Critical Analysis of Solid Waste Management in Bharuch City, Gujarat, India

Home , Bharuch

International Journal of Innovative and Emerging Research in Engineering Volume 4, Issue 3, 2017 Available online at www.ijiere.com International Journal of Innovative and Emerging Research in Engineering e-ISSN: 2394 - 3343 p-ISSN: 2394 - 5494

Mr. Mihirkumar D. Patela, Mr. Nayankumar P. Sonib and Miss. Dhwani J. Prajapatic a Student, Civil Engineering Department, SVMIT, Bharuch, India. [email protected] b Assistant Professor & Head, Civil Engineering Department, SVMIT, Bharuch, India. [email protected] c Student, Civil Engineering Department, SVMIT, Bharuch, India. [email protected]

ABSTRACT: In the developing country like India, the current scenario is more focused on urban development by following the existing global trends of smart city development. Along with the development of smart cities development of clean cities is the foremost requirement. In small cities like Bharuch, solid waste management is a burning issue and hence in this project, improved solid waste management for Bharuch is studied, analyzed and a SWM model for Bharuch will be proposed considering smart city aspects Keywords: Waste Management, Solid Waste, Bharuch, Bharuch Nagarpalika, Waste Disposal, Waste Storage, Landfill

I. INTRODUCTION Urban occupations generally generates higher income whether in factories or in the service sector or in small business. Higher incomes increase level of consumptions. The impact on this generation in the urban area, is a mixed effect of the proportionate increase in the urban population, improved levels of income and drastic changes in the pattern of the consumptions. 72% of Indian population lives in small-scale towns and villages.[Source: census 2011 ] Municipal solid waste (MSW) generation, in terms of kg/capita/day, is showing an increasing trend. MSW management is one of the major problems faced by these local bodies. Due attention is not paid for MSWM due to small quantity of waste generated by individual towns and villages surrounding them. Waste management is the collection, transport, processing or disposal, managing and monitoring of waste materials. The term usually relates to materials produced by human activity and the process is generally undertaken to reduce their effect on health and the environment. Waste management is a distinct practice from resource recovery. Which focuses on delaying the rate of consumption of natural resources. Generally, waste management tends to treat all waste materials as a single class, whether solid, liquid, gaseous or radioactive. substances, and attempt to reduce the harmful environmental impacts of each through different methods.

Figure 1 : State wise details regarding waste generation, collection and treatment (Source: Hindustan Times-2016)

International Journal of Innovative and Emerging Research in Engineering Volume 4, Issue 3, 2017 II. STUDY AREA  Bharuch city is geographically at 21˚42’North Latitude and 72˚58’ East Longitude with an average elevation of 15 meters above sea level.[Source: chapter 11,‘A Study of Tourism in Gujarat: A Geographical Perspective-sodhyatra]

Figure 2: Location of Bharuch on the map of Gujarat (Source: Political Maps-India)  Now a days, Bharuch city acts as a commercial center for the adjoining towns and villages which depend upon it for the procurement of daily need items such as food items, clothes etc.

III. OBJECTIVES  Preparation of detail project report for integrated solid waste management.  To provide data, in the form of case study that help in integrating the waste in a sustainable method of managing solid waste.  To provide data, that support the use of life cycle inventory as a tool for environmental and economic optimization of solid waste management systems.  To present detail data on current waste management practices such as waste generation, collection, disposal, sorting, biological; thermal treatment, recycling.  To analyze the existing solid waste management system.  To ensure safe disposal of waste.  Project scheduling & cost estimates.  Project phasing to prepare Action Plan

IV. METHODOLOGY Proposed integrated MSWM system is based on the feasibility study of various options as done in the earlier chapter. Looking at the existing spatial growth pattern, topography, social status, administrative setup, existing technology used, transportation system and the disposal and treatment pattern the proposed plan has been finalized. The proposed plan has been divided into following phases. A. Primary collection  Primary collection of segregated municipal solid waste from individual households and establishments is accomplished through the use of tipping vehicles and compactors depending on the terrain of the locality, hierarchy of roads and quantity of total wastes generated from a single dustbin.  The tipping vehicles will cover about 1400 households (HH) per day and once filled up to its full capacity; the waste will be transported to the scientific landfill site. The tipping vehicles will be divided into two partition one for Bio Degradable and the other for Non Bio Degradable. B. Secondary collection and Transportation  In the proposed system, storage of waste in open dumps has been totally eliminated. The indicators used in order to decide of the location of the proposed dustbins are as follows 1. Identified open dumping locations 2. Major landmarks 3. Existing secondary collection points 4. Slums  The capacities of proposed secondary dustbins are decided on the basis of 1. Frequency of collection 2. Quantity of waste generation

International Journal of Innovative and Emerging Research in Engineering Volume 4, Issue 3, 2017 C. Treatment/processing facility and Disposal facility Waste can be divided into broadly three categories 1. Bio degradable 2. Recyclable 3. Inert waste [Source: Solid waste management challenges for cities in developing countries: A review by Lilliana Abarca Guerrero a,⇑ , Ger Maas a , William Hogland b]  Bio degradable wastes are treated through windrow compositing.  Recyclables are segregated through the process of pre sorting and further recycled through RDF technology. Inert wastes will be dumped in landfill site. Inert waste mainly includes silt generated from drains and from processing plants. The vehicle to be used for collection of drain silt, will empty it at the landfill site to be used for daily and weekly covering purpose. After analysis of the waste characterization and feasibility analysis the following option has been proposed for treatment and disposal at Bharuch city. 1. Windrow Composting 2. Refuse Derived Fuel 3. Eco Brick Technology 4. Scientific Landfill Site The project activity includes aerobic composting, RDF technology and production of Eco Bricks through C&D waste to process the existing municipal solid waste. The source of waste generation are mainly from households and from commercial and institutional areas. The wastes generated from households are carried by auto tipper and wastes generated from commercial and institutional areas are carried by the proposed compactors or dumper placers from the secondary collection points. The wastes are than carried to waste reception center at processing site.

V. CASE STUDIES Bharuch is a small city located near Narmada River. It has an average elevation of 588 metres (1929 feet). The Bharuch Municipal Corporation (BMC) area has a population of almost 18391. [Source: Census of India 2011 ] and an area of 8.36 km2 Solid waste management is a statutory function and Bharuch Municipal Corporation (BMC) is responsible for the management of MSW generated in the city. The city is divided into 14 electoral wards and all operations of solid waste management (SWM) in this area are performed under four heads – sweeping, collection, transportation and disposal. The present system of solid waste management in Bharuch city, which is divided into stages for better understanding how BMC treat with solid waste. [Source: Bharuch Municipal Corporation] 25000

20000

15000

10000 Population Household 5000

Figure 3: Ward wise population and Household of Bharuch city (Source: Census 2011)

Primary Collection A. Door – To –Door Collection  Option 1 (tricycles) Door – To – Door collection of waste to be done through containerized cycle rickshaws. Waste collection will collect waste on a day-to-day basis in two type of bins – green bins for biodegradable and blue/black bins for non-biodegradable  Option 2 (Auto tipper LCV with 1.8 cum capacity) The tipper truck to collect wastes from households. The tipper truck would blow horn at a particular time in day, and the residents would come up from their wastes. The tripper truck would be having two compartments. One will consist of bio degradable waste while the other will be having non-biodegradable waste. 23

International Journal of Innovative and Emerging Research in Engineering Volume 4, Issue 3, 2017 Comparison between the processes of door-to-door 1400 collection 1400 1200 1000 1000 800 868 600 165 400 60 120 250 537.2 200 165 0 30 33135

tricycles auto-trippers Figure 4: Comparison between the processes of door-to-door collection (Source: Bharuch Municipal Corporation) As shown in Figure 4 the capital cost of tricycles are less than the auto tippers. But, the O&M cost is found to be lesser and the life cycle is found to be higher for the auto tippers. Even the auto tipper is able to cover more households in lesser time period. So, auto tippers have been proposed for the collection of wastes at DTDC level. Man power required for D-T-D collection system

100 80 60 40 20 0 2015 2024 2035

Worker Helper

Figure 5: Man power required for D-T-D collection system (Source: Bharuch Municiple Corporation) Required PPE for DTD collection system

300 250 200 150 100 50 0 2015 2025 2035

Gloves(hundreds) Boots Uniform Dust pan Helmet Safety Mask(thousand)

Figure 6: Required PPE for DTD Collection System 24

International Journal of Innovative and Emerging Research in Engineering Volume 4, Issue 3, 2017 B. SECONDARY COLLECTION AND TRANSPORTATION TABLE 1: REQUIRED SECONDARY COLLECTION BINS

Sr. No. Item Capacity Nos. Location 1 MS bins 1.1Cum 89 Peripheral areas of the city MS bins 2.5Cum 44 Core city MS bins 4.5Cum 14 Major landmarks 2 Skipper 4.5Cum 4 Places of origin of C&D waste 3 Two wheel 120Lt 1 dustbin for 5 Commercial areas HDPE bins shops Two wheel HDPE 240Lt 124 Hotels and restaurants bins (2dustbins for each hotel) 4 Litter bins (two bin 20Lt each 53 Places with high pressure of set) floating population. 5 Hand cart 4 bin capacity 10 These are to be used by the term of 20 workers that has been proposed earlier for cleaning of narrow street lanes and existing drains. VI. DATA ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION

Waste Collection from Street Sweeping It is recommended to sweep all the roads and lanes in densely populated area and commercial areas on a day to day basis; alternate day sweeping may be done in words with medium density population and once in three day/once in a week sweeping to be done in the remaining wards. It is desirable to split the duty of sweepers into two shifts, in the morning and at night. 1. Mechanical sweeping A total of 50 km of road stretches to be swept daily by sweeping machines.[Source: Manav seva trust, Ahemdabad] Five sweeping machines have been proposed. It has been assumed that one sweeping machine would be able to sweep about 15kms in 8 hours. Thus in morning shift which is of 8 hours from 6 AM to 2 PM, 10-12kms of road would be swept while in the night shaft, which is from 10 PM to 6 PM the same sweeping machine would sweep another 12-15 KMs of roads. Thus, one sweeping machine in a span of 24 hours is able to sweep 25kms. 2. Manual sweeping When mechanical sweeping is not possible roads may be swept by workers. A total of 20 workers have been proposed for the same. The total road length to be swept daily, on alternate day basis and on weekly basis and the workers required for street sweeping has been detailed out in the following table. The sanitary supervisors will be having the complete road map with them for monitoring of the activities. The sanitary supervisor will be responsible for making surprise checks to check the quality of the work being implemented in the area.

Table 2 : Frequency of road sweeping and required manpower (Source: Bharuch Municipal Corporation) Sr. No. Particulars Quantity Unit 1 Total road length 230 Km 2 Road to be cleaned daily 50 Km a Road to be swept by sweeping machine 50 Km (two sweeping machine in two shift) 3 Road to be swept on every alternative day 40 Km 4 Road to be swept twice in a week 50 Km 5 Road to be swept twice in a month 35 Km 6 Road to be swept monthly 55 Km 7 Driver 5 Nos. 8 Helper 10 Nos. 9 Worker 20 Nos.

 Required Equipments for Street Sweeping MSW services will be provided 365 days a year. The total road length to be swept is 230 Kms. Keeping the sweeping aspect in view a total 20 workers are needed. Therefore, number of wheelbarrow required per day is 10.  PPEs required for the street sweeping staff include gloves, boots, safety mask and uniform.  Required number of pair of gloves = 20 (1 pair of glove per month)  Required number of pair of boots = 40 (2 pair of boots per year) 25

International Journal of Innovative and Emerging Research in Engineering Volume 4, Issue 3, 2017  Required number of safety mask = 160 (2 masks in a week)  Required number of helmets = 20  Required set of uniform = 40 (2 pair in a year)

VII. CONCLUSION  The plan developed for Integrated Municipal Solid Waste Management of Bharuch city is devised considering the planning period of the year 2015-2044 (30 years). The system developed reduces waste dumps, collection & transportation without littering, reduces toll on Bharuch Municipality Corporation and invokes active participation of civilians, recycling and reuse of materials produced by recycling of waste, energy generation and revenue generation from waste.  For Door to door primary collection of waste comparison between option-1 tricycles and option -2: Auto tipper LCV with 1.8 cum capacity the O&M cost is found to be lesser and the life cycle is found to be higher for the auto tippers. Even the auto tipper is able to cover more households in lesser time period. So, auto tippers have been proposed for the collection of wastes at DTDC level.  For road sweeping the proposed methodology is Manual Road Sweeping, Mechanical Sweeper, Regenerative Air Sweeper and Vacuum Sweeper.  For drain cleaning; as discussed with Municipal Council regarding existing situation of drain and proposal for drain cleaning it was informed that presently projects for developing underground drainage system in Bharuch is under process. Thus, it is proposed that the vehicles those are currently used of drain cleaning purpose will be used further also. Looking at the population of Bharuch which is around 1,78,425 generating a total of 54 tons per day with a waste composition of more than 50% of bio degradable waste the technology adopted to treat compostable waste is windrow, while to treat recyclable waste which is around 20% of the total waste, RDF has been proposed and for treating C&D wastes, eco brick technology has been proposed.

VIII. SUGGESTIONS At present Smart cities like Barcelona, Amsterdam, London, New York, etc. have reached the goal of “0 Waste” by implementing automated systems and encouraging the citizens. For future solutions following systems can be implemented for developing Bharuch as smart city:  Smart sensor bins  Mechanical Waste Collection System  Automated Waste Collection System  Pay as you throw programs

ACKNOWLEDGMENT  Success of any work depends upon the dedication, sincerity, hard work and knowledge. It also requires some ingredients such as motivation, encouragement, guidance and time.  We would like to express our gratitude to our project guide Mr. Nayankumar P. Soni ( Head of Department of Civil Engineering Department, SVMIT Bharuch) for the useful comments, remarks and engagement throughout our learning process of this paper.  Furthermore, we would like to thank the participants in our survey and the offices Shri Ketan Vanani, Chief Officer, Bharuch Nagarpalika and Shri C.J Vansia, Chief Sanitary Inspector, Bharuch Nagarpalika, Who have willingly shared their precious time during the process of interviewing.  We would like to thank all the faculty member of Department of Civil Engineering of Shri Sád Vidya Mandal Institute of Technology (SVMIT) college.

REFERENCES Format of Reference [1] 2004 “Characterization and Qualification of Solid waste in Indian cities and standardization of the procedure.” BIS 10158-1982, NEERI, Nagpur, India. [2] “Management of solid waste in Indian cities.”Ministry of urban Development and poverty alleviation, New Delhi. [3] CPCB, HPEC, Smart Recycling, MoUD website, 12th Plan doc. WG group report. [4] Mufeed Sharholy, Kafeel Ahmad, Gauhar Mahmood, R.C. Trivedi (2008) “Municiple Solid Waste Management in Indian Cities”- A Review [5] Sanhita Bandyopadhyay (2014) “Solid Waste Management , an Environmental Challenge in Mumbai” [6] “Strategy Paper on SWM in India”NEERI, Nagpur, India. [7] N. Sri Gokilavini, Dr. D.Prabhakaran, Dr. T. Kannadasan (2013) “Solid Waste Management Challenges in India comparing with other developing nations- A Review”