeypur 5 ɲolkolki Pa, Udeypur 2 ɛɾek 4 t̪ok Pa, Gushal 2 mut̪əŋ Pa, Gushal 1 həpt̪ə 9 ʃɪnɐmt̪ʌɾ Pa, Gushal 2 ɛɾe Pa, Gushal 4 t̪oʔ Pa, Mooling 2 mut̪ɐːn Pa, Mooling 6 nitʃd̪iɐɖɐ Pa, Gushal 5 ɲokholki Pa, Mooling 2 ɛɾe Pa, Mooling 4 t̪o Pa, Tholang 2 muʔt̪ʌŋ Pa, Tholang 5 niɾʌg Pa, Mooling 5 ɲolkolki Pa, Tholang 2 eɾɛk Pa, Tholang 4 t̪og̚ Pa, Chimrat 2 mut̪ɐh Pa, Chimrat 1 həpt̪ɐ Pa, Tholang 5 ɲokolki Pa, Chimrat 2 ɛɾe Pa, Chimrat 4 t̪oʔ Pa, Salgram 2 mud̪ɐ Pa, Salgram 7 ɾedʒɐ Pa, Chimrat 5 ɲokule Pa, Salgram 6 jeɾe Pa, Salgram 4 t̪o Ti, Sissu 2 muntɐŋ Ti, Sissu 1 hɐptɐi Pa, Salgram 4 jugulɛ Ti, Sissu 3 ekit̚ Ti, Sissu 4 toʔ Ti, Gondhla 2 mũtʌŋ Ti, Gondhla 1 hɐptɐi Ti, Sissu 2 pitog Ti, Gondhla 2 ɛkig Ti, Gondhla 4 togh Ga, Keylong 4 otʃi Ga, Keylong 2 duntɐ Ti, Gondhla 2 pitog Ga, Keylong 5 jɐ Ga, Keylong 5 tʌn Ga, Stingri 4 utʃi Ga, Stingri 2 dɾuntɐ Ga, Keylong 2 pitho Ga, Stingri 5 jɐ Ga, Stingri 5 t̪hʌn Ga, Gawzang 4 otʃi Ga, Gawzang 2 dunt̪hɐ Ga, Stingri 2 ɸit̪ho Ga, Gawzang 5 jɐ Ga, Gawzang 5 tʌn Bh, Darcha 7 thoɾe Bh, Darcha 2 dunthɐ Ga, Gawzang 2 phitho Bh, Darcha 1 dʌŋ Bh, Darcha 2 dɾɪn Bh, Kolong 7 t̪hoɾɛ Bh, Kolong 2 d̪unthɐ Bh, Darcha 2 pitho Bh, Kolong 1 d̪əŋ Bh, Kolong 2 d̪ɪɾiŋ Bh, Rarig 7 t̪hoɾɛ Bh, Rarig 2 d̪undʒʌk Bh, Kolong 2 phɪt̪ho Bh, Rarig 1 d̪əŋ Bh, Rarig 2 d̪ɪɾiŋ Bh, Tingrat 7 toɾe Bh, Tingrat 2 duntʌʔ Bh, Rarig 2 phɪt̪ho Bh, Tingrat 1 dɐŋ Bh, Tingrat 2 tɪriŋ Bh, Khoksar 3 nɐmo 2 dʒɐpɐ.d̪un Bh, Tingrat 2 ɸitoʔ Bh, Khoksar 1 d̪ʌŋ Bh, Khoksar 6 t̪ɛɾiŋ Ld, Leh 7 thoɾes 3 dʒɐpɐ.d̪un 2 phit̪o Ld, Leh 1 dɐŋ Ld, Leh 2 dɪɾiŋ Bh, Spiti 3 nɐŋmu Bh, Khoksar 2 d̪und̪hɐ Bh, Khoksar 2 pit̪ho Bh, Spiti 1 tʌŋ Bh, Spiti 6 tʌɾi Tb, Lhasa 6 səŋɲin Ld, Leh 2 duŋdʒɐk Ld, Leh 2 pithok Tb, Lhasa 7 kaːsəŋ Tb, Lhasa 2 tḁɾiŋ Bh, Spiti 3 dzɐ b dzɐɾɐpiɾ Tb, Lhasa 4 saːkor Bh, Spiti 2 pitok Tb, Lhasa 3 gøŋtɔ

126. month 127. year 128. old 129. new 130. good Hi, Standard 5 mʌhina Hi, Standard 1 ʋʌɾs Hi, Standard 3 pʊɾɐnɐ Hi, Standard 3 nʌjɐ Hi, Standard 2 bʌɖɪjɐ Pg, Tindi 5 mɐinʌ 6 sɐl Pg, Tindi 3 pɐrɐnɐ Pg, Tindi 2 nɐwɐ a ʌtʃhːɐ Ch, Gushal 5 mʌhinɐ Pg, Tindi 6 sɐl Ch, Gushal 3 pʊɾɐ Ch, Gushal 3 nʌjɐ Pg, Tindi 1 ɐbʌl Ch, Nalda 4 mɐ̃ŋ Ch, Gushal 6 sɐl Ch, Nalda 3 puɾɐɳɐ Ch, Nalda 1 khʌɾkɐ Ch, Gushal 9 ʈhik Lo, Gondhla 3 mɐ Ch, Nalda 2 bʌɾi Lo, Gondhla 3 puɾɐ̃ Lo, Gondhla 1 kʌɾkɐ Ch, Nalda 8 ɾʌʈhɐ Lo, Gawzang 3 mɐʔ Lo, Gondhla 1 bʌɾʃ Lo, Gawzang 3 puɾɐ̃ Lo, Gawzang 1 kɐɾkɐ Lo, Gondhla 8 ɾuth Pa, Jobrang 2 lɐh Lo, Gawzang 2 bʌɖi Pa, Jobrang 1 juwi Pa, Jobrang 1 kɐɾkoi Lo, Gawzang 8 ɾuth Pa, Thirot 2 lɐh Pa, Jobrang 1 bʌɾʂ Pa, Thirot 1 uwi Pa, Thirot 1 kɐɾkoi Pa, Jobrang 8 ɾuthe Pa, Udeypur 2 ɭʌh 6 sɐl 3 puɾɐnɐ Pa, Udeypur 1 kʌɾkoi Pa, Thirot 8 ɾuthe Pa, Gushal 2 lɐ Pa, Thirot 6 sɐl Pa, Udeypur 1 jui Pa, Gushal 1 kəɾkoi Pa, Udeypur 8 ɾuʈhɛ Pa, Mooling 2 lɐ Pa, Udeypur 1 vʌɾʃ Pa, Gushal 1 jui Pa, Mooling 1 khʌɾkhoi Pa, Gushal 8 ɾutʃh Pa, Tholang 2 lɐh Pa, Gushal 1 bəɾʃ Pa, Mooling 1 uwi Pa, Tholang 1 khʌɾkoi Pa, Mooling 8 ɾuthe Pa, Chimrat 2 lɐh Pa, Mooling 1 buɾʃ Pa, Tholang 1 jui Pa, Chimrat 1 kɐɾkoi Pa, Tholang 8 ɾuʈe Pa, Salgram 2 lɐ Pa, Tholang 6 sɐlɐ Pa, Chimrat 1 uwi Pa, Salgram 1 kʌrkoi Pa, Chimrat 8 ɾuthe Ti, Sissu 2 lɐː Pa, Chimrat 6 sɐl Pa, Salgram 1 uwi Ti, Sissu 4 nuwi Pa, Salgram 8 ɾuʈhɛ Ti, Gondhla 2 lɐː Pa, Salgram 1 bʌɾʃ Ti, Sissu 1 juwi Ti, Gondhla 4 nuwi Ti, Sissu 6 niʃɪ Ga, Keylong 2 lɐijɐ Ti, Sissu 5 ɲiŋ Ti, Gondhla 1 juwi Ga, Keylong 4 nuwi Ti, Gondhla 6 niʃ Ga, Stingri 2 lʌijɐ 6 sɐl Ga, Keylong 1 iuwi Ga, Stingri 4 nuwi Ga, Keylong 3 epo Ga, Gawzang 2 lɐijɐ Ti, Gondhla 1 bʌɾʃ Ga, Stingri 1 uwi Ga, Gawzang 4 nuwi Ga, Stingri 3 ɛpo Bh, Darcha 1 thɐ Ga, Keylong 3 kikoɾ Ga, Gawzang 1 iuwi Bh, Darcha 6 somʌ 7 phuid̪ɐ 1 dɐwɐ Ga, Stingri 3 kit̪koɾ Bh, Darcha 2 nimpɐ Bh, Kolong 6 soːmɐ Ga, Gawzang 3 epo Bh, Kolong 1 d̪ɐ Ga, Gawzang 3 kikoɾ Bh, Kolong 2 ɲɪŋpɐ Bh, Rarig 6 soːmɐ Bh, Darcha 4 khijɛlɐ 1 t̪ɐwɐ Bh, Darcha 4 lo Bh, Rarig 2 ɲɪŋpɐ Bh, Tingrat 6 sowɐ̃ 4 gjɐlɐ Bh, Rarig 1 dʌwɐ Bh, Kolong 4 loː Bh, Tingrat 2 ɲɪŋbɐ Bh, Khoksar 6 soːmɐ Bh, Kolong 4 gjɛlɐ Bh, Tingrat 1 dɐːh Bh, Rarig 4 loː Bh, Khoksar 2 ɲɪŋpɐ Ld, Leh 6 somɐ Bh, Rarig 4 gjɛlɐ 1 d̪hɐwɐ Bh, Tingrat 4 loh Ld, Leh 2 ɲiŋpɐ Bh, Spiti 6 somɐ Bh, Tingrat 4 gjɐl Bh, Khoksar 1 d̪ʌwɐ Bh, Khoksar 4 lo Bh, Spiti 2 niŋbʌ Tb, Lhasa 5 saːrpa Bh, Khoksar 4 gjɐlɐ 1 t̪ɐ Ld, Leh 4 lo Tb, Lhasa 2 ɲjinpa Ld, Leh 4 gjɐlɐ Ld, Leh 1 l̩dɐ Bh, Spiti 4 lo Bh, Spiti 5 jɐpõh 6 dzʌ Tb, Lhasa 4 lo Tb, Lhasa 5 jakpo Bh, Spiti 1 dɐwɐ Tb, Lhasa 1 dawa

131. bad 132. wet 133. dry 134. long 135. short Hi, Standard 2 gʌndːɐ Hi, Standard 2 bhigɐ Hi, Standard 6 sʊkhɐ Hi, Standard 2 lʌmbɐ Hi, Standard 3 tʃhoʈɐ 3 khʌɾɐb 3 gilɐ Pg, Tindi 6 sukʌ Pg, Tindi 2 lʌmbʌ Pg, Tindi 3 tʃotɐ Pg, Tindi 4 kustɾʌ Pg, Tindi 3 gilʌ Ch, Gushal 6 ʃukoɾɐ Ch, Gushal 2 lʌmɐ Ch, Gushal 3 tʃoʈɐ Ch, Gushal 3 khʌɾɐb Ch, Gushal 1 ɐlɐ Ch, Nalda 6 ʃuqɔɾa Ch, Nalda 2 lʌmːɐ Ch, Nalda 3 tʃoʈhɐ Ch, Nalda 1 dʒhʌkhʌndʒi Ch, Nalda 6 tʃhuk.tʃhuk Lo, Gondhla 6 ʃukoɾɐ Lo, Gondhla 2 lɐmɐ Lo, Gondhla 3 tsotɐ Lo, Gondhla 7 zʌk Lo, Gondhla 1 ɐlɐ Lo, Gawzang 6 ʃukhoɾʌ Lo, Gawzang 2 lʌmɐ Lo, Gawzang 3 tsothɐ Lo, Gawzang 2 ghʌndɐ Lo, Gawzang 1 ɐlʌ Pa, Jobrang 1 kɐɾtʃ Pa, Jobrang 2 lʌme Pa, Jobrang 2 kwotʃ Pa, Jobrang 1 dʒʌkʌndʒi Pa, Jobrang 1 ɐleʔ 1 kɐɾtʃi Pa, Thirot 2 lʌmɛ 3 tʃoʈɛ 5 mɐːdʒi Pa, Thirot 1 ɐle Pa, Thirot 1 kʌrtʃ Pa, Udeypur 2 lʌmɛ Pa, Thirot 2 kwʌtʃ Pa, Thirot 5 mɐdʒi Pa, Udeypur 1 ɐlɛ Pa, Udeypur 1 kʌɾtʃi Pa, Gushal 2 ləmɛ Pa, Udeypur 2 kotʃ Pa, Udeypur 1 dʒekʌɲdʒi Pa, Gushal 1 ɐlek̚ Pa, Gushal 1 kɐʃ 2 lʌmɛ 3 tʃoʈːɛ Pa, Gushal 5 mɐdʒi Pa, Mooling 1 ɐle 1 kɐɽtʃh Pa, Mooling 2 lɐme Pa, Gushal 3 tʃhoʈɛ Pa, Mooling 1 dʒʌkʌndʒi Pa, Tholang 1 ɐlɛg Pa, Mooling 1 kɐɾtʃ Pa, Tholang 2 lʌme Pa, Mooling 2 kwʌtʃ Pa, Tholang 5 mɐdʒi Pa, Chimrat 1 ɐle Pa, Tholang 1 kɐɾtʃi Pa, Chimrat 2 lʌmɐi Pa, Tholang 3 tʃhoʈhe Pa, Chimrat 1 dʒʌkhi Pa, Salgram 1 ɐle Pa, Chimrat 1 kʌɾtʃh Pa, Salgram 2 lɐme Pa, Chimrat 3 tʃhoʈɛ Pa, Salgram 5 mɐ̃dʒe Ti, Sissu 7 t̪it̪i Pa, Salgram 5 poʃ Ti, Sissu 4 ɾuki̩ Pa, Salgram 2 kuɐdʒ Ti, Sissu 7 sokpo Ti, Gondhla 7 t̪it̪i Ti, Sissu 2 kɐɾki̩ Ti, Gondhla 4 ɾuki Ti, Sissu 6 tuŋgi Ti, Gondhla 1 dʒʌk Ga, Keylong 7 t̪hi Ti, Gondhla 2 kɐɾki Ga, Keylong 1 kuwi Ti, Gondhla 6 tuŋi Ga, Keylong 6 mɐɾek Ga, Stingri 7 t̪hi Ga, Keylong 4 kjowi Ga, Stingri 1 kjuwi Ga, Keylong 6 tuni Ga, Stingri 6 mɐɾei Ga, Gawzang 7 t̪hi Ga, Stingri 4 kui Ga, Gawzang 1 kjywi Ga, Stingri 1 kjuksi Ga, Gawzang 2 ghʌndɐ Bh, Darcha 4 lʌnpʌ Ga, Gawzang 4 kjywe Bh, Darcha 3 ɾiŋmʌ Ga, Gawzang 6 tuni 6 mɐɾdəi Bh, Kolong 4 lompɐh Bh, Darcha 3 kʌmpo Bh, Kolong 3 ɾiŋmɔʔ Bh, Darcha 4 tʃun Bh, Darcha 7 soʔpo Bh, Rarig 4 lompɐh Bh, Kolong 3 kʌmpoh 3 ʐiŋmɔʔ Bh, Kolong 6 tʊːn Bh, Kolong 7 sok̚po Bh, Tingrat 4 lonbɐ Bh, Rarig 3 kʌmpoh Bh, Rarig 3 ɾiŋbo 7 tulən Bh, Rarig 7 sok̚po Bh, Khoksar 4 lombɐ Bh, Tingrat 3 kʌmbo Bh, Tingrat 3 ɾɪŋmo Bh, Rarig 6 tʊŋ Bh, Tingrat 7 soʔpo Ld, Leh 4 lonpɐ Bh, Khoksar 3 kʌmpoh Bh, Khoksar 3 ɾiŋmɔʔ Bh, Tingrat 4 tʃhũŋze Bh, Khoksar 7 soʔpo Bh, Spiti 5 lʌnte Ld, Leh 3 skʌmpo Ld, Leh 3 ɾiŋmo 4 t̪hunze Ld, Leh 7 tsokpo Tb, Lhasa 4 lonpa 7 skɐns Bh, Spiti 3 riŋpo 6 t̪hunze Bh, Spiti 8 thuwʌ Bh, Spiti 3 kʌmpo Tb, Lhasa 3 ɾiŋpu Bh, Khoksar 5 t̪ugun Tb, Lhasa 9 tukpa Tb, Lhasa 3 kəmpa Ld, Leh 4 tʃhun 6 thunse Bh, Spiti 5 tʃukun Tb, Lhasa 6 tuŋtuŋ

136. hot 137. cold 138. right 139. left 140. near Hi, Standard 2 gʌɾʌm Hi, Standard 5 ʈhʌɳɖɐ Hi, Standard 1 dɐhɪnɐ Hi, Standard 1 bɐ̃jɐ Hi, Standard 9 nʌdʒik Pg, Tindi 3 nigɐ Pg, Tindi 5 thʌndʌ Pg, Tindi 1 dɐĩjɐ Pg, Tindi 1 bɐĩjɐ a pɐ̃s Ch, Gushal a t̪ɐt̪ɐ Ch, Gushal 2 ʃɛɖɐ Ch, Gushal 5 sutʃʌŋ Ch, Gushal 6 putʃʌŋ Pg, Tindi 8 niɾ Ch, Nalda a t̪ʌt̪ɐ Ch, Nalda 2 ʃɛɽɐ Ch, Nalda 5 sutʃʌŋ Ch, Nalda 6 putʃʌŋ Ch, Gushal 3 kʌtʃhʌ Lo, Gondhla a t̪ɐt̪ɐ Lo, Gondhla 3 ʃiɐ Lo, Gondhla 5 sutʃʌŋ Lo, Gondhla 6 putʃʌŋ Ch, Nalda 8 niːɽu Lo, Gawzang a t̪hʌt̪hʌ Lo, Gawzang 3 ʃiə Lo, Gawzang 5 sutʃʌŋ Lo, Gawzang 6 putʃʌŋ Lo, Gondhla 3 kʌtsɐ Pa, Jobrang 7 tʃɐtʃe Pa, Jobrang 4 soi Pa, Jobrang 5 sutʃʌŋ Pa, Jobrang 6 putʃʌŋ Lo, Gawzang 3 kɐtsʌ Pa, Thirot 7 tʃotʃe Pa, Thirot 4 soi Pa, Thirot 5 sutʃʌŋ Pa, Thirot 6 putʃʌɳ Pa, Jobrang 3 kʌtʃʌŋ Pa, Udeypur 7 tsətʃɛ Pa, Udeypur 4 soi Pa, Udeypur 5 sʊtʃʌŋ Pa, Udeypur 6 putʃʌŋ c tsʌmbe Pa, Gushal 7 tʃhotʃhe Pa, Gushal 4 soi Pa, Gushal 5 sudʒəŋ Pa, Gushal 6 pudʒəŋ Pa, Thirot 3 kʌtʃʌɳ Pa, Mooling 7 tsɐtse Pa, Mooling 4 soi Pa, Mooling 5 sutʃɐːŋ Pa, Mooling 6 putsɐːŋ Pa, Udeypur 3 kʌtʃʌŋ Pa, Tholang 7 tɕotɕe Pa, Tholang 4 soi Pa, Tholang 5 sutʃʌŋ Pa, Tholang 6 putʃʌŋ Pa, Gushal b sɐt̪hɛ Pa, Chimrat 5 ʈoɖɛ Pa, Chimrat 4 soi Pa, Chimrat 5 sutʃʌh Pa, Chimrat 6 putʃhɐh Pa, Mooling 3 kʌtʃʌŋ Pa, Salgram 7 tsɐze Pa, Salgram 4 soi Pa, Salgram 5 sudʒɐ̃ Pa, Salgram 6 pudʒɐ̃ c tsʌmbe Ti, Sissu 7 tɕotɕe Ti, Sissu 4 sowi Ti, Sissu 5 sutʃʌŋ Ti, Sissu 6 putsʌŋ Pa, Tholang 3 kɐtʃʌŋ Ti, Gondhla 7 tsɐtse Ti, Gondhla 4 sowi Ti, Gondhla 5 sutʃʌŋ Ti, Gondhla 6 putsʌŋ Pa, Chimrat c tʃʌmbe Ga, Keylong 7 tʃe Ga, Keylong 4 soi Ga, Keylong 2 jɛspɐ Ga, Keylong 4 jomʌ Pa, Salgram 3 kʌtʃʌɾe Ga, Stingri 7 tʃei Ga, Stingri 4 soi Ga, Stingri 2 jɛspɐ Ga, Stingri 4 jomɐ Ti, Sissu 3 kʌtʃʌŋ Ga, Gawzang 4 phundʒi Ga, Gawzang 4 soi Ga, Gawzang 2 jɛspɐ Ga, Gawzang 4 jø̃mɐ Ti, Gondhla 3 kʌtʃʌŋ Bh, Darcha 9 tsʌnte Bh, Darcha 6 ʈʌŋmo Bh, Darcha 2 jeɸɐ Bh, Darcha 7 junmɐ Ga, Keylong 3 kʌtsʌŋ Bh, Kolong 1 dot̚mo Bh, Kolong 1 ɖʌŋmo 3 je 7 jun Ga, Stingri 3 kʌtʃʌŋ 7 tseʔpɐʔ Bh, Rarig 6 tʌŋmo 2 je 3 jeɸɐ Ga, Gawzang 3 kɐtʃʌŋ Bh, Rarig 1 dot̚mo Bh, Tingrat 6 ʈʌŋmo Bh, Kolong 3 jømɐ Bh, Kolong 3 jøphɐ Bh, Darcha 6 ɲimo Bh, Tingrat 9 tsʌnde Bh, Khoksar 6 ʈhʌŋmo Bh, Rarig 4 josmɐ Bh, Rarig 3 josphɐ Bh, Kolong 5 ɲɛmo Bh, Khoksar 9 tsʌnt̪he Ld, Leh 6 tʌŋmo Bh, Tingrat 6 tʌŋdʒiʔ Bh, Tingrat 2 ɸɪndʒiʔ Bh, Rarig 2 iɾo Ld, Leh 9 tsɐnte Bh, Spiti 6 ʈuŋmũ 6 thʌŋbo Bh, Khoksar 6 putʃʌŋ 5 ɲɛmo Bh, Spiti 6 ʈonmũ Tb, Lhasa 0 ɴo entry Bh, Khoksar 5 sutʃʌŋ Ld, Leh 4 jomɐ Bh, Tingrat 4 loːlɐ Tb, Lhasa 8 tsaːpo Ld, Leh 4 jospɐ Bh, Spiti 3 jewʌh 7 ɲjũ Bh, Spiti 7 unmʌ̃ Tb, Lhasa 3 jonpa Bh, Khoksar 5 ɲɛmo Tb, Lhasa 2 jeəpa Ld, Leh 5 ɲemo Bh, Spiti 1 doɾu Tb, Lhasa d thiːla

141. far 142. big 143. small 144. heavy 145. light Hi, Standard 1 duɾ Hi, Standard 1 bʌɖɐ Hi, Standard 6 tʃhoʈɐ Hi, Standard 1 bhɐɾi Hi, Standard 1 hʌlkɐ Pg, Tindi 1 dur Pg, Tindi 1 bɐre Pg, Tindi 4 mʌtʌdʌ Pg, Tindi 3 gɐrkɐ Pg, Tindi 5 mʌʈʌɾʌ Ch, Gushal 1 duɾ Ch, Gushal 3 moɖɐ Ch, Gushal 6 tʃhoʈɐ Ch, Gushal 3 gʌɾkɐ Ch, Gushal 6 polɐ Ch, Nalda 1 d̪uːɾu Ch, Nalda 3 mɔɽɐ Ch, Nalda 4 mʌʈɐ Ch, Nalda 3 gʌɾgɐ Ch, Nalda 6 polɐ Lo, Gondhla 1 d̪uɾe Lo, Gondhla 3 moɽɐ Lo, Gondhla 4 mʌʈhɐ Lo, Gondhla 3 gʌɾkɐ Lo, Gondhla 6 polɐ Lo, Gawzang 1 duɾe Lo, Gawzang 3 moɾə Lo, Gawzang 4 mʌthɐ Lo, Gawzang 3 ghɐɾkhʌ Lo, Gawzang 6 polʌ Pa, Jobrang 2 ojtɐɾe Pa, Jobrang 3 moɽe Pa, Jobrang 3 kwɐtʃ Pa, Jobrang 4 li Pa, Jobrang 4 lʌŋ Pa, Thirot 2 oit̪ɐɾ Pa, Thirot 3 moɾe Pa, Thirot 3 kwɐdʒ Pa, Thirot 4 li Pa, Thirot 4 lʌɳ Pa, Udeypur 2 oit̪ʌɾɛ Pa, Udeypur 3 moʈːɛ Pa, Udeypur 2 kot Pa, Udeypur 4 li Pa, Udeypur 4 lʌŋɪ Pa, Gushal 2 oit̪ɐɾe Pa, Gushal 3 moɖɛ 3 kwɐtʃi Pa, Gushal 4 li Pa, Gushal 4 lʌŋi Pa, Mooling 2 oit̪ɐːɾe Pa, Mooling 3 moɽe Pa, Gushal 2 kotʃh Pa, Mooling 4 li Pa, Mooling 4 lʌŋhi Pa, Tholang 2 oit̪ɐɾe Pa, Tholang 3 moɖe 3 kwɐtʃ Pa, Tholang 4 lih Pa, Tholang 4 lʌŋi Pa, Chimrat 2 oit̪ɐɾ Pa, Chimrat 3 moɖe Pa, Mooling 3 kwʌtʃ Pa, Chimrat 4 lhi Pa, Chimrat 4 lʌɳĩ Pa, Salgram 2 ʋoit̪ɐːɾ Pa, Salgram 3 moɽe 8 tsʌmbe Pa, Salgram 4 li Pa, Salgram 4 lɐŋi Ti, Sissu 2 hoi Ti, Sissu 2 hʌɖi Pa, Tholang 3 kwʌtʃ Ti, Sissu 4 li Ti, Sissu 2 jɛŋgi Ti, Gondhla 2 hoi Ti, Gondhla 2 hʌɖi Pa, Chimrat 3 kwɐdʒ Ti, Gondhla 4 li Ti, Gondhla 2 jɛŋgi Ga, Keylong 2 oi Ga, Keylong 4 tezi Pa, Salgram 3 kwɐdʒ Ga, Keylong 4 li Ga, Keylong 2 jɐ̃i Ga, Stingri 2 hoi Ga, Stingri 4 t̪ezi Ti, Sissu 5 pɛdzi Ga, Stingri 4 li Ga, Stingri 2 jɐ̃jĩ Ga, Gawzang 2 oi Ga, Gawzang 4 thɛzi 9 t̪s̪it̪s̪ Ga, Gawzang 4 li Ga, Gawzang 2 jɐ̃i Bh, Darcha 3 thɐɾiŋ Bh, Darcha 9 tʃumo Ti, Gondhla 5 pɛdzi Bh, Darcha 5 tʃinte Bh, Darcha 3 ɲʌŋmu Bh, Kolong 3 thɐk̚ɾiŋ 6 tʃhɛnpo Ga, Keylong 5 petedʒi Bh, Kolong 5 tʃinte 3 jɐŋmo Bh, Rarig 3 thɐk̚ɾiŋ 7 tʃhɛnpo Ga, Stingri 1 kjuksi Bh, Rarig 5 tʃinte Bh, Kolong 3 jʌŋmo Bh, Tingrat 3 thɐɾiŋ Bh, Kolong 7 tʃet̚mo Ga, Gawzang 1 kjuksi Bh, Tingrat 5 tʃɪnde Bh, Rarig 3 jʌŋmo Bh, Khoksar 3 thɐʔɾiɳ Bh, Rarig 7 tʃet̚mo Bh, Darcha 7 tʃun Bh, Khoksar 5 tʃinte Bh, Tingrat 3 jʌŋmu Ld, Leh 3 tɐgɾiŋ Bh, Tingrat 5 tʃɛnmu Bh, Kolong 7 tʃũːn Ld, Leh 5 ɬtʃɪnte Bh, Khoksar 3 jʌŋmo Bh, Spiti 3 thʌɾiŋpo Bh, Khoksar 9 tʃʌmo Bh, Rarig 7 tʃũːn Bh, Spiti 5 tʃinte Ld, Leh 3 jɐŋmo Tb, Lhasa 3 takɾiŋpo Ld, Leh 5 tʃhɛnmo Bh, Tingrat 7 tʃũŋzeh Tb, Lhasa 2 dʒipo Bh, Spiti 3 jʌŋmu Bh, Spiti 6 tʃepo Bh, Khoksar 7 tʃũːn Tb, Lhasa 3 jaŋpo Tb, Lhasa 8 tʃinpo Ld, Leh 7 tʃhun Bh, Spiti 7 tʃukun Tb, Lhasa 7 tʃuŋtʃuŋ

146. above 147. below 148. white 149. black 150. red Hi, Standard d upʌɾ Hi, Standard 9 nitʃe Hi, Standard 6 sʌfed Hi, Standard 2 kɐlɐ Hi, Standard 1 lɐl Pg, Tindi 7 pijɐt Pg, Tindi 2 bɐijɐ̃ Pg, Tindi 1 ɐtʃɐ Pg, Tindi 1 kithɐ Pg, Tindi 1 lɐl Ch, Gushal 2 bɛ̃ Ch, Gushal 3 bun Ch, Gushal 4 ʃʊkːʊɖɐ Ch, Gushal 1 gɾiʈhɐ Ch, Gushal 5 ɾʌkt̪ʌ Ch, Nalda 8 puʈhi Ch, Nalda 3 buːn Ch, Nalda 4 ʃukɪɽu Ch, Nalda 1 kɾiʈhu Ch, Nalda 5 ɾʌkt̪u Lo, Gondhla 2 bæ̃ Lo, Gondhla 3 bun Lo, Gondhla 4 ʃukɐ Lo, Gondhla 1 kɾithɐ Lo, Gondhla 5 ɾʌhkt̪ɐ Lo, Gawzang 2 be Lo, Gawzang 3 bun Lo, Gawzang 4 ʃukhɐ Lo, Gawzang 1 kɾɪtɛ Lo, Gawzang 5 ɾʌxtɐh Pa, Jobrang 9 ɾʌŋgi Pa, Jobrang 6 oneh Pa, Jobrang 5 tsʌgsi Pa, Jobrang 5 ɾoki Pa, Jobrang 6 ʃei Pa, Thirot 9 ɾʌŋʌɾi Pa, Thirot 6 jiuɳ Pa, Thirot 5 tʃʌŋsi Pa, Thirot 5 ɾoki Pa, Thirot 6 ʃhei Pa, Udeypur 9 ɾʌngi Pa, Udeypur 6 joŋ Pa, Udeypur 5 tsʌŋsi Pa, Udeypur 5 ɾokːi Pa, Udeypur 6 ʃhɛi c t̪oɾɪg Pa, Gushal a pojəŋ Pa, Gushal 5 səŋse Pa, Gushal 5 ɾoki Pa, Gushal 6 ʃei Pa, Gushal a ʈhokʈhɛ Pa, Mooling 6 joŋɐ Pa, Mooling 5 tsʌŋse Pa, Mooling 5 ɾoki Pa, Mooling 6 ʃei Pa, Mooling 6 kekɐ Pa, Tholang 6 joŋ Pa, Tholang 5 tʃʌnʃi Pa, Tholang 5 ɾoki Pa, Tholang 6 ʃei Pa, Tholang c t̪oɾiŋ Pa, Chimrat 6 juneh Pa, Chimrat 7 tʃusi Pa, Chimrat 5 ɾogi Pa, Chimrat 6 ʃhei Pa, Chimrat 9 ɾʌŋgi Pa, Salgram 6 jone Pa, Salgram 5 tsɐnsi Pa, Salgram 5 ɾogi Pa, Salgram 6 ʂei c t̪oɾi Ti, Sissu 6 jon Ti, Sissu 3 ʃi Ti, Sissu 5 ɾokhi Ti, Sissu 4 mɛŋgi Pa, Salgram 9 ɾʌŋi 8 lejʌŋ Ti, Gondhla 3 ʃi Ti, Gondhla 5 ɾoki Ti, Gondhla 4 mʌŋgi Ti, Sissu 4 jʌŋpɛ Ti, Gondhla 6 jioŋ Ga, Keylong 3 ʃi Ga, Keylong 3 khɐi Ga, Keylong 2 mɐi a toktiŋ 8 le Ga, Stingri 3 ʃi Ga, Stingri 3 khɐi Ga, Stingri 2 mɐi Ti, Gondhla 4 jʌŋpi Ga, Keylong b t̪ildo Ga, Gawzang 3 ʃi Ga, Gawzang 3 khɐi Ga, Gawzang 2 mɐi Ga, Keylong 3 jɛɾtõ Ga, Stingri b t̪ildo Bh, Darcha 2 kɐɾɸo Bh, Darcha 4 nɐːpo Bh, Darcha 3 mɐɾpho Ga, Stingri 3 jɛɾtõ Ga, Gawzang 6 m̩ joŋ Bh, Kolong 2 gɐɾpho Bh, Kolong 4 ɳɐpho Bh, Kolong 3 mɐɾpho Ga, Gawzang 3 jʌɾõ b t̪ildo Bh, Rarig 2 kʌɾpho Bh, Rarig 4 ɳɐpho Bh, Rarig 3 mɐɾpho Bh, Darcha b tɐ̃ Bh, Darcha 7 joklɐ Bh, Tingrat 2 kɐɾpo Bh, Tingrat 4 nɐːpo Bh, Tingrat 3 mɐɾpo 1 kʌʈho Bh, Kolong 7 jok̚ Bh, Khoksar 2 gɐɾpho Bh, Khoksar 4 ɳɐpho Bh, Khoksar 3 mɐɾpho Bh, Kolong 1 kʌnʈhoʔ b thil Ld, Leh 2 kɐɾpo Ld, Leh 4 nɐkpo Ld, Leh 3 mɐɾpo Bh, Rarig 1 khʌʔ Bh, Rarig 7 joʔ Bh, Spiti 2 kɐɾwo Bh, Spiti 4 nɐkpo Bh, Spiti 3 mɐɾwo Bh, Tingrat 1 khɐt̪o Bh, Tingrat 4 geblɐ Tb, Lhasa 2 kaɾpo Tb, Lhasa 4 nakpo Tb, Lhasa 3 marpo 1 qɐtwølɐh 7 joʔ Bh, Khoksar 1 khʌt̪ho Bh, Khoksar 7 joʔ Ld, Leh b stɐk Ld, Leh 7 jokme Bh, Spiti b tɐ̃ Bh, Spiti 5 gũ Tb, Lhasa a thɔklḁ Tb, Lhasa 1 ʔoʔlḁ

151. one 152. two 153. three 154. four 155. five Hi, Standard 2 ek Hi, Standard 1 do Hi, Standard 2 tin Hi, Standard 2 tʃɐɾ Hi, Standard 2 pɐ̃ntʃ Pg, Tindi 1 ɐk Pg, Tindi 1 du Pg, Tindi 2 tin Pg, Tindi 2 tʃɐr Pg, Tindi 2 pɐ̃ntʃ Ch, Gushal 2 ek Ch, Gushal 1 dui Ch, Gushal 3 t̪ɾɐi Ch, Gushal 2 tʃo Ch, Gushal 2 pʌntʃ Ch, Nalda 2 ek Ch, Nalda 1 d̪ui Ch, Nalda 3 tɾɐi Ch, Nalda 2 tʃɔuɾ Ch, Nalda 2 pɐndʒ Lo, Gondhla 2 ek Lo, Gondhla 1 d̪ui Lo, Gondhla 3 t̪ɾɐi Lo, Gondhla 2 tʃɐuɾ Lo, Gondhla 2 phʌn Lo, Gawzang 2 ekhe Lo, Gawzang 1 dui Lo, Gawzang 3 tɾɐi Lo, Gawzang 2 tsoɾ Lo, Gawzang 2 pɐ̃n Pa, Jobrang 3 itsɐ Pa, Jobrang 2 dʒut Pa, Jobrang 1 ʃumu Pa, Jobrang 3 piː Pa, Jobrang 1 ŋɐ Pa, Thirot 3 itʃe Pa, Thirot 2 dʒut Pa, Thirot 1 sumu Pa, Thirot 3 pi Pa, Thirot 1 nɐ Pa, Udeypur 3 itʃhʌ Pa, Udeypur 2 dʒuʈʌ Pa, Udeypur 1 ʃhumɨ Pa, Udeypur 3 pi Pa, Udeypur 1 ŋɐ̃ Pa, Gushal 3 ɪtsɐ Pa, Gushal 2 dʒuʈɐ Pa, Gushal 1 ʃhoŋu Pa, Gushal 3 pi Pa, Gushal 1 ŋɐ 3 ɪtʃə Pa, Mooling 2 dʒut Pa, Mooling 1 ʂomu Pa, Mooling 3 pi Pa, Mooling 1 ɲɐ Pa, Mooling 3 itsɐ Pa, Tholang 2 dʒuʈɐ Pa, Tholang 1 ʂumu Pa, Tholang 3 pi Pa, Tholang 1 ŋɐ Pa, Tholang 3 itsɐ Pa, Chimrat 2 dʒut Pa, Chimrat 1 sum Pa, Chimrat 3 pi Pa, Chimrat 1 ŋɐ Pa, Chimrat 3 itʃ Pa, Salgram 2 dʒuʈ Pa, Salgram 1 ʂum Pa, Salgram 3 pi Pa, Salgram 1 ŋɐ Pa, Salgram 3 itsə Ti, Sissu 3 nidʒi Ti, Sissu 1 ʃumo Ti, Sissu 3 pi Ti, Sissu 1 ŋɐ Ti, Sissu 3 itsʌ Ti, Gondhla 3 nidʒi Ti, Gondhla 1 ʃumo Ti, Gondhla 3 pi Ti, Gondhla 1 ŋɐ Ti, Gondhla 3 itsʌ Ga, Keylong 4 niskin Ga, Keylong 1 sumi Ga, Keylong 3 pi Ga, Keylong 1 ŋɐi Ga, Keylong 5 t̪iki Ga, Stingri 4 niskiŋ Ga, Stingri 1 sumi Ga, Stingri 3 pi Ga, Stingri 1 ŋɐi Ga, Stingri 5 t̪iki Ga, Gawzang 4 niskin Ga, Gawzang 1 sumi Ga, Gawzang 3 pi Ga, Gawzang 1 ŋɐi Ga, Gawzang 5 t̪iki Bh, Darcha 3 ŋĩ Bh, Darcha 1 sum Bh, Darcha 1 ʒi Bh, Darcha 1 ŋɐ Bh, Darcha 4 tʃik Bh, Kolong 3 ɲi Bh, Kolong 1 sum Bh, Kolong 1 ʒi Bh, Kolong 1 ŋɐ Bh, Kolong 4 tʃik̚ Bh, Rarig 3 ɲiz Bh, Rarig 1 sum Bh, Rarig 1 ʒi Bh, Rarig 1 ŋɐ Bh, Rarig 4 tʃik̚ 4 ɲiz Bh, Tingrat 1 sum Bh, Tingrat 1 ʒih Bh, Tingrat 1 ŋɐ Bh, Tingrat 4 tʃiʔ Bh, Tingrat 3 nih Bh, Khoksar 1 sum Bh, Khoksar 1 ʒi Bh, Khoksar 1 ŋɐ Bh, Khoksar 4 tʃik̚ Bh, Khoksar 3 ɲi Ld, Leh 1 sum Ld, Leh 1 ʒi Ld, Leh 1 ʃŋɐ Ld, Leh 4 tʃik̚ Ld, Leh 4 ɲis Bh, Spiti 1 sum Bh, Spiti 1 dzi Bh, Spiti 1 ŋɐ Bh, Spiti 4 tʃik Bh, Spiti 3 ni Tb, Lhasa 1 sum Tb, Lhasa 1 ʃi Tb, Lhasa 1 ŋa Tb, Lhasa 4 tʃik Tb, Lhasa 3 ɲi

156. six 157. seven 158. eight 159. nine 160. ten Hi, Standard 3 tʃhe Hi, Standard 3 sɐt Hi, Standard 1 ɐʈh Hi, Standard 2 nɔ Hi, Standard 1 dʌs Pg, Tindi 3 tʃe Pg, Tindi 3 sɐt̪h Pg, Tindi 1 ɐt̪h Pg, Tindi 2 nɐw Pg, Tindi 1 dʌʃ Ch, Gushal 3 tʃʌ Ch, Gushal 3 sʌt̪ Ch, Gushal 1 ɐʈh Ch, Gushal 2 nʌu Ch, Gushal 1 d̪ʌʃ Ch, Nalda 3 tʃɐ Ch, Nalda 3 shʌt̪h Ch, Nalda 1 ʌʈh Ch, Nalda 2 nʌu Ch, Nalda 1 d̪ʌʃ Lo, Gondhla 3 tsɐ Lo, Gondhla 3 sʌt̪ Lo, Gondhla 1 ɐth Lo, Gondhla 2 nʌʋ Lo, Gondhla 1 d̪ʌs Lo, Gawzang 3 tshə Lo, Gawzang 3 sʌtə Lo, Gawzang 1 ɐʈhə Lo, Gawzang 2 nou Lo, Gawzang 1 dʌʃ Pa, Jobrang 2 tɾui Pa, Jobrang 2 nidʒ Pa, Jobrang 3 ɾe Pa, Jobrang 1 ku Pa, Jobrang 3 sɐh Pa, Thirot 2 t̪ɾui Pa, Thirot 2 nidʒ Pa, Thirot 3 ɾe Pa, Thirot 1 ku Pa, Thirot 3 sɐ Pa, Udeypur 2 tɾui Pa, Udeypur 2 nidʒ Pa, Udeypur 3 ɾɛ Pa, Udeypur 1 ku Pa, Udeypur 3 sɐ Pa, Gushal 2 t̪ɾui Pa, Gushal 2 ŋɪdʒɪ Pa, Gushal 3 ɾɛ Pa, Gushal 1 ku Pa, Gushal 3 sɐ Pa, Mooling 2 t̪ɾui Pa, Mooling 2 nidʒ Pa, Mooling 3 ɾe Pa, Mooling 1 ku Pa, Mooling 3 sɐ Pa, Tholang 2 t̪ɾui Pa, Tholang 2 nidʒ Pa, Tholang 3 ɾe Pa, Tholang 1 ku Pa, Tholang 3 sɐ Pa, Chimrat 2 tɾui Pa, Chimrat 2 nĩ Pa, Chimrat 3 ɾe Pa, Chimrat 1 ku Pa, Chimrat 3 sɐ Pa, Salgram 2 t̪ɾui Pa, Salgram 2 ni Pa, Salgram 3 ɾe Pa, Salgram 1 ku Pa, Salgram 3 sɐ Ti, Sissu 2 tɾuwi Ti, Sissu 2 nitʃə Ti, Sissu 2 ged̪i Ti, Sissu 1 kũ Ti, Sissu 3 sɐ Ti, Gondhla 2 tɾuwi Ti, Gondhla 2 nitʃ Ti, Gondhla 2 ged̪i Ti, Gondhla 1 kũ Ti, Gondhla 3 sɐ Ga, Keylong 2 tɾi Ga, Keylong 2 nidzi Ga, Keylong 2 ge Ga, Keylong 1 gũ Ga, Keylong 4 tʃuwi Ga, Stingri 2 t̪ɾui Ga, Stingri 2 nidʒi Ga, Stingri 2 gei Ga, Stingri 1 gu Ga, Stingri 4 tʃui Ga, Gawzang 2 tɾi Ga, Gawzang 2 nidzi Ga, Gawzang 2 gei Ga, Gawzang 1 gõ Ga, Gawzang 4 tʃuwi Bh, Darcha 1 duʔ Bh, Darcha 1 dun Bh, Darcha 2 kjɛ Bh, Darcha 1 ghu Bh, Darcha 2 kju Bh, Kolong 1 duʔ Bh, Kolong 1 dun Bh, Kolong 2 gjɛt̚ Bh, Kolong 1 ghu 4 tʃu Bh, Rarig 1 tʊʔ Bh, Rarig 1 dun Bh, Rarig 2 gjɛt̪ Bh, Rarig 1 ghu Bh, Kolong 4 tʃu Bh, Tingrat 1 tu Bh, Tingrat 1 d̪un Bh, Tingrat 2 gjɛʔ Bh, Tingrat 1 guː Bh, Rarig 4 tʃu Bh, Khoksar 1 ʈhu Bh, Khoksar 1 dun Bh, Khoksar 2 gjɛt̚ Bh, Khoksar 1 ghu Bh, Tingrat 4 tʃu Ld, Leh 1 ʈuk Ld, Leh 1 ɹduŋ Ld, Leh 2 gjɐt Ld, Leh 1 zɹgu Bh, Khoksar 4 tʃu Bh, Spiti 1 tuk Bh, Spiti 1 dun Bh, Spiti 2 gjɛt Bh, Spiti 1 guh Ld, Leh 4 stʃhu Tb, Lhasa 1 thuː Tb, Lhasa 1 duin Tb, Lhasa 2 keʔ Tb, Lhasa 1 gu Bh, Spiti 4 tʃu Tb, Lhasa 4 tʃutəmba

161. eleven 162. twelve 163. twenty 164. one.hundred 165. who Hi, Standard 2 gjaɾʌh Hi, Standard 1 bɐɾʌh Hi, Standard 1 bis Hi, Standard 4 sɔ Hi, Standard 4 kɔn Pg, Tindi 2 gerɐ Pg, Tindi 1 bɐrɐi Pg, Tindi 1 bis Pg, Tindi 4 so Pg, Tindi 4 kon Ch, Gushal 2 gjɐɾʌh Ch, Gushal 1 bɐɾʌh Ch, Gushal 1 bi Ch, Gushal 4 ʃɐu Ch, Gushal 3 kɐu Ch, Nalda 2 gjɐɾɐ Ch, Nalda 1 bɐɾɐ Ch, Nalda 1 bih Ch, Nalda 4 ʃʌu Ch, Nalda 3 kʌũ Lo, Gondhla 2 jɐɾɐ Lo, Gondhla 1 bɐɾɐ Lo, Gondhla 1 bi Lo, Gondhla 4 ʃɐu Lo, Gondhla 3 kɐũ Lo, Gawzang 2 jɐɾʌ Lo, Gawzang 1 bɐɾʌ Lo, Gawzang 1 bi Lo, Gawzang 4 ʃou Lo, Gawzang 3 kɐũ Pa, Jobrang 3 seidi Pa, Jobrang 2 sʌni Pa, Jobrang 3 nidʒʌ Pa, Jobrang 3 ɾɐ Pa, Jobrang 2 ɐɾe Pa, Thirot 3 seid̪ 3 sʌni Pa, Thirot 2 nitʃ Pa, Thirot 3 ɾɐ Pa, Thirot 2 ɐɾi Pa, Udeypur 3 seid̪i Pa, Thirot 2 sʌni 3 nitʃ Pa, Udeypur 3 ɾɐ Pa, Udeypur 2 ɐɾi Pa, Gushal 3 seid̪ 3 sʌni Pa, Udeypur 3 nidʒɐ Pa, Gushal 3 ɾɐ Pa, Gushal 2 əɾi Pa, Mooling 3 seid̪i Pa, Udeypur 2 sɐni Pa, Gushal 3 ŋɪ̃sɐ Pa, Mooling 3 ɾɐ Pa, Mooling 2 ɐɾhi Pa, Tholang 3 seid̪i Pa, Gushal 2 sʌŋi 3 ŋɪ̃zɐ Pa, Tholang 3 ɾɐ Pa, Tholang 2 ɐɾi Pa, Chimrat 3 seid̪i 3 sʌŋi Pa, Mooling 3 nizɐ Pa, Chimrat 3 ɾɐ Pa, Chimrat 2 ɐɾi Pa, Salgram 3 seid̪i Pa, Mooling 2 sɐ̃i Pa, Tholang 3 niːzɐ Pa, Salgram 3 ɾɐ Pa, Salgram 1 ɐːɾʃu Ti, Sissu 3 sedi Pa, Tholang 2 sɐni Pa, Chimrat 3 nidʒe Ti, Sissu 3 ɾɐ Ti, Sissu 2 ɐɾe Ti, Gondhla 3 sedi Pa, Chimrat 2 sʌni Pa, Salgram 0 ɴo entry Ti, Gondhla 3 ɾɐ Ti, Gondhla 2 ɐɾe Ga, Keylong 1 tʃutig 3 sʌni Ti, Sissu 3 nidz Ga, Keylong 2 gjʌ Ga, Keylong 5 suɛn Ga, Stingri 1 tʃukʃi Pa, Salgram 2 sʌni Ti, Gondhla 3 nidz Ga, Stingri 2 gjʌ Ga, Stingri 5 su Ga, Gawzang 1 tʃutiʔ 3 sʌni Ga, Keylong 3 nidzʌ Ga, Gawzang 2 gjʌ Ga, Gawzang 5 su Bh, Darcha 1 tʃutʃi Ti, Sissu 2 sɐĩŋidʒi Ga, Stingri 3 nizə Bh, Darcha 1 ghɛ Bh, Darcha 5 su Bh, Kolong 1 tʃukʃi Ti, Gondhla 2 sɐ̃inidʒi Ga, Gawzang 3 nidzʌ 2 gjɐ Bh, Kolong 5 su Bh, Rarig 1 tʃukʃi Ga, Keylong 3 tʃunis Bh, Darcha 2 niʃu Bh, Kolong 2 gjʌh Bh, Rarig 5 su Bh, Tingrat 1 dʒuʃiʔ Ga, Stingri 3 tʃuŋe Bh, Kolong 2 ɲiʃu Bh, Rarig 2 gjʌh Bh, Tingrat 5 su Bh, Khoksar 1 tʃukʃi Ga, Gawzang 3 tʃunis Bh, Rarig 2 ɲiʃu Bh, Tingrat 2 gjɐh Bh, Khoksar 5 su Ld, Leh 1 dʒukʃik Bh, Darcha 3 tʃuŋĩ Bh, Tingrat 2 ɲiʃuʔ Bh, Khoksar 2 gjʌh Ld, Leh 5 su Bh, Spiti 1 tʃuktʃik Bh, Kolong 3 tʃuŋji Bh, Khoksar 2 ɲiʃu Ld, Leh 2 gjɐ Bh, Spiti 5 su Tb, Lhasa 1 tʃutʃik Bh, Rarig 3 tʃuŋji Ld, Leh 2 niʃu Bh, Spiti 2 giɐ Tb, Lhasa 5 su Bh, Tingrat 3 tʃuŋni Bh, Spiti 2 niʃu Tb, Lhasa 2 gjɐthəmba Bh, Khoksar 3 tʃuŋji Tb, Lhasa 2 ɲiʃu Ld, Leh 3 dʒugnjis Bh, Spiti 3 tʃuni Tb, Lhasa 3 tʃuɲi

166. what 167. where 168. when 169. how.many 170. what.kind Hi, Standard 3 kjɐ Hi, Standard 9 kʌhɐ̃ Hi, Standard 7 kʌb Hi, Standard 6 kɪtne Hi, Standard 3 kæsɐ Pg, Tindi 3 kijɐ Pg, Tindi 7 kothɐi Pg, Tindi 7 kʌb Pg, Tindi 6 kitʌnɐ 6 kɪspɾʌkɐɾ Ch, Gushal 3 khi Ch, Gushal 7 kotɛ Ch, Gushal 6 kɛkɛ Ch, Gushal 5 kɛt̪ɛk Pg, Tindi 8 koitijɐ Ch, Nalda 3 kih Ch, Nalda 7 koʈhe Ch, Nalda 6 kekhɛ̃ Ch, Nalda 5 ket̪ok Ch, Gushal 4 kʌnɛ̃ Lo, Gondhla 3 ki Lo, Gondhla 7 kothi Lo, Gondhla 5 kɐ̃ Lo, Gondhla 5 ket̪ɛk Ch, Nalda 4 kɛnɛ Lo, Gawzang 3 khi Lo, Gawzang 7 khothi Lo, Gawzang 5 khɐĩ Lo, Gawzang 5 kɛthɛk Lo, Gondhla 5 kitho Pa, Jobrang 4 tʃi Pa, Jobrang 1 ɐuɾ Pa, Jobrang 3 ʌpɛl Pa, Jobrang 1 ɐɲju Lo, Gawzang 7 kjɛɾʌ Pa, Thirot 4 tʃishu Pa, Thirot 1 ɐuʈ Pa, Thirot 3 ɐpil Pa, Thirot 1 ɐɲo Pa, Jobrang 9 tʃiʃu Pa, Udeypur 4 tʃi Pa, Udeypur 1 ɐɖt̪ɪk Pa, Udeypur 3 ʌpɛl Pa, Udeypur 1 ɐĩjo Pa, Thirot a tʃʌmi Pa, Gushal 4 tʃhi Pa, Gushal 1 ɐr Pa, Gushal 3 ɐpːɪl 1 ʌɲə Pa, Udeypur a tʃʌnɐ Pa, Mooling 4 tʃi Pa, Mooling 1 ɐːɾ̥ Pa, Mooling 3 ʌpil̩ 1 ʌnjoɳ Pa, Gushal 9 tʃiʒho Pa, Tholang 4 tʃi Pa, Tholang 1 ɐɾt̪ig Pa, Tholang 3 ʌpil Pa, Gushal 1 ɐɲu Pa, Mooling a tʃʌnɐʃui Pa, Chimrat 5 tʃʌɾi Pa, Chimrat 1 ɐuɾ Pa, Chimrat 3 ɐpel Pa, Mooling 1 ʌɲu Pa, Tholang 9 tʃitɕo Pa, Salgram 4 tʃiʃu Pa, Salgram 1 ɐ̃uɾ Pa, Salgram 1 ɐβe Pa, Tholang 1 ɐnju Pa, Chimrat a tʃʌmeʈho Ti, Sissu 2 ke Ti, Sissu 8 kjʌŋ Ti, Sissu 2 ɐle Pa, Chimrat 7 tʃɪt Pa, Salgram a tʃʌmiʈho Ti, Gondhla 2 ke Ti, Gondhla 8 kjoŋ Ti, Gondhla 2 ʌlːe Pa, Salgram 7 tʃiɽɨ Ti, Sissu 5 khiʃo Ga, Keylong 1 kʌ Ga, Keylong 3 gumʌ Ga, Keylong 4 ikʌ Ti, Sissu 2 ɐli Ti, Gondhla 1 ɐlitʃo Ga, Stingri 1 khə 4 gwi Ga, Stingri 4 ikɐ Ti, Gondhla 2 ɐli 5 kiʈʃoʃu 2 khə Ga, Stingri 4 gwi Ga, Gawzang 4 ikʌ Ga, Keylong 3 itʃi Ga, Keylong 4 khɐnsu Ga, Gawzang 1 kʌ Ga, Gawzang 4 gwi Bh, Darcha 8 nʌm Ga, Stingri 3 itʃi Ga, Stingri 4 kʌnsukt̪i Bh, Darcha 4 tʃi Bh, Darcha 2 gʌɾu Bh, Kolong 8 nʌm Ga, Gawzang 3 itʃi Ga, Gawzang 4 khʌnɐ Bh, Kolong 4 tʃi Bh, Kolong 2 gʌɾu Bh, Rarig 8 nʌm Bh, Darcha 8 tsʌm Bh, Darcha b tsuiblʌ Bh, Rarig 4 tʃi Bh, Rarig 2 kʌɾu Bh, Tingrat 8 nʌm Bh, Kolong 8 tsʌm f gʌsukduk Bh, Tingrat 4 tʃiʔ Bh, Tingrat 2 kɐr Bh, Khoksar 8 nʌm Bh, Rarig 8 tsʌm Bh, Kolong c tsuk̚lɐ Bh, Khoksar 4 tʃi Bh, Khoksar 2 kʌɾu Ld, Leh 8 nʌm Bh, Tingrat 8 tsʌm Bh, Rarig c tsuk̚lɐ Ld, Leh 4 tʃi Ld, Leh 2 kɐɾu Bh, Spiti 8 nʌm Bh, Khoksar 8 tsʌm Bh, Tingrat 1 itʃose 4 tʃinok Bh, Spiti 6 kɐŋtu Tb, Lhasa 5 kaːtjo Ld, Leh 8 tʃɐmʃik 9 tʃiʈhophɐ Bh, Spiti 4 tsɨ Tb, Lhasa 5 kaːpa Bh, Spiti 8 tsʌm Bh, Khoksar 2 izu Tb, Lhasa 1 kɐːɾe Tb, Lhasa 4 kaːtjoʔ Ld, Leh e kɐzuk Bh, Spiti d tukse Tb, Lhasa 4 kaŋteʔ

171. this 172. that 173. these 174. those 175. same Hi, Standard 7 jɛ Hi, Standard f ʋoh Hi, Standard 8 in Hi, Standard h ʋe Hi, Standard 4 ekse Pg, Tindi 1 jɛdi Pg, Tindi g ʋoɾ b je Pg, Tindi i woɾ 8 ekse 7 jɛdi Ch, Gushal e t̪ɛʈɛ Pg, Tindi b jɛɖi Ch, Gushal 9 onɛ Pg, Tindi 1 bɐrɐbɐ Ch, Gushal 6 iʈhɛ Ch, Nalda b seʔ Ch, Gushal 8 inɛ Ch, Nalda f t̪ɛne Ch, Gushal 3 eke Ch, Nalda 4 ih Lo, Gondhla 8 osʌŋ Ch, Nalda 8 ine Lo, Gondhla 1 bʌt̪he 4 eke Lo, Gondhla 5 isʌŋ Lo, Gawzang 8 osɐŋ Lo, Gondhla a ithi Lo, Gawzang 9 onɛ Ch, Nalda 3 ekẽghɐʈe Lo, Gawzang 4 i Pa, Jobrang 2 d̪u Lo, Gawzang 5 isɐŋ Pa, Jobrang 3 duɾe Lo, Gondhla 3 eketho Pa, Jobrang 1 d̪i Pa, Thirot 2 d̪u Pa, Jobrang 2 diɾe Pa, Thirot 3 doɾe Lo, Gawzang 3 ekhegɐthe Pa, Thirot 1 d̪i Pa, Udeypur 6 nu Pa, Thirot 2 di Pa, Udeypur 3 d̪oɾe Pa, Jobrang 5 itse. Pa, Udeypur 3 d̪u Pa, Gushal 3 d̪hʌɾ Pa, Udeypur 2 d̪i 7 nuɾ 8 itse Pa, Gushal 1 dhi Pa, Mooling 4 d̪i Pa, Gushal 2 dhiɾe Pa, Gushal 3 dhoɾe Pa, Thirot 5 itsi.to 2 d̪heɾt̪ɪʔ Pa, Tholang 2 d̪u Pa, Mooling f nɔɾ Pa, Mooling 5 d̪okhɐ Pa, Udeypur 5 itʃe.gʌʈːɛ Pa, Mooling 1 d̪i 6 d̪u Pa, Tholang 2 d̪iɾe Pa, Tholang 3 d̪uɾe Pa, Gushal 5 ɪtʃə.mɐnɛ Pa, Tholang 1 d̪ih Pa, Chimrat 6 nu Pa, Chimrat 2 d̪iɾ Pa, Chimrat 3 d̪oɾ Pa, Mooling 5 itʃə.mʌne Pa, Chimrat 1 d̪i Pa, Salgram 2 d̪u Pa, Salgram 1 bʌt̪e Pa, Salgram 3 d̪oɾt̪od̪ Pa, Tholang 5 itse.tɕo Pa, Salgram 1 d̪i 6 d̪u Ti, Sissu 2 diɾe Ti, Sissu 3 doɾe Pa, Chimrat 5 itʃ. kʌɖe Ti, Sissu 1 di Ti, Sissu 2 do Ti, Gondhla 2 di Ti, Gondhla 7 nu Pa, Salgram 5 itsɐ.ɽe Ti, Gondhla 1 di Ti, Gondhla 6 nu Ga, Keylong h tetsɐi Ga, Keylong d tɐzunĩtsɐi Ti, Sissu 5 itse. Ga, Keylong 6 te Ga, Keylong c tʌdzu Ga, Stingri h t̪hedʒi Ga, Stingri d t̪hʌzudʒi 8 itse Ga, Stingri 6 t̪he Ga, Stingri c t̪hʌzu Ga, Gawzang g othe Ga, Gawzang d tʌdzujɐmɐ Ti, Gondhla 5 itsɐ.noʃʌd̪ Ga, Gawzang 6 othe Ga, Gawzang c thʌzu h tetsɐi Bh, Darcha 6 hɐi,kdetso Ga, Keylong 6 tʃok. tse Bh, Darcha 4 ji Bh, Darcha 5 hɐi Bh, Darcha c ji Bh, Kolong 2 degũŋ Ga, Stingri 6 tsok. se 1 di 1 de Bh, Kolong 5 itsʌŋmɐ 8 Ga, Gawzang 6 thok̚.phɐ Bh, Kolong 4 i Bh, Kolong 1 de 6 igũŋ ode.tsʌŋ.mɐ 7 thok̚phɐ Bh, Rarig 4 i 1 ode Bh, Rarig e mʌŋpo Bh, Rarig 4 d̪ɛɾud̪u Bh, Darcha 6 tsose Bh, Tingrat 4 iː Bh, Rarig d t̪ɛɾo Bh, Tingrat 4 dɪdõ Bh, Tingrat b peidõ Bh, Kolong 6 tsok̚.se Bh, Khoksar 4 i Bh, Tingrat 4 thiː 9 isiɾi g t̪isiɾi 7 tʃik̚pɐ Ld, Leh 4 ibo Bh, Khoksar 5 hi Bh, Khoksar d kobɐ Bh, Khoksar e tsɐʔmɐ Bh, Rarig 6 jutsoʔ.sɛ 4 i Ld, Leh 1 tebo Ld, Leh 2 di Ld, Leh j ʌgun Bh, Tingrat 6 tsɔʔ.se Bh, Spiti 4 i g ʌbo 3 di Bh, Spiti c pigjɐ Bh, Khoksar 2 ɖɾʌndɐ Tb, Lhasa 1 di g ʌ 4 di Tb, Lhasa a partso Ld, Leh 6 tsoks Bh, Spiti a pi Bh, Spiti 7 igjɐ Bh, Spiti 7 tʃikpɐ Tb, Lhasa 9 paːki Tb, Lhasa 3 diːŋi Tb, Lhasa 7 tʃikpa

176. different 177. whole 178. broken 179. few 180. many Hi, Standard 3 fʌɾʌk Hi, Standard 6 pʊɾɐ Hi, Standard 4 ʈʊʈɐ Hi, Standard 3 kʊtʃh Hi, Standard 3 bʌhʊt Pg, Tindi 2 duɾduɾ Pg, Tindi 6 pʌri 7 ʈʊʈɐ 8 thoɖi 4 dʒɐdɐ Ch, Gushal 3 fʌɾʌk Ch, Gushal 6 puɾ 9 ʌdhuɾɐ Pg, Tindi 2 kibɐ Pg, Tindi 9 mʌtɐi Ch, Nalda 3 ɸʌɾʌk Ch, Nalda 1 bʌd̪he Pg, Tindi 5 tʃutʌ Ch, Gushal 8 thoɖɐ Ch, Gushal 8 mʌs Lo, Gondhla 1 bikɾe.bikɾe Lo, Gondhla 6 puɾɐ Ch, Gushal 5 thɾuʈoɾɐ Ch, Nalda a tsiʈɐ Ch, Nalda 5 d̪ʌɾgɐ Lo, Gawzang 1 bikɾe Lo, Gawzang 6 puɾɐ Ch, Nalda 4 t̪ɾuʈɐ Lo, Gondhla 8 t̪oɖɐ Lo, Gondhla 8 mʌst̪ɨ Pa, Jobrang 9 sɐte.sɐte Pa, Jobrang 7 sɐbɐt 5 t̪ɾuʈɐ Lo, Gawzang 8 thoɾɐ Lo, Gawzang 8 mʌstə c tʃiʃu Pa, Thirot 6 puɾɐ Lo, Gondhla 7 tutoɾɐ Pa, Jobrang 5 pho Pa, Jobrang 8 mʌs Pa, Thirot 9 ʃɐt̪ɐ.ʃɐtɐ Pa, Udeypur 1 bʌt̪ɛ Lo, Gawzang 7 tutoɾɐ Pa, Thirot 5 po Pa, Thirot 8 mʌs Pa, Udeypur 7 phʌɾki Pa, Gushal 8 sɐɾe Pa, Jobrang 1 dʌkʃi Pa, Udeypur 5 poɐ Pa, Udeypur 8 mʌs 9 ʃɐtɐ Pa, Mooling 1 bʌt̪e Pa, Thirot 1 dʌkʃɐ Pa, Gushal a tʃɪtən Pa, Gushal 8 mʌs Pa, Gushal 3 ɸəɾək Pa, Tholang 1 bhʌt̪e Pa, Udeypur 1 d̪ʌkʃi Pa, Mooling 5 po Pa, Mooling 8 mʌs 3 phəɾək Pa, Chimrat 1 bət̪ɛ Pa, Gushal 1 d̪həkʃ Pa, Tholang 8 t̪hoɖeɐɾ Pa, Tholang 8 mʌhəst Pa, Mooling 6 mʌtʃiki Pa, Salgram d tsopɐ Pa, Mooling 1 d̪ʌkʃ Pa, Chimrat 8 thode Pa, Chimrat 8 mʌsiɐɾe Pa, Tholang 9 ʃɐt̪ɐ.ʃɐtɐ Ti, Sissu 8 sɐɾe Pa, Tholang 1 d̪ʌgtʃi Pa, Salgram 5 phoɐɾ Pa, Salgram 8 mʌse Pa, Chimrat 9 ʃɐt. ʃɐt Ti, Gondhla 4 mʌd̪ɐkt̪i Pa, Chimrat 1 dʌʃhi Ti, Sissu 6 pijo Ti, Sissu 1 bhom Pa, Salgram e ʌmu Ga, Keylong b tsɐi Pa, Salgram 2 khʌni 9 tʃuŋgi c thoh Ti, Sissu 9 ʃɐthə Ga, Stingri b tsɐĩ Ti, Sissu 1 dʌkhi Ti, Gondhla 9 tʃuŋi Ti, Gondhla 8 mʌst Ti, Gondhla 3 fʌɾʌk Ga, Gawzang b tsɐĩ Ti, Gondhla 1 d̪ɐkt̪i Ga, Keylong c tsunɛt Ga, Keylong a nuwi Ga, Keylong a sɐsɐ Bh, Darcha a tsʌŋpo Ga, Keylong 1 dʌkʃh Ga, Stingri 9 tʃũi Ga, Stingri 2 biʔ Ga, Stingri a sesʌ Bh, Kolong a tsʌŋ.po Ga, Stingri 1 dʌktʃɨ c tsunɛti a nowi Ga, Gawzang a sʌsʌ Bh, Rarig a tʃʌŋ.mɐ Ga, Gawzang 1 dʌktʃi Ga, Gawzang 7 sunɛti̥ Ga, Gawzang b oʃmɐi b sʌsʌ Bh, Tingrat 3 mɐtʃɐʔ.pɐh Bh, Darcha 6 tʃʌkpo Bh, Darcha 4 ɲiun Bh, Darcha 6 mʌŋpo Bh, Darcha b sosososo 5 okɐ Bh, Kolong 6 tʃɐʔ.po d tsɐbik Bh, Kolong 6 mʌŋpo Bh, Kolong a sʌsʌ Bh, Khoksar c tsɐmɐ 6 tʃɐk.ʌn Bh, Kolong 4 ɲiun Bh, Rarig d tʃet̪mo b sʌsʌ Ld, Leh 0 ɴo entry Bh, Rarig 6 tʃʌk.po Bh, Rarig 4 ɲiun Bh, Tingrat 6 mɐŋbo Bh, Rarig 4 khɛd Bh, Spiti 9 siŋpu Bh, Tingrat 3 pɛʔtʃɐ Bh, Tingrat 4 ɲjuŋzeʔ Bh, Khoksar 6 mʌŋpo Bh, Tingrat b soso Tb, Lhasa 2 gaŋtsa 6 tʃɐʔ.dekʌn b tʃikiːʃ Ld, Leh 6 mɐŋpo Bh, Khoksar 8 pʌʔɾɐ Bh, Khoksar 6 tʃhɐʔ.poʔ Bh, Khoksar 9 tʃhundʒi Bh, Spiti 7 mirʌŋ b soso Ld, Leh 6 tʃhɐkpo Ld, Leh 3 kɐtʃik Tb, Lhasa 6 məŋpo Ld, Leh b soso Bh, Spiti 6 tʃʌk.po 4 ɲuntse Bh, Spiti b sosososo Tb, Lhasa 6 tʃak.pa Bh, Spiti 4 nũŋsijɐ Tb, Lhasa 5 lɔkər Tb, Lhasa 1 kaːʃe

181. all 182. eat 183. bite 184. was.hungry 185. drink Hi, Standard 3 sɐɾe Hi, Standard 3 khɐjɐ Hi, Standard 2 kɐʈɐ Hi, Standard 1 bhukhɐ Hi, Standard 1 pijɐ 5 sʌb 3 khɐo 2 kɐʈo Pg, Tindi 1 bukɐ 1 pijo Pg, Tindi 5 sʌbi Pg, Tindi 3 kɐo Pg, Tindi 2 kɐto Ch, Gushal 1 bhukuɾ Pg, Tindi 1 pio Ch, Gushal 1 bʌd̪ɛ Ch, Gushal 3 khɐ Ch, Gushal 2 kʌʈh Ch, Nalda 1 bhukuɾ Ch, Gushal 1 pi Ch, Nalda 1 bʌd̪he Ch, Nalda 3 khɐ Ch, Nalda 2 khʌt Lo, Gondhla 1 bukuɾ Ch, Nalda 1 pi Lo, Gondhla 1 bʌt̪esẽŋ Lo, Gondhla 3 khɐ Lo, Gondhla 1 tʃhithɐ Lo, Gawzang 1 bhukuɾ Lo, Gondhla 1 pi Lo, Gawzang 1 bʌde Lo, Gawzang 3 khə Lo, Gawzang 5 pʌtsɐh Pa, Jobrang 2 ɲoʂʌpːʌ Lo, Gawzang 1 pi Pa, Jobrang 1 bʌtɛ Pa, Jobrang 1 dʒou Pa, Jobrang 1 tʃikt̪u Pa, Thirot 2 joʃ Pa, Jobrang 2 tũ Pa, Thirot 1 bʌtɛ Pa, Thirot 1 dʒəu Pa, Thirot 1 tʃiʃit Pa, Udeypur 2 jo Pa, Thirot 2 tu Pa, Udeypur 1 bʌt̪ɛ Pa, Udeypur 1 dʒo Pa, Udeypur 1 tʃɪkt̪u Pa, Gushal 2 joŋi Pa, Udeypur 2 t̪ũ Pa, Gushal 1 bət̪hɛ 1 dʒʌwo Pa, Gushal 1 tʃɪkt̪u Pa, Mooling 2 jɔŋit̪oi Pa, Gushal 2 t̪uŋi Pa, Mooling 1 bʌt̪e Pa, Gushal 1 dʒou Pa, Mooling c t̪ʌkzu Pa, Tholang 2 jõɾʃ Pa, Mooling 2 t̪ũŋ Pa, Tholang 1 bhʌt̪e Pa, Mooling 1 dʒo Pa, Tholang 7 sigtʃi Pa, Chimrat 5 oi Pa, Tholang 2 t̪uŋɨmi Pa, Chimrat 1 bʌt̪ɛ Pa, Tholang 1 dzo Pa, Chimrat b t̪it̪u Pa, Salgram 2 joni Pa, Chimrat 2 tu Pa, Salgram 1 bʌt̪ie Pa, Chimrat 1 dʒɐu Pa, Salgram 1 dʒed̪o Ti, Sissu 2 joʃ Pa, Salgram 2 t̪ũ Ti, Sissu 1 bʌte Pa, Salgram 1 dzɐo Ti, Sissu 1 tsiktu Ti, Gondhla 2 ɲjoɾʃ Ti, Sissu 2 tũ Ti, Gondhla 1 bʌte Ti, Sissu 1 zɐo Ti, Gondhla 1 tsiktsi Ga, Keylong 3 kɾɛs Ti, Gondhla 2 t̪ũŋu Ga, Keylong 8 tsɐ̃i Ti, Gondhla 2 gondɐ Ga, Keylong 3 kɾɛdɐ Ga, Stingri 3 kɾɛʃ Ga, Keylong 2 tuɛh Ga, Stingri 8 tsɐ̃i Ga, Keylong 1 dzʌ 6 ɹu Ga, Gawzang 3 kɾɛs Ga, Stingri 2 t̪uɐ Ga, Gawzang 8 tsɐ̃i Ga, Stingri 1 dzə Ga, Stingri 3 kɾɛtʃɐ Bh, Darcha 6 toɾelɐ 2 t̪uŋni Bh, Darcha 9 thʌmtʃe Ga, Gawzang 1 zɛ Ga, Gawzang 9 thuptʃɛ 6 togɾi Ga, Gawzang 2 tuə 7 tʃɐŋmɐ Bh, Darcha 1 dzo Bh, Darcha a tʃʌ Bh, Kolong 6 tɔk̚ɾe Bh, Darcha 2 thum Bh, Kolong 7 tsʌŋmɐh Bh, Kolong 1 zoː Bh, Kolong 4 muʔ Bh, Rarig 6 t̪ogɾɛ 2 thuŋ Bh, Rarig 7 tsʌŋmɐh Bh, Rarig 1 zoː a tsʊt̚ Bh, Tingrat 6 toːɾi Bh, Kolong 2 thum Bh, Tingrat 4 sɪdiʔ Bh, Tingrat 1 zo Bh, Rarig 4 muɾ Bh, Khoksar 6 t̪oɾi Bh, Rarig 2 thum Bh, Khoksar 7 tsɐʔmɐ Bh, Khoksar 1 zoː Bh, Tingrat 4 muɾ Ld, Leh 6 ɬtoksduk Bh, Tingrat 2 thũː 8 tsɐʔmɐ Ld, Leh 1 zo 8 so.jop̚ Bh, Spiti 6 tokɾe Bh, Khoksar 2 t̪huŋ Ld, Leh 7 tshɐŋmɐ 1 zous Bh, Khoksar 4 muʔ Tb, Lhasa 6 tɔk Ld, Leh 2 thuŋ Bh, Spiti 2 rup Bh, Spiti 1 so Ld, Leh d thɐms Bh, Spiti 2 tũŋ Tb, Lhasa 7 tsəŋmə Tb, Lhasa 4 saːtʃe e lduŋks Tb, Lhasa 2 tuŋpa Bh, Spiti 1 tʃɛt Tb, Lhasa 8 sogjɛp

186. was.thirsty 187. sleep 188. lie.down 189. sit.down 190. give Hi, Standard 3 pjɐsɐ Hi, Standard 8 soː Hi, Standard 6 leʈɐ Hi, Standard 1 bæʈho Hi, Standard 2 dijɐ Pg, Tindi 6 tʃeslʌgoɾi 8 sojɐ 6 leʈo Pg, Tindi 2 biʃ 3 do Ch, Gushal 5 tɾiʃ Pg, Tindi 9 uŋ Pg, Tindi 8 lʌmbɐ Ch, Gushal 2 bɛʃ Pg, Tindi 3 do Ch, Nalda 5 tɾiʃ Ch, Gushal 1 ɖhɛʃ Ch, Gushal 1 ɖhɛʃ Ch, Nalda 2 bɛʃ Ch, Gushal 1 d̪ɛ Lo, Gondhla 5 t̪ɾiʃ Ch, Nalda 5 nindʌɾkʌɾ Ch, Nalda 2 tɐɽo a ʋɛʃ Ch, Nalda 1 de Lo, Gawzang 5 tɾiʃoɾʌ Lo, Gondhla 1 deʃikʌɾ Lo, Gondhla a peʈɐbiʃ Lo, Gondhla 2 beʃ Lo, Gondhla 1 d̪e Pa, Jobrang 4 tiskəɾ Lo, Gawzang 1 dɛʃkɐɾ Lo, Gawzang 0 ɴo entry Lo, Gawzang 2 bɛʃ Lo, Gawzang 1 dɛ Pa, Thirot 4 tiskɛɾ Pa, Jobrang 7 peteʃu Pa, Jobrang 8 lʌmɛʃu Pa, Jobrang 6 t̪o Pa, Jobrang 6 ɾoŋ Pa, Udeypur 4 t̪ɪskhʌɾ Pa, Thirot 7 peteʃu Pa, Thirot 8 lʌmeʃu Pa, Thirot 4 bʌŋtu Pa, Thirot 3 d̪o Pa, Gushal 4 t̪ɪskəɾ Pa, Udeypur 7 peʈɛɾu Pa, Udeypur 8 lʌmɛʃu Pa, Udeypur 6 to Pa, Udeypur 6 ɾo Pa, Mooling 4 t̪iskɐɾ Pa, Gushal 7 peteʃu Pa, Gushal 5 kukʃ 8 nʌtʃho Pa, Gushal 3 d̪ho Pa, Tholang 4 t̪ɪskəɾ Pa, Mooling 7 pɛteʃu Pa, Mooling a pɛteʃu Pa, Gushal 6 t̪oh Pa, Mooling 6 ɾo Pa, Chimrat 4 t̪ikɐɾ Pa, Tholang 7 pheʈeʃu Pa, Tholang 8 lʌmeʃu Pa, Mooling 6 t̪o Pa, Tholang 6 ɾɐũ Pa, Salgram 4 t̪ikhoɾ Pa, Chimrat 7 peʈeʃu Pa, Chimrat 8 lʌmeʃu Pa, Tholang 6 t̪o Pa, Chimrat 6 ɾʌu Ti, Sissu 4 tiskʌɾ Pa, Salgram 4 im Pa, Salgram 7 lʌeʃu Pa, Chimrat 9 soibʌɾʌŋ Pa, Salgram 6 ɾɐ̃u Ti, Gondhla 4 tiskʌɾ Ti, Sissu 2 dozu Ti, Sissu 3 gʌlto Pa, Salgram 3 bɾɐ̃u Ti, Sissu 6 ɾʌŋgu Ga, Keylong 4 tiskɐɾs Ti, Gondhla 2 d̪ospi Ti, Gondhla 2 d̪ʌɾd̪ʌɾt̪iŋ Ti, Sissu 9 Ti, Gondhla 6 ɾʌngu Ga, Stingri 4 t̪iskʌɾ Ga, Keylong 3 ɪptʃʌ Ga, Keylong 4 ɪptʃʌ sok.kʌndʒɐo Ga, Keylong 3 du Ga, Gawzang 4 tiskɐɾtʃ 3 iɸs Ga, Stingri 3 gʌld̪e Ti, Gondhla 6 dʒo Ga, Stingri 3 du Bh, Darcha 2 kundi Ga, Stingri 3 iptʃʌ Ga, Gawzang 3 gʌldjə Ga, Keylong 6 dʒoɾ Ga, Gawzang 1 dɛ Bh, Kolong 2 khumdi Ga, Gawzang 3 iptʃ Bh, Darcha 9 ɲʌl Ga, Stingri 6 dʒoɾ Bh, Darcha 3 toŋ 2 khund̪i Bh, Darcha 6 ɲʌl Bh, Kolong 3 gjɛldɔʔ Ga, Gawzang 6 dʒʊɾ Bh, Kolong 3 toŋ Bh, Rarig 2 khund̪i Bh, Kolong 6 ɲul 9 ɲʊl.tõŋ Bh, Darcha 7 ʈʌt Bh, Rarig 3 toŋ Bh, Tingrat 2 komɖi Bh, Rarig 6 ɲʌltʃɛ Bh, Rarig 9 ɲult̪õŋ 6 dot Bh, Tingrat 3 toŋ Bh, Khoksar 2 khomdi Bh, Tingrat 6 ɲul Bh, Tingrat 3 gɛl Bh, Kolong 6 dot̚ Bh, Khoksar 3 t̪oŋ Ld, Leh 2 skomsduk Bh, Khoksar 6 ɲʌl 9 ɲjol.ʈɔŋ 7 dʌʔ Ld, Leh 3 toŋ Bh, Spiti 2 kumdi Ld, Leh a ɲitlok̚ Bh, Khoksar 3 gjɛldʒe Bh, Rarig 6 dot̚ 7 koŋgi Tb, Lhasa 1 khakoŋ a ɲitlɐsoŋ Ld, Leh 9 ɲɐltoŋ Bh, Tingrat 6 dwø.eʔ Bh, Spiti 5 noŋ Bh, Spiti 6 nĩjʌl 9 ɲɐls 6 d̪uɛ Tb, Lhasa 1 tepa Tb, Lhasa 5 ɲinɲjælpa Bh, Spiti 9 nĩjʌl Bh, Khoksar 6 doʔ Tb, Lhasa 9 ɲjalwa Ld, Leh b sɐduk Bh, Spiti 7 dʌt Tb, Lhasa 5 depa

191. burn 192. die 193. kill 194. fly 195. walk Hi, Standard 4 dʒʌli Hi, Standard 2 mʌɾo Hi, Standard 4 mɐɾo Hi, Standard 4 uɾgʌji Hi, Standard 7 tʃʌlɐ 4 dʒʌltɐ 2 mʌrgʌjɐ 4 mɐɾtɐ 4 uɾo 7 tʃʌlo Pg, Tindi 4 dʒɛlo Pg, Tindi 2 mɐro Pg, Tindi a tʃuto Pg, Tindi 4 uɾo Pg, Tindi 1 ɐndho Ch, Gushal 4 dʒʌɖoɾɐ Ch, Gushal 2 muwɐ Ch, Gushal 4 mɐɾɐ Ch, Gushal 4 uɖ Ch, Gushal 4 hɐth Ch, Nalda 4 dʒʌɾtus Ch, Nalda 2 mʌɾ Ch, Nalda 4 mɐɾ Ch, Nalda 4 uɖuɾ Ch, Nalda 4 hʌth Lo, Gondhla 4 dzʌnɐ Lo, Gondhla 1 gɐmɐd̪he Lo, Gondhla 4 mʌɾ Lo, Gondhla 2 gɾidzɨ Lo, Gondhla 4 hɐnɨ Lo, Gawzang 4 dzʌnɐ 1 ghɐd̪he Lo, Gawzang 1 ɖɾuɖ Lo, Gawzang 3 phʌnzi Lo, Gawzang 4 hɐɳə Pa, Jobrang 3 t̪upsʌ Lo, Gawzang 1 ghɐɖɛ 4 mɐɾibidz Pa, Jobrang 3 pʌndʒʌh Pa, Jobrang 3 dʒo Pa, Thirot 3 t̪upsɐ Pa, Jobrang 3 sie Pa, Jobrang 6 sɐtʃə Pa, Thirot 3 pʌndʒi Pa, Thirot 3 dʒo Pa, Udeypur 2 phʌɾsi 3 siwu Pa, Thirot 8 siu Pa, Udeypur 3 phʌmbi Pa, Udeypur 3 dʒo Pa, Gushal 5 ɾhoʃ Pa, Thirot 3 siu Pa, Udeypur 6 sʌu Pa, Gushal 3 pəmbi Pa, Gushal 3 dʒo Pa, Mooling 5 ɾoʃ Pa, Udeypur 3 siwu Pa, Gushal 6 səd̪u Pa, Mooling 1 ɸʌnzi Pa, Mooling 3 dʒo Pa, Tholang 5 ɾoʂi Pa, Gushal 3 siu 7 səd̪u 3 phʌmbi Pa, Tholang 3 dʒoi Pa, Chimrat 1 bʌgesa Pa, Mooling 3 ʃiu Pa, Mooling 6 sʌd̪i Pa, Tholang 3 phʌmbi Pa, Chimrat 3 dʒo 2 bʌɾesɐ Pa, Tholang 3 si Pa, Tholang 6 sɐtsi Pa, Chimrat 3 pʌndʒi Pa, Salgram 3 dʒo Pa, Salgram 1 bʌgɛs Pa, Chimrat 3 siwɐ Pa, Chimrat 6 sɐwu Pa, Salgram 4 uːɽijɐo Ti, Sissu 5 ju Ti, Sissu 3 tupsiri 3 siwu Pa, Salgram 6 sɐo Ti, Sissu 3 pʌmbi Ti, Gondhla 5 ju Ti, Gondhla 3 t̪upsi Pa, Salgram 3 siːlɐ Ti, Sissu 6 sʌdi Ti, Gondhla 3 pʌnu Ga, Keylong 3 don Ga, Keylong 3 tuʃʌɾ Ti, Sissu 3 siɾi Ti, Gondhla 3 gɐkjo Ga, Keylong 3 pʌdʒɪɾ 3 doni Ga, Stingri 3 t̪uʃi Ti, Gondhla 3 siju Ga, Keylong 5 puɾni Ga, Stingri 3 pʌndʒ Ga, Stingri 4 hʌmtʃ Ga, Gawzang 8 tʃuʃɛ Ga, Keylong 3 ʃitʃɛɾ Ga, Stingri 5 puɾ Ga, Gawzang 3 phundɛ Ga, Gawzang 3 dõn Bh, Darcha 3 du Ga, Stingri 3 ʃitʃi Ga, Gawzang 5 puɾtʃɛ Bh, Darcha 5 phuɾ Bh, Darcha 2 dul 2 pɐɾwɐ Ga, Gawzang 3 ʃidʒə Bh, Darcha 6 sʌ.doŋ Bh, Kolong 5 phuɾ Bh, Kolong 2 ɖul Bh, Kolong 3 duk̚ Bh, Darcha 3 ʃi Bh, Kolong 6 sʌ Bh, Rarig 5 phuɾ Bh, Rarig 2 ɖul 6 sik Bh, Kolong 3 ʃi Bh, Rarig 9 sod̪ Bh, Tingrat 5 phuɾ Bh, Tingrat 2 ɖul Bh, Rarig 2 bʌrtʃɛs Bh, Rarig 3 ʃɪtʃɛ Bh, Tingrat 2 dʒjɛp̚ Bh, Khoksar 5 phuɾtʃe Bh, Khoksar 2 ɖul Bh, Tingrat 2 bʌɾ Bh, Tingrat 3 ʃi 7 sɛɾtʃe Ld, Leh 4 uɾ Ld, Leh 2 ɖul 3 d̪u Bh, Khoksar 3 ʃi 7 seʔ Bh, Spiti 5 puɾ Bh, Spiti 3 do Bh, Khoksar 7 tʃid̪ Ld, Leh 3 ʃi Bh, Khoksar 6 sʌtʃe Tb, Lhasa 5 puɹa Tb, Lhasa 6 kuŋbapoba Ld, Leh 3 tuks Bh, Spiti 3 ʃi Ld, Leh 9 sot Bh, Spiti 2 bʌr Tb, Lhasa 3 ʃipa Bh, Spiti 6 sɐːtoŋ Tb, Lhasa 6 tsikpa Tb, Lhasa 7 seːpa

196. run 197. go 198. come 199. speak 200. hear Hi, Standard 2 dɔɖɐ Hi, Standard 2 dʒɐo Hi, Standard 1 ɐo Hi, Standard 1 bolɐ Hi, Standard 5 sunɐ 2 dɔɖo 4 gɐjo 1 ɐjo 1 bolo 5 suno Pg, Tindi 2 doɾi Pg, Tindi 6 ordigɐ Pg, Tindi 1 ɐũ Pg, Tindi 1 bol Pg, Tindi 5 ʃuno Ch, Gushal 3 dʒʌɾkɐ Ch, Gushal 4 gʌtʃ Ch, Gushal 1 ɐi Ch, Gushal 1 bol Ch, Gushal 5 sʊn Ch, Nalda 3 dzɐɾkɐ.de Ch, Nalda 4 gʌtʃ Ch, Nalda 1 ɐi Ch, Nalda 1 bol Ch, Nalda 5 ʃuɳə Lo, Gondhla 3 dzʌɾkɐd̪e Lo, Gondhla 4 ghɐ Lo, Gondhla 1 ɐːi Lo, Gondhla 1 bolːɨ Lo, Gondhla 5 ʃunːɨ Lo, Gawzang 2 dɾoɖe Lo, Gawzang 4 gə Lo, Gawzang 1 ɐi Lo, Gawzang 1 bol Lo, Gawzang 5 ʃunə Pa, Jobrang 3 dzɐɾkɐɾuŋ Pa, Jobrang 5 ilɐ Pa, Jobrang 2 ɐtɐ Pa, Jobrang 4 kuɖu Pa, Jobrang 4 ɾedʒu Pa, Thirot 3 dʒɐɾkɾɐh Pa, Thirot 5 ilu Pa, Thirot 2 ɐto Pa, Thirot 4 kuwu Pa, Thirot 4 ɾedʒu Pa, Udeypur 3 dʒʌɾkʌɾo Pa, Udeypur 5 ilʌ Pa, Udeypur 2 ʌt̪ʌh Pa, Udeypur 4 kʊɖu Pa, Udeypur 4 ɾedzu Pa, Gushal 3 dʒəɾkəɾʊŋ Pa, Gushal 5 ilɐ 8 ʌt̪ʌh Pa, Gushal 6 pɾəu Pa, Gushal 4 ɾeɖu Pa, Mooling 3 dʒʌɾkɐ Pa, Mooling 5 ilɐː Pa, Gushal 2 ət̪ə Pa, Mooling 4 kuɽu Pa, Mooling 4 ɾeɾɐ Pa, Tholang 3 zʌɾkɐ Pa, Tholang 5 ilɐ Pa, Mooling 2 ɐt̪ɐ Pa, Tholang 6 pɾɐu Pa, Tholang 4 ɾeɖu Pa, Chimrat 3 dʒɐkː Pa, Chimrat 2 dʒo Pa, Tholang 2 ɐt̪ɐ Pa, Chimrat 4 ku Pa, Chimrat 4 ɾeu 3 dʒəɾket̪o Pa, Salgram 5 ilɨ Pa, Chimrat 2 ɐd̪ɛ Pa, Salgram 9 t̪ɐkhu Pa, Salgram 4 ɾeo Pa, Salgram 3 dzʌɾkit̪ Ti, Sissu 5 ilɐ Pa, Salgram 2 ɐd̪ɨ Ti, Sissu 4 kuɽu Ti, Sissu 4 ɾidʒu Ti, Sissu 3 zɐrkə Ti, Gondhla 5 ilɐ Ti, Sissu 1 ɐi Ti, Gondhla 4 kuɽu 6 tʌzinɐ 6 tsʌŋɾə Ga, Keylong 3 ɛl 8 ʌnthɐ Ga, Keylong 5 loɾs Ti, Gondhla 4 ɾidʒu Ti, Gondhla 3 dʒɐɾkɐ 3 ɛlni Ti, Gondhla 8 ʌnthɐ Ga, Stingri 5 loɾ Ga, Keylong 1 hɛn Ga, Keylong 5 gɾilni Ga, Stingri 3 ɛl Ga, Keylong 3 gwʌni 7 ɾiɛ Ga, Stingri 1 hɛni Ga, Stingri 5 gɾil Ga, Gawzang 5 ɪlɛ 5 ʐe Ga, Gawzang 5 løɾɛ Ga, Gawzang 1 hjɛntʃɛ Ga, Gawzang 5 gɾɪl Bh, Darcha 7 sʌŋ Ga, Stingri 3 gwʌni Bh, Darcha 2 dzɛɾ Bh, Darcha 3 ɲjʌn Bh, Darcha 1 pʌŋio Bh, Kolong 7 soŋ 5 ɾɛ Bh, Kolong 2 zɛɾ Bh, Kolong 3 ɲʊn 1 bɐŋtɐŋtʃe Bh, Rarig 7 soŋ Ga, Gawzang 3 gwʌni Bh, Rarig 2 zɛɾ Bh, Rarig 3 ɲʊn Bh, Kolong 1 pʌŋtõʔ Bh, Tingrat 7 soŋ 5 ɾɛ Bh, Tingrat 2 zɛɾ Bh, Tingrat 3 ɲjon 4 gjuʔ Bh, Khoksar 7 soŋ Bh, Darcha 6 ʃok̚ Bh, Khoksar 2 zɛɾ Bh, Khoksar 3 ɲʊn Bh, Rarig 4 gjuʔ Ld, Leh 7 soŋ Bh, Kolong 6 ʃoʔ Ld, Leh 2 zɛɾ Ld, Leh 3 ɲutʃɛs Bh, Tingrat 1 pɐŋjuʔ Bh, Spiti 7 sõŋ Bh, Rarig 6 ʃoʔ Bh, Spiti 8 tʃi Bh, Spiti 3 jʌn 1 pʌŋ Tb, Lhasa 1 dɹowa Bh, Tingrat 6 ʃoʔ Tb, Lhasa 3 ketʃaʃepa Tb, Lhasa 2 køa Bh, Khoksar 3 dʒukʃe Bh, Khoksar 6 ʃoʔ Ld, Leh 1 bɐŋtoŋ Ld, Leh 4 joŋ Bh, Spiti 1 pɐŋju Bh, Spiti 6 ʃok Tb, Lhasa 3 dʒukpa Tb, Lhasa 4 joŋkiji

201. see 202. I 203. you.[inf] 204. you.[form] 205. he Hi, Standard 1 dekhɐ Hi, Standard 3 mæ̃ Hi, Standard 6 tʊm Hi, Standard 1 ɐp Hi, Standard d ʋʌh Pg, Tindi 1 dɛko Pg, Tindi 3 mɐi Pg, Tindi 6 tum Pg, Tindi 1 ɐp Pg, Tindi d ʋoɾi Ch, Gushal 2 ɛɾ Ch, Gushal 1 ɐu Ch, Gushal 6 t̪u Ch, Gushal 2 d̪ʌpːi Ch, Gushal 9 sɛ Ch, Nalda 2 hɛɾ Ch, Nalda 1 hɐũ Ch, Nalda 6 tu Ch, Nalda 2 tʌpi Ch, Nalda 9 sɛʔ Lo, Gondhla 3 kʌinɐ Lo, Gondhla 1 ɐũ Lo, Gondhla 6 t̪u Lo, Gondhla 2 t̪ʌpi Lo, Gondhla 7 muʃʌlɐ Lo, Gawzang 2 hɛɾ Lo, Gawzang 1 hɐũ Lo, Gawzang 6 tu Lo, Gawzang 2 tʌpĩ Lo, Gawzang 8 os Pa, Jobrang 3 khɐnu Pa, Jobrang 2 ge Pa, Jobrang 2 kɐ Pa, Jobrang 5 kenɐ Pa, Jobrang 1 du Pa, Thirot 3 khɐnu Pa, Thirot 2 ge Pa, Thirot 2 kɐ Pa, Thirot 5 kenɐ Pa, Thirot 1 du Pa, Udeypur 3 khʌɖu Pa, Udeypur 2 gɛ Pa, Udeypur 2 kʌh Pa, Udeypur 4 kʌ Pa, Udeypur 1 d̪u 3 khʌɳu Pa, Gushal 2 ge 5 kʌh 5 kenɐ Pa, Gushal 1 du Pa, Gushal 6 thəŋgə Pa, Mooling 2 ge Pa, Gushal 2 kɐ 8 kʌ Pa, Mooling 2 d̪i 6 t̪həŋkə Pa, Tholang 2 ge Pa, Mooling 2 kɐʔ Pa, Gushal 5 kenɐ Pa, Tholang 1 d̪u Pa, Mooling 3 kɐnʂ Pa, Chimrat 2 ge Pa, Tholang 2 kɐ 6 kei Pa, Chimrat 1 d̪u Pa, Tholang 3 khʌndʒi Pa, Salgram 2 ge Pa, Chimrat 5 ku Pa, Mooling 5 kenɐʔ Pa, Salgram 1 d̪u Pa, Chimrat 3 khʌu Ti, Sissu 2 gih Pa, Salgram 5 ku Pa, Tholang 4 kɐ Ti, Sissu 1 do Pa, Salgram 3 khɐ̃u Ti, Gondhla 2 gẽh Ti, Sissu 2 kɐh Pa, Chimrat 5 kenɐ Ti, Gondhla 1 du Ti, Sissu 3 kɐnu Ga, Keylong 2 gi 2 kɐi Pa, Salgram 8 ku Ga, Keylong b tʌl Ti, Gondhla 3 kɐnu Ga, Stingri 2 gi Ti, Gondhla 2 khɐ Ti, Sissu 5 kɛneh c tʌzu Ga, Keylong 3 kʌn Ga, Gawzang 2 gi Ga, Keylong 1 hʌn Ti, Gondhla 5 kɛnɐ Ga, Stingri b t̪ɐl Ga, Stingri 3 khʌni Bh, Darcha 4 ŋʌ̃ Ga, Stingri 1 hʌn Ga, Keylong 3 ini Ga, Gawzang a tjə.butsə Ga, Gawzang 3 kʌntʃɛ Bh, Kolong 4 ŋʌ Ga, Gawzang 1 hʌn Ga, Stingri 3 ini Bh, Darcha e hɐi Bh, Darcha 7 tuwe Bh, Rarig 4 ŋʌ Bh, Darcha 4 kjʌɾʌŋ Ga, Gawzang 3 ini 6 ko Bh, Kolong 5 thɐtʃe Bh, Tingrat 4 ŋɐ̃ Bh, Kolong 5 kjoʔ Bh, Darcha a ɲuɾʌŋ Bh, Kolong 6 kho 7 towe 4 ŋʌ Bh, Rarig 5 kjoʔ Bh, Kolong a ɲuɾʌŋ Bh, Rarig 6 kho Bh, Rarig 5 thɐtʃe Bh, Khoksar 4 ŋʌ Bh, Tingrat 5 kjuɛ Bh, Rarig a ɲuɾʌŋ Bh, Tingrat 2 t̪imɐ 7 towe Ld, Leh 4 ŋɐ 5 qwøeʔ Bh, Tingrat 4 kjɐ̃ː 6 kho Bh, Tingrat 7 twøe Bh, Spiti 4 ŋɐ Bh, Khoksar 5 kjoʔ Bh, Khoksar a ɲuɾʌŋ Bh, Khoksar 6 kho 7 t̪oi Tb, Lhasa 4 ŋɐ Ld, Leh 4 kjeɾɐŋ Ld, Leh a ɲeɾɐŋ Ld, Leh 6 ko Bh, Khoksar 5 thɐtʃe Bh, Spiti 3 kɛt Bh, Spiti 9 ɲʌt 5 khoŋ 7 towe Tb, Lhasa 4 keɾaŋ Tb, Lhasa 7 koŋla 6 khoŋ Ld, Leh 8 stɐtʃɛs Bh, Spiti 5 kɐŋ Bh, Spiti 4 tẽrʌŋ Tb, Lhasa 5 koŋ Tb, Lhasa 6 toŋsoŋ 6 koŋ

206. she 207. we.[incl] 208. we.[excl] 209. you.[pl] 210. they Hi, Standard b ʋʌh Hi, Standard 8 hʌm Hi, Standard 8 hʌm Hi, Standard 1 ɐplog Hi, Standard g ʋe Pg, Tindi b ʋoɾi Pg, Tindi 4 ɐsisʌb Pg, Tindi 3 ɐsɐ c tumlog Pg, Tindi h woɾi Ch, Gushal 7 sɛ Ch, Gushal g ʌpsɪŋ Ch, Gushal e ʌpd̪in Pg, Tindi 0 ɴo entry Ch, Gushal a sɛ̃ Ch, Nalda 7 sɛʔ Ch, Nalda g ʌpsĩ Ch, Nalda 2 ʌdwi Ch, Gushal d t̪ʌpsɪn Ch, Nalda c tɛnɛ Lo, Gondhla b ʋosʌŋ Lo, Gondhla 3 ɐd̪ui Lo, Gondhla 2 ɐd̪ui Ch, Nalda 2 Lo, Gondhla 3 enemɐu Lo, Gawzang 6 os Lo, Gawzang 4 ʌse Lo, Gawzang 3 ʌse bʌdhe.dʒhɐe Lo, Gawzang 9 osʌŋ Pa, Jobrang 0 ɴo entry h ʌse Pa, Jobrang 1 henɐɾe Lo, Gondhla d t̪upsimɐũ Pa, Jobrang 1 doɾe 1 du Pa, Jobrang 7 henɐɾe Pa, Thirot 1 henɐɾ e t̪use Pa, Thirot 1 doɾe Pa, Thirot 1 du Pa, Thirot 7 henɐɾ Pa, Udeypur 1 henʌɾe Lo, Gawzang b onɛ Pa, Udeypur 1 d̪oɾe Pa, Udeypur 1 du Pa, Udeypur 7 henɐɾe Pa, Gushal 1 hent̪ Pa, Jobrang 6 keɾe Pa, Gushal 1 d̪oɾe 1 nu Pa, Gushal 7 hend̪e.bət̪e Pa, Mooling 5 d̪iɾe Pa, Thirot 3 d̪uɾe Pa, Mooling 8 niːre Pa, Gushal 1 du Pa, Mooling 5 bʌt̪e Pa, Tholang 0 ɴo entry Pa, Udeypur 3 d̪oɾe Pa, Tholang 1 d̪oɾe Pa, Mooling 2 d̪isɐŋ 7 henɐɾe Pa, Chimrat 9 iɾ Pa, Gushal 6 keɾe.miɾe Pa, Chimrat 1 d̪oɾ Pa, Tholang 1 d̪u 7 henze Pa, Salgram 4 bɾʌset̪od̪ɨ Pa, Mooling 5 kɛnz Pa, Salgram 2 d̪umiɾ Pa, Chimrat 1 d̪u Pa, Tholang 7 hend̪e Ti, Sissu 1 ʔɛne 5 kenɛɾe Ti, Sissu 1 doɾe Pa, Salgram 1 d̪u Pa, Chimrat b iɾ Ti, Gondhla b ɲɛnebʌte Pa, Tholang 6 keɾe.bʌt̪e Ti, Gondhla 1 duɾe Ti, Sissu 1 do Pa, Salgram 5 bʌt̪e Ga, Keylong 7 hingjemʌ Pa, Chimrat 6 keɾ Ga, Keylong d tʌʒuʒ Ti, Gondhla 1 du Ti, Sissu 1 ʔɛne Ga, Stingri 6 ɛɾʌŋdʒi Pa, Salgram 8 kumi Ga, Stingri f t̪hɐldʒi Ga, Keylong 9 tʌl Ti, Gondhla d ɲɛnɐ 7 hindʒi Ti, Sissu 5 kɛnɛbʌte Ga, Gawzang b tɐɾɛʒ a tʌzu Ga, Keylong a ɪngi Ga, Gawzang 6 eɾʌŋ Ti, Gondhla 5 kɛn.bʌt̪e Bh, Darcha 4 hɐithʌmtʃe Ga, Stingri 9 t̪ɐl Ga, Stingri 6 ɛɾʌŋdʒi Bh, Darcha a Ga, Keylong 4 hɐŋjɛmʌ 5 koŋgon Ga, Gawzang 8 tjə.tsemet̚ 7 hindʒi nɐdʒɐgejɐmɐ Ga, Stingri 4 hʌndʒi Bh, Kolong 6 khoʋɐ Bh, Darcha 3 hɐi Ga, Gawzang 6 eɾʌŋ a ŋɐʒɐ Ga, Gawzang 4 hɐndʒi Bh, Rarig 5 khoŋ 4 ko Bh, Darcha e Bh, Kolong a ŋɐʒɐ Bh, Darcha 7 kjudʒʌ Bh, Tingrat 6 khowɐ Bh, Kolong 4 kho ŋɐdʒɐthʌmtʃe Bh, Rarig a ŋɐʒɐ e tuʒɐ e t̪hiũ Bh, Rarig 4 kho i ŋɐtɐŋ Bh, Tingrat b ŋeːh Bh, Kolong 7 kjuʒɐ Bh, Khoksar e t̪eon Bh, Tingrat 4 kho Bh, Kolong e d ni Bh, Rarig a ɲudzɐ Ld, Leh 5 khoguŋ Bh, Khoksar 4 kho ŋɐʒɐtshʌmtʃe Bh, Khoksar a ŋɐʒɐ Bh, Tingrat 5 kheː Bh, Spiti 5 koŋpʌdjɐi Ld, Leh 4 ko Bh, Rarig e Ld, Leh a ŋʌʒʌ 6 kheː Tb, Lhasa 7 koɾantsɔ 4 khoŋ ŋɐʒɐtshʌmtʃe Bh, Spiti a ɲɐdʒɐ Bh, Khoksar 7 kjuʒɐ Bh, Spiti 4 koŋ Bh, Tingrat 2 ɐːu Tb, Lhasa c ŋantsotsəŋma Ld, Leh f kjoɾɐŋ Tb, Lhasa 5 moɾan Bh, Khoksar e ŋɐʒɐ 7 khjoʒʌ Ld, Leh i nɐtɐŋ Bh, Spiti 9 kwɐgjɐ Bh, Spiti c kwɐdʒɐ Tb, Lhasa 6 keɾaŋtsɔ Tb, Lhasa f nantso

A.5

Appendix B: Recorded Text Tests

B.1 Standard Recorded Text Test procedures11

The extent to which speakers of related linguistic varieties understand one another can be studied by means of tape-recorded texts. Such studies investigate whether speakers of one variety understand a narrative text of another variety and are able to answer questions about the content of that text. The accuracy with which subjects answer these questions is taken as an index of their comprehension of that speech form. From the percentage of correct answers, the amount of intelligibility between speech forms is inferred. The recorded text testing used in this survey is based on the procedures described in Casad 1974 and Blair 1990. Short, personal-experience narratives are deemed to be most suitable for recorded text testing in that the content must be relatively unpredictable and the speech form should be natural. Folklore or other material thought to be widely known is avoided. A three-to-five minute story is recorded from a speaker of the regional vernacular and then checked with a group of speakers from the same region to ensure that the spoken forms are truly representative of that area. The story is then transcribed and a set of comprehension questions is constructed based on various semantic domains covered in the text. Normally, a set of fifteen or more questions is initially prepared. Some of the questions will prove unsuitable—perhaps because the answer is not in focus in the text, or because the question is confusing to native speakers of the test variety. Unsuitable questions are then deleted from the preliminary set, leaving a minimum of ten final questions for each RTT. To ensure that measures of comprehension are based on the subjects’ understanding of the text itself and not on a misunderstanding of the test questions, these questions must be recorded in the regional variety of the test subjects. This requires an appropriate dialect version of the questions for each RTT for each test location. In the RTTs used in this study, test subjects heard the complete story text once, after which the story was repeated with test questions and the opportunities for responses interspersed with necessary pauses in the recorded text. Appropriate and correct responses are directly extractable from the segment of speech immediately preceding the question, such that memory limitations exert a negligible effect and indirect inferencing based on the content is not required. Thus the RTT aims to be a close reflection of a subject’s comprehension of the language itself, not of his or her memory, intelligence, or reasoning. The average or mean of the scores obtained from subjects at one test location is taken as a numerical indicator of the intelligibility between speakers of the dialect represented. In order to ensure that the RTT is a fair test of the intelligibility of the test variety to speakers from the regions tested, the text is first tested with subjects from the region where the text was recorded. This initial testing is referred to as the hometown test. The hometown test serves to introduce subjects to the testing procedure in a context where intelligibility of the dialect is assumed to be complete since it is the native variety of test subjects. In addition, hometown testing ensures that native speakers of the text dialect can accurately answer the comprehension questions used to assess understanding of the text in non-native dialect areas. Once a text has been hometown tested with a minimum of ten subjects who have been able to correctly answer the selected comprehension questions, with an average score of 90% or above, the test is considered validated. It is possible that a subject may be unable to answer the test questions correctly simply because he or she does not understand what is expected. This is especially true with unsophisticated subjects or those unacquainted with test-taking. Therefore a very short pre-test story with four questions is recorded in the local variety before beginning the actual testing. The purpose of the pre-test is to teach the subject what is expected according to the RTT procedures. If the subject is able to answer the pre-test questions,

11 The description of recorded text test procedures is adapted from that found in Appendix A of O’Leary 1992. It is used by permission of the author.

82 it is assumed that he or she would serve as a suitable subject. Each subject then participates in the hometown test in his or her native variety before participating in RTTs in non-native varieties. Occasionally, even after the pre-test, a subject fails to perform adequately on an already validated hometown test. Performances of such subjects are eliminated from the final evaluation, the assumption being that uncontrollable factors unrelated to the intelligibility of speech forms are skewing such test results. In this study, subjects performing at levels of less than 80% on their hometown test were eliminated from further testing. When speakers of one linguistic variety have had no previous contact with that represented by the recorded text, the test scores of the ten subjects from the test point tend to be more similar, especially when the scores are in the higher ranges. Such consistent scores are often interpreted to be closer reflections of the inherent intelligibility between speech forms. If the sample of ten subjects accurately represents the speech community being tested in terms of the variables affecting intelligibility, and the RTT scores show such consistency, increasing the number of subjects should not significantly increase the range of variation of the scores. However, when some subjects have had significant previous contact with the speech form recorded on the RTT, while others have not, the scores usually vary considerably, reflecting the degree of learning that has gone on through contact. For this reason, it is important to include a measure of dispersion which reflects the extent to which the range of scores varies from the mean—the Standard Deviation. On a RTT with 100 possible points (that is 100 percent), standard deviations of more than 12 to 15 are considered high. If the standard deviation is relatively low, say 10 or below, and the mean score for the subjects from the selected test point is high, the implication is that the community as a whole probably understands the test variety rather well because this variety has been acquired rather consistently and uniformly throughout the speech community. If the standard deviation is low and the mean RTT score is also low, the implication is that the community as a whole understands the test variety rather poorly and that regular contact has not facilitated learning of the test variety to any significant extent. If the standard deviation is high, regardless of the mean score, one implication is that some subjects have learned to comprehend the test variety better than others. In this last case, inherent intelligibly between the related varieties may be mixed with acquired proficiency which results from learning through contact. The relationship between RTT scores and their standard deviation can be seen in the following chart: STANDARD DEVIATION HIGH LOW

Situation 1 Situation 2 Many people understand the story Most people understand the story HIGH on the test tape well, but some on the test tape. have difficulty. Situation 3 Situation 4 Many people cannot understand the Few people are able to LOW

AVERAGE SCORE story, but a few are able to answer understand the story on the test correctly. tape.

High standard deviations can result from other causes, such as inconsistencies in the circumstances of test administration and scoring or differences in attentiveness or intelligence of subjects. Researchers involved in recorded text testing need to be aware of the potential for skewed results due to such factors, and to control for them as much as possible through careful test development and administration. Questionnaires administered at the time of testing can help researchers discover which factors are significant in promoting contact which facilitates acquired intelligibility. Travel to or extended stays in other dialect regions, intermarriage between dialect groups, or contacts with schoolmates from other dialect regions are examples of the types of contact that can occur. In contrast to experimentally controlled testing in a laboratory or classroom situation, the results of field-administered methods such as the RTT cannot be completely isolated from potential biases. Recorded texts and test questions will vary in terms of the clarity of the recording. Comparisons of RTT

83 results from different texts need to be made cautiously. It is therefore recommended that results from RTTs not be interpreted in terms of fixed numerical thresholds, but rather be evaluated in light of other indicators of intelligibility such as lexical similarity, dialect opinions, and reported patterns of contact and communication. In general, however, RTT mean scores of around 80% or higher with accompanying low standard deviations are usually taken to indicate that representatives of the test point dialect display adequate understanding of the variety represented by the recording. Conversely, RTT means below 60% are interpreted to indicate inadequate intelligibility.

B.2 Preliminary bilingualism assessment procedures

Procedures for preliminary bilingualism assessment are based closely on the recorded text test procedures. However, for this test, subjects listened to a text from a language other than their own, rather than to a dialect of their mother-tongue. Questions were translated into the mother-tongue and recorded. So, the subjects listened to a tape of a second language text, with mother-tongue questions relating to the text. Answers were allowed in either the mother-tongue or second language. Because this test involves two languages, rather than dialects of one language, results cannot be interpreted the same as for an RTT, and scores cannot be equated between the two tests. This test is used simply to gain a rough estimate of second-language ability. If subjects consistently score high on the questions, with a low standard deviation, then the people likely have at least limited ability in the second language. If subjects score low, or if there is a high standard deviation, then the people are not likely to have much ability in the language. The test is also helpful in assessing the attitudes of a community towards speakers of another language. Through the use of post-test questions, these attitudes can be assessed.

B.3 Codes used in transcription of texts

Code: Meaning: /n Line number /p Phonetic transcription of text /g Word-by-word English gloss of transcribed text /f Free (natural) English translation of the text /Question # Question number /Q Free (natural) English translation of the question /p Phonetic transcription of question as asked on test tape /a Expected answer for the question /c Semantic category of expected answer

B.4 Text transcriptions

B.4.1 Gushal text

Title: The Unlucky Pilgrim Location: Gushal village, Pattan Valley Language: Pattani Variety: eastern Story teller name: RA Story teller id number: PGU15

/n 1 /p di gɐpɐɐin puɾɐnɐ tɐɾkiʃu /g this talk very old that-time /f This is a very old story.

/n 2 /p dumokɐge ŋɐɾiŋ gudʒuŋ səkuləm pɐɽiktsa to to /g at-that-time fifth [gushal] school study was /f At that time I was studying in the fifth class at Gushal school.

/n 3 /p gju gɐɾwɐɾ səkulʋe nizɐ kɐdɐm lekheɐ oijɐtho /g my house at-school twenty steps about distance /f My house was about twenty steps from the school.

/n 4 /p giʋi bɐɾetɐɾ betse ɾupiɾɐni kɐndʒimi bɐɾɐ ʃoksutsɐɾto /g I small-age time-at [rupirani] waiting-to-see very desire-was /f When I was young I really wanted to see Rupirani.

/n 5 /p gju sɐthi iʒɐ ɾɐdʒu duɾi /g my friend one [raju] meet /f One day I met my friend Raju.

/n 6 /p duɾi kwɐ hɛŋgu mutɐŋ ɾupiɾɐni kɐndʒiuʃu /g meet he-said we-two tomarrow [rupirani] go-and-see /f He said, “Let’s go see Rupirani tomorrow.”

/n 7 /p gɛ dobi kutʃikɛɾigɐ kɐ səkulɐ ɐtɐ, səkulɐŋze hɛŋgu joʃpokʃe /g I to-him said you school come school-from we-two go-fast /f I said to him, “You come to school, from there we will leave quickly.”

/n 8 /p ɐjo oiɾɐ gɛ sɛkulɐŋ iligɐ, bɐstɐ kuɾtsɐ, ɐjo səkulɐŋ ɾumzigɐ, du ɐtiemɐ /g early next-day I school went, bag took, early school waited he not-come /f The next day I took my bag and went to school early, and waited, but he did not come.

/Question 1 /Q What did he take to school? /p d̪o sʌkːulʌŋge tʃɪ ʃɪlt̪ɛ /a school bag \bɐst̪ɐ\ /c object as goal

/n 9 /p thɐle gɛ bɐnɐlɛgɐ /g after I made-excuse /f After school I made an excuse.

/n 10 /p tʃiɛʃu to gɛ gjɐ itseʋi khʌndɾɐpho /g somebody today I I alone see /f If nobody comes, I will see it alone.

/Question 2 /Q If no one comes what will he do? /p ɪɾɪjʌmːɐ d̪iʃɪt̪ d̪ʌŋ d̪ui tʃɪlot̪o /a he will see alone \itʃeʋi khʌndɾɐpho /c result

/n 11 /p tʃiɛʃu, dʌŋ gɛ mũntʃi kɐtʃɐŋ iligɐ /g somebody then I teacher near went /f Then I went to the teacher.

/n 12 /p mũntʃu gɛ kuɾigɐ gibi tʃuti ɾõ /g teacher I asked me-to leave give /f I asked the teacher to give me leave.

/Question 3 /Q What did he ask the teacher? /p d̪oi mʊnʃi bɪ tʃɪɾukːʌt̪ɛ /a to give him leave \tʃuʈi ɾõ\ /c quotation

/n 13 /p tɛʃeɐpɐ ɐɾɛl bɐnɐlɛgɐ /g pain not-sure made-excuse /f I made an excuse that I was sick.

/Question 4 /Q How did he act? /p d̪oi tʃo bɐnɐlɛi /a pain \tɛʃeɐpɐ\ /c manner

/n 14 /p mũntʃi tʃutiɐ mɐɾiŋ tɐ̃ bɐɾɐ ʃwi /g teacher leave not-give tea twelve after /f The teacher did not give me leave after lunch break.

/n 15 /p gjetʃɛ kʌtu tɐim to dimokhɐ, pɐgdzu tɐle khɐniŋ tɐim mɐ koksi /g I-thought son time is now run after to-me time not get /f I thought, “Son, this is the time to run, after this I won’t be able to go.”

/n 16 /p iligɐgɛ bɐstɐ kuɾtsɐ tuɾiŋ ɾiɾet bitʃʌŋ pjɐkɛkeɾigɐ bɐstɐ /g to-go bag took edge field center left bag /f I took my bag and left it in the middle of the field.

/Question 5 /Q Where did he leave his school bag? /p d̪oi ɐɾ ɛno bɛst̪ɐ bjʌkt̪i /a in the middle of the field \ɾiɾeʈ bitʃʌŋ\ /c location

/n 17 /p iligɐ tuɾiŋ kɐ nɐɾɐ tʃɛ tuŋkhɐ iʋɐlɛgɐ, iʋɐlɛgɐ /g to-go above-field to river towards inside went-in, went-in /f I went down farther into the river bed.

/n 18 /p tuitɐ suɾnɐm ɾhuthiɐɾ, dʒɛ tɐleɐɾ go tsuksɛɾi pɐtil go itʃɐ /g before path good like-that after mountain start slope mountain one

/n 18.b /p nɐli tsɐ, suʋijɐm, itʃɛ nɐli tsɐ ɐtsieʋi /g stream is one-road one stream is going /f The path starts off good, but then the mountains start, and there is a cliff, a stream, and a road.

/n 19 /p dʒʌmʌ-sʌŋ dʒutɐmi iʋimɛ dʒoge me ʌm /g I-mean two-person-path not place not road /f I mean, it’s not a two-person-path.

/n 20 /p dʒʌmʌ-sʌŋ tu kɐi liktɐ dʒʌmʌ tʃɐntʃɛɾ go, dʒʌmʌ-sʌŋ bɐɾi /g I-mean in front therefore I-mean slope mountain I-mean great

/n 20.b /p muʃkɐle thu kəidighɐ /g difficulty in-front went /f I went forward with great difficulty because of the mountain slope.

/n 21 /p suɾ suɾ suɾ suɾ dʒʌmʌ-sʌŋ ʃoksɐ ʃoksɐ tʃo /g narrow (x4) I-mean crawling crawling like-that /f The path was very narrow, so I crawled along.

/n 22 /p iwɐlɛgɐ tɐ̃ tuze thi dʌphi lɛkto /g walked then forward water falling saw /f I walked and ahead was a waterfall.

/Question 6 /Q Walking forward what was ahead? /p t̪ukɐ ildʒɛ t̪ʌɾ tʃi ʃui /a waterfall \thi dʌphi\ /c object as goal

/n 23 /p dʒoɾ (x6) do tʃɐlɐ gɛ powɐ dʒɐe houʃəɾɛŋgɐ gɛ ʃetiktɐ khʌmo goɾɛtiŋ /g [sound] it sound I little like-that sound-made I thought sense mountain

/n 23.b /p tʃiʃowɐ /g what-happens /f It made the sound “dzor” and on hearing that, I thought, “What will happen to the mountain?”

/Question 7 /Q What did he think? /p d̪oi tʃis so tʃɪkt̪ɛ /a what will happen to the mountain \goɾɛʈiŋ tʃiʃowɐ\ /c quotation

/n 24 /p dʒʌmʌ jətsɐpi bɛ bɛ ibimdʒogiɐwɐdʒ /g I-mean echo fear fear I-felt /f I was afraid of the echo.

/n 25 /p dʒe tʌlkhɐl tiktɐ tsitɐ bũ nɐli mɐnɐʃ du səndɐɾe dulɐ tɐtʃi tsʌŋsɪ /g like-that back came little that path made that rain that broken washed /f Like that, I came back afraid that the rain might wash-away the path.

/n 26 /p dʒʌmʌ-sʌŋ tʃʌntʃɐɾ go /g I-mean slope mountain /f I mean there was a mountain slope.

/n 27 /p tʃʌntʃɐɾ goɾiŋ sɛ dʒʌmʌsʌŋ pilɐ gõnɐ tʃo ɾʌŋkondʒɐ lɐgɐdzɐ, /g slope mountain on I-mean four animal like-that legs walked

/n 27.b /p ʃoksɐ (x4) ɐtigɐ /g crawling came /f I mean, from the slope I had to climb on four legs like an animal.

/n 28 /p dʒʌmʌ-sʌŋ bwitɐɾɐ kɐmizɐ tʃok tʃok ʃutsi dɾuɐldʒi khɐmiz /g I-mean shivering shirt wet wet became torn shirt /f I was shivering and my shirt became wet and torn.

/n 29 /p dʒʌ̃ pɛnt dʒukhɐɾzimdʒogɛ, dʒʌmʌ-sʌŋ duɾ gõnɐtʃo ʃoksɐ ɐtiktɐ /g like-that pants were-dripping I-mean like animal crawling I-came /f Like that my pants were dripping and I came crawling like an animal.

/n 30 /p jõŋ piɾiktɐ jõŋ kɐɾiŋtɐ nəɾə̃ŋ pɐdʒui lindʒɐʃinsito /g down came down looking stream bridge washed-away. /f When I came down I saw that the river bridge was washed away.

/Question 8 /Q What was washed away? /p tʃɪ silsi t̪oi /a the stream bridge \nəɾɐŋ pɐdʒui\ /c participant as actor

/n 31 /p igɛ gitʃɛ tike tuktʃuŋ kɐ tʃənɐibie /g I felt today home to how-I-go /f I wondered, “How will I go home today?”

/n 32 /p buɽi hɐtʃutʃɐɾʃu, dʒɛ jõŋ bɛndi mukɐ ri iligɐ /g bad condition became like-that down river shore went /f In a bad condition I went down to the river shore.

/n 33 /p ɐɾtse ti dʒʌmʌ-sʌŋ pɐzɐjoɐ kutse /g where water I-mean dividing going /f I mean, I went to where the water was dividing.

/n 34 /p gɛ tʃetigɐ jõŋ ɐtʃe jõŋ jõŋ iliktɐ kjopi kjopi dɐɾo tiʃuto /g I felt down I-go down down go boiling boiling flood water

/n 34.b /p dɐɾo mokɐki gəpɐ /g flood time talk /f I felt I would go down, but the water looked like it was boiling because it was flood-time.

/n 35 /p dʒʌmʌ-sʌŋ pɛntɾɐ sɐɾte gɾʌhʌn-rɛŋgɐ /g I-mean pants with forded /f I mean, I crossed the river in my pants.

/Question 9 /Q What did he do with his pants on? /p pɛnʈ ɾʌŋ sɐɾte d̪oi tʃɪlɛj /a crossed the river \gɾʌhʌn ɾɛŋgɐ\ /c specific event

/n 36 /p dʒʌmʌ-sʌŋ dʒɐ ɾɐktsetse lekhɛ tul gʌŋɛ ɐtsɐili /g I-mean stone hitting hard leg swollen became /f From hitting the hard stones my leg became swollen.

/Question 10 /Q How did his leg become? /p d̪o ʈhuɖut̪ɪŋ tʃɪ ʃut̪ɛ /a swollen \gʌŋɛ\ /c description of condition

B.4.2 Thirot text

Title: The Bus Accident Location: Thirot village, Pattan Valley Language: Pattani Variety: central Story teller name: BBS Story teller id number: PTH03

/n 1 /p ʃhʊm sɐl t̪ui gɛ gju pi d̪ost̪ kolɛdz iʋilekt̪oĩn /g three years before I my four friends [college] went /f Three years ago my four friends and I went to college.

/n 2 /p ɛɾ kʌt̪hɐwʌɾ kʊɾtsɐ kolɛdz iʋilekt̪oĩn /g we books took [college] went /f We took books and went to college.

/Question 1 /Q What did they take to college? /p doɾʌ tʃi kuɾtʃʌ kɔlədʒʌ ildɛɾ /a books \kʌt̪hɐwʌɾ\ /c object as goal

/n 3 /p bʌsɐ lʌgbhʌg nɪndʒɐ miɾ t̪oĩn /g bus-in about forty men were /f There were about 40 people in the bus.

/n 4 /p bʌs ɐin t̪ɛdʒ iʋilekt̪oiɾ /g bus very fast went /f The bus went very fast.

/Question 2 /Q How did the bus go? /p bʌs tʃʌnʌ iʋi lɛgi t̪oi /a very fast \t̪ɛdʒ\ /c manner

/n 5 /p bʌs ɐt̪h sɐ kilomɛtɛr t̪əkhɐ ild̪ɛ /g bus till-now ten [kilometers] had gone /f Till now, the bus had covered 10 kilometers.

/n 6 /p d̪hoɾi i jeep t̪ui ɐndʒi bʌs sɐɾɐsɐɾɛ t̪uksɐ tʃɐt̪i /g then one jeep in-front came bus with hit with /f Then a jeep came in front of the bus and crashed into it.

/Question 3 /Q What happened to the bus? /p bʌsʌʋi tʃiʃut̪ɛ /a it hit the jeep \bʌs sɐrɐ sɐd̪ɛ t̪uksɐ dʒiːp\ /c specific event

/n 7 /p bʌs sɛ dʒipɐɾɐ sɐd̪hɛ t̪usɐɾɐ sad̪hɛ t̪uis t̪hɐlɐ uɲdʒieɾi dhuɖ khɐikɐ undʒiɾi /g bus and [jeep] with hit with in-front after raised dust above raised /f After the bus and jeep collided, dust rose in front and above.

/Question 4 /Q What rose when the bus hit the jeep? /p bʌsɛ dʒip t̪usʌ t̪hʌl tʃhiundəɾ /a dust \d̪huɖ\ /c object as actor

/n 8 /p ɛɾ bʌsʌni t̪hɐsɐ khɐini dʒipo dɾɐiʋɛɾ pokʃhɛ ildʒit̪oi /g we bus-from got-down saw [jeep] [driver] run went /f We got down from the bus and saw the jeep driver running away.

/n 9 /p dʒipo ʌn̪d̪ɛɾɛ ʃomi miɾ t̪o iɾ d̪ot̪i ɐin lɛ̃igit̪oĩn /g [jeep] inside three men were there them very injured-were /f Inside the jeep there were three people who were injured.

/Question 5 /Q How many people in the jeep got injured? /p dʒipo ɐnd̪əɾɛ tʃiɖʌ d̪hiɾi mid̪i iləgt̪ɛ /a three people \ʃomi miɾ\ /c quantity

/n 10 /p d̪ot̪u pundʒɐɾi, ʈhɐʎuʎi, ʎɐɳɖi, lɛ̃igt̪oĩn ʃui undʒelekt̪oĩ d̪oɾtʃ /g their head leg hand injured-were blood came-out from /f Their head, leg and arms were injured and blood was coming from them.

/Question 6 /Q Where all did they get injured? /p d̪ot̪i ɐŋəɾ ɐŋəɾ ləgt̪ɛ /a head, leg, and arm \pundʒəɾi t̪hɐʎuʎi ʎɐɳɖi\ /c location

/n 11 /p sʌŋ min tot̪hʌl i ɾikʃɐ ɐd̪i ɛtʃ d̪u ɾikʃɐ jɐɾini d̪ortʃ /g 15 minutes after one [rickshaw] came we that [rickshaw] turned to

/n 11.b /p ɐphɐlu ɐkhɐ /g hospital side /f After fifteen minutes a rickshaw came and we directed it towards the hospital.

/Question 7 /Q When did the rickshaw come? /p ɾikʃhɐ ɐʋel ɐn̪d̪ɛ /a after fifteen minutes \sʌŋ min t̪ot̪hʌl\ /c time

/n 12 /p ɾikʃɐ ɐn̪d̪ɾɛ d̪umiɾ biʈhɐɪgd̪ʌŋi ʌt̪i lɛ̃igt̪oĩn /g [richshaw] inside them kept who injured-were /f We placed the injured people inside the rickshaw.

/Question 8 /Q Where did they place the injured people? /p d̪oz lɛg miɾ ɔɾkɪt̪oɾ /a inside the rickshaw \ɾikʃɐ ɐn̪d̪əɾɛ\ /c location

/n 13 /p d̪uɾ ɾikʃɐu ɐn̪d̪ɾɛ kɛd̪ɐni d̪o t̪ɐɾ ɛd̪u kʌmdʒʌt̪hi ʃhui lɛik /g them [rickshaw] inside kept that time our clothes blood soaked

/n 13.b /p ʃhɛi ʃhudʒit̪oĩ /g red became /f When we placed the people in the rickshaw our clothes were soaked with blood and became red.

/n 14 /p ɛdʒ d̪oɾe phʌʈh ospitɐl pɪpiɭɐt̪ɐni /g our them quickly [hospital] reached /f We got them to the hospital very quickly.

/n 15 /p ospitɐl d̪oktoɾ t̪oiɛ mɐ /g [hospital] [doctor] was not /f The doctor was not at the hospital.

/n 16 /p gɛ gju d̪ostʌz ildʒi doktoɾ bulɐgʌt̪ʌni /g ɪ my friends went [doctor] brought /f My friends and I went and brought the doctor.

/Question 9 /Q Who went and brought the doctor? /p ɖokʈoɾ ɐzi bulɐigd̪ɛ /a he and his friends \gɛ gju d̪ost̪ʌz\ /c participant as actor

/n 17 /p doktoɾ siɾindʒ pʌʈhi sʌmɐn kuɾtsɐ thonkɐ ɐndʒɐ d̪ot̪u ɐlɛkt̪oi d̪oɾ /g [doctor] [syringe] bandage things took inside came them were injuries

/n 17.b /p pʌʈilɐt̪o /g bandaged /f The doctor came inside with syringe, bandage, and things, and he bandaged their injuries.

/n 18 /p t̪hoɖɛ hɐɾi ʎumdʒɐ polis ndʒɐ d̪odʒ d̪ot̪u bjɐn lɛptʃʌt̪o d̪ɐ ɐdʃɐild̪oɾ /g little after waiting [police] came they them questioned took then went-back /f After waiting some time, the police came, questioned them and left.

/n 19 /p gɛ gju d̪ost̪ʌs d̪umid̪u thʌldʒɐ dʒɛ t̪humi thʌldʒɐ sʌmɐn hɐnd̪ʌni, ʌwuʃhɐd̪ /g I my friends them for food items for thing brought medicine

/n 19.b /p nuɾui tʃumi ɾʌn̪d̪hʌni, d̪ot̪hɐl ɛs d̪o tʃʊmd̪od̪i fonlɐt̪ɐi /g etc. bought gave after we them house-members phoned /f My friends and I brought food, things, medicine, and such, and gave them; then we phoned their family members.

/Question 10 /Q To whom did they phone? /p d̪oz phoɳ ɐd̪i lɐt̪ɛɾ /a house members \tʃum d̪od̪i\ /c participant as goal

B.4.3 Udeypur text

Title: Getting Land, Making Money Location: Udeypur village, Chamba-Lahul Valley Language: Pattani Variety: western Story teller name: PTR Story teller id number: PUD08

/n 1 /p gɛbɪ di dʒʌminʌ imɛɾdʒɛnsi doɾɐnɐ indiɾə ghandi bhumino ɾɐnde /g to-me this land [emergency] time [Indira Ghandi] land-less gave /f During the emergency time of Indira Ghandi, I, landless, was given land.

/n 2 /p du bʌktɐɾɛ di zɐmine kosiʃu /g that time this land received /f During that time I got this land.

/n 3 /p di zimɛnʌ ʃɐɾkɐɾi gebi iʈs thʌŋgɪ ʃɐni dhʌbɐɾi kosiʃu /g this land government to-me one rupee 12 paise received /f I got this land through the government for one Rupee, 12 Paise.

/Question 1 /Q How much did he pay for that land? /p du dʒɐgɐ dobi ɐjoɾi kosɛtɛ /a 1 rupee, 12 paise \its thʌŋgɪ ʃɐni dhʌbɐɾi\ /c quantity

/n 4 /p do tuoiz gi dzɐmin sɐp̚ lʌbɪm kɐɾtʃɐ sɪɾf kuɾɐ tɐŋgɪ ɾɐ̃ʃi /g that land ɪ land clean for cost only 900 rupees paid /f To clear this land, I spent only 900 Rupees.

/Question 2 /Q Why did he spend 900 Rupees? /p doi kuɾɐ tʌŋgə tʃɐu tɐli ɾəndo /a to clear his land \dzɐmin sɐp̚ lʌbɪm\ /c purpose

/n 5 /p gɪ gɐɾib toigɪ gɛbi gʌbɛɾnmɛnt o indʌstɾi dipɐɾtmɛnt tɐɾphe sɐhʌʒɐɾ tɐŋgɪ khoste /g ɪ poor was home [government industry [department] from 10,000 rupees got /f I was poor, so through the Government Industry Department, I got 10,000 Rupees.

/n 6 /p du sɐhɐzɐɾ tʌŋgɪ lʌgɐegʌ di gɐɾbɐɾ gi bʌnɛʃe /g this 10,000 rs. put-into this house ɪ made /f With this 10,000 Rupees I made this house.

/n 7 /p gɐɾbɐɾ tɛmporɛɾi bɐnɛtik /g house [temporary] made /f I made a temporary house.

/n 8 /p puɾɐ bɐnetɪm thʌlzi ge gɐɾib toig gi nɪnzʌ hɐzɐɾ tɐŋgʌ midu dotso /g full made for me poor was I 40 thousand rs. many-people from-them

/n 8.b /p hɐndzi bʌnɐtik /g took made /f I was poor so I took 40,000 Rupees from many people to make (my house).

/Question 3 /Q From where did he take 40,000 Rupees? /p doi ninzɐ hɐzɐɾ tʌŋgə ɐdzudots hʊndo /a many people \midu dotsə\ /c location

/n 9 /p di bʌktɐɾi gju gɐɾbɐɾ o ɐndɾe sʌtɾui kʌmɐɾɐ to ʃom dhukɐn /g this time my house inside 16 rooms and 3 shops /f During that time there were sixteen rooms and three shops inside my house.

/Question 4 /Q How many shops were in his house? /p do gɐɾwɐɾə ɐ̃njo dhukɐno thodoɾ /a three \ʃom\ /c quantity

/n 10 /p dodu kʌɾɐjɐ lɐhɾi ʃum hɐʒɐɾ tɐŋgʌ kosɐ /g this rent per-month three thousand rupees getting /f From this rent, I got 3,000 Rupees per month.

/Question 5 /Q What was 3,000 rupees per month? /p lɐo ʃom hɐdzɐɾ tʌŋgə tʃitoi /a rent \kʌɾɐjɐ\ /c object as actor

/n 11 /p gi ŋɐmi mɪlijo ɪts ijo thʌdʌg dʒuɖɛ hɛŋgu toduʃ /g my five girls one boy are two we-two also-are /f Along with me, there are five girls and one boy plus the two of us.

/Question 6 /Q Who is with him? /p doɾɐ sɐde ɐɾe toi /a five girls, one boy \ŋɐmi mɪlijo ɪts ijo\ /c participant as actor

/n 12 /p dekɪ dʒʌstũs ʃubɪm bʌɾɐbʌɾ gju guzɐɾɐ loɾi ʃuzi hɐɾe joʌ /g here food-cloth coming same my sufficient approximately coming like this /f This was sufficient for our food and clothing.

/n 13 /p toɖe lɐɾe gi dzʌmin ʃuʋi du zimɪnʌɾi gi ɐɾu jʌtsɪ jei guzɐɾɐlai /g little approx. my land with this land I potato peas grow sufficient /f With my small land, I have cultivated potato and peas sufficiently.

/Question 7 /Q What is the land sufficient for? /p di dʒɐgɐ tʃʌntho guzɐɾo toi /a potatoes and peas \ɐɽu jʌtsɪ\ /c object as goal

/n 14 /p di gɐɾbɐɾ bʌnʌtim tɐlze gi ʃotʃɛtɪk bhai mɐɾgul bʌʒɐɾɐ ʃahitɪ gebi /g this house made for me thought to-be [udeypur] market then myself

/n 14.b /p ɐmdɐni ɐbdo /g profit get /f I thought to myself “for making my house I will stay at Udeypur market, then get profit.”

/n 15 /p tho du ɐmdʌni gebi kosilɛgtho /g this that profit myself getting /f I am getting this profit myself.

/n 16 /p hɐɾodʒʌ dɛɾ mɐɾul igɐɾbɐɾ otoiɐi gɐɾbɐɾ bʌnɐpilɛgtho kɐɾɐiɾi tʃɐlephilɛgtho /g daily here [udeypur] house after house made rented going /f Day after day, I am making house after house in Udaipur and collecting rent continuously.

/Question 8 /Q What does he do with one house after another? /p doi itsə gɐɾwɐɾo thɐl ɐi gɐɾbɐɾ tʃɐnlɐɾi /a constructs \bʌnɐpi lɛgtho\ /c specific event

/n 17 /p gɪlʌ mɛnʌtʌ lɐʒi sulʌsulei gjõ kʌdu pʌdu tundɪm tʌlzi gɐɾbɐɾo kɐm lhɐdog /g me hard work slowly my sons girl look-after for house work doing /f I am doing work slowly slowly to take care of my children and working on my house.

/Question 9 /Q Who is he looking after? /p doi ɐɾi khʌmɐdo /a his children \kʌdu pʌdu\ /c participant as goal

/n 18 /p du gɐɾbɐɾ gju di bʌktɐɾi ʃumnizʌ pinizʌ hɐʒɐɾ tɐŋgɪ kʌɾtʃɐ lɐʒithʌl /g this house my this time thirty eighty thousand rupees spent doing

/n 18.b /p ɐmdɐni gɛbi ɾɐndilɛgtho /g profit myself getting /f This time, for my house I am spending 30 to 80,000 Rupees, then getting the profit myself.

/n 19 /p due ɐmdɐni hobʌdʒʌ kɐdu pʌdu tumdilɛgthodog /g for-that profit from son daughter looking-after /f From that profit, I am taking care of my children.

/n 20 /p miz kuɾɐdɛɾ ɪmɛɾdʒɛnsi bʌktɐɾi midi gʌlʌthʌ kuɾilɛgthodoɾ /g people talking [emergency] time their wrong saying /f Due to the emergency, people are saying wrong things about each other.

/n 21 /p jedu swɐŋlə gɐɾibo tɐlzi du thɐim bʌɾɐbʌɾi ɾute toi /g our [swangla] poor-people for this [time] same good was /f For the Swangla poor people, this time was good.

/Question 10 /Q How was that time for the Swangla people? /p swɐ̃ŋlɐ du tɐim tʃʌmetoi /a good \ɾute\ /c description of character

B.4.4 Keylong text

Title: Dangerous Trek Location: Keylong, Gahr Valley Language: Gahri Story teller name: N Story teller id number: GKE11

/n 1 /p t̪hʌnd ʒi n̪izbɪŋ d̪ʊɾɛ gi nʌŋ gi jʌt̪o t̪iki bɛŋgɐli t̪it̪ɪki /g today-from two year before I and my friend one [bengali] one

/n 1.b /p doktoɾ t̪i uɐi ɛɾ butʃʌt̪ nʌŋ hɪn pɪmi mi /g [doctor] and one boy and we four men /f Two years ago my friends and I, one Bengali, one doctor, and another boy, we four left here.

/Question 1 /Q How many men were there? /a four

/n 2 /p kjʌktʃi ŋʌɾo ɛltʃhi pi ŋɐi gʌɳɖɐ moʈoɾ gumɛltʃi /g from-here morning started from five hours vehicle-in traveled /f In the morning we went four or five hours by vehicle.

/n 3 /p nʊŋtʃi ɐmtʃɛ suidʒi t̪ei ɾoŋmoŋtʃi nutʃi nɪskiŋ sʊmi gʌɳʈɐ ʌmtʃi /g from-there walk start that forest after-that two three hours walk

/n 3.b /p khotʃi nʊŋ ʌmtʃʊŋ dʒʌmɛn dʒʌt̪ /g after there in-the-way food ate /f Then we started walking in the forest for two or three hours, and we ate food on the way.

/n 4 /p thʌsu dʒʌgʌ hoʃ mɛi t̪hoi keisnʌŋmpo hɪndʒo puʃhɐ dzu nʌŋ khʌm lokz, /g that place very much high because us head ache and health vomit

/n 4.b /p nʌŋɾɐ buɾɐ hʌlkjɐdʒi /g too-fealing bad-condition had-been /f That place was very high, so we got headaches and our condition became worse.

/Question 2 /Q Why did their condition become bad? /a because of high altitude

/n 5 /p nuŋtʃi kotʃi hindʒi ejɐkhɐ ejɐkhɐ ʌlnɐ gɐt̪ɐ lebdʒu wɐ puʃhɐ dʒuɾɛ /g that after we walked walked lot down reached then headache also /f After we walked downhill the headache was healed.

/n 6 /p gjʌldʒe dzuktʃɐ nuŋsi t̪ʌsu kʌm lokzɾɛ ɾemɪn mei khʌt̪ikiɾe ɛpo kjɐkjɐ /g reduce became then that health weak coming not everything good become /f After that the weakness stopped and everything became good.

/Question 3 /Q What happened when they came down the hill? /a headache stopped

/n 7 /p nʊŋtʃi hotʃi hindʒi ɛltʃi t̪ʊmtʃi beɾɭɐtun hoʃmɛi tɪdzi gɾopoʈi ɾɐɾɛ wɐ /g that after we move that between very-much big river coming and

/n 7.b /p t̪hʌdʒu gɾopo ʎɛ ɾitʃhʌn nʌŋ jʌmpo /g that river on glacier and with /f We moved along the big river with a glacier on it, and the walking was very difficult.

/n 8 /p ʌmtʃeɾe hɐsmei kʌi wɐ t̪ʌ su doktoɾ dzi dutʃi ɛldʒi nudʒi hosmihɪn /g walking also very difficult and that [doctor] from first went then very-much

/n 8.b /p t̪ʌdʒu ɾitʃhʌŋd̪o ok khjɛdʒ dɪptʃʊŋt̪ʌ mʌd̪ɛlɐ d̪ɪotʃʌŋ hindʒo /g that glacier-to big-stone thrown pressing not-be if-pressed we

/n 8.c /p d̪ɛkmɪn geɾ, sot̪ɪŋ helsʊm gɛɾ kotʃi okhjʌtʃhoɾ kjedʒi /g to-fall dangerous water-in carry dangerous after-that big-stone threw

/n 8.d /p hɪn nʊŋtʃi thɐɾdʒi elɪŋtʃho /g we from-there crossed walked /f The doctor went first, then he planned to throw a big stone on the glacier…if it went through, we might fall dangerously in the water, and after throwing the big stone, we walked across.

/Question 4 /Q What did they do after throwing the big stone? /a walked

/n 9 /p nʊŋtʃiɐ thʌswi t̪ʌɾɐtʃi lehdʒi nʊŋtʃi nʊsəjɐ pitho hinɖʌŋdʒi bɾʌŋsɐ /g from-there their beyond reached from same-day evening our camp

/n 9.b /p phʌpdʒi t̪ʌmbu tʃhoɾ sudʒi /g set-up tent else made /f From there, we reached the other side on the same day, and then we set up camp, made the tent, and looked for water.

/n 10 /p nʊŋ sʊt̪it̪i kɐndʒi nʊŋ tʃu mikɪt̪i nindz wɐ dʒʌmin tʊmi mɐglidʒɪ /g and water-also looked there one spring was food doing cooked

/n 10.b /p phirɐ iptʃi dʒointʃhɐ /g night-in sleep we-were /f One spring was there. We made food and cooked at night, then we slept.

/Question 5 /Q What did they do after cooking? /a slept

/n 11 /p nʊŋtʃi t̪ʌswiɐ ŋʌɾo ɛɾ hiodʒi ɛɾe ʌmtʃhe suktsidzi nʊŋtʃi /g then next-day morning again we again walk started that

/n 11.b /p ŋəɾoŋ ŋɐidʒi ʃɛndʒi itʃi t̪upt̪up gjoʔpʌ ɛltʃi /g morning early get-up how we-can fast walk /f The following morning we started to walk again, after getting up early…how fast we can walk!

/n 12 /p t̪ʌswi t̪ʌɾɐtʃi ɛɾ gɾupːo t̪I nindz t̪ʌsu gʌltʃʌ bonʈɛitʃi t̪ut̪up ʃindet̪ /g that beyond another river one was that cross because how-we hard-can

/n 12.b /p tɛʒ ŋɐɾo tʃe bʌdʒ tʃi ʌmutʃe stukʒidʒi pit̪o sɐt̪ sɐɖe /g work morning six o’clock since walk started evening seven half

/n 12.c /p sɐt̪ ʌso t̪hɐŋ ɾʌŋ lɛpʃum mei /g seven till that place reaching not /f We went fast enough to go beyond the other river by walking from 6 am to 7 or 7:30pm or else it will be difficult to reach.

/n 13 /p nuŋwʌ khoɾe gɾopːo gʌltʃi nʌŋpo t̪hʌl gɾokpo ʒe hoʃmi koʔ nʌŋ /g there after river crossed then river also very-much big-stone and

/n 13.b /p sʌ gəɾʌŋ goɾd̪o goɾd̪o ɾingɐ hoʃmi /g mud stone [sound] [sound] heard very-much /f After crossing the river we heard the sound of many big stones and mud, the sound was getting louder.

/Question 6 /Q What was making the sound? /a many big stones and mud

/n 14 /p ʎʌnutʃi gɾopoi tʌɾ ɐtʃi lʌpdʒi nuŋtʃi d̪uɾe ild̪e hoʃmi muɳɖɐ /g coming river other side reach then ahead going very-much dark

/n 14.b /p tʃɐnʌɔ kjedʒi /g too became /f Then we reached the other side of the river and went ahead.

/n 15 /p oi gɾokpoi nu jɐɾ t̪ʌmbu sukdʒidʒi onug sut̪iɾe ɾɐ ninze d̪ot̪ɐ zʊŋ /g river near again tent set-up there water-also was coming there

/n 15.b /p phiɾo dʒʌmin soɾʃ likʃidʒi zʌtʃi phiɾo iptʃintʃo /g night food else cooked ate night slept /f It became much too dark, so we set up the tent near the river and water was coming…We cooked dinner, ate and slept.

/n 16 /p phiɾo hɛnʌŋɾe indʒo hoʃmi gjʌɾʌɾʌ gɾokpõ /g night again was very-much worry river /f That night we were very worried about the river.

/Question 7 /Q How did they feel that night? /a worried

/n 17 /p nʌnt̪ʌndʒũŋ bɾukʃi ɾʌt̪ino sot̪i indʒi t̪ʌmbu nʌŋ sɐ̃sei heltʃumgi /g suddenly overflow will-come water our tent and everything to-carry

/n 17.b /p gjɛɾ ninzʌ wʌ doktoɾʒi ɾiŋʌɾe kɛɾʌŋ get̪o khʌndʒi puʃɛ mʌlikʌt̪he /g danger was the [doctor] said we to-down side head don’t

/n 17.c /p bʌŋ gʌthõ kʌntʃi lidʒi jokʌt̪e wʌ gɾopːo mɐdʒi bʌŋ lidʒi iptʃintʃo /g leg down side do sit then river side leg do sleep /f The overflow could suddenly flood our tent and carry everything away. It was very dangerous. The doctor said, “Don’t put your head on the down side, put your leg on the down side, the river side, and sleep.”

/Question 8 /Q What did the doctor say? /a head on up side, leg on down side…

/n 18 /p giɾe iŋgi tʃʌnʈʌŋ kuʃokʃi tʃɐneso tʌns wʌ t̪ʌzu tʃɐne ɾe /g ɪ-also my pocket high-lama holy-things I-have then that holy-thing also

/n 18.b /p jʌnt̪und̪o phɐdʒi dʒuʌntjo hʌnt̪ʌndʒuŋ ɾuʈsuɾ ɾɛnʌm kjɛpkhʌt̪hekjɐ /g surrounding put stayed if flood came blessed /f In my pocket was some high Lama’s holy things, which was put surrounding the tent so that if the flood came we would be protected.

/Question 9 /Q What did they do with the holy things? /a surrounded the tent

/n 19 /p nuŋ dʒotʃi piɾo t̪ɐ hoʃmi gɐɖɐbɐɖɐ ɾinɐ ʒjutse wʌ piɾot̪ɐ /g there stay night time very-much sound doing continue and in-night

/n 19.b /p hindʒɐ khʌl gjɛɾ mʌskjɛzɛ /g us nothing danger been /f That night a lot of sound continued but nothing dangerous happened to us.

/n 20 /p ŋʌɾu ʃẽnʃi kɐntʃʌst̪õ sut̪iɾe gindʒi zɐmin t̪umin sot̪iɾe /g morning after-waking we-saw water-also stopped eating drinking water

/n 20.b /p mei wʌ nʌɾo t̪hɐzuŋtʃi elintʃo ŋuŋtʃi hʌmtʃjɐ jɐ jɐ jɐ wʌ bʌlʌgkũ /g not then morning from- there then walked (x4) then in-the-middle

/n 20.c /p ʌmtʃuŋ gʌɾi nʌŋ d̪utʃik nuŋ gʌɾi nʌŋ boʈi soɾ t̪huŋkhɐ /g way shepherd and met and shepherd with lassi else drank /f After waking, we saw that there is no water for drinking. While eating and drinking, the water was calm. Then, that morning we walked and walked and walked then saw a shepherd along the way. And we drank lassi with the shepherd.

/n 21 /p wʌ elintʃo nuŋtʃi jʌɾ phit̪o hoʃmi pud̪ɐ t̪hʌŋ t̪ikho lepʃhi gʌɖi /g then moved then again evening much nice meadow one reach shepherd

/n 21.b /p t̪hɐtʃhɛ nʌŋ lʌmɐdʒinʌŋ gʌɖidʒ kwʌnzɐ wʌnudʒi gʌɾisi hindʒo /g stone-hut and sheep-and shepherd were then shepherded us

/n 21.c /p ɔɛlsi nʌŋ d̪hutʃɛ /g milk and gave /f Then again, that evening we reached a nice meadow, with a shepherd’s stone hut, sheep, and shepherds…then they gave us milk.

/Question 10 /Q What did they drink? /a milk

B.5 RTT answers and scores Key: ID # = Subject identification number A1-10 = Answer to questions 1–10. Questions and answers vary between tests. Actual questions are shown with the texts in Appendix C, section 4.1–4. Score = Total score for subject, based on 10 points per answer. Correct answer, Full credit Partially correct, Half credit Incorrect, No credit

100

B.5.1 Gushal subjects

Gushal subjects, Gushal text

ID # A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 A7 A8 A9 A10 Score PGU01 School bag see alone give pain center of waterfall what will happen to mountain? stream crossed river swollen 100 leave field bridge PGU02 School bag see alone give pain center of waterfall what will happen to mountain? stream crossed river swollen 100 leave field bridge PGU03 School bag went alone give pain center of waterfall what is lying beyond that stream crossed river swollen 90 leave field bridge PGU04 School bag see alone give pain center of waterfall what will happen to mountain? stream crossed river swollen 100 leave field bridge PGU06 School bag see alone give pain center of waterfall what will happen to mountain? stream crossed river swollen 100 leave field bridge PGU07 School bag see alone give pain center of waterfall what will happen to mountain? stream crossed river swollen 100 leave field bridge PGU09 School bag see alone give pain center of waterfall what will happen to mountain? bridge crossed river swollen 100 leave field PGU11 School bag went alone give pain center of waterfall no answer stream crossed river swollen 90 leave field bridge PGU12 School bag see alone give pain center of waterfall what will happen to mountain? stream crossed river swollen 100 leave field bridge PGU13 School bag see alone give pain center of waterfall what will happen to mountain? stream crossed river swollen 100 leave field bridge PGU18 School bag see alone give pain center of waterfall what will happen to mountain? stream crossed river swollen 100 leave field bridge PGU20 School bag see alone give pain center of waterfall what will happen if he gives echo stream swam swollen 90 leave field bridge PGU23 School bag see alone give pain center of waterfall crossed river swollen 100 leave field PGU24 School bag see alone give sick center of waterfall what will happen to mountain? stream crossed river swollen 100 leave field bridge

101

ID # A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 A7 A8 A9 A10 Score PGU26 School bag see alone give pain center of waterfall what will happen to mountain? stream crossed river swollen 100 leave field bridge PGU27 School bag cancel trip give pain center of waterfall the sound comes from the stream crossed river swollen 85 leave field mountain bridge Average = 97.2; Standard deviation = 5.2; Sample count = 16

Gushal subjects, Thirot text

ID # A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 A7 A8 A9 A10 Score PGU02 books speed hit w/ jeep dust three head 15 min after inside rickshaw with friends family members 95 PGU03 books fast hit w/ jeep dust three head, leg, arm 15 min after inside rickshaw with friends family members 100 PGU09 books no hit w/ jeep dust three head 11 min after inside rickshaw with friends family members 75 answer PGU11 books fast jeep wind came many head injury no answer inside rickshaw with friends family members 65 crashed PGU13 books speed hit w/ jeep hit w/ jeep three head 10 min after inside rickshaw with friends family members 75 PGU18 books fast hit w/ jeep dust three head 3 min after hospital with friends family members 75 PGU20 school speed collided dust three head, leg, arm 15 min after inside rickshaw with friends family members 90 bag PGU24 books fast hit w/ jeep dust three head, leg, body 15 min after inside rickshaw with friends family members 95 PGU26 books speed hit w/ jeep sound, dust three head, leg, arm 15 min after inside rickshaw friends and him family members 100 PGU27 books fast hit w/ jeep dust three head, leg, arm 15 min after inside rickshaw with friends family members 100 Average = 86; Standard deviation = 12.9; Sample count = 10

102

Gushal subjects, Udeypur text

ID# A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 A7 A8 A9 A10 Score PGU02 1 Rs, 12 Ps clear land from people 3 rent 5 girls, 1 boy food and eating makes children good 100 PGU03 1 Rs, 12 Ps flatten land from people 3 rent 5 girls, 1 boy for food, etc. constructs children good 95 PGU09 no answer clear land from people 16 rent 5 girls, 2 boys food and clothes rent his house good 55 PGU11 1 Rs, 12 Ps clear land from people 3 rent 5 girls, 1 boy peas, potatoes rent children good 90 PGU13 1 Rs, 12 Ps clear land from people 3 rent 5 girls, 1 boy rent constructs family good 90 PGU18 1 Rs, 12 Ps clear land from people 3 rent 5 girls, 1 boy peas, potatoes constructs children good 100 PGU20 1 Rs clear land from people 16 rent 5 girls, 1 boy, 2 potato, peas makes children good 80 girls PGU24 1 Rs, 12 Ps clear land from people 3 rent 5 girls, 1 boy food and clothes building house children good 100 PGU26 1 Rs, 12 Ps clear land from people 3 rent 5 girls, 1 boy potatoes and constructs children good 95 peas PGU27 1 Rs, 12 Ps clear land from people 3 rent 5 boys and his for them give it to the wife and good 70 wife market children Average = 87.3; Standard deviation = 13.7; Sample count = 10

103

B.5.2 Thirot subjects

Thirot subjects, Thirot text

ID # A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 A7 A8 A9 A10 Score PTH05 books fast hit w/ jeep dust three people head, leg, arm after 15 minutes inside rickshaw he and friends family 100 PTH06 books fast hit w/ jeep dust three people head, leg, arm after 15 minutes inside rickshaw he and friends family 100 PTH07 books fast hit w/ jeep dust three people head, leg, arm after 15 minutes inside rickshaw he and friends family 100 PTH08 books fast hit w/ jeep dust three people head, leg, arm after 15 minutes inside rickshaw he and friends family 100 PTH09 books fast hit w/ jeep dust three people head, leg, arm after 15 minutes inside rickshaw he and friends family 100 PTH10 books fast hit w/ jeep dust three people head, leg, arm after 15 minutes inside rickshaw he and friends family 100 PTH12 books fast hit w/ jeep dust three people head, leg, arm after 15 minutes inside rickshaw he and friends family 100 PTH13 books fast hit w/ jeep dust three people head, leg, arm after 15 minutes inside rickshaw he and friends family 100 PTH14 books fast hit w/ jeep dust three people head, leg, arm after 15 minutes inside rickshaw he and friends family 100 PTH17 books fast hit w/ jeep dust three people head, leg, arm after 15 minutes inside rickshaw he and friends family 100 PTH18 books fast hit w/ jeep dust three people head, leg, arm after 15 minutes inside rickshaw he and friends family 100 PTH20 books fast hit w/ jeep dust three people head, leg, arm after 15 minutes inside rickshaw he and friends family 100 Average = 100; Standard deviation = 0; Sample count = 12

104

Thirot subjects, Gushal text

ID # A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 A7 A8 A9 A10 Score PTH school bag go alone to give no answer in the middle of waterfall he wants to see what’s bridge crossed the river swollen 80 05 leave field ahead PTH school bag see alone to give pain in the middle of waterfall what will happen to the bridge crossed the river swollen 100 06 leave field mountain PTH school bag go alone to give sick in the middle of waterfall sound/echo bridge crossed the river swollen 90 07 leave field PTH school bag go alone to give pain in the middle of mountain what will happen from bridge crossed the river swollen 85 08 leave field waterfall PTH school bag go alone to give pain in the middle of narrow road what will happen to the bridge crossed the river swollen 100 10 leave field mountain PTH school bag go alone to give pain in the field waterfall what will happen to the bridge crossed the river swollen 100 12 leave mountain PTH school bag no answer to give pain in the middle of waterfall how the water will fall path came down mountain swollen 60 13 leave field PTH see see alone to give pain in middle of field waterfall what will happen to the bridge crossed the river swollen 90 14 Rupirani leave mountain PTH school bag go alone to give pain in the middle of mountain what will happen to the bridge pants became wet swollen 80 17 leave field mountain PTH school bag go alone to give pain in the middle of mountain what will happen to the bridge pants became wet swollen 75 18 leave field waterfall Average = 87; Standard deviation = 13.2; Sample count = 10

105

Thirot subjects, Udeypur text

ID # A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 A7 A8 A9 A10 Score PTH 1 Rs, 15 Ps for the land from people three rent 5 girls, 1 boy food, drinks construct children good 90 05 PTH 1 Rs, 12 Ps to clear land from people three rent 5 girls, 1 boy potatoes, peas construct children good 100 06 PTH 1 Rs, 25 Ps no answer government three rent 5 girls, 1 boy potatoes, peas construct children poor 65 07 industry PTH 1 Rs, 12 Ps to clear land from people three rent 5 girls, 1 boy for sufficiency construct children bad 80 08 condition PTH 1 Rs, 18 Ps to clear land from people three rent 5 girls, 1 boy potatoes, peas construct children very poor 85 10 PTH 1 Rs, 12 Ps no answer from people three rent 5 girls, 2 boys potatoes, peas construct children good 85 12 PTH 1 Rs, 12 Ps to clear land for industry three rent 5 girls, 1 boy potatoes, peas construct children good 90 13 PTH 1 Rs, 17 Ps to clear land from people three rent 5 children potatoes, peas to get rent children poor 70 14 PTH 1 Rs, 12 Ps make house from people three no entry 5 girls, 1 boy potatoes, peas for profit children good 70 17 PTH 1 Rs, 12 Ps make house from government 13 rent 5 girls, 1 boy potatoes, peas for rent children good 60 18 Average = 82.3; Standard deviation = 10.1; Sample count = 11

106

B.5.3 Udeypur subjects

Udeypur subjects, Udeypur text

ID # A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 A7 A8 A9 A10 Score PUD 1 Rs, 12 Ps To clear from people three rent 5 girls, 1 boy potato and peas builds house children good 100 01 land growing PUD 1 Rs, 12 Ps To clear from the people three rent 5 girls, 1 boy eating and drinking builds house children good 100 03 land PUD 1 Rs, 12 Ps To clear from people three rent 5 girls, 1 boy potatoes and peas builds house for children good 100 04 land PUD 1 Rs, 12 Ps To clear people three rent 5 girls, 1 boy cultivation construct children good 100 07 land PUD 1 Rs, 1 Ps To clear from people three rent 5 girls, 1 boy potato and peas to construct children good 95 09 land growing PUD 1 Rs, 12 Ps To clear different people three rent 5 girls, 1 boy grow potatoes and builds children good 100 10 land peas PUD 1 Rs, 12 Ps To clear different people three house rent 5 girls, 1 boy potato and peas builds house children good 100 12 land growing PUD 12 Rs, 12 To clear people three rent 5 girls, 1 boy grow potatoes and builds house to care for kids good 85 13 Ps land peas PUD 1 Rs, 30 Ps To clear no name was three rent 5 girls, 1 boy potato and peas builds house children good 85 16 land given growing PUD 1 Rs, 12 Ps To clear people three rent 5 girls, 1 boy grow potatoes and constructs land and buildings good 90 21 land peas house PUD 1 Rs, 12 Ps To clear some people three rent 5 girls, 1 boy potato and peas builds house no answer good 85 23 land growing Average = 94.6; Standard deviation = 5.2; Sample count = 11

107

Udeypur subjects, Gushal text

ID # A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 A7 A8 A9 A10 Score PUD school alone give leave stomach pain in the field big stones what will happen to bridge pants wet swollen 80 01 bag mountain PUD school go alone give leave sick/pain in middle of small road what will happen to bridge crossed swollen 100 03 bag field mountain river PUD school see alone give leave sick in middle of narrow road what will happen to bridge crossed swollen 100 04 bag field mountain river PUD school alone give leave pain field difficult steps what will happen to bridge crossed hit w/ 80 07 bag mountain river stone PUD school alone give leave try to get leave in the grass waterfall what will happen to bridge crossed swollen 90 09 bag mountain river PUD school went alone give leave sick in middle of waterfall he will see the water come bridge crossed swollen 100 10 bag field river PUD school go alone give leave pain in middle of 1-person path what will happen to bridge crossed swollen 80 12 bag field mountain river PUD books alone give leave pain in the field waterfall what will happen to bridge crossed swollen 90 13 mountain river PUD school alone give leave stomach pain in middle of small road what will happen to bridge swam swollen 85 16 bag field mountain PUD school see alone give leave sick in middle of road is what will happen to bridge crossed swollen 100 21 bag field narrow mountain river PUD his friend go different leave pain kept bag above ran away what is the sound ahead bridge crossed swollen 55 23 places river Average = 87.3; Standard deviation = 13.7; Sample count = 11

108

Udeypur subjects, Thirot text

ID # A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 A7 A8 A9 A10 Score PUD books fast hit w/ jeep dust three people head, arm no answer inside people travelling house 75 01 rickshaw members PUD books very fast hit w/ jeep dust three people head, arm 15 min. inside w/ friends family 95 03 after rickshaw members PUD books speed hit w/ jeep dust three people head, leg, 15 min. inside he and friends to family 100 04 arm after rickshaw PUD books fast hit w/ jeep dust three people head, arm 15 min. inside w/ friends to the police 85 07 after rickshaw PUD books very fast hit w/ jeep no answer three people head, arm 15 min. in the hospital w/ his friends house 75 09 after members PUD books no answer hit w/ jeep sound three people head 15 min. inside he called doctor house 70 10 after rickshaw members PUD books very fast hit w/ jeep dust three people head, leg, 15 min. inside those people family 90 12 arm after rickshaw members PUD books fast hit w/ jeep sound three people head 15 min. no answer he family 70 13 after PUD books super fast hit w/ jeep dust three people head, body no answer inside me and my friends house 85 16 rickshaw members PUD books speed hit w/ jeep dust and sound three people head, arm 15 min. hospital he and friends family 85 21 after members PUD books bus is tipping hit w/ jeep dust three people head, leg 15 min. going to w/ friends family 75 23 after hospital members Average = 82.3; Standard deviation = 10.1; Sample count = 11

109

B.5.4 Keylong subjects

Keylong subjects, Keylong text

ID # A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 A7 A8 A9 A10 Score GKE01 four height headache gone crossed slept river fear head up side, leg down side threw milk 90 around GKE03 four height headache was gone crossed slept stones and mud worried head up side, leg down side surrounded milk 90 GKE04 four height became okay crossed slept stones fear head up side, leg down side spread milk 100 GKE05 four height headache and vomiting crossed slept stones fear head up side, leg down side spread milk 100 stopped GKE06 four height became okay crossed slept stones and mud fear head up side, leg down side spread milk 100 GKE07 four height headache gone crossed slept falling stones worried head up side, leg down side threw milk 90 around GKE13 four height relief came crossed slept big stones fear head up side, leg down side surrounded milk 100 GKE14 two height became okay crossed slept stones and water disturbed head up side, leg down side spread milk 90 GKE18 four height sickness gone crossed slept stones worried head up side, leg down side spread milk 100 GKE19 three height headache and vomiting crossed slept stones fear head up side, leg down side spread milk 90 stopped GKE21 four height became okay crossed slept because of flood fear head up side, leg down side surrounded milk 90 Average = 94.6; Standard deviation = 5.2; Sample count = 11

110

Keylong subjects, Gushal text

ID # A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 A7 A8 A9 A10 Score GKE01 no answer he will go leave sickness in the no answer no answer no no swollen 50 alone field answer answer GKE03 school he will go leave sick in the stone falling I will see what happened to the stone bridge no swollen 70 bag alone field answer GKE04 school he will go leave sick in the waterfall what will happen to the mountain bridge crossed swollen 100 bag field GKE05 school he will go leave sick in the water I’ll go forward and see what happens bridge no swollen 75 bag alone field coming answer GKE06 school he will go leave doing his own in the waterfall if he walks over the water he may die bridge crossed swollen 70 bag alone will field or live GKE07 school he will go leave sickness in the stream water is making noise bridge crossed leg 75 bag alone field hurt GKE13 school go alone leave sick in the waterfall make sound and see what happens bridge crossed swollen 90 bag field GKE14 school he will go leave pain in the Rupirani he has to see Rupirani bridge crossed swollen 80 bag alone field GKE19 school he will go leave pain in the waterfall what will happen to the mountain bridge pants swollen 90 bag alone field wet GKE21 school go alone leave sick in the waterfall he thought about the sound of the bridge crossed swollen 90 bag field water Average =79; Standard deviation = 14.3; Sample count = 10

111

B.5.5 Gondhla subjects

Gondhla subjects, Gushal text

ID # A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 A7 A8 A9 A10 Score LGO04 school nobody no pain in the field water is on the so much water he stayed bridge crossed injured leg 55 bag answer road there TGO02 school nobody leave pain in the field waterfall what is the sound of the bridge crossed the river swollen 80 bag water? TGO03 books no answer leave sick in the field road is difficult he thinks he’ll return bridge crossed the river injured 65 TGO04 school no answer no sick in the field road is closed to go or not? bridge crossed the river swollen 70 bag answer TGO07 school he went leave sick in the field waterfall what will happen bridge shivering swollen 80 bag TGO10 school he will leave sick in the field no road he heard the sound of bridge shivering from swollen 60 bag return waterfall cold TGO12 school go alone leave sick in the field road is very rough the sound of water bridge crossed swollen 90 bag TGO13 school go alone leave sick in the field with a mountain go forward bridge crossed swollen 80 bag TGO15 school alone he leave pain at school mountain water is coming, so I’ll shout road crossed the river leg injury 55 bag went TGO16 school he went leave pain in the field waterfall What will happen to bridge crossed the river swelling 100 bag alone mountain Average =73.5; Standard deviation = 15.1; Sample count = 10

112

B.6 Post-RTT responses

B.6.1 Gushal Subjects

Gushal subjects, Gushal text

ID # Location Quality Comprehension PGU01 Here Good Full PGU02 Udeypur Very Good All PGU04 Gushal Good Full PGU06 Here Good Full PGU07 Here Good Full PGU09 Unsure Good Full PGU11 Gushal Clear All PGU12 Here Good 80% PGU13 Gushal Good All PGU18 Udeypur, Triloknath Okay. Old people talk better. Full PGU20 Gushal Good All PGU23 Here Good Full PGU24 Udeypur Good Full PGU26 Jahlma side Good Full PGU27 Gushal Clear All

113

Gushal subjects, Thirot text

ID # Location Quality Comprehension PGU02 Gushal Not so good All PGU09 Here Fine All PGU11 Udeypur side Okay All PGU13 Udeypur Unclear All PGU18 Here Good All PGU20 Unsure Okay All PGU24 Udeypur Not as good as here All PGU26 Udeypur Okay. Not exactly pure Full PGU27 Udeypur side Not good All

Gushal subjects, Udeypur text

ID # Location Quality Comprehension Best language PGU02 Triloknath side Not good. Different from ours All Gushal PGU09 Udeypur Okay All Gushal PGU11 Unsure Not clear All All 3 are good PGU13 Udeypur Unclear All Gushal PGU18 Udeypur Okay All Gushal PGU20 Unsure Good All Gushal PGU24 Here Fine All Gushal PGU26 Here Different from ours Full Gushal PGU27 Kullu side Good All Gushal

114

B.6.2 Thirot Subjects

Thirot subjects, Thirot text

ID # Location Quality Comprehension PTH05 Here Good Full PTH06 Unsure Good Full PTH07 Jahlma side Good Half PTH08 Jahlma side Good Little PTH09 Thirot Good Full PTH10 Pattan area Good Full PTH12 Gushal Good Full PTH13 Tandi side Good Full PTH14 Thirot Mixed Full PTH17 Jahlma side Seems different Half PTH18 Unsure Good Full PTH20 Thirot Good Full

Thirot subjects, Gushal text

ID # Location Quality Comprehension PTH05 Thirot Good Full PTH06 Jahlma Good Full PTH07 Not here Good Half PTH08 Not here Good Full PTH10 Thirot Good Full PTH12 Tandi side Different, strange expressions Full PTH13 Unsure Good Full PTH14 Gushal Fast Full PTH17 Unsure Good Half PTH20 Harijan language Different Half

115

Thirot subjects, Udeypur text

ID # Location Quality Comprehension Best language PTH05 Junda side (North) Good Full Thirot PTH06 Udeypur Good Full Udeypur PTH07 Udeypur Good Full Udeypur PTH08 Udeypur Good Some Udeypur PTH10 Udeypur Good Full Thirot PTH12 Udeypur Good Full Udeypur PTH13 Udeypur Good Full Udeypur PTH14 Udeypur Okay Full Thirot PTH17 Not here Good Half Udeypur PTH20 Udeypur Good Full Unsure

B.6.3 Udeypur Subjects

Udeypur subjects, Udeypur text

ID # Location Quality Comprehension PUD01 Udeypur Okay 90% PUD03 Gushal Good All PUD04 Jahlma to Gushal Good All PUD07 Udeypur Good All PUD09 Beyond Jahlma Good All PUD10 Gushal Good All PUD12 Udeypur Very Good All PUD13 Beyond Thirot Good All PUD16 Jahlma side Good All PUD21 Beyond Jahlma Good All PUD23 Beyond Thirot Good All PUD24 Udeypur Good All

116

Udeypur subjects, Gushal text

ID # Location Quality Comprehension PUD01 Gushal Fine 95% PUD03 Udeypur Pure All PUD04 Udeypur Good All PUD07 Udeypur Sharp, but good All PUD09 BeyondThirot Good All PUD10 Udeypur to Jahlma Good All PUD12 Jahlma Difficult All PUD13 Udeypur Good All PUD16 Udeypur and beyond Good All PUD21 Beyond Thirot Good All PUD23 Udeypur Good All

Udeypur subjects, Thirot text

ID # Location Quality Comprehension Best language PUD01 Udeypur Fine 95% Gushal PUD03 Jahlma to Thirot Good All Gushal PUD04 Udeypur Good All Thirot PUD07 Gushal A little different 99% Udeypur PUD09 Udeypur Good Some Gushal PUD10 Udeypur Good All Gushal PUD12 Thirot Good All N/A PUD13 Gushal Fine All Udeypur PUD16 Udeypur Good All Udeypur PUD21 Udeypur Good All Gushal

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B.6.4 Keylong Subjects

Keylong subjects, Keylong text

ID # Location Quality Comprehension GKE01 Ghar Valley Good Full GKE03 Keylong Good Full GKE04 Keylong Good Full GKE05 Unsure Good Full GKE06 Gushal Good Full GKE07 Ghar Valley Good Full GKE13 Gushal Good Full GKE14 Keylong Good Full GKE18 Keylong Good Full GKE19 Ghar Valley Good Full GKE21 Keylong Good Full

Keylong subjects, Gushal text

ID # Location Qua. Com. like book Same varitey How often used Marriage GKE01 Gushal Good Most Yes Same Very few times. Of course. GKE03 Gushal Mixed Full Yes different Often Not Good GKE04 Gushal Mixed Full Yes No Occasionally Okay GKE05 Ghar Valley Clear Full Yes Different Only when Swanglas come Good GKE06 Keylong Clear Little Not good Different When they come here Good GKE07 Gushal Okay All No Same Only when they come here. I would like. GKE13 Keylong Clear All Okay Different Occasionally Good GKE14 Gushal Good All Yes Different Daily Good GKE18 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A GKE19 Gushal Good All Yes Tone is different Often It would be good. GKE21 Gushal Good All Okay Same Sometimes Good

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B.6.5 Gondhla Subjects

Gondhla subjects, Gushal text

ID # Location Qua. Com. like book Same varitey How often used Marriage LGO04 Gushal Good All Yes Same Sometimes Good TGO02 Gushal Good All Good Different When they come Good TGO03 Pattan Good All N/A Different Only on Pattan side Yes TGO04 Pattan Good All Yes No Sometimes Yes TGO07 Gushal Good All Fine Same sometimes He would like TGO10 Gushal Good All Yes Same Often He would like it. TGO12 Gushal Good Some Okay Little different When he sees Swanglas He’d like it. TGO13 Gushal Good All Yes Same Daily He would like it. TGO15 Gushal Clear All Fine Little different Always Not Good TGO16 Gondhla Bad All Good Different Sometimes Good

Appendix C: Language Use, Attitudes, Vitality, and Bilingualism Data

Questionnaire data are arranged with each type of information in one chart. Language use is first, then attitudes, vitality, and finally, bilingualism responses. Demographics of subjects are listed in Appendix E.

C.1 Language use responses

KEY: Code Language Code Language B Bhoti L Lohari C Chinali Ld Ladakhi E English P Pattani G Gahri T Tinani H Hindi Tb Tibetan K Kullui

What language do you use with/for… ID# Spouse Parents Children Friends Elders Leaders Market Religion Prayer Songs Playing BDA01 B,H B B B B,H B B B,H B BDA02 B B B B B B B,H B B B B BDA03 B H,B B B H,B B B E,H,B,Tb B,H BDA04 B B B B B B B,H B B B,H B,H BDA05 B B B B,H B B B B B Ld,H,B B BDA06 B,H B B B B,H B B B,H B BDA07 B H B H H B B H,B H BDA08 B B,H B B H H H H B BDA09 B B B,H B,H B H H B B B,H B

BDA10 H,B H,B B H H B B B,H B BDA11 B B B B B H,B H,B B B B B,H BDA12 B B B H B H H B B Ld,B H BKH01 B B B,H B,H B,H B,H B,H B B H H,B BKH02 B B,H B B B B H H B

119 120

What language do you use with/for… ID# Spouse Parents Children Friends Elders Leaders Market Religion Prayer Songs Playing BKH03 B B B B,H B B H,B H,B B H B BKH05 B B B B B B B B B B H BKH06 B,H B,H B,H H H,B H,B H,B B B H H BKH07 B H B B H B B H H BKH08 B H B B H,B B H,B H B,H BKH09 B B B B B B H,B B B B,H B,H BKO01 H,B H B H H B,H B B,H B,H BKO02 B B B B,H B B,H B,H B B B,H B,H BKO03 B,H B,H B,H B,H B H,B B,H B B B,H H,B BKO04 B B B B B B B B B B B BKO05 B P B,H B B B,H H B B H,P,B,G H,B BKO06 B B B B B B,Tb B,Tb G,B B BKO07 B,H HE B H H H B,H B,H B,H BKO08 B B B B B B B,H B B B B BKO09 B B B,H B B B B B B B,H H,B BKO11 B H B B B B H H,B H,B BKO12 B,H H B H H H H H B BRA01 B B B B B B H B B H,B H,B BRA02 B B B B B B B B B BRA03 B B B H B H,B H H B H,B B,H BRA04 B B B B B B H,B B B B B BRA05 B B B B B B,H H,B B B B,H H,B BRA06 B,H B,H B,H B,H B B,H H B B H,B B,H BRA07 B,H H,B B H H H B H,B H,B BRA08 H H B H H B B B,H H,B CGO01 C C C C C C H H,C C C C GKE02 G B G B G G G B B H,P,B,G H GKE08 G G G G G G G,H,P G B P,G,H H,G,P GKE09 G G G,HE G G G,H G,H B B P,G,H G,H

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What language do you use with/for… ID# Spouse Parents Children Friends Elders Leaders Market Religion Prayer Songs Playing GKE10 G G G G G H G G H,G G,H,P GKE12 G G H,G G,Ld,H G G,H H G B P,G,H H,G GKE15 G G,H,E G G,H G,H G G G,H,P,E G,H GKE16 H G H H,G G G G,H G B,G H G GKE17 G G,H G H H G G G,H H,G GKE20 G G,H G H H G G H,G,P,E H,G GKE22 G G G H H G B G,H H GST01 G H H,G H H G G,H G,H H GST03 G G G,H G G G G,H G,B G G,H G GST04 G G G H,E G G G,H G G G,H G GST05 H G G,H G,H G G G,H B B G G GST06 G G G,HE G G G G,H G,H,E B G,B G GST07 G G G G G G H B G G,H G GST08 G G G G G G G,H B G G G GST09 G G G G G G G,H G G G,H H GST10 G G G G G G H,G G,B B G,H G,H GST11 G H,G G G H,G G G,H,B G,H G GST12 G G G G,H G, G H,G G,B G G G GST13 G G G G G G G,H B B G,K,H G LGO02 L L L,H L,T L,T T H,T L,T L L,T,H L,H LGO03 L L L L H L L L L L,H L LGO04 L L L L L L H L,H L H L LGO05 L L L,H L,T H T T H L HL,P L,T,H LGO06 L H L,T T H,T L,T H H H LGO07 L L L L L,T T T L,T,B L L,T L,H LGO08 L L L L,T,H L T T,H B H L L LGO09 L L L L,H,T,G L,T H H L H H L PCH01 B B,H B,H B H H B,P,H B H H,B PCH02 P P P,H,B H P H H P H H,P,B H

122

What language do you use with/for… ID# Spouse Parents Children Friends Elders Leaders Market Religion Prayer Songs Playing PCH03 P P P P P P P P P P P,H PCH05 P P P H H H H P H PCH06 P P P P P,B P,B P,H P,B H H P PCH07 B B B B,H B B P,H B B B H PGU05 P P P P P P P P P P P PGU06 P P P P P H,P H H H P PGU08 P P P P H P,H H P,H P PGU10 H P H P,H P P P P H H P PGU14 P P P H P H P,H P PGU17 P H P P P H P P P,H P PGU19 P P P P P P H H H H P PGU21 P P P P H,P H B P P PGU22 P H P P H H H P,H P PGU25 P P P P P P P P P P P PJA01 P P P P P,H B B H,P P PMO01 P P P P P P H,P H H P,H P PMO02 P P P H P H,P H,P H,P H H P PMO03 P P P H P P H P P P,H P,H PMO05 P P P P P P H,P H P P,H P PMO06 P P P P P P H,P P P P P PMO07 P P P P,H P P H P,H H P,H P,H PMO08 P H,P P H H H H H H PSA02 P P P P,H P P,H P,H P H P,H P PTA01 P,K P H,P,K K,P P P P P,K P P,K P,H. PTH01 P P,H P P,H P P,H H H P,H PTH02 P P P,H H P H H B H H P,H PTH04 P P P P P P P P P,H PTH11 P P P P P H,P H,P H,P H,P H,P P PTH14 P P P H H H H H P

123

What language do you use with/for… ID# Spouse Parents Children Friends Elders Leaders Market Religion Prayer Songs Playing PTH15 P P P,H P H H P,H P H P,H PTH18 P P P P P H,P H,P P,H H,P H,P P PTH19 P P P P P P P P P P P PTH21 P P H P H H P H H H PUD02 P P P,H P P P,H P,H H P,H H PUD05 H H P,H,B P H H H H H PUD06 P P P H,P P P,H P,H P,H P P H PUD11 P P,H P P H H H H H,P PUD14 P,H P P P,H P H,P H,P P P H,P H,P PUD15 P P P H P H H H P P,H P PUD17 P P P,H P,H P,H H H P P H P PUD19 P,H P,H P,H P,H P H H H H H H PUD20 B H P,B H H H B H H PUD22 P H P H H P H H H TGO01 T T T T T T T,H T B T T,H TGO05 T T H T T T T,H H B T,H T,H TGO06 P T T T T T T,P,H T T T,H,P T TGO08 T T T T T T H,T,P,P T,B T T T TGO09 H H T H H T H T,H H TGO14 T T H,T T,H T,B T,H H B B T,P,K T TGO17 T T T T T T H B T,B T T,H TGO18 T T T,H T T T,H H,T T B T,H H TSI01 T G T T T T T,G B B T,G T,G,H TSI02 T T T T T T T,H B B T,H T TSI03 T T T T,H T T,H T,H T H B,P,H H,T TSI04 T T T T T T T T,H,P T,H TSI05 T H T H T B,T T P,T H,T TSI06 P T P H,P,T T T H,T B B H,T H,T TSI07 T T T T H H H H T

124

What language do you use with/for… ID# Spouse Parents Children Friends Elders Leaders Market Religion Prayer Songs Playing TSI08 T H,T T T,H H B H T,H T,H TSI09 T,H T,H T T,H H T H T,H T,H TSI10 T T T,H H T H H B H T,H H,T

C.2 Language attitude responses

ID # Pure MT Bad MT Why bad MT mixed w/ MT = LWC Marriage Why BDA01 Darcha Unsure N/A N/A Bhoti is good Okay she can learn. BDA02 Ladakh, Darcha, Spiti, Unsure N/A N/A Bhoti is good Bad Difficult to manage Khoksar, Mayar BDA03 Ladakh, Stod, Other places Mixed N/A Bhoti is good Good She can learn in time Khoksar, Mayar BDA04 Dharamsala Unsure N/A Unsure Bhoti is good Okay can learn language BDA05 Zanskar Darcha-Sumdo Mixed N/A Bhoti is best Good N/A BDA06 Darcha Spiti Mixed N/A Bhoti is good Okay Can learn BDA07 Zanskar Tod Valley N/A N/A Hindi is best Okay N/A BDA08 Ladakh, Tod, Mayar, Unsure N/A N/A Bhoti is good Good N/A Khoksar, Spiti BDA09 Ladakh Unsure N/A N/A Bhoti is good Good They can manage BDA10 Ladakh Unsure N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A BDA11 Ladakh Unsure N/A N/A Bhoti is good Good will teach language BDA12 Zanskar Jispa Mixed N/A Bhoti is best Good N/A BKH01 Khoksar Keylong N/A N/A Bhoti is best Okay can learn Bhoti BKH02 Khoksar N/A N/A Hindi Hindi is good Okay can learn Bhoti BKH03 Teling (12 km from Keylong Can’t speak like that Bhoti, Spiti, Bhoti is best Good can learn Bhoti Khoksar) Tod, Mayar BKH05 Khoksar, Spiti, Tod, Sissu, Gondhla Mixed N/A Bhoti is good Okay can learn Bhoti Mayar BKH06 Khoksar Other Valleys Accent diff, words N/A Hindi and Okay She can learn. same Bhoti are good BKH07 Khoksar, Timpuk Keylong Not able to understand Hindi Hindi is best Bad Difficult to understand

125

ID # Pure MT Bad MT Why bad MT mixed w/ MT = LWC Marriage Why BKH08 Khoksar Gondhla Mixed N/A Hindi is best Bad Language problem BKH09 Keylong Gompa Ghari, Pattan unclear N/A Bhoti is best Okay She can learn BKO01 Jispa Darcha he feels bad. N/A Bhoti is good Okay Can learn BKO02 Kolong Tinan Valley he feels bad N/A Bhoti is good Okay Can teach, learn. BKO03 All is the same Nowhere N/A Ghar, Tinan, Bhoti is best Okay We can’t interfere. Pattan BKO04 Kolong Ghar Valley N/A N/A Bhoti is good Okay Can learn BKO05 Stod Valley Khoksar, Spiti accent N/A Bhoti is best Okay N/A BKO06 Stod side is best Patan side Mixed N/A Bhoti is best Good lose Buddhism. BKO07 Kolong Ghar Valley N/A N/A Bhoti is good Good Can teach BKO08 Kolong and above Nowhere N/A N/A Bhoti is good Okay N/A BKO09 All Lamas Gondla,Ghara Very Mixed N/A Bhoti is good Okay difficult, but okay BKO11 Stod Valley Zanskar N/A N/A Bhoti is good Okay N/A BKO12 Kolong Darcha N/A N/A Bhoti is good Bad Communication BRA01 In gompas Keylong side different N/A Hindi is best Okay they will learn BRA02 Zanskar Unsure N/A N/A Bhoti is best Good will learn BRA03 In gompas Keylong side different N/A Bhoti is best Okay She can learn BRA04 Dharamsala Unsure N/A Tibetan Bhoti is good Okay she will learn. BRA05 Jispa Religious School Unsure N/A Hindi Bhoti is best Bad Lang problems BRA06 Ladakh, Zanskar, Spiti Lahul Mixed N/A Bhoti is good Okay She can learn. . BRA07 Unsure Unsure N/A Hindi Bhoti is good Okay N/A BRA08 Ladakh Unsure N/A Hindi both are good Good N/A CGO01 Yangla Nowhere N/A Hindi Chinali is good Bad Not compatible GKE02 N/A Pattan Valley N/A Hindi, Bhoti Hindi is best Good N/A GKE08 Ghar Valley Outside Ghar N/A N/A Hindi is best Bad Caste variation. GKE09 Ghar Valley Gondhla side N/A N/A Ghari is good Okay learn language. ID # Pure MT Bad MT Why bad MT mixed w/ MT = LWC Marriage Why GKE10 Keylong Tinan mixed N/A Ghari is best Bad Marrying out of caste is not good. GKE12 Beeling to Stingri, Pattan side N/A Bhoti Ghari is best Bad Cultural differences. Piukar to Gwazang

126

ID # Pure MT Bad MT Why bad MT mixed w/ MT = LWC Marriage Why GKE15 Piukar Keylong Mixed Hindi, Eng Ghari is good Okay Can teach language GKE16 Keylong Unsure N/A N/A Hindi and Okay difficult to understand . Ghari are good GKE17 Ghar Valley Pattan and Tinan sides N/A N/A Ghari is good Bad Communication problem. GKE20 Kardang Gompa Keylong mixing Hindi Ghari is good Good They can learn GKE22 Keylong Pattan side N/A N/A Ghari is best Bad within Bhoti caste. GST01 Ghar Valley Outside Mixed N/A Ghari is good Okay can overcome GST03 Ghar Valley Unsure N/A N/A Bhoti is good Okay Can learn GST04 Ghar Valley Pattan Valley N/A N/A Bhoti is good Okay We can teach GST05 Ghar Valley Unsure N/A Tinani, Bhoti Ghari is good Good can learn language GST06 Ghar Valley Unsure N/A Pattani, Bhoti Ghari is good Okay can learn language GST07 Ghar Valley Unsure N/A Tinani, Bhoti Ghari is good Good Can learn language GST08 Ghar Valley Other Valleys different N/A Hindi is best Good Can learn language GST09 Ghar Valley Khoksar side bad sound N/A Ghari is good Good They can learn GST10 Ghar Valley Unsure N/A Tinani, Bhoti Bhoti is good Okay Can be taught GST11 Stingri Unsure N/A N/A Ghari is good Okay N/A GST12 Beeling to Piukar. All are same amount N/A N/A Ghari is good Good If a good girl, he likes it. Guskiar is the best. Mixed. GST13 Ghar Valley Unsure N/A N/A Bhoti is good Okay Can learn LGO02 All places Nowhere N/A N/A Lohari is best Bad communication LGO03 Gondhla Nowhere N/A N/A Lohari is best Good N/A LGO04 Gondhla Unsure N/A Pattani Lohari is good Okay They can use Hindi LGO05 All places Nowhere N/A Chinali, Hindi Lohari is best Good She can learn LGO06 All places Nowhere N/A N/A Lohari is good Good They can learn. LGO07 Gondhla Nowhere N/A N/A Lohari is good Okay can teach Lohari LGO08 Gondhla Nowhere N/A N/A Lohari is best Good can use Hindi first. LGO09 Gondhla Keylong Mixed N/A Lohari is best Bad N/A PCH01 Thamlu (2 km) Ghari (2 km) N/A Hindi Pattani is good Good Spouse can learn. PCH02 Chimrat Unsure N/A N/A Pattani is good Bad Communication PCH03 Ghari (2 km) Salgram Feels bad N/A Pattani is good Bad Communication PCH05 Triloknath, Udeypur Salgram accent Bhoti Pattani is good Good Can learn language

127

ID # Pure MT Bad MT Why bad MT mixed w/ MT = LWC Marriage Why PCH06 Unsure Salgram Feels bad N/A Pattani is best Bad Communications . PCH07 Shelling (1km) Ghari (2 km) N/A N/A Pattani is good Good Spouse can learn. PGU05 Gushal area Unsure N/A N/A Pattani is good N/A N/A PGU06 Not known Unsure N/A Hindi Pattani is good Good okay to mix PGU08 Mooling to Jalhma Jhalanan to Udeypur Accent is different Hindi Pattani is best Okay Old customs are vanishing here. PGU10 Pattan Valley Khoksar, Sissu mixing N/A Pattani is best Good N/A PGU14 Gushal Udeypur accent N/A Pattani is good Bad N/A PGU17 Gushal and nearer Thirot,Udypur Mixed N/A Pattani is good Okay N/A PGU19 Here. It is a central Beyond Thirot different N/A Hindi is best Good can learn hers. place. PGU21 Nearby 20/25 villages Udeypur side Accent Hindi Pattani is good Good will learn language PGU22 Gushal Udeypur bad accent Hindi Pattani is good N/A N/A PGU25 All Villages Nowhere N/A Hindi Pattani is good Good can’t stop it PJA01 All places Nowhere N/A Hindi Pattani is best Okay N/A PMO01 Mooling to Jahlma Triloknath, Udeypur Sound is not good N/A Hindi is best Good N/A ID # Pure MT Bad MT Why bad MT mixed w/ MT = LWC Marriage Why PMO02 Jahlma Udeypur and beyond difficult to understand N/A Pattani is good Okay can use Hindi, or teach Swangla. PMO03 Jahlma Udeypur Mixed, different N/A Pattani is good Good She can learn our language slowly. PMO05 Mooling to Jahlma Triloknath Only half words come N/A Pattani is best Bad Language and children problems PMO06 Triloknath to Mooling Triloknath accent N/A Pattani is best Bad difficult to teach PMO07 Jahlma Triloknath diff, mixed N/A Pattani is best Bad Language probs PMO08 Mooling Ghar Valley accent N/A Hindi is best Good can learn culture PSA02 Tandi to Salgram Mayar Nala Mixed Hindi Pattani is good Okay They can learn. PTA01 From Tandi to Tindi to Pangi mixing N/A Pattani is best Okay No answer Salgram PTH01 Pattan Valley Mayar Valley Mixed Hindi Pattani is good Bad Communication PTH02 Pattan Valley Tinan, Gahr not good. Hindi Pattani is good Bad Communication

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ID # Pure MT Bad MT Why bad MT mixed w/ MT = LWC Marriage Why PTH04 Unsure Keylong N/A N/A Pattani is good Bad caste differences PTH11 Jumda Jahlma, Tandi fast speech N/A Hindi is best Okay If they feel alright PTH14 Thirot and nearby Darcha, Mayar Mixing N/A Pattani is best Good can learn language PTH15 Unsure Tholang Mixed N/A Pattani is good Good If love , than fine. PTH18 Jumda Jalma to Tandi Fast speech N/A Hindi is best Okay If they want to. PTH19 Jahlma Taling, Mayar Feels bad N/A Pattani is best Bad same-village, best PTH21 Jahlma Teling Bad way N/A Pattani is good Bad Communication PUD02 Udeypur Gondhala Mixed N/A Pattani is good Good can learn PUD05 Jahlma Salgram accent N/A Pattani is good Bad Culture probs. PUD06 Salgram Nowhere N/A Hindi Pattani is good Okay It’s their choice. PUD11 Unsure Salgram accent Hindi Pattani is good Good Can learn language PUD14 Tholang to Thirot Mayar Valley mixed N/A Pattani is good Good Can learn language PUD15 Chatting (5 km from Salgram speech is bad Hindi Pattani is best Good Can learn new language Udeypur, towards Thirot) PUD17 Unsure Mayar Valley different N/A Pattani is good Bad Communication PUD19 Jahlma, Shansha Udeypur area Mixed Hindi, Bhoti Pattani is good Bad Communication PUD20 Jahlma, Shansha Salgram speech bad N/A Pattani is good Okay Can learn language PUD22 Unsure Mayar Valley different N/A Pattani is good Good Can learn language TGO01 All places Gondhla Mixed Hindi,Pattani, Tinani is best Okay she can learn Ghari, Bhoti TGO05 Nowhere All places Mixed Pattani, Hindi, Tinani is best Bad communication problems Bhoti TGO06 Dalang to Khangsar Keylong Mixed N/A Tinani is good N/A N/A TGO08 Gondhla beyond Sissu Mixed N/A Tinani is good Good N/A TGO09 Gondhla Unsure N/A Pattani Tinani is good N/A N/A TGO14 Tinan Valley Nowhere N/A Pattani, Bhoti, Tinani is good Good Can learn Tinani in 1 or 2 Hindi years TGO17 Gondhla Sissu side Mixed N/A Tinani is best Good Can learn Tinani TGO18 Dalang-Sissu Nowhere N/A N/A Tinani is good Good N/A TSI01 Gondhla Khoksar to Telling Mixed with Hindi Hindi Tinani is best Okay N/A

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ID # Pure MT Bad MT Why bad MT mixed w/ MT = LWC Marriage Why TSI02 Shashin Gondhla N/A N/A Tinani is good Okay They can use Hindi TSI03 Tinan Valley Telling Mixed N/A Tinani is good Okay She can learn TSI04 Shashin Gondhla Mixed N/A Tinani is good Good N/A TSI05 Gondhla Shashin Mixed Pattani Tinani is best Good Caste no matter TSI06 Gondhla to Pagal Nala Nowhere N/A N/A Tinani is good Okay Can use Hindi until TSI07 Shashin N/A N/A N/A Tinani is good Okay She can learn TSI08 Dalang to PagalNala Teling, Koksar N/A Pattani Tinani is good Bad Communication TSI09 N/A Khoksar N/A Bhoti, Pattani Tinani is good Good She can learn TSI10 Tinan Valley Teling, Koksar N/A Pattani Tinani is good Good She can learn

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C.3 Language vitality responses

ID # Non-MT people in town Language 3rd generation will use Should kids read/write MT BDA01 No Bhoti, Hindi Yes BDA02 No Bhoti, Hindi Yes BDA03 No Bhoti Yes BDA04 No Bhoti Yes BDA05 No Bhoti Yes BDA06 No Bhoti Yes BDA07 No Bhoti Yes BDA08 No Hindi Yes BDA09 No Bhoti Yes BDA10 No Bhoti, Hindi Yes BDA11 No Bhoti Yes BDA12 No Bhoti, Hindi Yes BKH01 Yes Bhoti Yes BKH02 Yes, 4 or 5 Bhoti, Hindi Yes BKH03 No Hindi Doesn’t like it BKH05 No Hindi Yes BKH06 No Bhoti, Hindi Yes BKH07 Yes, outsiders Bhoti, Hindi Yes BKH08 No Bhoti Yes BKH09 No Bhoti and Hindi Yes BKO01 No Hindi Yes BKO02 No Bhoti, Hindi Yes BKO03 No Bhoti, some Hindi Yes BKO04 No Bhoti, Hindi Yes BKO05 No Bhoti Yes BKO06 No Their own language Yes BKO07 No Bhoti, Hindi Yes ID # Non-MT people in town Language 3rd generation will use Should kids read/write MT

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BKO08 No Bhoti Yes BKO09 No Bhoti Yes BKO11 No Hindi, Bhoti Yes BKO12 No Bhoti, Hindi Yes BRA01 No Bhoti, Hindi Yes BRA02 No Bhoti Yes BRA03 No Bhoti, Hindi, English Yes BRA04 No Hindi, Bhoti Yes BRA05 No Bhoti, Hindi Yes BRA06 No Bhoti Yes BRA07 No Hindi Yes BRA08 No Hindi Yes CGO01 No Chinali Yes GKE02 No Hindi Yes GKE08 No Ghari N/A GKE09 No Ghari Yes GKE10 No Ghari, Hindi Yes GKE12 No Ghari, Hindi, English Yes GKE15 No Ghari, Hindi Mixed Yes GKE16 No Ghari Yes GKE17 No Ghari Yes GKE20 No Yes, but mix Ghari, Hindi, and English No GKE22 No Ghari Good GST01 No Ghari Yes GST03 No Ghari Yes GST04 No Ghari Yes GST05 No Ghari No GST06 No Ghari Yes ID # Non-MT people in town Language 3rd generation will use Should kids read/write MT GST07 No Ghari Yes GST08 No Ghari at home. Hindi, English outside Yes

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GST09 No Ghari Yes GST10 No Ghari Yes GST11 No Ghari Yes GST12 No Ghari at home, Hindi at school Yes GST13 No Ghari, Hindi Yes. Also Pattani is good. LGO02 No Lohari, Hindi Yes LGO03 Yes Lohari Yes LGO04 No Lohari Yes LGO05 No Lohari, Hindi Yes LGO06 No Hindi No LGO07 No Lohari Yes LGO08 No Lohari Yes LGO09 No Lohari Yes PCH01 No Hindi Yes PCH02 No Swangla No PCH03 No Swangla Yes PCH05 No Swangla Yes PCH06 No Swangla Yes PCH07 No Swangla Yes PGU05 No Swangla Good PGU06 No Yes Yes PGU08 No Yes Yes, if script comes PGU10 No Pattani Yes PGU14 Yes (one girl) No. Yes PGU17 No Swangla No. Not Useful. PGU19 No Yes Yes ID # Non-MT people in town Language 3rd generation will use Should kids read/write MT PGU21 No Yes Yes PGU22 No Swangla Yes PGU25 No Yes Yes PJA01 No Pattani, Hindi Yes

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PMO01 No Swangla Yes PMO02 No Swangla, Hindi Yes PMO03 No Swangla, Hindi Yes PMO05 No Swangla Yes PMO06 No Swangla Yes PMO07 No Swangla Yes PMO08 No Pattani No PSA02 No Swangla Yes PTA01 Yes people in Lahul will keep speaking Yes PTH01 No Swangla Yes PTH02 No Swangla Yes PTH04 No Swangla Yes PTH11 No Swangla Yes PTH14 Yes Hindi Yes. Good. PTH15 No Swangla Yes PTH18 No Swangla Yes PTH19 No Swangla, Hindi Yes PTH21 No Swangla Yes PUD02 No Hindi, English Yes PUD05 No Swangla, Hindi No PUD06 No Swangla Yes PUD11 No Hindi Yes PUD14 No English, Hindi Yes PUD15 No Swangla, Hindi Yes PUD17 No Swangla Yes ID # Non-MT people in town Language 3rd generation will use Should kids read/write MT PUD19 No. Hindi, English No. Hindi, English useful PUD20 No English, Hindi Yes PUD22 No Swangla Yes TGO01 No Tinani Yes TGO05 No Hindi Yes

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TGO06 No Tinani Yes TGO08 No Tinani Yes TGO09 No Hindi Yes TGO14 No Tinani, Hindi, English Yes TGO17 No Tinani Yes TGO18 No Hindi Yes TSI01 No Tinan, Hindi N/A TSI02 No Tinani, Hindi, English No. Hindi is better to learn TSI03 No Tinan, Hindi Yes TSI04 No Tinani Tinani-Yes, Pattani-No TSI05 No Hindi Yes TSI06 No Tinani, Hindi Yes-Tinani; Yes-Pattani TSI07 No Tinan, Hindi Okay. Better in Pattani TSI08 No Tinan, Hindi Okay in Tinani and Pattani TSI09 No Hindi, English Good TSI10 No Tinan, Hindi Good in Tinani and Pattani

C.4 Bilingualism data

KEY: 1. Can you speak Hindi as well as you speak your own language? 2. Can you get a good price on cloth using Hindi? 3. Sometimes do you have to be quiet because Hindi words don’t come? 4. If you take your child to the doctor can you understand the doctor’s advice? 5. Can you understand an argument in Hindi about a land boundary? 6. Do you listen to Hindi radio? 7. How much of the radio Hindi do you understand? 8. What languages can you read and write? 9. Are there people in your village who can’t speak Hindi? \

ID # 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. BDA01 No Yes Yes Little No Yes 50% N/A No BDA02 No N/A N/A N/A N/A Yes 25% N/A Some

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ID # 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. BDA03 Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes 90% Hindi, English, Tibetan Yes, some old people BDA04 Yes Yes No No Yes Yes 50% Hindi No BDA05 Yes N/A N/A N/A N/A Yes 50% Hindi, Bhoti No BDA06 Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes 100% Hindi, English No BDA07 Yes N/A N/A N/A N/A Yes 50% Hindi, Bhoti Yes, old people, ladies BDA08 Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes 100% Hindi, English Yes, around 100 people BDA09 Yes No No Yes Yes Yes 50% Hindi Yes, some old people BDA10 Yes N/A N/A N/A N/A Yes 75% Hindi, Bhoti No BDA11 No Yes No 25% Yes Yes 50% Hindi, Bhoti, English Yes, 50 people BDA12 No N/A N/A N/A N/A Yes 100% Hindi, Bhoti No BKH01 Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes 100% Hindi Yes BKH02 Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes 100% Hindi, English No BKH03 No No Yes Yes Yes Yes 50% Hindi Yes, old people BKH05 Yes No No Yes Yes Yes 100% N/A No BKH06 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 100% Hindi, English No BKH07 Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes 100% Hindi, Bhoti, English Yes BKH08 Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes 100% Hindi, English No BKH09 No Yes No Yes Yes Yes 50% N/A No BKO01 Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes 100% Hindi, Bhoti, Sanskrit, English Yes, some old people BKO02 Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes 100% Hindi, English Yes, old people BKO03 Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes 100% Urdu, Hindi, English, Punjabi No BKO04 No Yes Yes No No No N/A N/A Yes, 8 to 10 old people BKO05 Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes 100% Hindi, Urdu, TB Yes, one or two people BKO06 No Yes No N/A Yes Yes 0% Bhoti and Hindi Everyone speaks it. BKO07 Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes 100% Hindi, English No BKO08 No Yes Yes No No Yes 25% N/A Yes, uneducated, old BKO09 Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes 100% Hindi, Punjabi, Urdu Yes, some old people BKO11 Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes 100% Hindi, English Yes, one person BKO12 Yes Yes No Yes Yes No N/A Bhoti, Hindi No BRA01 No Yes No 80% 75% Yes 50% Hindi (some) Yes, some old people

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ID # 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. BRA02 No No Yes No No Yes 0% N/A Yes, old people like me BRA03 Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes 100% Hindi, English Yes, some old people BRA04 Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes 100% Tibetan (little) Yes, some old people BRA05 Yes No Yes Yes No Yes 50% Hindi Yes, some old people BRA06 Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes 100% Hindi Yes, some old people BRA07 Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes 100% English, Hindi Yes, 25% of village BRA08 Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes 100% Hindi, English Yes, some old people CGO01 No Yes No Yes Yes Yes most N/A No GKE02 Yes Yes Yes Yes N/A Yes 50% Hindi Yes. Half the people. GKE08 No N/A Yes Yes Yes Yes Most Hindi No GKE09 Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes 100% N/A No GKE10 Yes Yes Yes No No Yes 25% Hindi (little) Yes. Old people GKE12 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 100% English, Hindi Some old people GKE15 Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes 80% Hindi, English Old men and women GKE16 Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes 100% Hindi Yes, some old people GKE17 Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes 100% Hindi, English No GKE20 Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes 90% Hindi, English, Urdu Old ladies, some old men GKE22 Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes 100% Hindi, English (little) No GST01 No Yes No Yes Yes Yes 100% Hindi, English Yes, some old people GST03 Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes 100% Hindi No GST04 Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes 100% Hindi, English No GST05 Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes 70% N/A No GST06 Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes 95% Hindi, English No GST07 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 100% Hindi, English, Sanskrit Yes, old people GST08 Yes Yes Yes Some Little Yes 25% N/A Yes, old people GST09 No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 70% N/A No GST10 Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes 100% N/A Yes, old people GST11 Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes 100% N/A Yes, some old people GST12 Yes Yes Yes No No Yes 50% Hindi Yes. Old men and women GST13 No Yes No Yes Yes Yes 60% N/A No

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ID # 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. LGO02 Yes N/A N/A N/A N/A Yes 100% Hindi Hindi-No; Pattani-No LGO03 No Yes No Yes No Yes half Hindi No LGO04 No Yes Yes No No Yes some N/A No LGO05 Yes N/A N/A N/A N/A Yes 100% Hindi Hindi-Yes, old people LGO06 Yes N/A N/A N/A N/A Yes 100% Hindi, English Hindi-Yes, old people LGO07 Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes 100% N/A Hindi-No; Pattani-No LGO08 Yes N/A N/A N/A N/A Yes 50% N/A Hindi-No; Pattani-No LGO09 Yes N/A N/A N/A N/A Yes 100% Hindi Hindi-some old people; PCH01 Yes N/A No Yes Yes Yes 100% Hindi, English No PCH02 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 50% N/A Yes. 4 or 5 people PCH03 No No Yes No No No N/A N/A Yes. 3 people PCH05 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 100% Hindi, English No PCH06 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 75% N/A Yes. Old women PCH07 No No Yes Yes Yes Yes 10% Hindi Yes. One old lady PGU05 No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 50% N/A Yes. Old people PGU06 Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes 100% Hindi All people understand PGU08 Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes 100% Hindi 20% don’t know Hindi. PGU10 Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes 100% Urdu, Hindi, English Yes, old people PGU14 No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 100% Hindi Old don’t understand. PGU17 Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes 100% Hindi, English Yes. Old men and women PGU19 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 100% Hindi, Urdu All people understand PGU21 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 60% Hindi 20% (old people) PGU22 Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes 100% Hindi, English No PGU25 No Yes Yes Little Yes Yes Some N/A All people understand PJA01 Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes 100% Hindi, English Yes, some in Jahlma PMO01 No Yes No Yes Yes Yes 100% Hindi No PMO02 Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes 100% Hindi, English Yes, 10 or 12 old people PMO03 Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes 100% Hindi, English No PMO05 No Yes No Yes No Yes 25% N/A Yes, some people PMO06 No Yes No Little Some Yes 25% N/A Yes, 40 or 50 people

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ID # 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. PMO07 Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes 100% Hindi, English No PMO08 Yes Yes No N/A Yes No N/A Hindi, English Yes, old people PSA02 Yes No No Yes Yes Yes 100% Hindi No PTA01 No Yes Yes Yes No Yes 25% N/A Everybody except infants PTH01 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 50% Hindi Yes, one person. PTH02 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 100% Hindi,Eng,Urdu,Sanskrit, Punj Yes, some PTH04 Yes No No Yes Yes Yes 100% Hindi, English No PTH11 Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes 100% Hindi, English Yes, some old people PTH14 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 100% Hindi, English No PTH15 Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes 70% Hindi, English Yes PTH18 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 100% Hindi, English Yes, some old people PTH19 No No Yes No No Yes 0% N/A Herself, and one other PTH21 Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes 70% Hindi, English Yes PUD02 Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes 80% Hindi, English, Sanskrit Yes, old people PUD05 Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes 100% English, Hindi Unsure PUD06 Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes 100% Hindi, English No PUD11 Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes 100% Hindi, English No PUD14 Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes 100% N/A Yes, some old people PUD15 Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes 100% Hindi Yes, old people PUD17 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 100% N/A No PUD19 Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes 100% Hindi, English Yes, 4 or 5 people PUD20 Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes 100% Hindi No PUD22 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 50% Hindi, English No TGO01 No N/A N/A N/A N/A No N/A N/A Hindi-No; Pattani-No TGO05 Yes N/A N/A N/A N/A Yes 100% Hindi, English Hindi-No; Pattani-No TGO06 Yes N/A N/A N/A N/A Yes 100% Hindi, English Yes, some TGO08 Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes 100% Hindi No TGO09 Yes N/A N/A N/A N/A Yes 100% Hindi, English Hindi-over 80 years TGO14 Yes N/A N/A N/A N/A Yes 100% Hindi Hindi-No TGO17 Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes 100% Hindi No

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ID # 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. TGO18 Yes N/A N/A N/A N/A Yes 100% Hindi Hindi-No; Pattani-No TSI01 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 50% Hindi No TSI02 Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes 100% N/A Hindi, some people TSI03 Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes 100% Hindi, English None TSI04 Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes 100% Hindi, English Hindi, old people TSI05 Yes N/A N/A N/A N/A Yes 80% Hindi, English Yes, old people TSI06 Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes 100% Hindi Hindi, All; Pattani, All TSI07 Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes 100% Hindi No TSI08 Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes 100% Hindi, English No TSI09 Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes 100% Hindi, English No TSI10 Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes 100% Hindi, English No

Appendix D: Subject Background Information

In the following charts, background information is shown for all subjects who gave information during this survey. Types of information provided by each subject is marked following their identification number, and include: Wordlist informant, LUAQ subject, subject for RTT, and Text speaker for RTT Languages are abbreviated using the following codes:

Code Language Code Language B Bhoti Ld Ladakhi C Chinali N Nepali E English P Pattani G Gahri Pu Punjabi H Hindi S Sanskrit K Kullui T Tinani Kg Kangri Tb Tibetan Ki Kinnauri U Urdu L Lohari

Chart 1. Subject name, caste, age, gender, mother tongue, and other languages spoken

ID # WL LUA RTT Txt Village Caste Age Sex MT Other Languages BDA01 X Darcha Bodh 20 F B H BDA02 X Darcha Bodh 44 M B H BDA03 X Darcha Bodh 31 M B H, E, Tb BDA04 X Darcha Rajput 56 M B H BDA05 X Darcha Bodh 29 F B H, P, G, T BDA06 X Darcha Bodh 23 M B H, E, P, G, Tb, N BDA07 X Darcha Bodh 19 F B H, P, G, T BDA08 X Darcha Bodh 20 F B H BDA09 X Darcha Thakur 38 M B H, E BDA10 X Darcha Bodh 15 M B H BDA11 X Darcha Bodh 58 M B H BDA12 X Darcha Bodh 30 F B H, P, G, T BDA13 X Darcha Bodh B BKH01 X Khoksar Thakur 34 F B H, P, G, T BKH02 X Khoksar Bodh 17 M B H, E BKH03 X Khoksar Rajput 24 F B H, P, T BKH04 X Khoksar Rajput 60 M B H, P BKH05 X Khoksar Rajput 65 M B H, P, T BKH06 X Khoksar Rajput 39 M B H, E, P, G, T, Pu BKH07 X Khoksar Rajput 18 F B H, E, P BKH08 X Khoksar Rajput 15 F B H, E BKH09 X Khoksar Thakur 55 F B H, P, T BKO01 X Kolong Thakur 16 F B H, E, S BKO02 X Kolong Thakur 40 F B H, E, P, Pu BKO03 X X Kolong Bodh 46 M B H, E, P, G, Tb, Ld

140 141

ID # WL LUA RTT Txt Village Caste Age Sex MT Other Languages BKO04 X Kolong Bodh 82 F B None BKO05 X Kolong Bodh 68 M B H, P, G, U, Tb BKO06 X Kolong Bodh 35 M B H, Tb BKO07 X Kolong Bodh 29 M B H, E BKO08 X Kolong Bodh 83 F B H BKO09 X Kolong Bodh 44 M B H, P, G, T BKO10 X Kolong Bodh 33 M B H, E BKO11 X Kolong Bodh 15 M B H, E, Tb BKO12 X Kolong Kapoor 16 F B H BMA01 X Mane BRA01 X Rarig Rajput 40 F B H BRA02 X Rarig Nangpa 60 F B None BRA03 X Rarig Rajput 50 M B H BRA04 X Rarig Thakur 72 M B H, P, G, T, U BRA05 X X Rarig Thakur 42 M B H BRA06 X Rarig Rajput 45 M B H, P, G, T BRA07 X Rarig Rajput 17 F B H, E, P, G, T BRA08 X Rarig Bodh 15 M B H, E BTI01 X Tingrat Bodh 43 M B H, E, Tb BTI02 X Tingrat Bodh 34 M B H, P CGO01 X Gondhla Chinal 58 M C H, P, T, L CGU01 X Gushal Chinal 21 M C H, P, T CNA01 X Nalda Chinal 22 M C H, E, P, Pu, S, K GGW01 X Gawzang Rajput 36 M G H, E, P, B GKE01 X Keylong Bodh 29 M G H, E GKE02 X Keylong Thakur 45 F B H, G GKE03 X Keylong Bodh 19 F G H, P GKE04 X Keylong Bodh 55 M G H, E, P, B, U GKE05 X Keylong Bodh 25 M G H, E, P, B, T, U GKE06 X Keylong Rajput 40 F G H, P GKE07 X Keylong Bodh 45 F G P, B GKE08 X Keylong Rajput 38 F G H, P, Tb GKE09 X Keylong Rajput 70 M G H, P, B GKE10 X Keylong Thakur 20 F G H GKE11 X Keylong Bodh 35 M G H, E, P, Tb GKE12 X Keylong Bodh 48 M G H, E, U, Ld GKE13 X Keylong Bodh 31 M G H, E, P, B, T GKE14 X Keylong Rajput 44 M G H, P, B GKE15 X Keylong Bodh 24 M G H, E, P GKE16 X X Keylong Bodh 36 F G H, B, K GKE17 X Keylong Bodh 29 M G H, P, B, Ld GKE18 X Keylong Bodh 23 F G H

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ID # WL LUA RTT Txt Village Caste Age Sex MT Other Languages GKE19 X Keylong Bodh 26 M G H, E, P GKE20 X Keylong Bodh 20 M G H, E, P, B, Tb GKE21 X Keylong Bodh 39 M G H, E, B, T, Pu GKE22 X Keylong Morija 20 F G H GST01 X Stingri Rajput 22 M G H, E GST02 X Stingri Bodh 68 F G H, P, B GST03 X Stingri Bodh 57 M G H, P, Tb GST04 X Stingri Bodh 34 M G H, E, P, T, Tb, Pu GST05 X Stingri Bodh 45 F G H GST06 X Stingri Bodh 26 M G H, E GST07 X Stingri Bodh 16 F G H GST08 X Stingri Pandit 40 F G H GST09 X Stingri Bodh 40 F G H GST10 X Stingri Bodh 64 M G H, P, B GST11 X Stingri Bodh 25 M G H GST12 X Stingri Thakur 52 M G H, P, B GST13 X Stingri Rajput 77 M G H, P, B,T, Ld LGO01 X Gondhla Lohar 50 M L H, P, T LGO02 X Gondhla Lohar 28 F L H, P, T LGO03 X Gondhla Lohar 25 F L H, T LGO04 X X Gondhla Lohar 25 F L H, T LGO05 X Gondhla Lohar 41 F L H, P, B, T LGO06 X Gondhla Lohar 14 M L H, P, G, T LGO07 X Gondhla Lohar 69 M L H, P, B, G, T LGO08 X Gondhla Lohar 65 M L H, P, B, G, T LGO09 X Gondhla Lohar 39 M L H, P, B, G LGA01 X Gwazang Lohar 23 M L H, B, G LLE01 X Leh Bodh PCH01 X Chimrat ? 16 M B H, E, P PCH02 X Chimrat ? 29 F P H, B PCH03 X Chimrat ? 48 F P None PCH04 X Chimrat Rajput 30 M P H, E, U, S PCH05 X Chimrat ? 22 F P H, E PCH06 X Chimrat ? 61 M P H, B PCH07 X Chimrat ? 58 M B H, P PGU01 X Gushal Rajput 32 M P H PGU02 X Gushal Rajput 16 M P H, E PGU03 X Gushal Rajput 53 M P H, E PGU04 X Gushal Rajput 24 M P H, E PGU05 X Gushal Swangla 64 F P H, K PGU06 X X Gushal ? 35 F P H PGU07 X Gushal Rajput 24 M P H, E

143

ID # WL LUA RTT Txt Village Caste Age Sex MT Other Languages PGU08 X Gushal ? 28 M P H, N PGU09 X Gushal ? 15 F P H, E PGU10 X Gushal Rajput 30 F P H, E, U PGU11 X Gushal Rajput 37 F P H, K PGU12 X Gushal Rajput 16 M P H, E PGU13 X Gushal Rajput 16 M P H, E PGU14 X Gushal ? 14 F P H PGU15 X Gushal Bodh 20 M P H PGU16 X Gushal Swangla 38 M P H PGU17 X Gushal Swangla 30 F P H, T PGU18 X Gushal ? 70 M P H, B, U PGU19 X Gushal ? 66 M P H, U PGU20 X Gushal Thakur 60 F P H PGU21 X Gushal ? 31 M P H, E, N PGU22 X Gushal ? 20 F P H PGU23 X Gushal ? 28 F P H, E PGU24 X Gushal Rajput 36 F P H PGU25 X Gushal ? 65 F P H PGU26 X Gushal Rajput 15 M P H, E, S PGU27 X Gushal Chashmi 18 F P H, E PJA01 X Jahlma Rajput 45 M P H, B PJO01 X Jobrang Bodh 51 M P H, E PJO02 X Jobrang Bodh 51 M P H PMO01 X Mooling Swangla 35 M P H PMO02 X Mooling Rajput 40 M P H, E PMO03 X Mooling Bodh 23 M P H, E, U PMO04 X Mooling Thakur 32 M P H, E, B, Tb, K, N, C, Ki PMO05 X Mooling Swangla 60 F P H PMO06 X Mooling Thakur 60 F P H PMO07 X Mooling Swangla 21 M P H, E PMO08 X Mooling Thakur 28 F P H, E PSA01 X Salgram Pandit 33 M P H, E PSA02 X Salgram Rajput 53 M P H PTA01 X Taljone uncertain 60 F P H, P, K PTH01 X Thirot ? 60 M P H PTH02 X Thirot ? 40 M P H, E, U, Pu, S PTH03 X Thirot Pandit 20 M P H, E PTH04 X Thirot ? 21 M P H, E PTH05 X Thirot Pandit 21 M P H PTH06 X Thirot Pandit 47 M P H, E, U, Pu, K PTH07 X Thirot Pandit 22 F P H PTH08 X Thirot Pandit 20 F P H

144

ID # WL LUA RTT Txt Village Caste Age Sex MT Other Languages PTH09 X Thirot Pandit 40 M P H, Pu, Pahari PTH10 X Thirot Pandit 42 M P H, E, Pu PTH11 X Thirot Pandit 29 M P H, E, Pu, Pahari PTH12 X Thirot Pandit 28 M P H PTH13 X Thirot Pandit 62 M P H, E, B, U, S PTH14 X X Thirot Sharma 35 M P H, E PTH15 X Thirot ? 18 M P H, E PTH16 X Thirot Swangla 40 M P H PTH17 X Thirot Pandit 15 M P H PTH18 X X Thirot Pandit 29 M P H, E, Pu, Pahari PTH19 X Thirot ? 50 F P None PTH20 X Thirot Pandit 49 F P None PTH21 X Thirot ? 18 F P H, E PTO01 X Tholang Rajput 61 M P H PUD01 X Udeypur Swangla 28 F P H PUD02 X Udeypur ? 24 F P H, E, S PUD03 X Udeypur Swangla 22 F P H PUD04 X Udeypur Swangla 20 F P H, B PUD05 X Udeypur ? 20 F P H, E, B PUD06 X Udeypur ? 56 M P H, E, B, S PUD07 X Udeypur Thakur 41 M P H PUD08 X Udeypur Pandit 49 M P H PUD09 X Udeypur Pandit 40 F P H, Pangi PUD10 X Udeypur Thakur 51 M P H PUD11 X Udeypur ? 22 F P H, E PUD12 X Udeypur Thakur 20 M P H PUD13 X Udeypur Thakur 39 F P H PUD14 X Udeypur ? 39 F P H, P, B, N PUD15 X Udeypur ? 21 M P H, E, Pu, N PUD16 X Udeypur Thakur 22 M P H PUD17 X Udeypur ? 80 M P H PUD18 X Udeypur Sharma 19 M P H, E PUD19 X Udeypur ? 30 M P H, E, B PUD20 X Udeypur ? 21 F P H, B PUD21 X Udeypur Swangla 21 F P H, B PUD22 X Udeypur ? 20 M P H, E PUD23 X Udeypur Thakur 24 M P H TGO01 X Gondhla Thakur 70 M T H, P, B, G TGO02 X Gondhla Thakur 60 M T H, P, B, G TGO03 X Gondhla Thakur 35 F T H, P, G TGO04 X Gondhla Rajput 50 F T H, P, B, G TGO05 X Gondhla Thakur 35 F T H, E, P

145

ID # WL LUA RTT Txt Village Caste Age Sex MT Other Languages TGO06 X Gondhla Bodh 25 M T H, P TGO07 X Gondhla Rajput 32 M T H, P, B TGO08 X Gondhla Bodh 48 M T H, E, P, B, G, U, P, L, C TGO09 X Gondhla Thakur 16 F T H, E, P TGO10 X Gondhla Shashni 26 M T H, P, G TGO11 X Gondhla Rajput 24 M T H, B TGO12 X Gondhla Rajput 24 M T H, B TGO13 X Gondhla Bodh 40 M T H, P, B TGO14 X Gondhla Thakur 41 F T H, P, B, G, K TGO15 X Gondhla Bodh 22 F T H, P, G TGO16 X Gondhla Dogra 18 F T Hindu, P, G TGO17 X Gondhla Thakur 60 M T H, E, P, B, G TGO18 X Gondhla Rajput 60 M T H, P, B, G, U, Pu TSI01 X Shashin Rajput 37 F T H, P, B TSI02 X Shashin Rajput 70 F T H, P, B TSI03 X Shashin Bodh 32 M T H, P, B TSI04 X X Shashin Rajput 23 M T H, E, P, B TSI05 X Shashin Rajput 16 F T H TSI06 X Shashin Rajput 40 F T H, P, B TSI07 X Shashin Bodh 16 M T H, G TSI08 X Sissu Bodh 19 M T H, E, P, B TSI09 X Sissu Bodh 18 M T H, E, Kg TSI10 X Sissu Bodh 29 M T H, P, B

Chart 2: Education, employment, religion, and places lived.

ID # Ed Level Ed lang Job Religion Birthplace Residence Other places DA01 0 N/A farm Buddhist Darcha Darcha None BDA02 0 N/A farm Buddhist Darcha Darcha None BDA03 Matric H medical Buddhist Darcha Darcha Manali BDA04 0 N/A farm Buddhist Darcha Darcha Hamipur BDA05 6 H farm Buddhist Jispa Darcha None BDA06 BA 2nd H, E student Buddhist Darcha Darcha Kullu BDA07 10 H farm Buddhist Darcha Darcha Kullu BDA08 8 H farm Buddhist Darcha Darcha None BDA09 5 H farm Buddhist Rangyo Darcha None BDA10 6 H student Buddhist Chika Darcha None BDA11 5 B farm Buddhist Darcha Darcha None BDA12 4 H farm Buddhist Darcha Darcha Manali BDA13 BKH01 0 farm Buddhist Teling Khoksar Kullu BKH02 11 H student Buddhist Khoksar Manali None BKH03 0 farm Buddhist Sissu Khoksar None

146

ID # Ed Level Ed lang Job Religion Birthplace Residence Other places BKH04 5 farm Buddhist Khoksar Khoksar Kullu BKH05 0 farm Buddhist Khoksar Khoksar None BKH06 Matric H office Buddhist Khoksar Khoksar Manali BKH07 11 H student Buddhist Khoksar Khoksar Manali BKH08 10 H student Buddhist Khoksar Khoksar Manali BKH09 0 farm Buddhist Telling Khoksar None BKO01 11 E student Buddhist Kolong Kolong Kullu BKO02 10 H teacher Buddhist Kullu Kolong None BKO03 Matric H teacher Buddhist Kolong Kolong Kullu BKO04 0 home Buddhist Tino Kolong None BKO05 8 U, H teacher Buddhist Tandi Kolong Spiti, Mayar, Darcha, Yotse, Nalda BKO06 8+ mon teacher Buddhist Kolong Manali None BKO07 MA student Buddhist Kolong Kolong Manali BKO08 0 student Buddhist Gemur Kolong None BKO09 Matric H teacher Buddhist Kolong Kolong Chaling BKO10 BA office Buddhist Kolong Manali None BKO11 9 H student Buddhist Kolong Kolong None BKO12 8 H student Buddhist Kolong Kolong None BMA01 BRA01 0 N/A farm Buddhist Kolong Rarig Kullu BRA02 0 N/A farm Buddhist Rarig Rarig None BRA03 5 H farm Buddhist Rarig Rarig Kullu BRA04 12 H, U farm Buddhist Rarig Rarig Kullu BRA05 8 H farm Buddhist Rarig Rarig None BRA06 0 N/A farm Buddhist Rarig Rarig Kullu BRA07 11 H student Buddhist Rarig Rarig Kullu BRA08 8 H student Buddhist Kullu Rarig Kullu BTI01 5+ mon H, Tb student Buddhist Tingrat Manali Travel, but not resident BTI02 9 H engineer Buddhist Tingrat Tingrat None CGO01 0 N/A farm Hindu Kullu Yangla Kullu CGU01 Matric H farm Hindu Gushal Gushal None CNA01 BA 2nd H, E office Christian Kullu Manali Lived in Nalwa from 1 till 12s old GGW01 11 H farm Buddhist Kardang Gwazang None GKE01 10 H, E office Buddhist Beeling Keylong Bombay GKE02 4 H farm Buddhist Keylong Keylong None GKE03 BA 1st H student Buddhist Keylong Kullu Kullu GKE04 11 H craft Buddhist Keylong Keylong Kullu (school) GKE05 Matric H police Buddhist Keylong Keylong None GKE06 0 N/A farm Buddhist Keylong Keylong Manali GKE07 0 N/A farm Buddhist Keylong Keylong None GKE08 5 H craft Buddhist Keylong Keylong None

147

ID # Ed Level Ed lang Job Religion Birthplace Residence Other places GKE09 3 H farm Buddhist Keylong Keylong Manali GKE10 0 N/A farm Buddhist Keylong Keylong None GKE11 10 H teacher Buddhist Keylong Keylong None GKE12 Matric H business Buddhist Keylong Keylong Kullu, Manali GKE13 BA H business Buddhist Keylong Keylong Kullu GKE14 6 H farm Buddhist Keylong Keylong None GKE15 BA 1st E, H student Buddhist Keylong Keylong Dharamsalla , Kullu GKE16 Matric H home Buddhist Guskiar Kullu None GKE17 5 H store Buddhist Keylong Keylong None GKE18 11 H, E home Buddhist Keylong Keylong Bombay GKE19 BA 1st H farm Buddhist Keylong Keylong None GKE20 BA 2nd E, H student Buddhist Keylong Keylong Kullu GKE21 BA H, E store Buddhist Keylong Keylong Manali GKE22 Matric H farm Buddhist Keylong Keylong None GST01 Matric H farm Buddhist Stingri Stingri Kullu GST02 0 N/A farm Buddhist Piukar Stingri None GST03 5 H farm Buddhist Stingri Stingri None GST04 M.A. H, E office Buddhist Stingri Stingri Kapurtnala GST05 0 N/A farm Buddhist Stingri Stingri None GST06 MA 1st E, H student Buddhist Stingri Stingri Chandigarh GST07 8 H, E student Buddhist Stingri Stingri None GST08 0 N/A farm Buddhist Yurnath Stingri Kuskiar GST09 0 N/A farm Buddhist Stingri Stingri None GST10 0 N/A store Buddhist Stingri Stingri None GST11 0 N/A home Buddhist Stingri Stingri None GST12 2 U office Buddhist Stingri Stingri None GST13 0 N/A farm Buddhist Stingri Stingri Rewal Sar LGO01 7 H store Hindu Gondhla Gondhla None LGO02 0 N/A farm Buddhist Tandi Gondhla Punjab LGO03 0 N/A farm Hindu Gondhla Gondhla None LGO04 0 N/A store Hindu Keylong Gondhla None LGO05 4 H farm Buddhist Rape Gondhla None LGO06 10 H student Buddhist Gondhla Gondhla None LGO07 0 N/A farm Buddhist Gondhla Gondhla None LGO08 0 N/A blksmith Bud/Hind Gondhla Gondhla None LGO09 6 H gldsmith Hindu Keylong Gondhla Kullu LGW01 12 H farm Buddhist Gwazang Gwazang Manali LLE01 PCH01 10 H student Buddhist Chimrat Chimrat Udeypur PCH02 0 N/A farm Hindu Chimrat Chimrat Udeypur PCH03 0 N/A farm Hindu Sarpat Chimrat None PCH04 BA; BED H teacher Hindu Chimrat Chimrat Udaipur

148

ID # Ed Level Ed lang Job Religion Birthplace Residence Other places PCH05 BA 2nd H student Hindu Chimrat Chimrat Udeypur PCH06 0 N/A farm Hindu Chimrat Chimrat Udeypur PCH07 3 H farm Buddhist Chimrat Chimrat Manali, Udeypur PGU01 Matric H police Hindu Gushal Keylong Bhuntar PGU02 11 E student Hindu Gushal Gushal None PGU03 Matric H farm Buddhist Gushal Gushal Chandigarh, Delhi, Kullu PGU04 BA H farm Buddhist Gushal Gushal Kullu PGU05 0 N/A craft Hindu Mooling Gushal Manali PGU06 10 H medical Hindu Gushal Gushal None PGU07 BA 1st H student Buddhist Gushal Gushal Kullu PGU08 10 H teacher Buddhist Gushal Gushal Kullu PGU09 10 H student Buddhist Gushal Gushal None PGU10 BSc H, E teacher Hindu Gushal Manali Udeypur, Keylong PGU11 5 H student Hindu Gushal Gushal Manali PGU12 10 E student Buddhist Gushal Kullu Manali PGU13 11 H student Hindu Gushal Manali Manali PGU14 9 H student Hindu Gushal Gushal None PGU15 BA 1st H student Hindu Gushal Gushal Kullu PGU16 9 H farm Buddhist Gushal Gushal Kullu PGU17 11 H office Hindu Gushal Gushal None PGU18 4 U home Hindu Gushal Gushal None PGU19 3 U farm Buddhist Gushal Gushal None PGU20 3 H home Hindu Gushal Gushal None PGU21 10 H teacher Buddhist Gushal Gushal None PGU22 BA 2nd H student Buddhist Gushal Gushal Kullu PGU23 12 H farm Buddhist Tandi Tandi None PGU24 BA 2nd H farm Buddhist Garang Gushal None PGU25 0 N/A home Buddhist Chamba Gushal None PGU26 11 H student Buddhist Gushal Kullu Keylong PGU27 BS 1st E student Hindu Gushal Kullu None PJA01 Matric H office Buddhist Jahlma Manali Chamba PJO01 5 H business Buddhist Jobrang Manali None PJO02 5 H farm Buddhist Jobrang Jobrang None PMO01 8 H craft Buddhist Mooling Mooling Kullu PMO02 8 H farm Buddhist Mooling Mooling Kullu (Sarsari) PMO03 12 H farm Buddhist Mooling Mooling Kullu PMO04 8 H farm Buddhist Mooling Mooling M.P., Rajasthan, Maharashta PMO05 0 N/A farm Buddhist Mooling Mooling None PMO06 0 N/A farm Bud/Hind Rashing Mooling None PMO07 12 H student Hindu Mooling Mooling Keylong, Kullu, Gushal PMO08 BA H teacher Mixed Mooling Manali Kullu, Chandigarh PSA01 5 H farm Hindu Salgram Salgram None

149

ID # Ed Level Ed lang Job Religion Birthplace Residence Other places PSA02 0 N/A farm Hindu Salgram Salgram None PTA01 0 N/A farm Hindu Jasrat Jagatsu Bahno, near Jagatsu PTH01 3 H farm Hindu Sindwari Sindwari Kullu PTH02 Matric H engineer Buddhist Nainghar Thirot Kullu, Manali, Keylong PTH03 BA 1st H, E student Hindu Thirot Thirot, Kullu Kullu PTH04 BA 1st H student Hindu Thirot Thirot None PTH05 8 H farm Hindu Thirot Thirot Punjab PTH06 9 H farm Hindu Sindwari Sindwari Kullu PTH07 7 H farm Hindu Thirot Thirot Jobrang PTH08 7 H farm Hindu Thirot Thirot Kullu PTH09 BA H office Hindu Thirot Thirot Kullu PTH10 11 H teacher Hindu Lindwari Thirot Punjab PTH11 11 H engineer Hindu Thirot Thirot Kullu PTH12 5 H farm Hindu Thirot Thirot None PTH13 5 U carpentry Hindu Sindwari Sindwari Punjab PTH14 BA 1st H business Hindu Thirot Thirot Kullu PTH15 10 H student Hindu Kullu Thirot Kullu PTH16 7 H farm Hindu Sentu Sentu Kullu PTH17 8 H student Hindu Thirot Thirot None PTH18 11 H engineer Hindu Thirot Thirot Kullu PTH19 0 N/A store Hindu Jimdha Thirot Kullu, Chandigarh PTH20 0 N/A farm Hindu Jimda Thirot None PTH21 12 H student Hindu Chokhang Thirot Udeypur PTO01 Matric U farm Buddhist Tholang Tholang Kullu, Manali PUD01 Matric H medical Hindu Udeypur Udeypur Kullu PUD02 8 H medical Buddhist Jobrang Udeypur None PUD03 BS 2nd H student Hindu Udeypur Udeypur Junda PUD04 BS 1st H student Hindu Udeypur Udeypur Junda PUD05 BA 2nd H student Hindu Udeypur Udeypur None PUD06 9 H teacher Hindu Kirting Udeypur Spiti PUD07 Matric H medical Hindu Madgram Udeypur Kullu PUD08 9 H store Hindu Madgram Udeypur Kullu PUD09 8 H farm Hindu Tindi Udeypur None PUD10 7 H store Hindu Sinduari Udeypur None PUD11 11 H, E student Hindu Udeypur Udeypur Sindwari PUD12 Matric H farm Hindu Udeypur Udeypur Kullu PUD13 2 H, P store Hindu Mayar Udeypur None PUD14 4 H farm Hindu Thamlu Udeypur Sindwari PUD15 3 H store Hindu Udeypur Udeypur Rishikesh, Punjab State PUD16 2 H store Hindu Udeypur Udeypur Rishikesh PUD17 0 N/A farm Hindu Udeypur Udeypur Shansha PUD18 BA 1st H student Hindu Sindwadi Udaipur None

150

ID # Ed Level Ed lang Job Religion Birthplace Residence Other places PUD19 10 H store Hindu Lote Udeypur Kullu PUD20 0 N/A home Bud/Hind Chimrat Udeypur None PUD21 5 H labor Buddhist Udeypur Udeypur None PUD22 10 H student Hindu Udeypur Udeypur Manali PUD23 6 H store Hindu Udeypur Udeypur Kullu TGO01 0 N/A farm Buddhist Gondhla Gondhla None TGO02 4 H farm Buddhist Gondhla Gondhla None TGO03 0 N/A farm Buddhist Thorang Gondhla Sissu TGO04 0 N/A store Hindu Gondhla Gondhla None TGO05 10 H business Buddhist Gondhla Gondhla Kullu TGO06 2 H office Buddhist Gondhla Gondhla None TGO07 Matric H teacher Buddhist Khinang Khinang None TGO08 0 N/A farm Buddhist Gondhla Gondhla None TGO09 11 H student Buddhist Gondhla Gondhla Kullu TGO10 9 H business Buddhist Phuktal Gondhla None TGO11 Matric H farm Buddhist Teeling Teeling None TGO12 Matric H farm Buddhist Tiling Tiling None TGO13 6 H craft Buddhist Murtika Gondhla None TGO14 0 N/A farm Buddhist Gondhla Gondhla Kullu TGO15 5 H farm Buddhist Sissu Gondhla None TGO16 11 H student Buddhist Gondhla Gondhla Manali TGO17 0 N/A store Buddhist Gondhla Gondhla None TGO18 Matric H teacher Buddhist Gondhla Gondhla Kullu TSI01 0 N/A farm Buddhist Keylong Shashin None TSI02 0 N/A craft Buddhist Shashin Shashin Kullu TSI03 10 H engineer Buddhist Shashin Shashin Keylong TSI04 BA 2nd H, E student Buddhist Sissu Sissu Delhi TSI05 11 H student Buddhist Shashin Kullu None TSI06 8 H store Buddhist Shashin Shashin Mooling TSI07 8 H, E student Buddhist Shashin Shashin None TSI08 11 H, E student Buddhist Sissu Sissu Kullu TSI09 11 H, E student Buddhist Sissu Sissu Manali TSI10 10 H farm Buddhist Sissu Sissu Manali

Chart 3: Birthplace and mother tongue of relatives

ID # Father’s BP Father’s MT Mother’s BP Mother’s MT Spouse’s BP Spouse’s MT BDA01 Darcha Bhoti Darcha Bhoti N/A N/A BDA02 Darcha Bhoti Rangyo Bhoti Darcha Bhoti BDA03 Darcha Bhoti Jispa Bhoti N/A N/A BDA04 Darcha Bhoti Darcha Bhoti Rarig Bhoti BDA05 Jispa Bhoti Khangsar Bhoti Yotse Bhoti BDA06 Darcha Bhoti Darcha Bhoti N/A N/A

151

ID # Father’s BP Father’s MT Mother’s BP Mother’s MT Spouse’s BP Spouse’s MT BDA07 Darcha Bhoti Yotse Bhoti N/A N/A BDA08 Darcha Bhoti Yotse Bhoti N/A N/A BDA09 Rangyo Bhoti Yothang Yotre Bhoti Yothang Yotre Bhoti BDA10 Chika Bhoti Rangyo Bhoti N/A N/A BDA11 Darcha Bhoti Darcha Bhoti Darcha Bhoti BDA12 Darcha Bhoti Darcha Bhoti Rangyo Bhoti BDA13 BKH01 Teling Bhoti Teling Bhoti Khoksar Bhoti BKH02 Khoksar Bhoti Teling Bhoti N/A N/A BKH03 Sissu Bhoti Karpat Bhoti Khoksar Bhoti BKH04 Khoksar Bhoti Sissu Ranglopa Pattan Valley Pattani BKH05 Khoksar Bhoti Sissu Bhoti Gondhla Tinani BKH06 Khoksar Bhoti Telling Bhoti Khoksar Bhoti BKH07 Khoksar Bhoti Khoksar Bhoti N/A N/A BKH08 Telling Bhoti Khoksar Bhoti N/A N/A BKH09 Telling Bhoti Telling Bhoti Khoksar Bhoti BKO01 Kolong Bhoti Kullu Bhoti N/A N/A BKO02 Beeling Ghari Spiti Bhoti Kolong Bhoti BKO03 Kolong Bhoti Kolong Bhoti Kullu Bhoti BKO04 Tino Bhoti Kolong Bhoti Kolong Bhoti BKO05 Tandi Pattani Tandi Pattani Kelut Bhoti BKO06 Kolong Bhoti Kolong Bhoti N/A N/A BKO07 Kolong Bhoti Kolong Bhoti N/A N/A BKO08 Yotse Bhoti Gemur Bhoti Kolong Bhoti BKO09 Kolong Bhoti Kwaring Bhoti Darcha Bhoti BKO10 Kolong Bhoti Kolong Bhoti Kolong Bhoti BKO11 Kolong Bhoti Darcha Bhoti N/A N/A BKO12 Kolong Bhoti Kolong Bhoti N/A N/A BMA01 BRA01 Kolong Bhoti Gemur Bhoti Rarig Bhoti BRA02 Rarig Bhoti Rarig Bhoti N/A N/A BRA03 Rarig Bhoti Jispa Bhoti Kolong Bhoti BRA04 Rarig Bhoti Rarig Bhoti Jispa Bhoti BRA05 Jispa Bhoti Rarig Bhoti Darcha Bhoti BRA06 Rarig Bhoti Jispa Bhoti Tino Bhoti BRA07 Rarig Bhoti Kolong Bhoti N/A N/A BRA08 Rarig Bhoti Tino Bhoti N/A N/A BTI01 Tingrat Bhoti Tingrat Bhoti N/A N/A BTI02 Tingrat Bhoti Tingrat Bhoti Tingrat Bhoti CGO01 Tholang Chinali Tholang Chinali Mooling Chinali CGU01 Gushal Chinali Tholong Chinali N/A N/A CNA01 Nalda, Chinali Tindi Chinali, Pangi N/A N/A Lahaul

152

ID # Father’s BP Father’s MT Mother’s BP Mother’s MT Spouse’s BP Spouse’s MT GGW01 Kardang Ghari Kardang Ghari Gwazang Ghari GKE01 Beeling Ghari Keylong Ghari Keylong Ghari GKE02 Sarang Bhoti Sarang Bhoti Piukar Ghari GKE03 Keylong Ghari Keylong Ghari N/A N/A GKE04 Keylong Ghari Spiti Bhoti Keylong Ghari GKE05 Keylong Ghari Stingri Ghari Yunath Ghari GKE06 Guskiar Ghari Keylong Ghari Shansha Pattani GKE07 Guskiar Ghari Keylong Ghari Keylong Ghari GKE08 Keylong Ghari Beeling Ghari Keylong Ghari GKE09 Keylong Ghari Keylong Ghari Keylong Ghari GKE10 Guskiar Ghari Keylong Ghari Stingri Ghari GKE11 Keylong Ghari Keylong Ghari N/A N/A GKE12 Keylong Ghari Gomlong Ghari Keylong Ghari GKE13 Keylong Ghari Gumrang Ghari Manali Kinauri GKE14 Keylong Ghari Keylong Ghari N/A N/A GKE15 Keylong Ghari Keylong Ghari N/A N/A GKE16 Guskiar Ghari Keylong Ghari Gondhla Tinani GKE17 Keylong Ghari Keylong Ghari N/A N/A GKE18 Keylong Ghari Keylong Ghari Keylong Ghari GKE19 Keylong Ghari Keylong Ghari Guskiar Ghari GKE20 Keylong Ghari Keylong Ghari N/A N/A GKE21 Guskiar Ghari Keylong Ghari Keylong Ghari GKE22 Keylong Ghari Keylong Ghari N/A N/A GST01 Stingri Ghari Keylong Ghari N/A N/A GST02 Piukar Ghari Tinan Valley Tinani Stingri Ghari GST03 Stingri Ghari Guskiar Ghari Keylong Ghari GST04 Stingri Ghari Piukar Ghari Ropsang Tinani GST05 Stingri Ghari Stingri Ghari Nepal Nepali GST06 Stingri Ghari Piukar Ghari Piukar Ghari GST07 Stingri Ghari Stingri Ghari N/A N/A GST08 Yurnath Ghari Stingri Ghari Piukar Ghari GST09 Gumrang Ghari Stingri Ghari Stingri Ghari GST10 Stingri Ghari Guskiar Ghari Kino Ghari GST11 Madras Tamil Stingri Ghari N/A N/A GST12 Stingri Ghari Stingri Ghari Stingri Ghari GST13 Stingri Ghari Stingri Ghari Stingri Ghari LGO01 Gondhla Lohari Jispa Lohari Keylong Lohari LGO02 Tandi Lohari Kardang Lohari Gondhla Lohari LGO03 Gondhla Lohari Jispa Lohari Sissu Lohari LGO04 Keylong Lohari Kardang Lohari Gondlha Lohari LGO05 Shansha Lohari Gondhla Lohari Gondhla Lohari LGO06 Gondhla Lohari Jobrang Lohari N/A N/A

153

ID # Father’s BP Father’s MT Mother’s BP Mother’s MT Spouse’s BP Spouse’s MT LGO07 Gondhla Lohari Gushal Lohari Gwazang Ghari LGO08 Gondhla Lohari Shansha Lohari Shansha Lohari LGO09 Gondhla Lohari Keylong Lohari Tandi Lohari LGW01 Gwazang Lohari Khangsar Lohari N/A N/A LLE01 PCH01 Chimrat Bhoti Chimrat Bhoti N/A N/A PCH02 Chimrat Pattani Ghari Pattani Chamba Swangla PCH03 Sarpat Pattani Insa Pattani Chimrat Swangla PCH04 Chimrat Pattani Udeypur Pattani Jobrang Swangla PCH05 Chimrat Pattani Udeypur Pattani N/A N/A PCH06 Chimrat Pattani Sarpat Pattani Udeypur Swangla PCH07 Triloknath Pattani Karpat Bhoti Bhimrat Bhoti PGU01 Gushal Pattani Shashing Bhoti Jispa Bhoti PGU02 Gushal Pattani Gondhla Tinani N/A N/A PGU03 Keylong Pattani Mooling Pattani Ruring Swangla PGU04 Gushal Pattani Ropsing Pattani Piukar Ghari PGU05 Mooling Pattani Tandi Pattani Gushal Swangla PGU06 Gushal Pattani Lote Pattani N/A N/A PGU07 Gushal Pattani Gushal Pattani N/A N/A PGU08 Gushal Pattani Tholang Pattani N/A N/A PGU09 Gushal Pattani Tinan Valley Tinani N/A N/A PGU10 Gushal Pattani Bargul Pattani Keylong Ghari PGU11 Gushal Pattani Tandi Pattani Gushal Swangla PGU12 Gushal Pattani Tholang Pattani N/A N/A PGU13 Gushal Pattani Gushal Pattani N/A N/A PGU14 Gushal Pattani Gushal Pattani N/A N/A PGU15 Gushal Pattani Mooling Pattani N/A N/A PGU16 Gushal Pattani Tesling Tinani Purat Tinan PGU17 Gushal Pattani Gushal Pattani N/A N/A PGU18 Gushal Pattani Gushal Pattani Gushal Swangla PGU19 Gushal Pattani Gushal Pattani Jhalma Swangla PGU20 Gushal Pattani Tholang Pattani N/A N/A PGU21 Gushal Pattani Gushal Pattani N/A N/A PGU22 Gushal Pattani Shansha Pattani N/A N/A PGU23 Tandi Pattani Tandi Pattani Sumnam Swangla PGU24 Garang Pattani Tholang Pattani Gushal Lahuli PGU25 Chamba side Pattani Mooling Pattani Gushal Swangla PGU26 Gushal Pattani Vari Pattani N/A N/A PGU27 Gushal Pattani Shansha Pattani N/A N/A PJA01 Jahlma Pattani Jahlma Pattani N/A N/A PJO01 Jobrang Pattani Jobrang Pattani Tibet Tibetan PJO02 Phura Pattani Jobrang Pattani N/A N/A

154

ID # Father’s BP Father’s MT Mother’s BP Mother’s MT Spouse’s BP Spouse’s MT PMO01 Mooling Pattani Mooling Pattani Kinang Tinani PMO02 Mooling Pattani Tholang Pattani Mooling Swangla PMO03 Mooling Pattani Sumnan Pattani Tholang Swangla PMO04 Mooling Pattani Rashal Pattani N/A N/A PMO05 Mooling Pattani Tandi Pattani Mooling Swangla PMO06 Rashing Pattani Shansha Pattani Mooling Swangla PMO07 Mooling Pattani Gushal Pattani Warring Swangla PMO08 Mooling Pattani Waring Pattani N/A N/A PSA01 Salgram Pattani Salpat Pattani Salgram Swangla PSA02 Salgram Pattani Insa Pattani Sarpat Swangla PTA01 Jasrat Pattani Thirot Pattani no answer Pattani PTH01 Sindwari Pattani Nalda Pattani N/A N/A PTH02 Nanighar Pattani Othang Pattani Sissu Tinani PTH03 Thirot Pattani Tholang Pattani N/A N/A PTH04 Sindwri Pattani Thwoling Pattani N/A N/A PTH05 Thirot Pattani Junda Pattani N/A N/A PTH06 Sindwari Pattani Kirting Pattani Shansha Swangla PTH07 Kamring Pattani Jobrang Pattani N/A N/A PTH08 Thirot Pattani Gwadi Pattani N/A N/A PTH09 Thirot Pattani Thirot Pattani Tozing Bhoti PTH10 Lindwari Pattani Salpat Pattani Thirot Swangla PTH11 Thirot Pattani Gorma Pattani N/A N/A PTH12 Thirot Pattani Kamaring Pattani N/A N/A PTH13 Sindwari Pattani Mooring Pattani Sindwari Swangla PTH14 Thirot Pattani Thirot Pattani Jimda Swangla PTH15 Thirot Pattani Jobrang Bhoti N/A N/A PTH16 Sentu Pattani Kirting Pattani Mayar Swangla PTH17 Thirot Pattani Triloknath Pattani N/A N/A PTH18 Thirot Pattani Gorma Pattani N/A N/A PTH19 Jimdha Pattani Nanighar Pattani Chokhang Swangla PTH20 Jimda Pattani Nanighar Pattani Chokhang Swangla PTH21 Chokhang Pattani Jimdha Pattani N/A N/A PTO01 Tholang Pattani Tandi Pattani Keylong Swangla PUD01 Junda Pattani Tindi Pangi Tindi Swangla, Pangi PUD02 Jobrang Pattani Jobrang Pattani N/A N/A PUD03 Junda Pattani Mayar Valley Bodh N/A N/A PUD04 Junda Pattani Mayar Valley Bodh N/A N/A PUD05 Jimda Pattani Karpat Bhoti N/A N/A PUD06 Kirting Pattani Dwansha Pattani Lapshak Swangla PUD07 Madgram Pattani Hinsa Pattani Lopar Swangla PUD08 Madgram Pattani Triloknath Pattani Shakoli Swangla PUD09 Triloknath Pattani Tindi Pangi Udeypur Swangla

155

ID # Father’s BP Father’s MT Mother’s BP Mother’s MT Spouse’s BP Spouse’s MT PUD10 Sinduari Pattani Thirot Pattani Tamilun Swangla PUD11 Sindwari Pattani Thamla Bhoti N/A N/A PUD12 Udeypur Pattani Kumring Pattani N/A N/A PUD13 Tamilun Pattani Kamring Pattani Sinduari Swangla PUD14 Thamlu Pattani Kamring Pattani Sindwari Swangla PUD15 Udeypur Pattani Chathin Pattani Thirot Swangla PUD16 Udeypur Pattani Chating Pattani Triloknath Swangla PUD17 Shansha Pattani Kirting Pattani Jimda Swangla PUD18 Sinwadi Pattani Thamlu Pattani N/A N/A PUD19 Lote Pattani Shansha Pattani Kirting Swangla PUD20 Udeypur Pattani Chhaling Bhoti N/A N/A PUD21 Udeypur Pattani Chaling Bodh N/A N/A PUD22 Shansha Pattani Junda Pattani N/A N/A PUD23 Udeypur Pattani Chething Pattani N/A N/A TGO01 Gondhla Tinani Stod Valley Bhoti Khangsar Tinani TGO02 Gondhla Tinani Jispa Bhoti Kansar Tinani TGO03 Gondhla Tinani Kansar Tinani Mirtiche Tinani TGO04 Raling Tinani Sissu Tinani Gondhla Tinani TGO05 Gondhla Tinani Khangsar Tinani Lote Pattani TGO06 Gondhla Tinani Madgram Pattani Triloknath Pattani TGO07 Khinang Tinani Gondhla Tinani Gondhla Tinani TGO08 Gondhla Tinani Gondhla Tinani Keylong Ghari TGO09 Gondhla Tinani Gondhla Tinani N/A N/A TGO10 Phuktal Tinani Teeling Tinani N/A N/A TGO11 Teeling Tinani Keylong Ghari N/A N/A TGO12 Tiling Tinani Keylong Ghari N/A N/A TGO13 Murtika Tinani Gumthang Rangloi Thorang Tinani TGO14 Sissu Tinani Ropsang Tinani Gondhla Tinani TGO15 Tandi Pattani Sissu Tinani Gondhla Tinani TGO16 Gondhla Tinani Kinang Tinani N/A N/A TGO17 Gondhla Tinani Jagla Tinani Raling Tinani TGO18 Gondhla Tinani Gondhla Tinani Gondhla Tinani TSI01 Keylong Ghari Keylong Ghari Shashin Tinani TSI02 Shashin Tinani Shashin Tinani Shashin Tinani TSI03 Shashin Tinan Teklang Tinan Sissu Tinan TSI04 Sissu Tinani Darcha Bhoti N/A N/A TSI05 Shashin Tinani Gondhla Tinani N/A N/A TSI06 Shashin Tinani Shashin Tinani Mooling Pattani TSI07 Shashin Tinan Sissu Tinan N/A N/A TSI08 Teling Tinani Sissu Tinani N/A N/A TSI09 Tandi Tinani Sissu Tinani N/A N/A TSI10 Sissu Tinani Sissu Tinani Teling Bhoti

Appendix E: Lahul Community Information

E.1 Community information questionairre data

E.1.1 Khoksar Valley

Khoksar village

1. a. Town: Khoksar b. Tahsil: Keylong c. District: Lahaul and Spiti d. Site: HP e. Distance to nearby town: 14 km to Sissu; 150 to Kaza, Spiti 2. Transportation to town: Bus to 2 km, then 2 km by cycle or light vehicle, up to ice field. 3. Town population: 80 4. Ethnic groups Group language population Thakur Bhoti n/a Rajput Bhoti n/a 5. Mother tongue population: 80 a. houses: 10 b. number per house: 8 6. Religion: Buddhist 7. Work: agriculture 8. Do people own land: Yes 9. Services a. Electricity: 10 months per year (not in Feb and March) b. Water: Spring water through pipes c. Roads: 2 km dirt road to Romthang d. Health: no e. Police: no f. Post Office: no g. Telephone: no h. Radio: Yes; Hindi 10. Education: a. School information: School # of levels teachers teachers’ number When Percentage type type taught from MT enrolled started attending primary 1 1-5 local Bhoti 4 1960 100% b. Average maximum level reached by students: 15 years old c. Community literacy rate: 8 illiterate people d. Percentage in community to reach matric (10+): 50%

156 157

E.1.2 Rangloi Valley

Sissu village

1. a. Town: Sissu b. Tahsil: Keylong c. District: Lahaul and Spiti d. Site: HP e. Distance to nearby town: 32 km from Keylong 2. Transportation to town: Bus and jeep 4 months per year 3. Town population: 250 4. Ethnic groups Group language population Rajput Tinani 18 houses Lohar Lohari 6 houses 5. Mother tongue population: 180 a. houses: 18 b. number per house: 10 6. Religion: Buddhist 7. Work: agriculture 8. Do people own land: Yes 9. Services a. Electiricity: 10 months per year b. Water: Spring water through pipes c. Roads: National highway d. Health: Primary Health Center e. Police: no f. Post Office: Yes g. Telephone: no h. Radio: Yes; Hindi and Pattani 10. Education a. School information: School # of levels teachers teachers’ number When Percentage type type taught from MT enrolled started attending primary 1-5 local, other Tinani, Hindi n/a 1942 100% high 6-10 local, other Tinani, Hindi n/a 1982 100% b. Average maximum level reached by students: 10th c. Community literacy rate: 70% d. Percentage in community to reach matric (10+): 50 people

E.1.3 Tinan Valley

Gondhla village

1. a. Town: Gondhla b. Tahsil: Keylong c. District: Lahaul and Spiti d. Site: HP e. Distance to nearby town: 18 km from Keylong

158

2. Transportation to town: Bus and jeep 4 months per year 3. Town population: 300 4. Ethnic groups Group language population Rajput Tinani 150 Lohar Lohari 150 5. Mother tongue population: 150 a. houses: 15 b. number per house: 10 6. Religion: Buddhist 7. Work: agriculture 8. Do people own land: Yes 9. Services a. Electiricity: 10 months per year b. Water: Spring water through pipes c. Roads: National highway d. Health: Primary Health Center e. Police: no f. Post Office: Yes g. Telephone: no h. Radio: Yes; Hindi 10. Education a. School information: School # of levels teachers teachers’ number When Percentage type type taught from MT enrolled started attending primary 1-5 local, other Tinani, Hindi 64 1940 100% high 6-10 local, other Tinani, Hindi 40 1967 100% b. Average maximum level reached by students: 10th c. Community literacy rate: 95% d. Percentage in community to reach matric (10+): 70%

E.1.4 Pattan Valley

Mooling village

1. a. Town: Mooling b. Tahsil: Keylong c. District: Lahaul and Spiti d. Site: HP e. Distance to nearby town: 14 km South of Keylong 2. Transportation to town: Bus to bridge, then 3 km walk 3. Town population: 300 4. Ethnic groups Group language population Thakur Pattani n/a Rajput Pattani n/a Bhod Pattani n/a Lohar Lohari n/a Harijan Chinali n/a

159

5. Mother tongue population: 250 a. houses: 28 b. number per house: 9 6. Religion: Buddhist (mixed with Hinduism) 7. Work: agriculture 8. Do people own land: Yes 9. Services a. Electiricity: 10 months per year b. Water: Spring water through pipes c. Roads: foot path d. Health: Ayurvedic Health Center, Primary Health Center e. Police: no f. Post Office: Yes g. Telephone: no h. Radio: Hindi, English, Swangla 10. Education a. School information: School # of levels teachers teachers’ number When Percentage type type taught from MT enrolled started attending primary 1 1-5 outside Hindi 57 1988 100% b. Average maximum level reached by students: 8th c. Community literacy rate: 70% d. Percentage in community to reach matric (10+): 20%

Gushal village

1. a. Town: Gushal b. Tahsil: Keylong c. District: Lahaul and Spiti d. Site: HP e. Distance to nearby town: Keylong is 8 km N.E. 2. Transportation to town: Bus and jeep 4 months per year 3. Town population: 500 4. Ethnic groups Group language population Swangla Pattani 340 Chinal Chana 150 Lohar Lohari 8 5. Mother tongue population: 300 a. houses: 60 b. number per house: 8 6. Religion: Buddhist, some Hindu 7. Work: agrigulture 8. Do people own land: Yes 9. Services a. Electiricity: Daily, some prob in Winter b. Water: Spring water through pipes c. Roads: On 16 Aug, road was completed to village. d. Health: Primary Health Center

160

e. Police: no f. Post Office: Yes g. Telephone: Yes h. Radio: Hindi 10. Education a. School information: School # of levels teachers teachers’ number When Percentage type type taught from MT enrolled started attending standard 1-10 local Pattani 113 1956 100% b. Average maximum level reached by students: 10th c. Community literacy rate: 85% d. Percentage in community to reach matric (10+): 50% pass S.L.C.

Tholang village

1. a. Town: Tholong b. Tahsil: Keylong c. District: Lahaul and Spiti d. Site: HP e. Distance to nearby town: 4 km from Tandi village 2. Transportation to town: Bus and jeep 4 months per year 3. Town population: 500 4. Ethnic groups Group language population Kapoors Pattani n/a Chinals Chinali n/a Lohars Lohari n/a 5. Mother tongue population: 500 a. houses: 32 b. number per house: 13 6. Religion: Hindu 7. Work: agriculture 8. Do people own land: Yes 9. Services a. Electiricity: Yes b. Water: Spring water through pipes c. Roads: Paved d. Health: no e. Police: no f. Post Office: no g. Telephone: no h. Radio: Yes; Hindi 10. Education a. School information: School # of levels teachers teachers’ number When Percentage type type taught from MT enrolled started attending primary 1-5 n/a n/a 20 1947 100% b. Average maximum level reached by students: n/a c. Community literacy rate: n/a d. Percentage in community to reach matric (10+): n/a

161

Thirot village

1. a. Town: Thirot b. Tahsil: Udeypur c. District: Lahaul and Spiti d. Site: HP e. Distance to nearby town: Udeypur is 16 km West, Keylong is 37 km East 2. Transportation to town: Bus and jeep 4 months per year 3. Town population: 200 4. Ethnic groups Group language population Swangla Pattani 176 Chinal Chana 16 Lohar Lohari 8 5. Mother tongue population: 175 a. houses: 17 b. number per house: 10 6. Religion: Hindu 7. Work: agriculture 8. Do people own land: Yes 9. Services a. Electiricity: power house is located here b. Water: Spring water through pipes c. Roads: most are paved d. Health: no e. Police: no f. Post Office: yes g. Telephone: no h. Radio: Hindi 10. Education a. School information: School # of levels teachers teachers’ number When Percentage type type taught from MT enrolled started attending primary 1-8 Local, other Pattani, Hindi n/a 1985 100% b. Average maximum level reached by students: 14 years old c. Community literacy rate: 90% d. Percentage in community to reach matric (10+): 60%

E.1.5 Chamba-Lahul Valley

Udeypur town

1. a. Town: Udeypur b. Tahsil: Udeypur c. District: Lahaul and Spiti d. Site: HP e. Distance to nearby town: Central town 2. Transportation to town: Bus and jeep 4 months per year 3. Town population: 500 4. Ethnic groups

162

Group language population Swangla Pattani 500 5. Mother tongue population: 500 a. houses: 80 b. number per house: 5, 10 6. Religion: Hindu 7. Work: agriculture 8. Do people own land: Yes 9. Services a. Electiricity: all year b. Water: Spring water through pipes c. Roads: paved d. Health: Community Health Center e. Police: yes f. Post Office: yes g. Telephone: yes h. Radio: Hindi 10. Education a. School information: School # of levels teachers teachers’ number When Percentage type taught from MT enrolled started attending primary 1-5 local Pattani 100 1966 100% high 6-12 local Pattani 300 1966 100% b. Average maximum level reached by students: 15 years old c. Community literacy rate: 50% d. Percentage in community to reach matric (10+): 40%

Madgram town

1. a. Town: Madgram b. Tahsil: Udeypur c. District: Lahaul and Spiti d. Site: HP e. Distance to nearby town: Udeypur is 5 km east 2. Transportation to town: Bus and jeep 4 months per year 3. Town population: 600 4. Ethnic groups Group language population Swangla Pattani n/a Chinali Chanu n/a Lohar Lohari n/a 5. Mother tongue population: 525 a. houses: 80 b. number per house: 7 6. Religion: Hindu 7. Work: agriculture 8. Do people own land: Yes 9. Services a. Electiricity: all year b. Water: Spring water through pipes

163

c. Roads: Cart road d. Health: Primary Health Center e. Police: no f. Post Office: no g. Telephone: no h. Radio: Hindi 10. Education a. School information: School # of levels teachers teachers’ number When Percentage type type taught from MT enrolled started attending primary 1-5 local, other Pattani, Hindi 30 1974 100% high 6-10 local,other Pattani,Hindi 50 1974 100% b. Average maximum level reached by students: 16 years old c. Community literacy rate: 80% d. Percentage in community to reach matric (10+): 80 people

Salgram village

1. a. Town: Salgram b. Tahsil: Udeypur c. District: Lahaul and Spiti d. Site: HP e. Distance to nearby town: 17 km from Udeypur 2. Transportation to town: Bus to 3 km, then pulley-bridge, 3 km walk 3. Town population: 500 4. Ethnic groups Group language population Pandit Pattani n/a Rajput Pattani n/a 5. Mother tongue population: 500 a. houses: 43 b. number per house: 12 6. Religion: Hindu 7. Work: agriculture 8. Do people own land: Yes 9. Services a. Electiricity: some houses b. Water: Spring water through pipes c. Roads: foot path d. Health: Primary Health Center e. Police: no f. Post Office: Yes g. Telephone: no h. Radio: Hindi 10. Education a. School information: School # of levels teachers teachers’ number When Percentage type type taught from MT enrolled started attending primary 1-5 outside Hindi n/a 1971 100% middle 6-8 outside Hindi n/a n/a 100%

164

b. Average maximum level reached by students: 6th c. Community literacy rate: 30% d. Percentage in community to reach matric (10+): 10–15 people

E.16 Mayar Valley

Chimrat village

1. a. Town: Chimrat b. Tahsil: Udeypur c. District: Lahaul and Spiti d. Site: HP e. Distance to nearby town: Udeypur is 8 km south 2. Transportation to town: 10 km bus, 3 km by foot. Bus runs 4 months per year. 3. Town population: 160 4. Ethnic groups Group language population Rajput Pattani n/a Rana Bhoti n/a 5. Mother tongue population: 160 a. houses: 14 b. number per house: 10 6. Religion: Buddhism, some Hindu 7. Work: agriculture 8. Do people own land: Yes 9. Services a. Electiricity: all year b. Water: Spring water through pipes c. Roads: unpaved d. Health: Primary Health Center e. Police: no f. Post Office: yes g. Telephone: no h. Radio: Hindi 10. Education a. School information: School # of levels teachers teachers’ number When Percentage type type taught from MT enrolled started attending primary 1-5 local Pattani 14 1966 100% middle 6-8 local Pattani 24 1995 100% b. Average maximum level reached by students: 16 years old c. Community literacy rate: 70% d. Percentage in community to reach matric (10+): 20 (7 girls, 13 boys)

E.1.7 Gahr Valley

Keylong town

1. a. Town: Keylong b. Tahsil: Keylong

165

c. District: Lahaul and Spiti d. Site: HP e. Distance to nearby town: Central town 2. Transportation to town: Bus and jeep 4 months per year 3. Town population: 1,000 4. Ethnic groups Group language population Rajput Gahr n/a Lohar Lohari n/a 5. Mother tongue population: 1,000 a. houses: n/a b. number per house: 12 6. Religion: Buddhist 7. Work: agriculture 8. Do people own land: Yes 9. Services a. Electiricity: 10 months per year b. Water: Spring water through pipes c. Roads: national highway d. Health: Civil hospital e. Police: Yes f. Post Office: Yes g. Telephone: Yes h. Radio: Hindi, English, local languages 10. Education a. School information: School # of levels teachers teachers’ number When Percentage type type taught from MT enrolled started attending primary 1-5 local, other Lahul, Hindi n/a n/a 100% high 6-10 local, other Lahul, Hindi n/a n/a school of buddhist philosophy b. Average maximum level reached by students: 10th c. Community literacy rate: 65% d. Percentage in community to reach matric (10+): 45%

Gawzang town

1. a. Town: Gawzang b. Tahsil: Keylong c. District: Lahaul and Spiti d. Site: HP e. Distance to nearby town: 5 km by path from Keylong. 10 km by road from Keylong (Bus for 6km, then 4km walk) 2. Transportation to town: Bus to 5km, then walk, or Bus to 4km, then light vehicle 3. Town population: 90 4. Ethnic groups Group language population Rajput Gahr n/a Lohar Lohari n/a 5. Mother tongue population: 80

166

a. houses: 9 b. number per house: 10 6. Religion: Buddhist 7. Work: agriculture 8. Do people own land: Yes 9. Services a. Electiricity: 10 months per year (not in Feb and March) b. Water: Spring water through pipes c. Roads: dirt road d. Health: subcenter clinic e. Police: no f. Post Office: no g. Telephone: no h. Radio: Hindi 10. Education a. School information: School # of levels teachers teachers’ number When Percentage type type taught from MT enrolled started attending primary 1–5 local Gahri 14 1956 100% b. Average maximum level reached by students: After 5th, some go to Keylong (50%) c. Community literacy rate: n/a d. Percentage in community to reach matric (10+): n/a

Stingri village

1. a. Town: Stingri b. Tahsil: Keylong c. District: Lahaul and Spiti d. Site: HP e. Distance to nearby town: Keylong is 5 km S.W. 2. Transportation to town: Bus and jeep 4 months per year, helicopter landing site 3. Town population: 130 4. Ethnic groups Group language population Bodh Gahri 130 5. Mother tongue population: 130 a. houses: 13 b. number per house: 10 6. Religion: Buddhist 7. Work: agriculture 8. Do people own land: Yes 9. Services a. Electiricity: 8 months per year b. Water: Spring water through pipes c. Roads: National highway d. Health: no e. Police: no f. Post Office: no g. Telephone: no h. Radio: Hindi and local languages

167

10. Education a. School information: School # of levels teachers teachers’ number When Percentage type taught from MT enrolled started attending primary 1–5 local Gahri 15 1951 100% b. Average maximum level reached by students: 5th, some go to Keylong for more education c. Community literacy rate: 50% d. Percentage in community to reach matric (10+): 30 people

E.1.8 Stod Valley

Kolong village

1. a. Town: Kolong b. Tahsil: Keylong c. District: Lahaul and Spiti d. Site: HP e. Distance to nearby town: 15 km from Keylong 2. Transportation to town: Bus and jeep 4 months per year 3. Town population: 120 4. Ethnic groups Group language population Thakur Bhoti n/a Rajput Bhoti n/a 5. Mother tongue population: 120 a. houses: 13 b. number per house: 9 6. Religion: Buddhist 7. Work: agriculture 8. Do people own land: Yes 9. Services a. Electiricity: 9 months per year b. Water: Spring water through pipes c. Roads: National highway d. Health: no e. Police: no f. Post Office: yes g. Telephone: no h. Radio: Hindi, local 10. Education a. School information: School # of levels teachers teachers’ number When Percentage type type taught from MT enrolled started attending standard 1–10 local, outside Bhoti,Hindi n/a 1952 100% b. Average maximum level reached by students: 9th c. Community literacy rate: 95% d. Percentage in community to reach matric (10+): 13–15 people

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Darcha village

1. a. Town: Darcha-Sumdo b. Tahsil: Keylong c. District: Lahaul and Spiti d. Site: HP e. Distance to nearby town: 30 km from Keylong 2. Transportation to town: Bus and jeep 4 months per year 3. Town population: 120 4. Ethnic groups Group language population Bodh Bhoti n/a Thakur Bhoti n/a 5. Mother tongue population: 120 a. houses: 12 b. number per house: 10 6. Religion: Buddhist 7. Work: agriculture 8. Do people own land: Yes 9. Services a. Electiricity: 9 months per year b. Water: Spring water through pipes c. Roads: National highway d. Health: Primary Health Center; Civil Dispensary e. Police: yes f. Post Office: yes g. Telephone: no h. Radio: Yes; Hindi and Bhoti 10. Education a. School information: School # of levels teachers teachers’ number When Percentage type type taught from MT enrolled started attending primary 1–5 local, other Bhoti, Hindi n/a n/a 100% high 6–10 local, other Bhoti, Hindi n/a n/a 100% b. Average maximum level reached by students: 8th c. Community literacy rate: 60% d. Percentage in community to reach matric (10+): 6 people

Rarig village

1. a. Town: Rarig b. Tahsil: Keylong c. District: Lahaul and Spiti d. Site: HP e. Distance to nearby town: 8 km to Darcha 2. Transportation to town: Bus, once a day 3. Town population: 56 4. Ethnic groups Group language population Thakur Bhote n/a

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5. Mother tongue population: 56 a. houses: 8 b. number per house: 7 6. Religion: Buddhist 7. Work: agriculture 8. Do people own land: Yes 9. Services a. Electiricity: 9 months per year b. Water: Spring water through pipes c. Roads: paved d. Health: Sub center e. Police: no f. Post Office: no g. Telephone: no h. Radio: Hindi, Tibetan 10. Education a. School information: School # of levels teachers teachers’ number When Percentage type type taught from MT enrolled started attending primary 1–5 outside Pattani, Hindi 12 1965 100% b. Average maximum level reached by students: 15 years old c. Community literacy rate: 50% d. Percentage in community to reach matric (10+): 25%

E.2 List of villages in Lahul Valley

The following list shows the villages of Lahul. It includes the names of all villages encountered during research for this project. The villages are arranged by valley, with the majority language of that village noted. Where possible, an estimate of population is included. These estimates are based on census information, Tobdan 1983, Community information questionnaire results, and informal interviews. Other information, such as lodging and health services, is also noted.

Town Name Valley Name Population Language Other Information Khoksar Khoksar 80 Bhoti Dimphu Khoksar Bhoti Ramthang Khoksar Bhoti PWD Rest House Telling Khoksar Bhoti Pagal Nala Rangloi Tinani area of frequent road damage Sissu Rangloi 250 Tinani PWD Rest House Shashing Rangloi 120 Tinani Ramsing Rangloi Tinani Khangsar Tinan Tinani Teeling Tinan Tinani Yangling Tinan Tinani Gondhla Tinan 300 Tinani PWD Rest House Dalang Tinan Tinani Mooling Pattan 300 Pattani 2 km off main road by walking Bargul Pattan 200 Pattani 1/2 km before Mooling along path

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Town Name Valley Name Population Language Other Information Shipting Pattan Pattani 2 km beyond Mooling by walking Tandi Village Pattan 150 Pattani Gushal Pattan 500 Pattani school, health center, P.O. Malang Pattan 150 Pattani primary school, health center Sumnam Pattan Pattani Waring Pattan Pattani Marble Pattan Pattani Tholong Pattan 500 Pattani school, vet hospital, health center Tezing Pattan Pattani Rangve Pattan Pattani Thapak Pattan Pattani Lote Pattan Pattani high school, dispensary Shansha Pattan Pattani Rooring Pattan Pattani Dawansha Pattan Pattani Kirting Pattan Pattani PWD Rest House Goorma Pattan 350 Pattani 30 min. off road Shansha Pattan Pattani Rape Pattan Pattani Jobrang Pattan Pattani Phura Pattan 150 Pattani medical center Junda Pattan Pattani Jahlma Pattan 650 Pattani P.O., school, police station Nalda Pattan 300 Pattani 1/2 hour off road Mooring Pattan 250 Pattani PWD Rest House Kamring Pattan Pattani Thirot Pattan 200 Pattani PWD Rest House Chokhang Pattan 150 Pattani 7 km off road Jawalang Pattan 200 Pattani 20 min. off road, across bridge Arat Chamba-Lahul Pattani Triloknath Chamba-Lahul Pattani site of famous temple, and 1979 avalanche Kishori Chamba-Lahul Pattani Kukumseri Chamba-Lahul Pattani Udeypur Chamba-Lahul 500 Pattani PWD Rest House, hotel, tea shops Madgram Chamba-Lahul 600 Pattani Salgram Chamba-Lahul 500 Pattani Access by pulley-bridge, 2km walk Nilgasi Chamba-Lahul Pattani 1 km beyond Salgram Lower Chamba-Lahul Pattani Kurchet Upper Chamba-Lahul Pattani 300 meters above road Kurchet Tindi Chamba-Lahul 250 Pangi Raoli Chamba-Lahul Pangi

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Town Name Valley Name Population Language Other Information Shakoli Mayar Pattani Thomling Mayar Pattani Chamrat Mayar Pattani Karpal Mayar 125 Mayar Bhoti Chankut Mayar 75 Mayar Bhoti Tingrat Mayar 200 Mayar Bhoti Gompa Mayar Mayar monastary site Bhoti Urgos Mayar 100 Mayar Bhoti Chaling Mayar 50 Mayar Bhoti Khanjar Mayar 50 Mayar Bhoti Beeling Gahr 300 Gahri First town in Gahr Valley, 5 km from Tandi Keylong Gahr 1000 Gahri PWD Rest House, hotels Guskiar Gahr Gahri 1/2 km north east of Keylong Yurnath Gahr Gahri 2 km beyond Guskiar Gumling Gahr Gahri Mangwan Gahr Gahri Keyor Gahr Gahri Stingri Gahr 120 Gahri site of helicopter pad Gawzang Gahr 80 Gahri first town on south bank of Bhaga Kardang Gahr 242 Gahri school, health center, monastary Chheling Gahr Gahri Lapchung Gahr Gahri Pasparag Gahr Gahri Barbog Gahr Gahri Mangmar Gahr Gahri Piaso Gahr Gahri Pyukar Gahr Gahri last Gahr town, access by pulley-bridge Kwaring Stod 80 Stod Bhoti above road Tino Stod 170 Stod Bhoti 5 km of road by dirt road, then 1/2 km walk Kolong Stod 120 Stod Bhoti above road Khangsar Stod 110 Stod Bhoti 5 km off main road by connecting road Meh Stod 50 Stod Bhoti 6 km off main road by connecting road Bog Stod 82 Stod Bhoti 7 km off main road by connecting road Gemur Stod 156 Stod Bhoti monastary site Jispa Stod 221 Stod Bhoti hotel, tents Darcha- Stod 120 Stod Bhoti dormatory, tea shops, police check point Sumdo

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Town Name Valley Name Population Language Other Information Darcha- Stod 113 Stod Bhoti across river from Darcha-Sumdo Danma Yoche Stod 60 Stod Bhoti 8 km off of road Baltozing Stod Stod Bhoti 10 km off of road Rangyo Stod 60 Stod Bhoti 1.5 km off of road Rarig Stod 56 Stod Bhoti end of Keylong bus line, 8 km from Darcha Chhika Stod 38 Stod Bhoti 1/2 km beyond Rarig, by walk

Appendix F: Questionnaires

The questionnaires used during this survey follow. Mother tongue is often abbreviated as “MT,” while language of wider communication (most often Hindi) is abbreviated as “LWC.” The Background Information Questionnaire was asked of all subjects providing information for use in this survey.

F.1 Background information questionnaire

1. Date 2. Village Name 3. a. Subject Name b. Caste 4. Age 5. Mother Tongue 6. Other languages known 7. Sex 8. a. Education level b. Education Medium 9. Present Occupation 10. Religion 11. a. Birthplace b. Current residence c. Other places lived 12. a. Fathers birthplace b. Father’s Mother Tongue 13. a. Mother’s birthplace b. Mother’s Mother Tongue 14. a. Marrital status b. Spouse from c. Spouse’s Mother Tongue

F.2 Language use and attitudes questionnaire

Language use

1. What language do you use when you speak… a. with your spouse? b. with your parents? c. with your children? d. with your friends? e. with old people in village? f. with village leaders? g. with shopkeepers? h. for religious discussions? i. for personal prayer? j. to sing songs? 2. What language do children use when playing with other children?

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Bilingualism

1. Can you speak [LWC] as well as you speak [MT] ? 2. Levels of bilingualism a. If you go to a cloth wallah who can only speak [LWC] can you get a fair price from him? b. Are there times when you cannot say something in [LWC] and you have to be quiet? c. If you take your child to a doctor who can only speak [LWC] can you understand him? d. If two men are arguing in [LWC] about a land boundary, can you follow the argument? 3. Do you ever listen to radio programs in [LWC]? b. [If yes] How much can you understand? 4. Can you read/write? b. In what language(s)? 5. Is there anyone in your village who does not speak any [LWC]?

Vitality:

1. Do you know any people who do not speak [MT] any more? b. How is that? 2. When the children of this village grow up and have their own children, do you think those children will speak your language? b. How is that? 3. Would you like your children to learn to read/write in [MT]?

Attitudes:

1. Where is [MT] spoken most purely? 2. Where is [MT] spoken badly? b. What is bad about it? 3. Is the [MT] spoken here pure or mixed with other languages? b. [If it is mixed] With what languages? 4. Do you think [MT] language is as good as [LWC]? 5. If a young [MT]-speaking person is allowed to marry a non-[MT], how do you feel about it? b. Why?

F.3 Community information questionnaire

Description of town

1. Describe where the village is located a. Town b. Tahsil c. District d. State e. Distance and direction to better-known town: 2. What type of transportation is available to and from this town? 3. Town Name

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Population

4. Ethnic groups Languages Population a. b.

5. [MT] population makeup in town: a. houses b. approximate number of people per house: 6. What is the main religion among people in this town? 7. What work do the people here do? 8. Do the people here own their own land? 9. Services/Development: (check if in this village. If not, where is nearest?) a.__Electricity (what seasons or how often?) b.__Water supply (river, wells, tube wells, pond, etc.) c.__Roads d.__Health services e.__Police f.__Post office g.__Telephone h.__Radio—what languages

Education

10. School a. School information School # of Levels Teachers Teachers’ Number When Percent type type taught are from MT enrolled started attending

b. Up to what level do children of this village usually attend school? c. Approximately what percentage of the people of your village are able to read and write? d. How many people have completed matric (S.L.C.)?

References

Bailey, Thomas Grahame. 1938. Linguistic studies from the Himalayas. Delhi. Bajpai, S. C. 1987. Lahaul-Spiti: A forbidden land in the Himalayas. New Delhi: Indus Publishing Company. Beine, Dave. 1990. A linguistic profile of Lahul-Spiti district of Himachal Pradesh. Unpublished manuscript. Bhola T. V. Industries. 1995. Hendu Raja Ghetan,—Lahuli Git. Cassette of Pattani songs. Kullu. Blair, Frank. 1990. Survey on a shoestring: A manual for small-scale language surveys. Dallas and Arlington, TX: Summer Institute of Linguistics and the University of Texas at Arlington. Casad, Eugene H. 1974. Dialect intelligibility testing. Norman, OK: Summer Institute of Linguistics and the University of Oklahoma. De Roerich, Georges. 1933. The Tibetan dialect of Lahul. Urusvati Journal. Fasold, Ralph. 1984. The sociolinguistics of society: Introduction to sociolinguistics. Volume I. New York: Basil Blackwell. Francke, A. H. 1909. Antiquities of Indian Tibet. Reprint 1972 from S. Chand & Co. New Delhi. Government of H. P. 1986. Fifth All India educational survey 1986 (District Report) Lahul and Spiti. Shimla: Education Department. Government of India. 1976. Scheduled Tribes Order (Amendment) Act. Government of India. 1933. History of Panjab Hill States, Volume II. Reprinted by Department of Languages and Culture, H.P. Grierson, George Abraham. [(1906)] 1967. Linguistic Survey of India, Volume III Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. Grimes, Barbara F., editor. 1992. The ethnologue: Languages of the world. Twelfth edition. Dallas, TX: Summer Institute of Linguistics. Harcourt, A. F. P. [1871] 1982. The Himalayan Districts of Kooloo, Lahoul and Spiti. Delhi: Vivek Publishing House. Indian Express. 7 September, 1986. Sanskrit spoken in HP Tribal District. Kapoor, Suresh. 1993. Scheduled Tribes of Himachal Pradesh: Marriage and divorce customs. New Delhi: Navrang. O’Leary, Clare F., ed. 1992. Sociolinguistic survey of northern Pakistan. Volumes 1–5. Islamabad and Dallas, TX: National Institute of Pakistan Studies and Summer Institute of Linguistics. Sahni, Ram Nath. 1994. Lahoul: The mystery land in the Himalayas. New Delhi: Indus Publishing Company. Sharma, D. D. 1989. Tribal languages of Himachal Pradesh. Part I. Delhi: Mittal Publications. Singh, K. S. 1994. The scheduled tribes. People of India National Series, Volume II. Delhi: Oxford University Press. The Oxford School Atlas. 1993. Bombay: Oxford University Press. Tobdan. 1983. History and religions of Lahul. Delhi: Mohan Printing.

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Webster, Jeff, and Laura Beth Webster. 1992. A survey of the Ladakhi language. Unpublished manuscript. Wimbish, John S. 1989. Wordsurv: A program for analyzing language survey wordlists. Dallas, TX: Summer Institute of Linguistics.