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PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY VERSION 1 COLLEGE of the CANYONS COLLEGE Physical Anthropology ANTH 101 PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY VERSION 1 COLLEGE OF THE CANYONS COLLEGE Physical Anthropology An Open Educational Resources Publication by Taft College Authored and compiled by Sarah Etheredge Editor: Trudi Radtke Version 2 2019 1 | Physical Anthropology – College of the Canyons Acknowledgements We would like to extend appreciation to the following people and organizations for allowing this textbook to be created: California Community Colleges Chancellor’s Office Chancellor Dianne G. Van Hook Santa Clarita Community College District College of the Canyons Distance Learning Office Written & Compiled by: Sarah Etheredge Special Thank You to Editor Trudi Radtke for formatting, readability, and aesthetics. Disclaimer: “The contents of this (insert type of publication; e.g., report, flyer, etc.) were developed under the Title V grant from the Department of Education (Award #P031S140092). However, those contents do not necessarily represent the policy of the Department of Education, and you should not assume endorsement by the Federal Government.” *Unless otherwise noted, the content in this textbook is licensed under CC BY 4.0 2 | Physical Anthropology – College of the Canyons Table of Contents Physical Anthropology .................................................................................................................................. 1 Acknowledgements ..................................................................................................................... 2 Acknowledgements ..................................................................................................................... 7 Chapter 1: What is Anthropology? ............................................................................................. 8 The Four Subfields ................................................................................................................... 8 The Process of Science .......................................................................................................... 10 The Scientific Method ........................................................................................................... 11 Types of Science .................................................................................................................... 13 Chapter 2: Darwin and the Diversity of Life .............................................................................. 16 The Diversity of Life .............................................................................................................. 16 Evolution ............................................................................................................................... 17 Charles Darwin and Natural Selection .................................................................................. 17 Evidence of Evolution ........................................................................................................... 21 Misconceptions of Evolution ................................................................................................ 23 Processes and Patterns of Evolution .................................................................................... 25 Sources: ................................................................................................................................. 27 Chapter 3: Cell biology .............................................................................................................. 28 Cells as Building Blocks ......................................................................................................... 28 DNA ....................................................................................................................................... 30 Basics of DNA Replication ..................................................................................................... 32 DNA and Protein Synthesis ................................................................................................... 33 Chromosomes and DNA ........................................................................................................ 36 Cell Division ........................................................................................................................... 38 Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance .................................................................................... 42 Homologous Recombination ................................................................................................ 43 Disorders in Chromosome Number ...................................................................................... 44 Chromosomal Structural Rearrangements ........................................................................... 47 Genetics ................................................................................................................................ 51 Punnett Squares .................................................................................................................... 52 ABO Blood Type .................................................................................................................... 54 Sources: ................................................................................................................................. 55 Chapter 4: Population Genetics ................................................................................................ 56 3 | Physical Anthropology – College of the Canyons Species and the Ability to Reproduce ................................................................................... 56 Speciation .............................................................................................................................. 57 Allopatric Speciation ............................................................................................................. 58 Adaptive Radiation ................................................................................................................ 60 Reproductive Isolation .......................................................................................................... 61 Genetic Variance ................................................................................................................... 63 Genetic Drift .......................................................................................................................... 64 Gene Flow ............................................................................................................................. 66 Mutation ............................................................................................................................... 67 Additional Forces of Evolution: Nonrandom Mating ............................................................ 67 Environmental Variance ........................................................................................................ 67 Hardy-Weinberg Equation to Test for Evolution .................................................................. 68 Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium ................................................................................................ 69 Sources: ................................................................................................................................. 71 Chapter 5 – Human Variation ................................................................................................... 72 The Concept of Race ............................................................................................................. 72 Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 72 Reason for Race, Not Justification ........................................................................................ 72 Evolution of Skin Color .......................................................................................................... 73 Sex and Gender ..................................................................................................................... 76 Genetics of Homosexuality, Transgender and Intersex ........................................................ 78 Human Growth and Development – What Can Bones Tell Us? ........................................... 81 Young or Old? ........................................................................................................................ 83 Clues in the Pelvis ................................................................................................................. 86 Ancestry ................................................................................................................................ 87 Human or Non-Human? ........................................................................................................ 88 Forensic Anthropology .......................................................................................................... 90 Forensic Facial Reconstruction ............................................................................................. 90 A Modern Forensic Case File ................................................................................................. 92 Sources: ................................................................................................................................. 95 Chapter 6 – The Primates ......................................................................................................... 97
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