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Golden Alga Division of Environmental Services Updated June 2021 Aquatic Invasive Species Control Plan Golden Alga Division of Environmental Services Updated June 2021 Aquatic Invasive Species (AIS) Control Plan: Golden Alga This control plan is a living document that will be updated, as needed, to reflect the status of the species within Pennsylvania. Natural History Figure 1. Micrograph of Golden Alga Description: Golden Alga is a single-celled, morphology. Source: University of Nevada. flagellated, photosynthetic microorganism that is capable of releasing toxins which can Origin: Golden Alga is spreading globally cause extensive kills of gill-breathing through multiple introductions from discrete aquatic animals. locales; the strain occurring in the United States likely originated in Europe (Lutz- Taxonomy Carrillo et al. 2010). In the United States, Golden Alga was first reported in water samples from a 1985 fish kill on the Pecos Common name: Golden Alga River, Texas (Southard et al. 2010). Since Family: Prymnesiaceae then, it has been reported in scattered Species: Prymnesium parvum locations mainly in the southern and western Integrated Taxonomic Information System United States (Sallenave 2018). In (ITIS) Serial Number: 2170 Pennsylvania, Golden Alga may have been introduced from the south-central part of the Morphology: Each cell has two hair-like United States. flagella used to swim through the water (Figure 1). There is also a shorter stiff hair- Food Preferences: Golden alga can like structure called a haptonema, which can manufacture its own food when abundant be used to attach the cell to other cells or nitrogen and phosphorus are available or, objects (Sallenave 2018; Figure 1). Each cell when these nutrients are limited, it releases has a C-shaped or “saddle shaped” chemical substances called prymnesins that chloroplast which contributes to the yellow- allow it to envelop and digest bacteria and green color of the organism (Sallenave other algae (Barkoh and Fries 2010). These 2018; Figure 1). prymnesins also inhibit growth of other alga, giving it a competitive edge over other P a g e | 1 Aquatic Invasive Species Control Plan Golden Alga Division of Environmental Services Updated June 2021 species and leading to the potential for large temperature range of about 5°C to 35°C blooms (Barkoh and Fries 2010). (41°F to 95°F). Besides salinity and temperature, many factors influence the Reproduction: This organism typically growth of this species including phosphorus reproduces asexually through simple cell (P) and nitrogen (N) levels, cationic division. Fish kills generally occur at cell substance levels, and pH. Toxic blooms of counts > 50 -100 million cells per liter. the Golden Alga typically occur during Golden Alga can form dormant cysts when cooler water temperatures and periods of stressed or conditions become unfavorable. limited nutrients (Sallenave 2018). Sexual reproduction exists but is not well documented outside of the laboratory Distribution and Status (Edvardsen and Paasche 1998). Notable Behavioral Characteristics: Golden Distribution: Golden Alga has been reported Alga exhibits a characteristic swimming from at least 14 countries among every motion of moving forward while spinning continent but Antarctica (Southard et al. on its longitudinal axis. 2010). In the US, at least 23 States, including Pennsylvania and West Virginia, Historic Vectors: Numerous and non- have reported Golden Alga. In specific. Both natural (birds, mammals) and Pennsylvania, Golden Alga has been anthropogenic (bilge water, industrial documented in Greene County within the equipment, fishing gear) vectors have been Dunkard Creek and Whiteley Creek proposed (Sallenave 2018). watersheds (Figure 2). Current Pathways/Vectors: Because of the distances involved (North Carolina being the previously closest state with infestations), circumstantial evidence points toward possible introduction of Golden Alga to Pennsylvania/West Virginia waters by means of cells (possibly encysted) carried on industrial equipment, which later spread by unknown means. Figure 2. County-level distrbution of Golden Alga in Pennsylvania (December Preferred Habitat: In general, Golden Alga 2020). is found in brackish waters but tolerates a wide range of conditions (Salenave 2018). The species has a salinity range of ~1- 40 PSU (Practical Salinity Unit) and a P a g e | 2 Aquatic Invasive Species Control Plan Golden Alga Division of Environmental Services Updated June 2021 organisms; therefore, it is not known to be a human health concern (Texas Parks and Pennsylvania Legal Status: As of April Wildlife 2009; Sallenave 2018). 2021, Golden Alga is not regulated in 58 Pa. Code §71.6 and §73.1. Threats Toxicity: Blooms of Golden Alga release toxins under stressed conditions, such as when nutrients become limited (Sallenave 2018). Golden Alga can release several chemical compounds called prymnesins that combine with cations (such as magnesium [Mg++] and calcium [Ca++]) in the water to Figure 3. Fish kill resulting from Golden make toxins. The type of toxin created is Alga bloom. Source: Michael Hooper dependent on the water chemistry and (USGS). usually there is a combination of toxins in the water. The toxins cause cells without Environmental and Economic: Severe protective layers, such as on the surface of economic losses can occur from fish kills gills and fins, to fail. Exposed cells either caused by Golden Alga (Figure 3). Recent die due to chemical damage or lyse due to economic losses to communities and excessive osmotic pressure (Sallenave hatcheries in Norway and Texas, for 2018). In fish, the gills become so badly example, are estimated in millions of U.S. damaged that they are unable to function, dollars (Barkoh and Fries 2010; Sallenave and blood vessels in the gills hemorrhage. 2018). Despite years of research on Golden Affected fish behave as if there is not Alga, no proven strategies have been enough oxygen in the water. They travel at developed to prevent or mitigate bloom the top of the water surface or rest on the formation or toxicity effects in large water bottom in edges and shallow areas, and bodies (Barkoh and Fries 2010). ultimately succumb to asphyxiation (Sallinave 2018; Figure 3). These toxic In Pennsylvania, fisheries in colonized effects extend to other aquatic organisms, waters having the potential to reach the including amphibians, invertebrates, optimal conditions necessary for a Golden plankton, and bacteria (Barkoh and Fries Alga bloom are at risk of producing large 2010). fish kills. This occurred in 2009 within Dunkard Creek in Greene County, which Human Health: Golden Alga toxins have no decimated populations of many fish species, apparent lethal effect on non-gill breathing freshwater mussels, and Mudpuppy P a g e | 3 Aquatic Invasive Species Control Plan Golden Alga Division of Environmental Services Updated June 2021 Salamanders (C. Urban, personal during routine water quality sampling. communication). This can be accomplished by examining water samples for Golden Alga via Management microscopy or by Environmental DNA (eDNA) sampling (Sallinave 2018). Management Goals: Golden Alga already resides in Pennsylvania. Therefore, • Consider the inclusion of Golden Alga management of the species must focus on on the invasive species lists in 58 Pa. containing or eliminating existing Code §71.6 and §73.1. populations, on preventing their spread, and on preventing new incursions of the species • Encourage the incident reporting of from out of state. aquatic invasive species within Pennsylvania. Although Golden Alga Containment and Prevention Actions: may be difficult to identify outside of a Efforts to stop the spread of Golden Alga in laboratory setting, the reporting of Pennsylvania need to focus on containing suspected observations is encouraged. the existing Dunkard Creek and Whiteley Online reporting can now be conducted Creek populations (both in Greene County), at the following PFBC web site: on identifying potential habitat for new https://pfbc.pa.gov/forms/reportAIS.htm incursions, and on preventing the alga from as well as PA iMapInvasives at: infesting those areas: https://www.paimapinvasives.org/ and at the national level, USGS Nonindigenous • Initiate a public education effort to Aquatic Species website: acquaint the populace with the threat of https://nas.er.usgs.gov/SightingReport.as and measures to prevent the spread of px Golden Alga. Because Golden Alga can potentially spread on recreational • Discuss the water hauler disinfection equipment such as boating gear, waders, procedures and regulations within and fishing tackle, education efforts Pennsylvania with appropriate state should include best practices to disinfect partners and initiate guidance or gear. These include completely draining regulatory oversight to prevent the water from watercraft bilges, live wells, spread of AIS such as Golden Alga. and other areas; allowing all materials or equipment to fully dry for at least three • Initiate and support research to elucidate days; or disinfection with 10% bleach the ecological requirements of Golden solution (Sanninave 2018). Alga in Pennsylvania waters and develop strategies to prevent or mitigate • Request Federal and Pennsylvania State bloom formation. This includes agencies to monitor for Golden Alga engaging with appropriate state and P a g e | 4 Aquatic Invasive Species Control Plan Golden Alga Division of Environmental Services Updated June 2021 federal partners to monitor Golden Alga Alga (Prymnesium parvum). Journal of in Pennsylvania watersheds, particularly
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