NYAME AKUMA

No.19 November, 1981. Newsletter of the Society of Africanist Archaeologists in America.

- -- Edited by P.L. Shinnie and issued from the Department of Archaeology, The University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada. Typing and editorial assistance by Ama Owusua Shinnie, Administrative assistance by Scott McEachern......

This is probably the last number for which I will be responsible. I am going to Cambridge as Visiting Fellow at St. John's College from January-June 1982 (address: c/o St. John's College, Cambridge, CB2 lTP, &-gland) and after that probably to Ghana. My future at the University of Calgary is uncertain, though I shall be back there in September 1982, so it seems wise to make other arrange- ments for the future of Nyame Akuma. A decision can be taken at the meeting at Berkeley next May but those with suggestions might send them to Mr. S. McEachern at this address. Mr. McEachern is now handling all administrative matters.

Editorial matters, for the time being, will be dealt with by Dr. N. David also of the University of Calgary and he will be responsible for the issuing of no.20 in May 1982. The editor is grateful to the increasing number of contributors who are typing their articles in such a form that re-typing is not required. However many are ignoring the request as to style given in the notes to contributors. Single space please. Many contributions are now being received on the new international (except North ~merica) paper size - this can be reproduced on our quarto page if text is kept within the frame printed on p.3 of the cover. Please note what is said about illustrations.

P .L. Shinnie . ANNOUNCEMENT of the 1982 Occasional Meeting of the SOCIETY for AFRICANIST

ARCHAEOLOGISTS IN AMERICA

Thursday to Sunday, May 13-16, 1982 at the University of California, Berkeley

The Berkeley group invites all colleagues involved in African Archaeology and any others with related interests to attend a 3 or 4 day meeting in May. We envisage that people might assemble in time for a social function on the evening of Thursday May 13, to be followed by papers and discussions on Friday, Saturday and perhaps, if needs be, part of Sunday.

If you think you may be able to attend please fill out the accompanying form and send it to Professors J.D. Clark and G. Isaac, Department of Anthropology, U.C. Berkeley, California 94720 (or, if you do not have a form just write and let us know).

We will attempt to arrange a program on the basis of the response that we receive before February 1, 1982 and will then send out program announcements.

We are also hoping to arrange for a practical workshop in association with the meeting (either just before or just after). This will cover demonstrations and discussions of use-wear studies. This remains tentative and we will advise people if the plan is confirmed.

The objective of the meeting is to allow information exchange on current research, with opportunities for discussing approaches, methods and results. We will also try to make this a convivial occasion for personal interaction. Please do put a ring around these dates on your calendar, and do try to come! (We will do our best to arrange reasonably low-cost accomodation and will let people know about this later). 3 ASSOCIATION OUEST-AFRICAINX WEST-AFRI CAN ARCHAEOLOGICAL D ' ARCHEOLOGIE ASSOCIATION

3.2me Colloque A.O.A.A. - W .A .A.A. Dakar: 8-10 dgcembre 1981

Lars de son 2eme colloque, tenu Bamako en dgcembre 1978, le bureau nouvellement glu avait retenu la candidature de la Haute- Volta et de la Mauritanie pour la tenue du prochain colloque.

Ces deux pays s'gtant successivement dgsistgs, et le dglai statutaire &ant expirg, une rzbnion du bureau s'est tenue 5 Dakar le 3 mai 1981, sous la prgsidence de M. Alpha KONARE, pour prendre les mesures propres assurer la continuation des activitgs de l'association.

I1 a 6t.G dgcid6 que le troisi6me cozloque se tiendrait dans la premi&e quinzaine de decembre en Cote dlIvoire ou au %&gal.

Nos coll&ges dlAbidjan viennent de nous faire savoir qu'ils renongaient 2 l'organisation du colloque dans les dglais impartis. Le troisigme colloque se tiendra donc g Dakar, sous 1' ggide de 1'Universi tg .

Le programme pr;vu est le suivant :

- Lundi 7 dgcembre : accueil des participants. - Mardi 8 dgcembre : sgance d'ouverture; communications. - Mercredi 9 dgcembre : communications; dgbat sur les problgmes de la formation des archgologues africanistes . - Jeudi 10 dgcembre : assemblge g6n6rale de 1'A.O .A. A. 2 Gorge et visite de l'ile. - Vendre 11 et samedi 12 dgcembre : excursion dans le Sine- Saloum; visite des amas coquilliers et des sites mggalithiques . Nous sommes conscients des difficult& entrainges par la pr6paration d'un colloque dans la brigvet6 des dglais impartis. Aussi comptons-sous sur la comprghension de nos coll&es et prions ceux d'entre eux qui desirent participer 5 cette rgunion de se faire connaTtre avant le ler octobre (ce dglai &ant ramen; au 15 juillet pour ceux qui d6sirent que des rgservations hbtelizres soient effectuges) . Nous faisons d'autre part appel 5 chacun pour qu'il veuille diffuser le plus largement possible cette circulaire. Les titres des communications sont 5 joindre g la demande de participation. Celles-ci ne doivent pas excgder quinze minutes.

Une seconde circulaire, pr6cisant le programme du colloque et donnant la liste des communications, sera envoyze avant le 31 octobre. Pour le Comitg d' organisation Massamba LAME BOTSWN;ii? by J, Denbow The National Science Foundation has made a small grant for the refurbisning of an historic building in ~Gborone, Botswana, to store archaeological materials collected by United States-based expeditions over the last 15 years, The building will also house the National Flonuments files for the country, collections made by other investigators, and provide much needed analysis and work sgace for re- searchers based both inside and outside Botswana, construction will begin in October or November, Two new radiocarbon dates have been received. for recently excavated sites, At Moritsane near Gaborone a site containing a vitrified kraal deposit has been dated to ROD, 1095~75 (I-8, Ceramics from this site are related to material s from Eiland and other sites in the Transvaal, as well as to sites such as Ntshekane in Natal, At Depression Cave in the Tsodilo Hills in the north-western corner of the country a date of A.D,1645+75 (1-11,824) has been recsived, Late Stone Age lithic deb& and charcoal tempered pottery were recovered, Analysis of the fauaal remains from three Early Iron Age 1oc:ltions at T'sodilo has been completed by Dr, E, Voigt, Transvaal Museum, ltemains of cattle, goats and sheep were found in all levels--cattle outnumbering gc?ats/sheep by a factor of 2:1, At least one cow of a humped or Zebu type was represented in the small sample, In September, a midden in the litwebe Hills south of I&e P.lgmi was excavated, The midden produced both lugged, khoi ceramics and Tswana potterg decorated by nicking along the rim similar to Euisport in the Transvaal, Carbonized sorghum, as well as remains of' cattle and goats/sheep were recovered, along with several patinated blue and red glass cane beads, a cowry shell, copper bangles, and iron tools, A radiocarbon sample has been submitted for dating, hkcavati ons were also carricd out at the Hippo Tooth site near the eastern end of the Botletli itiver. Early Iron Age pottery of Gokomere- Bambata type was recovered, along with Late Stone dge lithic debris, 20 charcoal was preserved, so a sample of bone has been submitted for dating. A prospection for prehistoric sites in Middle Egypt.

In addition to their recent archaeological research, which was the outcome of a prospection tour undertaken in 1976, the team of the Belgian Middle Egypt Prehistoric Project made a complementary survey in 1981. It visited the lower desert on both sides of the Nile Valley, between Assyut and Qena. Some Middle Palaeolithic sites, showing an elaborate Levallois technology of Nubian Type, were discovered two km into the desert, at Nag el Ezba (ME81/7), which is situated on the East bank, halfway between Sohag and Nag Hammadi. The higher levels of the lower desert, the core of which consists of black pliocene clays, as well as the slopes, are covered with gravels. The southern slope of a sidebranch of Wadi Qasab was examined. Under a desert pavement, an important concentration of artifacts, together with huge stone blocks and gravel, was embedded in consolidated red soil material. It is our impression that Middle Palaeolithic industries which are geologically in situ, such as we previously discovered in El Gineimya, Beit Allam, El Amrah and Nazlet Khater, are rather scarce in the area we explored. A concentration of artifacts was found on a low hill, 6 m above the alluvial plain. The industry was collected both on the surface of and also in a local gravel resting upon a thick deposit of Nile gravels. It consisted of Levallois cores and Levallois flakes, most of which are small and of inferior quality, and also of cores with one and with two striking platforms, some of which are for blades. Near the hamlet of Nag El Ezba (ME81/6) a Late Palaeolithic in- dustry was disc0vere.d within an important stratigraphic sequence, which can be summarised as follows. A lower complex of layers consists of a Nile silt and local gravel. This lower complex was eroded by a wadi in which a new Nile aggradation took place with the deposition of a dark gray humiferous silty gravel. This layer contains hundreds of flints in secun- dary position. The Nile aggradation continued with the deposition of pale gray silt up to 4 m. above the present alluvial plain. This surface was stabilised by a humiferous soil. In the last aggradation phase the site was covered by 2.5 m of local wadi gravel. The industry is characterised by a lamellar debitage from prismatic cores producing flakes and blades. No distinctive tools were found. In the neighbourhood of El Isawiya Sharq (ME81/1), 24 m above the wadi bed, on top of a clay hill, the surface of which has been disturbed by local gravel digging, two small concentrations of Late Paleolithic artifacts were found. This material is characterised by numerous bladelets, backed bladelets and burin spalls. A most inter- resting site is situated in between the hamlets of Ezbet Radouan and Arab ed Sabaha (ME81/9). The site consists of a small silt elevation 2 m above the alluvial plain. Some material can be found underneath the surface up to a dept of 20 cm. This material is limited to cracks in the sediment so that it is likely that the whole site is to be considered as a surface site without stratigraphical implications. On the surface one can find a large quantity of microlithic artifacts. A preliminary analysis of the industry reveals the presence of a bladelet debitage mostly from cores with two striking platforms. Backed bladelets most of which are pointed do account for more than 60 % of the tools. Some of them are of Ouchtata type. Borers are frequent. Tri- angles are the only represented geometric microliths. Burin, notched pieces and truncations are present in small amounts whereas scrapers are very rare. Microburins are numerous. It is our intention to execute new excavations in 1982.

P.M. Vermeersch, E. Paulissen, G. Gijselings, R. Lauwers, D. Huyge.

KENYA

British Institute in Eastern Africa

Peter Robertshaw, the Assistant Director, and Fiona Marshall of U.C. Berkeley have just returned from three month's fieldwork in the Lemek Valley, Narok District, S.W. Kenya. The major aim of the work was t e excavation of an Elmenteitan site, named Ngamuriak. About 100 m 9 were dug to obtain a large sample of artefacts and fauna and to reveal something of the internal layout of the site. The remains of a burnt hut, either circular or oval in shape, was found at the edge of the site. Significant intrasite variation in the distribution of stone artefacts was recorded, in particular classic Elmenteitan blades occured only in restricted patches. Faunal remains were abundant and over- whelmingly dominated by the bones of domestic stock. Teeth appear to indicate that the cattle at the site were much larger than the Masai cattle of today.

A small Elmenteitan site, Sambo Ngige, was also tested and the pattern of refuse disposal at this site seems similar to that at Ngamuriak . Test excavations were also conducted at Lemek North-East, a site with Narosura pottery located in bush country at a higher altitude than the other sites. Lemek North-East yielded a very high density of faunal remains, while the stone artefacts showed a greater use of chert as raw material and a higher frequency of backed tools compared to the Elmenteitan sites.

A complete foot survey covering some 40 kmz of the Lemek Valley revealed 60 archaeological sites, most of them referable to the Elmenteitan, though sites with Narosura and Akira pottery were also discovered. Only one Pastoral Iron Age (P .I .A. ) site, probably nineteenth or twentieth century, was found in contrast to the numerous P.I.A, sites discovered last year on the edge of the Mara Plains. An interesting isolated discovery near Lemek was part of an Early Iron Age vessel, probably related to the Urewe tradition.

Finally, the site of Gogo Falls (see Asania XV, 133) was revisited by David Collett and Peter Robertshaw. Recent earthworks at the dam have resulted in the exposure of a large section through the site. This reveals that the Kansyore pottery is coming from a lasge ash midden over one metre thick. Further pottery and bone were collected from the section and the contractor's spoil heaps. A small excavation was also undertaken to obtain samples for radio- carbon dating.

At the time of writing, the Director, is about to leave to ca,rry out archaeological survey work on Pemba island and the Rufiji Delta. During the first half of 1982 he expects to be in Cambridge having obtained leave of absence to take up avisiting Fellowship at Clare Hall. In his absence Peter Robertshaw will be Acting Director.

It is hoped to co-operate with Dr. Steve Brandt on work on the prehistory of the Juba Valley upstream from Bardera and in N.E. Somalia where it should be possible to obtain information on human adaptations to changing environments during much of the late Quaternary.

Note by editor

Dr. Robertshaw has written to express surprise "that the names of the other members of the 1981 Southern Sudan Expedition had been omitted from my report in the last issue of Nyame Akuma." The editor is sorry if egos have been bruised and lists the others who were given as co-authors of the previous report. They were Ari Siiriainen, Amum Tor, Bernard Mbae, Torben Andersen, Jeremy Coote, Andrew Mawson.

The editor of course reserves the right to edit but as this was a special request from the Director of the British Institute he is glad to repair the omission. . Dr. Wandibba of the National Museum of Kenya sends this report:

In No.18 of 'N~~me'Akuma,I reported that a two-week preliminary

investigation was being undertaken at Rigo Cave. The work consisted

of mapping all the surface finds as well as test-excavating the site.

The test-excavations consisted of three pits, two of them inside the

cave whilst the third one ran from the entrance down the talus slope.

Apart from one of the pits in the cave which was Imx2m, the other

two were Imx3m.

The materials recovered from the work included five stone vessel

fragments, two beads, a bone ad fragment, a harpoon-like wooden

object and a pendant-3ike object made of jasper. Obsidian chippings

and artefacts of a non-diagnostic industry were also found. In

addition, lots of faunal remains were recovered. A preliminary analysis

indicates that at least 21 species are represented (John Kimengich:

personal communication). Amongst these human beings and rodents were

the commonest. The human skull mentioned in No.18 turned out to be

that of a very old individual.

The preliminary analysis of the material recovered from the

excavation seems to suggest that the cave was most probably not a

habitation site. Thus, this cave is unlikely to be comparable to

the Njoro River Cave.

AN ETHNOARCHAEOLOGICAL AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF BUNGOMA DISTRICT

Bungoma District is one of the areas in Kenya that appear to

have been neglected by previous researchers in the field of prehistory.

It is for this reason that the present writer is carrying out both an

ethnoarchaeological and an archaeological investigation. The ethno- archaeological aspects of the research is concentrating on the pottery industry. The archaeological survey done so far has already resulted in the location of over 40 sites, most, of them belonging to the iron age but a middle stone age site as well as a late stone age one have also been found. All the sites located are being given SASES numbers and a six-figure grid reference number. I am very grateful to the L.S.B. Leakey Foundation for awarding me a grant to carry out this research.

NIGERIA

The following report has been sent in by Mr. Agbaje-Williams and Dr. Onyango-Abuje, both of the University of Ibadan. . The original has been slightly edited.

RECENT ARCHAEOLOGICAL WORK AT OLD OYO: 1979-81

1. Introduction

The site of Old Oyo was the capital of the former Oyo Yoruba Empire of the 17th and 18th century. Most of its structural features are still preserved. The ancient city lies within 4' 26'-4' 20E' and 8' 56'-9' 03'N. It covers an area of about sixty square kilometres and this is clearly marked by its wall system some of which is in concentric formation. The site is now a Game Reserve.

The first archaeological work was carried out at this site in 1956-57 by Frank Willett. This revealed the existence of a Late Stone Age assemblage at Mejiro rock shelter. In addition to this Willett gave a brief description of some of the archaeological features like the grinding stone-hollows and the wall system. Following Willett's excavation, was Robert Soper whose work covered a period of seven years (1973-79). This work has been of signifi- cance in stressing the need for further research at the site but not enough information on the nature of the settlement pattern at Old Oyo, or on distribution of archaeological features there and also the depth of occupation. Because of these shortcomings, a comprehensive programme of research was designed in 1978 to complement previous work and also to broaden our knowledge of Old Oyo's history. Considering the largeness of the City of Old Oyo, thus a sample examination was resorted to, and we chose a systematic transecting procedure, mis was a 10% samyle of the area. This approach is appropriate at Old Oyo because the financial and time constraints are minimized, and it was easier than any other approach to locate sample units in the field. This work was carried out between March and May, 1978, a total of nine weeks.

The first transect started from the West of the site (western wall), with others following eastward. In the end we had fourteen transects; every transect separated by half a kilometer. The transects have a fixed width of fifty meters with their length varying between 1.6 kilometers and 10 kilometers. No surface collections were made because the objective was to identify activity areas and their distribution. Some of these are compounds, courtyards, potsheyds ,mounds, wells, grinding st ones/hollows and circular stone structures and the landforms and vegetation types were also noted and recorded.

In March of 1979, we returned to the site for a detailed examination of the inselbergs. From this we learnt that almost all of them (with the exception of the northern ones) were occupied at one time or the other for a scatter of potsherds and metal objects was found. It was during this period that Robert Soper with the help of some students from the Department of Archaeology, University of Ibadan, had a cutting on one of the walls. Along with the wall excavation was that of a mound west of the inselberg within the inner (palace) wall. Materials from these excavations we hope will soon be published.

We returned to the site in May of 1979 in company of a palynologist, M.A. Sowunmi, of the Department of Archaeology, University of Ibadan. The sole purpose of this exercise was to check and clarify the vegetation terms used during the transect survey of the previous year (1978). From this, we agreed that the general vegetation type prevailing at Old Oyo is that of wooded savanna with patches of forest of different types (baobab forest, gallery forest on walls and stream courses and also around the inselbergs) . Common trees are parkia clappertonia Danielia oliveri , Butmospermum paradoxurn, Afzelia africana and Terminalia ,qloucessus; while thorns and thickets are made up of Acacia ataxacantha, Securingea virosa and Cissus populnea. Grasses are of three types, H.werrhenia , Andropoaon and Pennisetum . In the dry season of the following year, January, 1980, we also carried out a systematic transect survey of the town of Igboho, about seventy kilometers south-west of Old Oyo. The town was established in the latter part of the 16th century A,D,, when Old Oyo was abandoned due to onslaught from Nupe. Four Alaafins (kings) ruled here and their burial spots are preserved till today. The object of this exercise was to find out if comparable materials exist at Igboho to facilitate interpretation of Old Oyo materials. The outcome of this we plan to present in another paper. Another visit was paid to Old Oyo for a few days in February 1980 in company of Professor Biobaku, the Director of the Institute of African Studies, University of Ibadan.

With a grant from the University of Ibadan, we returned to Old Oyo in March, 1981, for a four-week expedition. Four test pits of 2x2 m each were excavated at four different locations. The first one is less than two hundred meters west of Soper's 1979 excavation within the inner wall. On this excavation was John Onyango-Abuje who had joined the Department of Archaeology, University of Ibadan some months earlier. The first site is a low mound which yielded plenty of charcoal samples for radiocarbon dating. Along with this is a quite substantial amount of potsherds, stone tools which increased in number with depth (deepest level is 2.2 m) and lastly some faunal remains including wet weather snail shells. The other sites are (1) a shrine within the palace area, east of OKE DIARA (~iara ill) , (2) EBU an ash mound (3) AKA, granary. The last two sites are within a hundred meters reach of each other. They are found in the southern part of Old Oyo.

From the above report it is obvious that a lot still needs to be done before any serious reconstruction can be made of Old Oyo's historical development. The transect survey has clearly opened our eyes to areas of dense concentration of archaeological remains, and has also narrowed down the search for excavation sites. So a range of materials is now known and comparative studies are possible with neighbouring towns like Igboho. In addition to this the 1981 excavation has thrown more light on the relative depth of occupation at Old Oyo.

At the first site we reached a level of 2.2 m below ground surface; while in the southern area, a maximum depth of about a meter was obtained. We hope that our next season's (1982) excavation expedition will be more rewarding and we also look forward to any sort of support. Old Oyo is an important site and both the Nigerian Federal Government as well as international research foundations ought to be interested in supporting both morally and financially. The following has been received from Dr. F.N. Anozie, Department of Archaeology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Anambra State, Nigeria.

A Department of Archaeology has just been created at the University of Nigeria, Nsukka.

Initially we shall be offering combined honours degrees in Archaeology and History, Archaeology and fiilosophy, Archaeology and English Literature, Archaeology and Religious Studies, Archaeology and Sociology, Archaeology and Social Anthropology, Archaeology and Geology and Archaeology and Zoology.

We shall be interested in cooperating with Departments of Archaeology or Anthropology or African Studies anywhere in the Ftorld in the fields of Research, Exchange of Lecturers/Research fellows and students. We have a few vacancies for lecturers specializing in one or more of the following stress areas -

- Techniques and Methods of Archaeology - Field Archaeology - Origins of Food Production & Urbanization - Physical Anthropology - Museum Studies - Typology (Lithic and ceramic)

Investigating ethnographic pottery firing temperatures

According to Anna Shepard "A record of firing is incomplete without a temperature record." Pioneering fieldwork with the aid of a pyrometer was undertaken among a Pueblo Indian group, the Hopi, decades ago (colton 1951), yet little has been done in this sphere since. As Shepard remarked, "ethnologists are rarely equipped with a pyrometer, and consequently we have few records."

In Nigeria, Michael Cardew (1970) used pyrometric cones to record firing temperatures, but cones provide a measure of "heat work donev rather than a record of temperature rise and fall throughout the firing duration. In an article in press I describe a simple method of operating a thermoelectric pyrometer in the field, and discuss data from two Ibibio villages in southwest Cross River State. Particular attention is given to solving the practical problem, in the bonfiring context, of not burning or melting the cable which runs from the thermocouple to the meter. This account is accompanied by a description of pottery production and trade in the Cross River region.

A further contribution to the subject of ceramic pyrometry is currently in preparation for an international conference on "Ceramic technology: ethnography and experiment" to be held at the University of Leicester, 18-20 December 1981. This paper will present data from an Igedde village in the Ogoja area of northwest Cross River State, where pottery making techniques differ from those of the Ibibio. It also describes how Igedde potters achieve a high success rate, even when a thunderstorm occurs before the critical firing temperature has been attained.

I contend (a) that non-kiln firing methods are not the hazardous undertakings which we might suppose, and (b) that in certain respects the bonfire technique makes efficient use of local materials and time in non-industrial pottery manufacture.

References

Casdew, M. " Introduction" to Nigerian Pottery by 197 0 Sylvia Leith-Ross. Lagos & Ibadan.

Colton, H.S. "Hopi pottery firing methods." 1951 Plateau, 24. Flagstaff.

Keith Nicklin, Curat or Powell-Cotton Museum Quex Pask, Birchington Kent CT7 OBH, U ,K. SIERRA LEONE

ADDITIONAL NOTES ON ARCHAEOLOGICAL FIELDWORK IN NORTHEASTERN SIERRA LEONE

b Y Christopher R. DeCorse Department of Archaeology, UCLA

From December 1978 until January 1981, I conducted archaeologi- cal fieldwork in northeastern Sierra Leone. Largely carried out during my spare time, my research concentrated on the fortified Limba, Yalunka, and Koranko towns located in the chiefdoms of Yagala, Bafodia, Musaia, Sinkunia, Sulima, Mongo, and Sengbe. Whenever possible, notes were made on the defences of each town, surface collections were made, oral his- tories were collected, and a limited amount of excavation was done. The work undertaken from December 1978 until July 1980 was summerized in the November 1980 edition of Nyame Akuma. This report outlines the research carried out from July 1980 until January 1981.

The last seven months of fieldwork in Sierra Leone was, for the most part, devoted to the further examination of sites previously identified during 1979 and 1980. Only one additional fortified town, the hilltop Limba village at Balandugu, was noted. This brought the number of forti- fied towns located to twenty five. Unfortunately, time restrictions did not allow complete surveys at each of the towns. Generally, much more thorough investigations were done in the Limba and Yalunka chiefdoms, as these areas were more easily reached from bases at Musaia or Kabala.

During November and December of 1980 maps or sketch maps were made at Musaia, Sinkunia, Falaba, Sokoria, Kamba, Bafodia, Kakoya, Yagala, and Koinadugu. Surface collections were made at these and a number of other sites. Musaia, which was more extensively surface collected then any other town, was mapped and all artifacts were located on a grid. Finds at other sites were approximately placed on maps, or described. Artifactual occurances varied from isolated pot sherds to surface scatters, including ground stone tools, flaked quartz, iron slag, native pottery, and artifacts of European origin.

Native pottery was the most common type of artifact recovered. Today there are few women left in northeastern Sierra Leone that practice the potter's art and those that do leave their ware undecorated. However, pre- liminary examination of surface finds and excavated material reveals a va- riety of decorations and vessel forms. Certain attributes appear to be associated with certain locals. For example, there seems to be pottery styles peculiar to the Limba and Yalunka areas. Some Limba decorations are comparable to motifs found on pottery from peripheral Limba areas to the South, such as Bumbuna and Mabonto. Stone artifacts were not as plentiful as pot sherds, but quartz tools, flakes, and cores were not uncommon. Quartz is common in north- eastern Sierra Leone and pebbles of that material can be found on almost any erosional surface. Isolated flakes of quartz were frequently en- countered on roads and paths. Particularly large scatters of quartz were found at the Yalunka villages of Musaia and Sinkunia. It is notable that no such concentrations were found in any Limba towns. This disparity may be explained by the differences in the Limba and Yalunka settlement patterns. Many Yalunka towns are located on level ground, close to rivers, in areas that would have been desirable to the earlier inhabitants of the region. The Yalunka fortified these sites by surrounding their settlements with mud walls. The locations of many of the Limba towns, on the otherhand, were clearly selected for their natural inaccessability; not their proximity to rivers and farm land. Easily defended Limba settlements like Yagala, Siamamaia, Balandugu, and Kakoya were most likely selected as living sites during the tribal wars of the relatively recent past. It is hoped that ques- tions relating to settlement patterns will be explored in a future publica- tion.

A small quantity of nineteenth century European artifacts were found. Finds included stoneware, glazed redware, hard white earthenware, glass, clay pipes, trade beads, and a large number of gun flints. The latter were all English flints; most were of the "blade" type, but a few of the earlier II wedge'' types were represented. Many of the gunflints found were extensively retouched or shattered, while some remained in relatively new condition. A few of the flints had a distinctive "U" shaped depression in the striking edge suggesting they may have been used with strike-a-lights. Oral histories indicate that the flintlock rifle may still have been in use forty or fifty years ago. Locally made percussion cap rifles are still in use today.

During November 1980 the mapping of the Sinkunia iron smelting furnaces was completed. A group of ten furnaces was located approximately ten minutes walk to the northwest of the town. Oral histories suggest the most recent furnace in the group may be fifty or sixty years old. A number of other fur- naces were discovered in Musaia and Sinkunia chiefdoms, but the group near the town of Sinkunia are distinctive because of their good preservation.

Further excavation at the rock shelter in Yagala Old Town was undertaken during the third and fourth weeks of December, 1980. Eight one meter squares were excavated to rock base or sterile soil. The maximum depth reached was 2.25 meters. The floor of the shelter narrowed rapidly and it seems unlikely that the shelter was used for habitation during it's early history. However, the large amount of artifacts, charcoal, and bone that was found suggests that the site may have been used as a refuse pit and perhaps later as a cook- ing shelter. European artifacts and iron slag were found in most of the upper levels while the lower levels contained mostly pottery. One interesting ex- ample of carved bone was also excavated. Charcoal samples were collected for possible use in C-14 dating. A representative sample of material collected in Sierra Leone is now in the United States and a more detailed report is presently being prepared. Further publications are promised for the future. SOUTH AFRICA PROGRAMME OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN SOCIETY FOR QUATERNARY RESEARCH SIXTH BIENNIAL CONFERENCE

PRETORIA, MAY 27 - JUNE 1, 1981

Wednesday, May 27 - Transvaal Museum 1st Session: CAVES AND FOSSIL SITES

PART I: Australopithecine Sites. Chairman: H.J. Deacon T.C. Partridge: The stratigraphy and sedimentology of the Kromdraai site; E.S. Vrba & D.C. Panagos: Recent excavations and new finds at Kromdraai; C.K. Brain: Cycles of deposition and erosion in the Swartkrans cave deposit.

PART 2 : Chairman: 0. Davies J.S. Brink & H.J. Deacon: A study of a Last Interglacial midden and carnivore lair at Herold's Bay; P. Beaumont: The northern Cape Pleisto- cene project; H. de Villiers: Later Stone Age inhabitants of the Agulhas Region, C.P. ; F.M. Gamble: Problems of conducting research in the Transvaal karst caves; R.J. Mason: Later Stone Age plant preservation in Transvaal Caves.

2nd Session : PALAEOCLIMATES. Chairman: J. A. Coetzee

J.A. Coetzee: Pollen evidence for a (sub-)tropical environment in the Saldanha region during the Early/Middle Miocene; L. Scott: Pollen analysis of Late Cainozoic deposits in the Transvaal and its bearing on palaeo- climates; R. Crossley: High levels of Lake Malawi - an attempt to extend records back 2000 years; L. Jacobson: Rainfall prediction in the central Namib desert and its implications for hunter-gatherer and pastoralist mobility.

Presidential Address. E.M. van Zinderen Bakker: African Palaeoenvironments 18000 years B. P.

Thursday, May 28 - National Physical Research Laboratory, Centre for Scientific and Industrial Research

2nd Session: PALAEOCLIMATES [continued). Chairman: E.M. van Zinderen Sakker

D. Price-Williams, A. Watson, A.S. Goudie 6 R.M. Hooker: Late Quaternary sediments and climatic change in Swaziland; Keynote address. K. Heine: The main stages in the Late Quaternary evolution of the Kalahari. Iron smelting furnaces near the Yalunka town of SINKUNIA.

The excavation at the rock shelter in YAGALA OLD TOWN. 3rd Session: GEOMORPHOLOGY. Chairman: T.C. Partridge J. Rogers: Cenozoic Lithostratigraphy between Cape Town and Lambert!s Bay; R. Crossley: Late Cenozoic stratigraphy of the Karonga area in the Malawi Rift Valley; D.H. Yaalon: On the Aeolianite Red Sands relations in coastal Natal.

-4th Session: PALAEOSOLS. Chairman: D.H. Yaalon Introduction. D.H. Yaalon: The significance of palaeosols in Quaternary studies; F. Netterberg: Distinguishing fossil from contemporary calcretes; D.C. Grey 8, C.J. Taylor: Palaeosols in the southern Cape; F. Ellis 6 B.H.A. Schloms: A note on the Dorbanks (Duripans) of South Africa; F. Netterberg: Calcretes and their decalcification around Rundu, South West Africa.

Poster Session: PALAEOSOLS D.C. Grey G C.J. Taylor: Palaeosols in the southern Cape (display); F. Netterberg G J.C. Vogel: Dating and development of a calcrete profile; Visit to Natural Isotopes Division, NPRL (Radio-carbon dating and stable isotopes laboratory).

Friday, May 29 - Transvaal Museum 5th Session: THE NAMIB DESERT. Chairman: M.K. Seely D.H. Yaalon: Observations on calcrete and recent calcic horizons jn relation to landforms in the central Namib desert; M.E. Marker: Aspects of Namib geomorphology: a Doline karst; N. Lancaster: Spatial variations in dune morphology and sediments in the Namib sand sea; J.C. Vogel: The age of Homeb silts in the Kuiseb river valley; J.D. Ward: Aspects of a sedimentary sequence in the Kuiseb valley; S. Endrody-Younga: The evidence of coleoptera in dating the Namib desert; W.D. Haacke: Distribution patterns of reptiles as indicators of geomorphological events in the Namib desert.

Panel Discussion: THE AGE OF THE NAMIB DESERT. Chairman: M.K. Seely Panel: E.M. van Zinderen Bakker, C.K. Brain, J. Rogers, D.H. Yaalon, J.C. Vogel. Introduction: M.K. Seely; Summary: C.K. Brain.

BIENNIAL MEETING

Sites visited on the Post-Conference Excursion of the Kimberley Area.

Saturday, May 30: Rooidam I and 11; the "MSA-paved road"; Biessresput; Dornlaagte; ULCO Quarries-Ghaap Escarpment, Gorrokop, GrootE.loof. Sunday, May 31: The Kimberley Head; Norlim 3 Calcrete profile; Taung; Vaal River Gravels and the Windsorton area. An excursion guide was compiled by J.M. Maguire, with contributions by A.J. Humphreys, F. Netterberg, R. Mason and others. SOUTHERN AFRICAN ASSOCIATION OF ARCHAEOLOGISTS

CONFERENCE PROGRAMME - 1st - 5th JUNE, 1981

Transvaal Museum, Pretoria, RSA.

Monday, June 1st REGISTRATION MEETING OF CURATORS OF COLLECTIONS: Subject: The S.A. Archaeological Data Recording Centre

Tuesday, June 2nd (Morning) REGISTRATION WELCOME AND OPENING: Dr. C. K. Brain, Director, Transvaal Museum. RESEARCH REPORTS: Stone Age. Chairman: Dr. Andy Smith. C.K. Brain: Bone tools from the lower levels of Member 1 at Swartkrans; A. Jacobson, D. Gihwala E M. Pleisach: Trace element studies on southern African archaeological material; J. Binneman: Experimental determination of adze and scraper use-wear from Boomplaas Cave, southern Cape; A. Mazel: Preliminary archaeological work in the Natal Drakensberg; D. Price-Williams : Brief Report on Swaziland project. PANEL DISCUSSION on paper by J.E. Parkington entitled: Time and Place: some observations on spatial and temporal patterning in the stone age sequence in southern Africa. S. Afr. Archaeol. Bull. 35. Dec. 1980 Chairman: Prof. Garth Sampson. Participants: H.J. Deacon, J. Volman, J.E. Parkington.

(Afternoon) RESEARCH REPORTS: Stone Age (continued). Chairman: Dr. Andy Smith. T. Volman: Interpretation of variation in Acheulean biface measurements; H.J. Deacon et al.: The occurrence of charcoal in Pleistocene and Holocene deposits in southern Africa; H. Opperman: No title; S. Hall: Test excavations at Edgehill. WORKSHOP : Stone Age THEME: The Transvaal Later Stone Age. Chairman: Prof. Hilary Deacon. Participants: R.J. Mason, A. Meyer, I. Plug, M. Tamplin.

Wednesday, June 3rd (Morning) RESEARCH REPORTS: Stone Age (continued). Chairman: Dr. Andy Smith. M. Tamplin: Observations on Later Stone Age industries in the Lepokole Hills, Eastern Botswana; C.G. Sampson: Distribution of the Smithfield B Industry in the Central and Upper Zeekoe Valley, Northern Cape; P.B. Beaumont: The Stone Age sequence at Kathu Pan; A. Smith: Archaeological research in Bushmanland, Cape. ROCK ART. Chairman: Dr. Tim Maggs. T. Maggs: Introductory remarks. RESEARCH REPORTS: P.J. Loubser (C.S.I.R.) Report on National Building Research Institute research into the physical preservation of rock art; A.R. Willcox: Terminological problems in rock art; M. Ripp: Remote sensing techniques; A. Manhire: Rock Art of the Sandveld; W. van Rijssen: Rock Art of the Olifants River Valley; A, Mazel: Rock art survey of the Natal Drakensberg; L. Smits E Colleagues (Lesotho); D. Lewis-Williams: Interpretation of rock art.

(Afternoon) Depart in individual vehicles to Broederstroom Early Iron Age settlement. Host: Prof. R. J. Mason.

(Evening) FUNCTION: at Department of Archaeology, University of Pretoria. Viewing and discussion of Mapungubwe and Kruger National Park material. Slide show of rock paintings in Kruger National Park by Mike English. Host: Prof. J. F. Eloff.

.Thursday, June 4th (morning) RESEARCH REPORTS: Iron Age. Chairman: Mr. Mike Evers. C. Thorp: No title; R.J. Mason: Development of comprehensive Iron Age analytical procedures; S. Hall: Stone wall settlements of the Rooiberg District; D. Davies: Shongweni North Cave botaonical remains; T.M. Evers: No title; M. Tamplin E R. Jones: Analysis of soils at Mmamagwa and other Iron Age sites in Eastern Botswana. , PANEL: The Nature of the Iron Age in sub-Saharan African. Chairman: Prof. Revil Mason. Contributors: T.N. Huffman, T. Maggs, M. Hall.

(afternoon) WORKSHOP: Iron Age. THEME: The earliest Iron Age in southern Africa (200-700AD). Chairman: Dr. G. Mgomezulu. Participants: T.M. Evers, E. Hanisch, T.N. Huffman, M. Klapwijk, T.M. OIC Maggs, R.J. Mason, H. Prinsloo. FUNCTION at the National Cultural History and Open Air Museum, Pretoria. Exhibition: The clay figurines from the schroda Iron Age site. Lecture by E. Hanisch:.The Schroda figurines. Friday, June 5 th (morning) RESEARCH REPORT: Ethnoarchaeology. Chairman: Prof. Tom Huffman. C. Liengme: Ethnobotany at the Botanical Research Institute; D. Collett: The ethnology of population spread: an archaeological perspective; J. Loubser: Ndebele archaeology, Pietersburg area. PANEL: Hunters, Herders and Farmers. Chairman: Prof. Tom Huffman. Contributors: Andy Smith, P. Davison.

Post-conference Excursion of the Northern and Eastern Transvaal

Saturday June 6 : Papo s Hill, Ndebele stone-walled site ; arrive reef swald.

Sunday June 7: Mapungubwe and K2 Iron Age sites.

Monday June 8: Schroda Iron Age site; Pont Drift - painted rock shelter, dinosaur footprints, Khami-type walling; Ratho, Khami-type walling.

Tuesday June 9: Depart Greefswald; Machemma's Kop stone-walled site; Klein Afrika early Iron Age site; arrive Hans Merensky Nature Reserve.

Wednesday June 10: Eiland salt factory Iron Age site; Tsonga Kraal Open Air Museum; Bushman rock shelter LSA/MSA site; Heuingsnekrans shelter LSA site; arrive Pilgrim's Rest.

Thursday June 11: Lydenberg "Head" site and Klingbeil site (Iron Age)

An excursion guide was edited by Elizabeth A. Voigt of the Transvaal Museum with other contributions by E.O.M. Hanisch, J.F.Eloff and A. Meyer, Ina Plug and P.B. Beaumont.

This material was submitted by Morgan J. Tamplin, Associate Professor, Department of Anthropology, Trent University, Peterborough, Canada. Dr. Tamplin attended both conferences with support from an International Canference Grant awarded by the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada. SOUTH AFRICA

-CURmT RESEARCH BY THE ARCHAEOLOGY DEPARTMENT, SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

P.O. Box 61, Cape Town, 8000, South Africa.

1. BYNESKRANSKOP

Two publications relating to the excavations at Bynekranskop in the southern Cape are now in the hands of the Editor of the Annals of the South African Museum and are expected to be in print in the first half of 1982. The major publication (~chweitzer& ~ilson)deals with the late Frank Schweitzer's excavation of the 135000 - year sequence at Byneskranskop 1 (BNK1) covering the period from the terminal Pleistocene until the beginnings of white settlement at the Cape, which have revealed a comprehensive picture oc cultural and economic change during the Later Stone Age. The second paper (~eVillers & ~ilson)deals with the eight human burials excavated at BNK 1 and BNK 3. Bone from three of the individuals has been dated to between 1480 and 3190 B.P., and Professor Hertha de Villiers' analysis of the remains has shown the four adults and four immature individuals to have been members of a San (Bushman) population.

M. L. Wilson.

2. SITE DISTRIBUTIONS, CAPE AGULHAS REGION

Following Schweitzer and Wilson's excavation at Die Kelders and Byneskranskop shelters, we are now examining the spatial dimension of Late Stone Age communities by plotting distributions of open station sites in the Agulhas region (the southernmost point of the continent). So far, some 150 shell middens have been recorded in a coastal study area that extends some 5 kms from the shoreline. Fieldwork in January will result in surface samples from known sites to establish variability in artefactual and faunal content and the further extension of the survey inland.

Martin Hall. 3. BIRD REMAINS FROM ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND FOSSIL SITES Investigation of histological methods to determine age, breeding and possibly moult in bird bones is being undertaken for use in seasonal studies. Medullary bone, indicating breeding, has been found in albatrosses, gannets and cormorants. 'Incomplete' ossification of juvenile bones is showing promising results for age determination. Further information will derive from monthly surveys of beached birds (though to have been the primary hunter-gatherer source) which show seasonal mortality peaks for birds in general as well as for particulax species and age groups. Collection of prey remains of large birds of prey is making it possible to demonstrate the influence cave/rockshelter-using birds can have on faunal samples through the accumulation of small mammals normally considered to represent human dietary remains. Changes in proportions of seabirds and some terrestrial birds are providing information on palaeoenvironments.

Graham Avery.

4. MICROMAMMALS AND PRMISTORY

Micromammalian remains from archaeological sites in South Africa are providing the beginnings of a useful framework of environmental change for use in archaeological studies. Evidence from the southern and northern Cape Province and Natal (~wa~ulu)indicates concurrence in general changes but regional variation in detail, as would be expected. For instance, whereas the same general pattern of change is exhibited at Boomplaas A (S , cape) and at Border Cave (Natal) , there is greater amplitude of change in the former and 180 stage 4 is bry here but wet at Border Cave. There is ample evidence at all sites examined to indicate clearly the fluctuations in the nature of the vegetation, more closed to more open, more trees/bushes to more grass, depending on the climate. The aim now is to extend the coverage both geographically and temporally. If anyone has or expects to acquire good samples (fairly large and preferably from a sequence of horizons) I should be most grateful for the opportunity to examine these.

kgaret Avery. 5. ELANDSFONTEIN SITE PROJECT

Investigations are being carried out at the Elandsfontein fossil site, a Middle Pleistocene occurrence which, in the past, yielded a rich mammalian fauna, including the Saldanha skull, and also Final Acheulian artefacts. M.S.A. and L.S.A. artefacts also occur in mixed context and the recent discovery of Upper Pleistocene faunal remains further emphasises the complexity of the site. A manuscript on earlier work on the site is being prepared by R. Singer of the University of Chicago. New evidence indicates that the occurrences result mainly from predator/scavenger activities, This evidence is in the form of characteristic gnawing and chewing marks on bones and in the context and alignment of bone accumulations thought to be the remains of burrows of hyaenas (and smaller carnivores) and porcupines. Residue of single individuals of giant buffalo, rhinoceros, elephant and hippopotamus may represent kills or natural mortality. The latter is thought more likely and the influence of man is seen as being limited, possibly to scavenging. The overall aim is to understand the interaction of man and other animals in the whole landscape.

Graham Avery and kgaret Awry.

6. ARCHAEOLOGICAL DATA RECORDING CENTRE

The centre continues to update records of archaeological sites as the information is received. Fieldwork is also being carried cut in the southwestern and western Cape specifically in the Clanwilliam district. The area extends from the Cedarberg range in the east, to the Atlantic Ocean in the west and is approximately 30 kilometres long in the north-south direction. About 700 archaeological sites - mainly rock painting sites have been located and recorded in the area. During 1981 along, a total of over 200 previously unrecorded sites were located, plotted on 1:50000 maps and recorded. This information, once recording is complete, will provide useful indications of the way in which the prehistoric inhabitants used their environment, and their patterns of movement.

W.J.J. van Ryssen. Department of Archaeology, Natal Museum.

Tim Maggs returned to the Department in July 1981 after a years leave which he spent lecturing on the Iron Age and Rock Art in the Department of Archaeology, University of Cape Town.

In 1980 the Annals of the Natal Museum contained, for the first time, a group of archaeological papers along with the natural history papers. While the archaeological papers were bound with the others they were also available as a collection of papers bound together. This separate binding was popular and sold out quickly. The 1982 issue of the Annals will contain a second group of archaeo- logical papers which will again be available as a collection bound together.

The volume will include papers by Tim Maggs on 16th century Portuguese ship-wrecks on the Pondoland Coast; a report on excava- tions at a terminal Late Iron Age ruin site near Bergville; a report on excavations of Late Iron Age smelting furnaces on the Tugela River near Colenso and possibly a report on 8th century Early Iron Age sites on the Tugela River near Kranskop. Martin Hall and Kathy Mack will report on a Late Iron Age site near Babanango which has associations with Pungashe, chief of the Buthelezi in Shaka's time. Stone Age papers authored by Aron Maze1 are North/South contrasts in rock painting themes in the Natal Drakensberg and Evidence of Early occupation in the Natal Drakensberg. Dr. 0. Davies has written a paper on Stone Age findings at an ilmenite mine at Umgababa on the Natal coast. There will be 2 annotated biblio- graphies with indices; the first on Archaeology in Natal, Zululand and East Griqualand from 1871-1980 by Patricia Stabbins and the second on Rock Art in Natal, Kwaklu, East Griqualand and adjacent parts of Lesotho from 1874 to mid 1980 by Marilyn Cherry.

The provisional estimate of coast of the bound collection is about R5. Anyone interested in obtaining copies should write to the Assistant Director, Natal Museum.

Three years ago the Department of Forestry contracted the Natal Museum to casry out a project for the conservation and management planning of rock art in the Natal Drakensberg range.

The aims were as follows: 1. establish accurately the localities of as many rock art and other archaeological sites that occur in the Natal Drakensberg. 2. to record fully these sites. 3. to assess the quantity, quality and general value of the paintings at each site and their condition with regard to natural degradation and vandalism.

4. to gather the basic information essential to devise conservation measures. 5. to make recommendations as to the steps necessary to conserve the paintings. This would include identifying 'bench mark' sites with a view to keeping track of the influence of conservation measures, visitor usage, and natural degradation of the art.

6. record data for future research.

The project, started by Valerie Ward was completed in April 1981 by Aron Mazel after two years of intensive fieldwork, with the submission of a detailed report on his research and recommendations for conservation and management strategies. The report was sub- mitted also as his dissertation for a Masters degree which Aron Mazel received from the University of Cape Town in mid 1981.

On completion of the rock art project Aron commenced his ongoing research into the Late Stone Age of the Tugela Basin in Natal. H.9 has already undertaken three excavations and is presently working on a fourth site.

The department is closely associated with the Kw&ulu National Monuments Committee which is presently involved in planning the restoration of Ondini, Cetshawayo's Great Place near Ulundi. Ondini was burnt during the Anglo Zulu war of 1879. Rob Rawlinson of Cape Town was appointed as archaeologist at Ondini and has started excavations in advance of reconstruction. Staff of the depastment will continue to supervise excavations and reconstruction and will advise on the Museum to be established at the site.

The following has been received from Dr.0. Davies.

I excavated in July 1981 at the caves at Shongweni near Durban. The South Cave was largely excavated ten years ago, but a small test was made to resolve certain problems; the latest layer there is Early Iron Age. The North Cave was tested in 1979, and further work in 1981 revealed a complex stratigraphy of the Middle Iron Age and intermittent occupation to well back in the Stone Age. The examination of these caves cannot yet be considered complete. Their main interest consists in the extremely well preserved vegetable remains, leaves seeds nuts etc, of which a good many have been identified; also in well preserved cultigens, including two strains of Eleusine coracana, of which the more primitive is now found only in Ethiopia. It will require at least a year to sort the finds made in 1979 and 1981 and to re-examine all the vegetation from all the excavations.

In 1980 a survey was made, with the help of the Geological Survey, of the stratified coastal dune at Umgababa south of Durban. Only the upper part of the dune is exposed. A full account of the industries, from a very late Acheulian to Late Stone Age, has been prepared and is expected to be published in 1982.

SUDAN

SURVEY OF THE GASH DELTA - NOVEMBER 1980.

In November 1980 the Italian Archaeological Mission in Sudan (~assala),sponsored by the Department of African Studies of the Istituto Universitario Orientale, Naples, has completed the archaeological reconnaissance of the Gash Delta, previously explored by the same Mission in February 1980. The Mission was formed by Dr. Rodolfo Fattovich, Assistant Professor of Ethiopian Archaeology at the I.U.O., Naples, Dr. Marcello Piperno, Inspector for prehistorical archaeology at the Ethnographical Prehistorical Museum 'L. Pigorini', Rome, and Mr. Eltayeb Mohammed Khalifa El Amin, Inspector of the Sudan Antiquities Service.

On this occasion the proper delta and its western and eastern sides were explored. Within the delta the areas around Hadalya Station and from Aroma to Kassala were examined. Along the western side the area from the Kassala-Port Sudan paved road to Khor Garatit was surveyed. Along the eastern side the area along the Gash, Jebel Haboba, the Sabira, Jebel Keshaidari, Jebel Tukulabab and Kassala was explored. Finally the area SE of Jebel Kassala, included among the Gash, Khor Tagando and Khor Shaitalit, up to Jebel Gulsa was explored.

The area around Eriba and Amm Adam stations at the northern end of the delta and the one near Khor Dilulayeb at its SW side, already explored in February, were visited again by the Mission. A detailed surface survey of Mahal Teglinos (K 1) was also carried out to test the possibility of starting excavations in 1981.

No site was observed within the delta. If such actually existed, they were likely destroyed by floods and cultivations. The Mission did not trace the 'ancient villages' recorded on the Sudan map 1:250.000 46 M near Hadalya station. me single sizes can De aescri Dea as ~ouows:

Eriba Station, Site n. 3 (ES 3) : located at c 1 km SE of ES 1, c 200x200 m; many artefacts lithic industry, ground stones, stone rings) , faunal remains ; some oval tombs.

Eriba Station, site n. 4 (ES 4) : located at c 300 m S of ES 3, c 150x100 m; at the center one mound of c 15x15 m and five oval tombs ax. 220x130 crns, min. 120x70 crns) ; few artefacts and faunal remains.

Khor Garatit, site no. 1 (KG 1):located at c 25 km NW of J. Kassala, 1 km W of Khor Garatit, c 20x30 m; few artefacts (lithic industry, potsherds).

Khor Garatit, site no. 2 (KG 2) : located at c 700 m S of KG 1, c 100x150 m; many artefacts (lithic industry, potsherds).

Khor Garatit, site n. 3 (KG 3): located at c 700 m 1 km SE of KG 2, c 70x70 m; many artefacts (lithic industry, potsherds).

Khor Garatit, site no. 4 (KG 4): located at c 700-800 m S of KG 3, c 50x50 m; few artefacts (lithic industry, potsherds).

Khor Garatit, site no. 5 (KG 5): located c 1 km Ski of KG 4, c 70x70 m; very disturbed by a modern camp of nomads; some artefacts (lithic industry; potsherds).

Khor Garatit, site n. 6 (KG 6): located on the E side of K. Garatit, at c 2 km SE of KG 5, c 200x200 m; many artefacts (lithic industry; potsherds) ; on the surface the traces of a possible contracted burial with the head at NW are visible.

Khor Dilulayeb, site n. 7 (GS 7): located at c 1500 m S of the GS sites discovered in February 1980, c 50x70 m; very disturbed by a modern camp of nomads; few artefacts (lithic industry; potsherds).

Khor Dilulayeb, site n. 8 (GS 8): located at c 3 km SW of GS 7, c 50x30 m; few artefacts (lithic industry, ground stones, potsherds) .

Khor Tagando, site n. 1 (KT 1): located immediately S of K. Tagando, in front of Wad Shafadi, c 150x150 m; some artefacts (lithic industry; pottery) .

Khor Tagando, site n. 2 (KT 2) : located at c 3 km SE of KT 1, almost completely destroyed; few artefacts (lithic industry, very few potsherds). 13. Jebel Tefanani, site n. 1 (~~ef1): rock-shelter on the S side of the jebel, few artefacts (lithic industry, potsherds) . Surface collection was made on these sites and on the previously discovered ES 1, 2 and AAS 1 sites. In the last ones particular attention was paid to get faunal remains.

Finally at Mahal Teglinos (K 1) one small round structure, probably a hut, and one rectangular grave (150x80 crns) were recorded. At the same site one rectangular area (2x3 m) was in the middle of the site and all materials up to 5 crns of depth were collected. One small stratigraphic pit (1x3 m) was opened in it, but the discovery of a grave at 10 crns of depth from the soil's surface compelled us to stop the test. The grave consisted of a simple burial in the soil, with contracted body, the head at NW and two flat stones placed over and under the head. In the NW side of the site, an open section in a sand querry was also examined and some samples from two distinct archaeological levels were collected. On the basis of such observations it seems that at Mahal Teglinos (K 1) an archaeological deposit with an average depth of 100-150 crns still exists and that a large part of the ancient site is well preserved and very rich in artefacts and faunal remains. Different phases of settlement can be also recognized in the stratigraphy and two major settlements can be distinguished on the surface. The first one, characterized by orange combed ware, was mainly located in the central and eastern part of the site; the second one, characterized by brown rippled ware, was located in the NW part. The stratigraphic sequence visible in the open sections is insufficient to suggest a chronological sequence. The 1981 mission will start proper excavations at this site.

The main results of the survey in November 1980 are:

i) the discovery of a new cultural unity, distinct from the previously recognized ones.

il) the collection of a lasge amount of faunal remains will give indications of the palaeoenvironmental situation in the regions E of Atbara river;

iii) the discovery in some sites of potsherds like the Early Kerma ones.

The new cultural unity is documented by the sites KG 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 near Khor Garatit. It is characterized by a microlithic blade and flake industry and by brown pottery, usually without decorations. The decorative patterns are restricted to the top of the rim and consist of oblique or fish tail grooves. A microlithic industry, characterized by crescents, and few orange plain potsherds were found also at JTef 1. Its position in the cultural sequence of the delta however must be defined.

A lot of faunal remains were collected at ES 2, 3, 4, US 1, K 1 (Mahal ~e~linos).In the sites new Eriba and Amm Adam stations (ES 2, 3, 4; AAS 1) the fauna includes bones of hippos and big fishes typical of a riverine habitat.

Potsherds similar to the Early Kerma ones have been found at ES 2, 3 and AAS 1 in the same assemblages with the riverine fauna. They are decorated with moulded dots closing cylindrical holes within the paste. Their aspect anyway is coarser than that of the Early Kerma ones and might suggest an earlier date going back to the IIIrd millennium B.C.

With the survey of November 1980 the archaeological reconnai- ssance of the Gash delta is finished. The next steps of research in the area will be the excavation of some sites, particularly K 1 (~ahal~e~linos) and AAS 1, Presently 43 sites have been discovered, going back to the IVth/lIIrd millennium B.C. - early IInd millennium A,D, They include settlements and cemeteries, sometimes directly connected to ancient villages.

On the basis of the collected data a provisional picture of the cultural sequence in the area can be described. The earliest remains are wavy line (~arl~~hartoum) potsherds found at K 1, perhaps the microlithic industries found at JTef 1 and GS 1. The last ones are some Christian cairns of baked bricks, associated with late Christian pottery, found at M 6, W of Amm Adam station. Historical sherds (1st Mill. A.D.) have also been found at K 4 near Jebel Kassala. Finnaly the scattered stone cairns around Jebel Kassala, Jebel Tukulabab and Jebel Timberi Tie go back probably to a recent (Christian ?) age and might be attributed to nomads like the Beja.

Within these chronological limits four cultural units can be recognized. The earliest ones are documented by the sites ES 2, 3, 4 and AAS 1 and KG 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6. The sites ES 2, 3, 4 and AAS 1 share some common types of pottery, partly like the Early Kerma one, but show a slight difference in lithic industry. They possibly go back to the IIIrd millennium B.C, and might be attributed to hunter-gatherers exploiting the riverine habitat of the ancient Gash. The sites KG 1-6 share the same microlithic industry and brown ware and are likely characterized by the absence of ground stones. Their age is still undertain, but the archaic features of the remains suggests an early date. The third cultural unit is documented by the sites ES 1, M 1, GS 1-5, K 1, 2, 4, the most impressive one being K 1. It is diffused over the whole delta and is mainly characterized by orange combed ware. Its' age is uncertain; probably it goes back to the IInd-1st millenia BC, some developmental phases being represented by different sites. The f0urt.h cultural unity is documented mainly by the sites JM 2, 3, 4, 5 near Jebel Mokran. It is characterized by orange or red plain ware and mat impressed ware. It possibly goes back to the beginning of the 1st millennium BC, insofar as one site (N 120) with the same pottery, recorded nea,r Khashm el Girba, is dated back to 1,100 + 90 BC (see J . Shiner, The Prehistory and Geology of Northern Sudan, 11, Dallas 1971). Similar mat impressed ware moreover was collected at Ntanei and Kokan near Agordat in Eritrea and in the pre-Aksumite site at Yeha in Tigrai, suggesting the existence of an area of interaction including the middle Atbara Valley, the Gash Delta, the upper Baraka valley and the Tigrean plateau in the 1st millennium BC.

Rodolf o Fattovi ch

kcello Piperno SEDEINGA ARCHAEOLOGlCAL UNIT SUDAN

POST-OFFICE : ABOU RAGA NORTHERN PROVINCE REPUBLIC OF THE SUDAN

MISSION ARCH~OLOGIQUE DE SEDElNCA CORRESPONDANCE 77. RUE QEOROES LARDENNOIS - 78019 PARIS

SEDAU : 38me campagne de fouilles 2I Sedeinga (Nubie soudanaise).

La mission fran~aiseSEDAU (Sedeinga Archeological Unit) a poursuivi ses recherches du 19 f6vrier au 15 mars 1981 B Sedeinga, en Nubie soudanaise. Elle comprenait M. Jean Leclant, Mlle Catherine Berger et M. Audran Labrousse. Elle Btait accompagnee par Mme L6one Allard-Huard qui slest rendue une nouvelle fois au &be1 Gorgod OD - elle a compl6t6 son enquete sur cet ensemble impressionnant de gravures rupestres. A Sedeinga meme, la fouille a port6 sur la limite Sud-Est du secteur de la n6cropole m6roitique d6nomm6 "I". Une vingtaine de sdpultures ont 6t6 mises en dvidence, la plupart s6vhrement pill6es. En dehors de plusieurs constructions de briques crues voOt6es, toutes B llext&me limite du terrain, il s'agit de tombessabots, comportant un puits-descenderie donnant acc&s, sur le meme axe, 21 un caveau de faibles dimensions, grossi6rement tail16 dans le gebel, un sol rouge, assez inBgal, de trgs mauvaise qualit6. L10riginalit6 est que certaines de ces s6pultures, au lieu dt8tre orient6es d1Est en Ouest, le sont ici B l'inverse, dlOuest en Est. En certain cas, il s1agit de sdpultures doubles : deux caveaux juxtapos6s, pourvus de puits-descenderies ind&pendants, sont group& sous la meme superstructure, Celle-ci semble avoir 6t6 de facon constante une pyramide; mais ces pyramides sont le plus souvent rdduites 2I de tr&s faibles vestiges; dans la majorit6 des cas, les pyramides Btaient en briques crues, de 4 B 5 m de c8t6; une pyramide semble avoir 6t6 cependant faite de petits blocs de schiste noir. Les pyramides comportent sur leur . - face Est une chapelle miniature, dont l'ouverture comportait en facade deux murets en retour dlangle. Parmi le materiel 6pargn6 par les voleurs / il faut citer plusieurs poteries intactes, de formes et de decors SEDEINGA ARCHAEOLOGICAL UNIT SUDAN

POST-OFFICE : ABOU RAGA NORTHERN PROVINCE REPUBLIC OF THE SUDAN

MISSION ARCHEOLOGIQUE DE SEDEINGA CORRESPONDANCE 77. RUE GEORGES LARDENNOIS - 7SOIO PARIS

typiquement meroitiques : petits bols, vases globulaires i3 haut col, pichets; motifs v6g6taux, pittoresques grenouilles devant des autels hathoriques ou des signes-ankh- stylis6s en 616ments v6g6taux; incisions ponctiformes de dessins g6omdtriques sur des vases globulaires en pate brunatre ; B noter aussi un petit vase de verre. Pour tdmoigner de La qualit6 du reste du materiel, il n'a 6t6 recueilli qu'un 616ment de pendentif en cornaline et une petite rondelle apparemment en test de coquille dtoeuf d'autruche. Parmi les blocs utilisds en couverture des tombes se trouvait une table d'offrande m6roItique ddcoree de quatre pains ronds ainsi que dtun vase versant et un bloc de grhs provenant vraisembla- blement de la decoration du temple du Nouvel Empire. La mission a enfin recueilli un montant de porte miniature decor6 d'un Anubis faisant la libation.

Jean Leclant , Report on Reconstruction of mroitic Wall Paintings : 1981 . I During the 1975 and 1976 excavation seasons at bkroe Tbmsite in the Sudan, a large nunnber of fragments of wall paintings were recovered from a complex of smll temples lying to the east of the great Wnple of Amun. These fragments becare the subject of a reconstruction and conservation project carried out in facilities provided by the Sudan National Museum of Antiquities in Khartoum, with funds provided by the Social Sciences and Humanities &search Council of Canada. The project was directed by Prof. P.L. Shinnie of the University of Calqry; the field staff consisted of WcaBradley, Archaeologist, s.Clara Semple, artist, and Wendy Baker, conservator. In the 1981 season, the fourth of the project, the initial aims of the project =re successfully completed: recording the fragments, munting a selection for display, and conserving the rest of the corpus for storage in the museum and possible future study.

All £ragrents with reconstruction potential were photographed, drawn, desalinated, and consolidated. Seven panels were prepared for display, consisting of aluminum honeyconb panels onto which the fragnwts were bonded with a strong, lightweight plaster. The technique was designed to be fully reversible, in case of further study adding to the reconstructions; that is, fragmnts can be added, mved, or shifted around on the panels without difficulty or damage. The seven panels are as follows:

Panel 1: Arensnuphis and Isis, 48"x32". Left portion of "Arensnuphis scene" from Temple M. 720, depicting large portions of a red-robed, ch.1uris-cmd god, presurrably Arensnuphis, follmed by a goddess dressed in the vulture-wing garb. Panel 2: King and Kandake, 48"x48". Right portion of "Arensnuphis scence" from Temple M. 720, depicting large prtions of two royals figures in long white robes, fringed and enbroidered. The figures have been positioned in the panel so as to leave space for a possible third such figure whose presence is indicated by several similar but hereto unreconstructable fragmnts . Panel 3: KC104, 24"x23$". No complete scene was reconstructed from the Temple KC.104 material, but several clusters of matched fragments were munted toqether. Panel 4: Processional Scene I, 24"x23%". Upp& portion of figures from M.720 "Processional scene". includina heads and shoulders of ixo mle figures.dressed & richly embroidered robes and lion-skin regalia, plus forward hand of a third bearing offerings . Panel 5: Processional Scene 11. 16 "xl6 ". mrportion of one figure framM. 720 "Processiondl scenew, munted separately due to lack of infomation regarding definite placerrrent in relation to upper portions (Panel 4). he decorations an the rabe include a unique arrangemmt of beads and fringes, and oh the feet the sandals are quite well-presexved. Panel 6: F'ragmnts of fine painting. 16"xl6". Assorted framts of finely detailed work, mainly fromM.720, showing a cross-section of artistic skills and conventions of the Memitic nuralists. None of these fragments originated in either the Arensnuphis or the Processional scenes. Panel 7: Coloured fragmnts, 16 "xl6". Assorted fragmnts on which the pigmnts are exceptionally well-preserved, inclding a selectim fromM.720 and K12.102. This panel gives an idea of the range of pigments available to the &mitic mralist, without the fire dam* present in mst of the other panels. The fragments selected did not fit irnt any of the reconstructions munted in the other panesl; so11.e of the plaster was of the exterior (gyps&based) type of plaster rather than the interior (Nile --based) type* 'Ihe seven panels and the fittings for munting them on walls were handed over to the curator of the Khrtoum Museum for temporary display. The remainder of the material was consolidated and recorded, and packed into mtal trunks for storage, also in the meurn. Potentially valuable pieces were segregated from those for which little hope of inclusioi in future reconstructions is held. Photographs and coloured drawings were prepared of all panels and potentially reconstructable fragments; these are in ny care while publication is being arranged.

bbecca Bradley ZAIRE

During the month of October 1980 a brief archaeological survey of the Boma area in Lower Zayre was carried out by J. Cornet and Shaje Tshiluila of the Institut des Musges Nationaux du ~azreand P. de Maret of the Musge Royal de llAfrique Centrale (Tervuren).

Two kilometers upstream from ~oka,a concentration of potsherds was observed on the right bank of the Za?re River (lat 5°51'371'S., long 13' 4'23"E.). The site was tested with three 2x3 meter units. Near the river the deposit was only 10 cm thick above the bedrock but further uphill a high concentration of atypical potsherds were collected between the surface and a depth of 50 cm. Some remains of 19th century European china indicate that this occupation layer is probably not older than one or two centuries. One sample of associated charcoal has been however submitted for dating.

Further upstream the famous "Ile des Princes" was visited. In its northeastern part, several graves of Kongo chiefs mentioned by previous visitors (Stanley, Devroey, Dartevelle) and decorated with broken guns and anchors can still be seen. According to Stanley, several members of the Tuckey expedition of 1816 were also buried on this island but this has never been confirmed. Late Stone Age artifacts of quartz and flint were collected on surface throughout the island.

Several Kongo cemeteries were visited half way between Boma and Matadi. Near Kidiaki, we tested a grave on top of which one of the well- known stone sculptures called Ntadi or more exactly, Bitmba, had been collected previously, (Pierres sez.iZpt&es du Bas Zatre, IMNZ, Kinshasa 1978, fig. 3). The remains of an iron camping bed, pieces of a sewing machine stand, a piece of a gun, a rifle and broken Staffordshire jugs were laying nearby the sculpture. They all pointed to a late 19th century date but they may have been deposited at a later date on the grave.

At the request of the inhabitants of the nearby village, we did only a small test pit as they did not want us to take away anything and to leave the grave open after sunset. In the shaft of the grave, ten iron nails were collected. At a depth of 180 cm, two plain copper bracelets wrapped in a piece of red fabric were collected. Under them, the pelvis and part of the left femur were unearthed. Several white buttons from a flap were found. This is of some interest as it confirms that the grave was indeed not older than the late 19th century and that it was a man's grave. As the stone sculpture collected on top was a male figure, a correlation is likely between the sex of the deceased and the one of the Bitumba. In the vicinity of Lubmbashi, E. Anciaux de Faveaux, M. Lohay and M. Verbeek have collected over the past three years, numberous polished axes in hematite. W. Van Neer has now completed his Ph.D. on the study of the faunal remains from the caves of Matupi and Kiantapo. A brief study of the mostly Late Iron Age material collected during G. Mortelmans excavation of the latter site will soon be made available (G. Mortelmans & P. de Maret, Rgsultats des fouilles de 1955 devant la grotte de Kiantapo au Shaba, AfYYica Tervuren, forthcoming) .

Pierre de Maret Royal Museum of Central Africa (Te rvuren) University of Brussels Preliminary Report on the Luano Archaeological Survey by Michael S. Bisson McGill University

The presence of archaeological sites in the area of the Luano hot spring and stream east of Chingola, Zambia (12'32' south, 27'55' east) was first reported by Sampson in 1965, who described Middle Stone Age, Late Stone Age and Iron Age artifacts collected from the surface of the hot spring. In the following years Phillipson and others investigated the area and demonstrated its archaeological potential. This report summarizes the preliminary results of the most recent of these studies, an investigation of prehistoric subsistence and settlement patterns in the Luano drainage carried out by the author from July through November 1980. I will focus on the archaeological sequence here as the analysis of subsistence and settlement is not yet complete.

The Luano Survey The greatest number of sites are concentrated around the hot spring eye (Fig. 1). These include the Luano Main Site, containing deposits ranging from the Later Iron Age to the Middle Stone Age; The Luano Spring Site, an Early Iron Age village with preserved hut floors; The Luano South Site, a large but very sparse scatter of Later Iron Age material; and the Luano Rock-shelter, a Late Stone Age site with both early and Later Iron Age pottery in its upper levels. In addition to these, a total of 16 other habitation sites were found during foot surveys in the drainage along with 21 small concentrations of pottery or grindstones (Find-spots) that may be the remains of shelter associated with garden plots. Of all the sites and find-spots in the drainage, 7 contain Early Iron Age materials (6 sites and 1 Find-spot) and 37 contain Later Iron Age specimens (17 sites and 20 Find-spots). Surface collections were made from all sites.

Excavations Excavations were conducted at five sites, the largest of which was Luano Main. At least six different components have been identified at that site. In the upper 20 cm of deposits, Later Iron Age pottery occurs that is characterized by narrow bands of diagonal comb stamping, cord or bangle impressions and cross-hatched incision. Beneath this in some parts of the site is a component containing a very high frequency of undecorated vessels. Decorated pots from this layer are mainly comb stamped, often with simplified forms of the pendant loop designs that are common in the Early Iron Age layers. Both these components have been heavily disturbed and it is possible that four or more occupations are represented by the Later Iron Age layer. Only the further study of pit contents, hut floors and other sealed features will resolve this problem. The Early Iron Age is represented by one small but quite clear component located near the centre of the site and possibly a second component (which has been disturbed) in the south eastern quarter. Associated pottery is thick walled and often poorly fired. Decoration is primarily wide bands of pendant loups or over-lapping arcs. In the better preserved component the pendant loops are made with broad incised lines and are filled with comb stamping, in the other they are made with narrow incisions and are less often embellished or filled. In both cases false relief chevron designs are rare.

The Luano Main Site includes three components of Stone Age occupation. Typical Late Nachikufan artifacts occur in both of the Early Iron Age components and in the upper part of a white sand layer along the dambo margin. A different industry lies deeper in the white sand layer. It is a flake based technology employing a number of Middle Stone techniques, but the artifacts themselves are smaller than normal Middle Stone Age material. Crescents are present but bifacially pressure flaked arrow points are also found. The overall appearance of this collection is of a Second Intermediate industry and the presence of bifacial retouch seems to place it intermediary between the Lupembo-Tshitolian of Zaire and the Early Nachikufan. Tranchets, which are characteristic of the Zaire collections, are not present here. In one unit a small collection of what may be Sangoan chipping debris was also discovered.

The Luano Spring Site is an Early Iron Age village located to the west and north of the hot spring. It is primarily a single component Early Iron Age occupation, but two small and sparse scatters of recent Later Iron Age pottery are present on the surface. All early materials come from a sandy layer less than 40 cm deep. The E.I.A. pottery from this area is clearly from the same tradition as that at the Main Site but appears significantly different in some respects. Designs are generally more complex, with multiple bands being common, and not standardized. Indeed, there is an extreme range of variation, and individual design sequences are rarely duplicated. The pendant loop is, however, the most common motif and it is often bordered by horizontal lines of large triangular impressions. False relief chevron is absent. An important feature of this site is that hut floors are well preserved and their distribution in some parts of the site can be determined by clusters of daga brought up by cultivation.

Luano Site E, which was located during the survey, has two components, recent Later Iron Age and Early Iron Age. It is located in sandy soil on a gentle slope overlooking the stream. On its north border is a small spring and dambo. Pottery is scattered over a surface area measuring nearly 200 m from north to south and 180 m from east to west, but debris is very sparse in the southern third of the site so the area of probable occupation is smaller than both the Main and Spring Sites. The Early Iron Age at Site E is less well defined and contained a lower density of artifacts than the two sites previously discussed. The pottery is related to the other E.I.A. collections but is interesting in that it is the only group in which false relief chevron designs, although not common, are present in significant numbers.

The Luano Rock-shelter has been described by Phillipson. Because it was known to contain both Late Stone Age and Early Iron Age artifacts, a test pit was excavated in order to obtain data on the relationship between the two groups. The depositional sequence in the shelter was: an upper layer c. 25 cm thick of fine gray ash containing Later Iron Age pottery and numerous bone fragments; a middle layer c. 35 cm thick of fine brown soil with Early Iron Age and Late Stone Age materials; and a darker brown layer from 60 cm below surface down to bedrock at 1.25 m that had a greater concentration of Stone Age flakes but no pottery. The Early Iron Age pottery in this site is unusual. Thickened cord stamped rims, false relief chevron, incised herringbone motifs and other forms of decoration not common in the Luano area are present, but other specimens are definitely of local origin. This pottery is, however, fragmentary and relatively infrequent. It was presumably brought into the rock-shelter by the Late Stone Age hunters who camped there.

The Stone Age deposits in this site appear to be all Late Nachikufan. As is usual with Nachikufan sites, the great majority of the collection is chipping debris. Normal tools associated with the Early Iron Age pottery are primarily crescents and other hunting equipment. In the lower layers, scrapers are more frequent. It may be that the shelter first served as a base camp and later as a temporary hunting camp. The exotic sherds found there may be an indication of the wide range that the hunters travelled.

Final Observations The Luano collections are presently being processed and much remains to be done. Conclusions, even about some basic aspects of the archaeological sequence, are thus unwise at this time. Nevertheless, some important points about the Iron Age of the Luano can now be made. The Early Iron Age is definitely part of Phillipson's Chondwe group, but as the three largest previously known collections from that group (Kangonga, Roan Antelope and Chondwe) are from sites more than 100 km distant, expected differences have been observed. Site E at Luano is most similar but certainly not identical to Roan Antelope. If Phillipson's inference that that site was the earliest in the area is correct, then Site E will represent the first Iron Age occupation of the Luano drainage. The other Early Iron Age sites investigated appear to be more similar to Kangonga than any other previously discovered Copperbelt collection.

One final point on the Iron Age sequence at Luano is that there is a clear typological continuity between the Early and Later Iron Age assemblages. Early pots are generally decorated with complex designs based first on broad line incisi ns and later by narrow incisions. These are eventually replaced by simplifications of the.origina1 motifs executed by comb stamping and bangle impression. There is no evidence at this point for population replacement as the mechanism for the Early Iron Age-Later Iron Age transition. CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY

Dr. Alexander of Cambridge University sends this list of graduate students now worWng on African topics;

African Archaeology at Cambridge

Postgraduate research is being undertaken as followsr E.K.A.K. Ahmed ... Meroitic settlement patterns in the Butana. Miss R.T. Bradley . . . Regional variation within the Meroitic Sudan. Miss M , Braithwaite .. . , Material culture in an Ethnographic context in Eastern Africa. D.J. Buck ... The effects of the Roman Frontier on the indogenes on southern lybian and eastern frontiers of the Roman Empire. J.H.C. Cable ... Aspects of the economy, technology and environment in the later Stone Age of Natal. D.P. Collett ... Spatial structure of the Early Iron Age cultures of Zambia as a critical test between continuous and discontinuous mechanism of dispersal. Mrs. L.W. Donley .., Early Islamic domestic architecture on the E, African coast. M.C. Horton ... Archaeological aspects of early Islamic penetration in Kenya. P.J. Lane ... The organised use of space: an analysis of the visibility of social structure in the archaeological record of West Africa. ... Ethnoarchaeology of the Dinka of the S. Sudan. Miss H.L. Moore ,.. Investigation of assumption that there is an underlying social symbolism behind spatial relations of structures and bound- aries in East Africa. I. Musa ... The Later Prehistory' of Darfur. Miss S.A. Taha ... Aspects of the Palaeolithic of Northern Africa. T. Tshilema ... Early Kingdoms in Rwanda. THE AFRICAN ARCHAEOLOGICAL REVIEW

The Cambridge University Press is establishing The African Archaeological Review. Coverage will include all aspects of the archaeology of the continent and neighbouring islands, excepting specialized human biology on the one hand and, on the other, topics relating primarily to North African civil izations (in the Engl ish sense of that word) and their extra-African interests. New data from the field will be emphasized as will studies of wider than regional significance. Editorial policy will be to favour material from areas that are not served by any of the journals currently published. Content Categories will include:- 1. Articles of 6000-15000 words on topics such as:- a) treatments of cultural h istorical quest ions on a greater than regional scale, b) developments in archaeological theory and method that are of Pan-African significance, and c) advances in related disciplines that are of special interest to Africanists. 2. Reports of 6000-15000 words on sites that are of importance in that their interpretation forces reappraisal of currently held views. 3. Site reports subsidized through the author. These will consist of a 6000-15000 word general text plus microfiche inserts supplying documentation and argument at a level of detail normally found only in monographs. 4. Formal reports (as opposed to newsletter i tems) of 2000-4000 words on research in progress. 5. Review articles of 3000-5000 words on groups of publications. There will be no reviews of I individual books or monographs. 6. Annotated bibliographies especially of publications in languages other than English. 7. Abstracts of theses and dissertations on African Archaeology. 8. Brief editorial comment on recent major discoveries and issues of general interest. 9. Publications received. The Review wdsll be in English; however contributions in French will be welcomed and, if accepted for publication, translated. The Review will be an annual publication with the first issue scheduled to appear in March, 1983. It will consist of about 280 pages (80,000 words plus 1 ine drawings and photographs) in a format s imi lar to that of World Archaeology. The present (cost estimate - 4g12 sterling p.a. Circulars will be issued by the C.U.P. in due course. The following have already agreed to serve on an Advisory Editorial Board:- Bassey Wai Andah, Cyr Descamps, A.T. Grove, Fekri Hassan, Lech Krzyzaniak, Gadi Mgomezulu, Charles Nelson, Nicole Petit-Maire, Colette Roubet, Peter Shinnie, Nick Van der Merwe, and Francis Van Noten. This is the full board less one Early Man special ist. Please consider this as a CALL FOR PAPERS - correspondence regarding scholarly aspects of the Review should be addressed to:

Nicholas David Editor, The African Archaeological Review, Dept of Archaeology, University of Calgary 2500 University Dr. N.W., Calgary Alberta, Canada, T2N IN4