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No of Sites with Human Paintings by Sex & Indeterminacy The copyright of this thesis vests in the author. No quotation from it or information derived from it is to be published without full acknowledgementTown of the source. The thesis is to be used for private study or non- commercial research purposes only. Cape Published by the University ofof Cape Town (UCT) in terms of the non-exclusive license granted to UCT by the author. University SPATIAL ANALYSIS OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES IN THE WESTERN CAPE USING AN INTEGRATED DIGITAL ARCHIVE NICHOLAS WILTSHIRE Town Cape of Thesis presented for the degree of Master of Science In the Department of Archaeology University of Cape Town August 2011 University Abstract This thesis presents the digital amalgamation of eleven collections spanning six decades of archaeological research in the south-western Cape of South Africa. The oldest recordings were made in the 1950s by Hym Rabinowitz, Percy Sieff and ‘Ginger’ Townley Johnson while the most recent reports were contributed by members of the eastern Cederberg Rock Art Group (eCRAG). To date over 5100 sites have been captured. An archaeological database designed in 2005 at the University of Cape Town was modified to incorporate the fields required by the various collections before the data input and scanning of the collections took place. Each report was fully typed so that information could be indexed. Upon completion of the archiving work, a new table of rock art analyses was added to the database in order to produce layers suitable for interrogation on a Geographical Information System. Various applications of this database were explored in both the research and heritage management spheres. Given the high volume andTown broad nature of the data assembled in the archive only preliminary forays into potential research questions were possible. Despite these limitations, the integration of photographic, spatial and written recordings enabled the identification of distributional anomalies that are nowCape being investigated in more detail. A number of other research projects have recently started using this database as a starting point. Undoubtedly the relevance of the information containedof in this archive will continue to grow as other uses for the database are explored. Besides the spatial analyses completed in this thesis, over 300 new rock art sites have been added to the body of archaeological knowledge and work on papers related to these findings is ongoing. University i Acknowledgements This thesis is dedicated to Tony Manhire who managed the SARU collection for many years at UCT. I would like to thank my supervisor, John Parkington, for his unfailing support and patience during this project. The idea to take the digital archive beyond the starting blocks in 2005 has long been in our sights and it is extremely satisfying to have finished this archive. At first we only envisaged digitisation and analysis of the records from the Spatial Archaeology Research Unit at the University of Cape Town but the project took on a life of its own when other contributors came to the fore. Hym and Jenny Rabinowitz, Judy Sealy and Tim Maggs arranged access to the Johnson, Rabinowitz and Sieff collection. Simon Hall provided access to his surveys in the Koue Bokkeveld with Aron Mazel and Siyakha Mguni contributed his records from Bushman’s Kloof. Antonieta Jerardino made her West Coast slide collection available and John Lanham gave copies of images from UCT field schools from 2000-2004. Members of the UCT Archaeology Club assisted with surveys in the Koue Bokkeveld and the Witteberge. Many other UCT archaeology students over the years helped make this database possible. Connie Meister and Bastian Asmus contributedTown data from the Clanwilliam area. Heritage Western Cape and the South African Heritage Resources Agency facilitated access to site data from Archaeological Impact Assessments. Cuan Hahndiek and Louisa Hutten made copies of their De Hangen photographs for the archive. Dave HalkettCape and Royden Yates must also be thanked for their immense contribution to the SARU archive.of Special thanks go to Janette Deacon for leading the eCRAG project, for providing slides, photos and reports and for her bottomless energy while working together at Heritage Western Cape. I would formally like to acknowledge all the eCRAG members who participated in the field trips: Simon Liell-Cock, Andy Paterson, Evelyn Gates, Florentien Weisijnbeek, Doreen Gowans, Danie and Jeanette Baard, Ian andUniversity Lily Forbes, Phil and Gill Cohen, Priscilla Williams, Anne and Brian Evans, Rika du Plessis, Stella Geel, Jane Goodfellow, Julio Graham, Petro Keene, Heather Kirk, Lyne & Stewart Mclennan, Sally McNarland, Terri Hagen, Renee Hirschon, Dennis Buckland, Arno and Mariette Pitlo and Joané Swart. The following land owners and staff must also be acknowledged: Bakkrans: Johan van der Westhuizen and Arie Beukes. Voëlvlei: Louis Melis, Heinrich Titus, Johannes Gouws, Ricardo Swartz and Elton Swartz. Cedar Rock: Tony Kings. Nuwerus: Louise & Steven Esterhuizen. Zuurvlakte: Koos Mouton. Rietvlei: Iver and Ida Unsgaard. Hartnekskloof: Bill Vos. ii My following UCT colleagues who assisted with long days out in the field and for their invaluable comments: Will Archer, Alex Mackay, Aara Welz, Wesley Flear, Kyla Bluff, Jessica Plasket, Steven Casper, Ross Lyall, Hugo Pinto, Katie Smuts, Steven Walker, Mary Leslie, Belinda Mütti, Andy Smith, Tim Hart, Jayson Orton, and Jenna Lavin. Last but not least I have to thank my wife, Carrie Mashek, for her support, for putting up with me in the field and for typing many of the old records. Town Cape of University iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract ................................................................................................................................................... i Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................................ ii List of Tables ......................................................................................................................................... vii List of Maps .......................................................................................................................................... viii List of Figures .......................................................................................................................................... x CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION & BACKGROUND.............................................................1-12 1.1 INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................... 1 1.2 THE REGION ............................................................................................... 6 1.3 BRIEF HISTORY OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE RECORDING IN THE SOUTH- WESTERN CAPE PRIOR TO 2000 ....................................................................... 6 1.4 MORE RECENT WORK SINCE 2000 ............................................................. 8 Town 1.5 THE ARCHIVES, DATABASES AND HERITAGE RESOURCES MANAGEMENT ................................................................................................ 9 1.6 BACKGROUND TO THIS PROJECTCape ............................................................. 12 CHAPTER TWO REVIEW OF APPROACHESof TO REGIONAL STUDIES OF ARCHAEOLOGY IN THE WESTERN CAPE………………………………………………………………………………….13-26 2.1 DATA COLLECTION VIA OPEN-SITE SURVEYS & EXCAVATIONS ............... 13 2.2 SAMPLING AT OPEN SITES & RAW MATERIAL SOURCING ...................... 14 2.3 SEASONAL MOBILITY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MODELS .......................... 19 University2.4 BOUNDARIES, TERRITORIES & EXCHANGE .............................................. 20 2.5 ROCK ART & RITUAL ................................................................................ 22 2.6 COMBINING ROCK ART WITH THE REST OF THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL RECORD ......................................................................................................... 22 2.7 ROCK ART AND CHRONOLOGY................................................................ 23 2.8 ROCK ART AND TERRITORIALITY ............................................................. 24 2.9 CONTACT ROCK ART ............................................................................... 26 2.10 GENDER AND ROCK ART ....................................................................... 26 iv CHAPTER THREE NEEDS ASSESSMENT FOR THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL DATABASE AND PRESENTATION OF THE RESEARCH QUESTIONS…………………………………28-38 3.1 WESTERN CAPE ARCHAEOLOGICAL RECORD KEEPING ........................... 28 3.2 SPATIAL ARCHAEOLOGY IN ROCK ART RESEARCH .................................. 31 3.3 NEW POSSIBILITIES FOR THE DISTRIBUTIONAL APPROACH TO ROCK ART ...................................................................................................... 34 3.4 FOUNDATION SYSTEM FOR BROADER CHRONOLOGICAL SEQUENCE OF PAINTINGS .................................................................................................... 35 3.5 IMAGE RARITY ......................................................................................... 37 CHAPTER FOUR METHODS………………………………………………………………………………….………39-52 4.1 METHOD AIMS ........................................................................................ 39 4.2 THE FILE STRUCTURE OF THE DIGITAL ARCHIVETown ..................................... 39 4.3 DIGITISATION .......................................................................................... 40 4.4 NEW FIELDWORK & THE EASTERN CEDERBERG ROCK ART
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