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A History and Critical Analysis of Namibia's Archaeologies

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A History and Critical Analysis of Namibia's Archaeologies A history and critical analysis of Namibia’s archaeologies Goodman Gwasira A dissertation submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of History, Faculty of Arts, University of the Western Cape December 2020 Supervisor: Prof Ciraj Rassool http://etd.uwc.ac.za/i Declaration I, Goodman Gwasira, declare that ‘A history and critical analysis of Namibia’s archaeologies’ is my own work, that it has not been submitted for any degree or examination in any other university, and that all sources that I have used or quoted have been indicated and acknowledged by complete references. _____________________ Goodman Gwasira 10 December 2020 http://etd.uwc.ac.za/i Acknowledgements To list all the people who afforded their time and resources to assist me to conduct this study is regrettably impossible. Without the contribution and encouragement of each and every one of them I would have found the cross too heavy to carry. Therefore, if I have omitted to mention anyone by name it is unintentional. I thank them all. Firstly, I thankfully acknowledge the Carl Schlettwein Stiftung in Basel Switzerland for awarding me a scholarship for my studies. I thank particularly Mr Lucio Schlettwein for the generous scholarship that the Carl Schlettwein Stiftung afforded me. In addition to the scholarship to study at the University of the Western Cape I was awarded numerous short study visits to the Basler Africa Bibliographien during the course of my studies. I am very grateful for their support. I also thank the Remaking Societies, Remaking Persons Supranational Forum for supporting some of my research. I am thankfully and greatly indebted to my mentor and supervisor Professor Ciraj Rassool for the endless insights and deep knowledge of the fields of archaeology and heritage that he shared with me. Prof Rassool availed himself during my field work in Germany. He also provided resources for me to travel to attend conferences and workshops around Africa and Europe, which, shaped my thoughts on decolonising archaeology and museums. I am thankful for the endless discussions that we had at conferences and workshops that shaped my study. His keenness to see me through this study, kindness and constructive criticism encouraged me in the most profound ways. A greater part of this study was conducted remotely by using various forms of communication, which included Zoom, Skype and http://etd.uwc.ac.za/ii WhatsApp video meetings. This dissertation would have been a lonely journey and impossible without him availing his time generously. Thank you Prof. I’d like to think members of the Department of History and the Centre for Humanities Research at University of the Western Cape, especially Prof Patricia Hayes, Prof Premesh Lalu, Prof Leslie Witz, Prof Nicky Rousseau and Dr Bianca van Laun. My fellow students, Sophie Schasiepen, Abiti Nelson, Sam Longford and Mary Mbewe were especially helpful in our discussions. Nothing would be possible without university administrators, and I benefited enormously from assistance from Villeen Beerwinkel, Jane Smidt and Janine Brandt. I acknowledge and thank the Basler Afrika Bibliographien in Switzerland accommodating me in their studio during the many study visits that I made to Basel. I thank the staff of the Basler Afrika Bibilographien for their assistance with using the archives. I particularly thank Dr Dag Henrichsen for being always on the look-out for any archival material that may be relevant to my study and alerting me on its existence. I am grateful for the long discussions about my topic of research that Dr Henrichsen and I had. In short Dr Henrichsen inspired and encouraged me a lot. I am also very thankful to Lisa Roulet and Reto Ulrich for their assistance and support during my archival research. My gratitude go to my friends and colleagues in Switzerland who shared my enthusiasm in the topic of decolonising academic and professional knowledges and ways of knowing. I thank Dr Giorgio Miescher, Dr Luregn Lenggenhager and PD Dr Lorena Rizzo for the interest they showed in my research and the insights that they shared. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/iii I am thankful to the staff of the National Archives of Namibia for their kindness and for affording me special access even though the archives were officially closed due to renovations that were taking place. Thank you to the Head of the archives Betty Matongo, and archivists Albertina Ndapandula Nekongo and Charon Uanguta for their kind assistance. I also thank Dr Werner Hillebrecht for assisting me with locating material in the national archives. I am humbled that he continued to render assistance long after he retired from the archives. Research for this study also took place in the collections of Iziko Museums of South Africa, held in the Social History collections department. I thank the colleagues, Dr Wendy Black, Wilhelmina Seccona, Leila Hisham and Dr Gerald Klinghardt for their support and excellent service. I also thank Dr Graham Avery and Dr Janette Deacon for sharing their experiences as archaeologists in South Africa. I am very grateful to colleagues from the University of Cologne who assisted me in different ways during my field work in Germany. My gratitude goes to Dr Tilman Lenssen-Erz, Dr Götz Ossendorf, Dr Isabel Schmidt, Prof Dr Rudolph Kuper and Prof Dr Hans-Peter Wotzka for assisting me through the files at the Heinrich-Barth-Institute. I also thank Prof Dr Michael Bollig and Ulrike Wesch for the discussions we had about my research and for offering me work space in the Global South Studies Centre, where Dr Clemens Greiner was also helpful. I thank Dr Larissa Förster for her encouragement and support throughout the study period. To Marie-Theres Erz, thank you for providing a home for me in Cologne. The staff at the Namibia Scientific Society offered me excellent support during my research and I wholeheartedly thank Gunter von Schumann, Isidor Kamati, Armin Jagdhuber and http://etd.uwc.ac.za/iv Waltrut Frizsche for being always ready to guide me through the library and archives of the Namibia Scientific Society. In addition, I thank Gutner von Schumann for sharing his deep knowledge of the administration of heritage in Namibia. I am profoundly grateful for the assistance that I received from my colleagues at the National Museum of Namibia. In particular, I thank Kaarina Efraim, Nzila Mubusisi and Emma Uiras for providing me with access to museum records and archives. Special thanks to the museum librarians Aune Iyambo and Zakazapi Hijangoro. I am deeply indebted The Director of National Cultural Programmes, Esther Moombolah-Goagoses and the Executive Director of the Ministry of Education Arts and Culture, Sanet Steenkamp, for granting me permission to conduct research in the National Museum of Namibia. I also thank my colleagues from the National Heritage Council Erica Ndalikokule, Agnes Shiningayamwe and Manfred Gaeb for being always ready to assist with information upon request. I am fortunate to work with colleagues who were prepared to take up an extra load from my daily tasks so that I could focus on my studies. I thank the Vice-Chancellor of the University of Namibia Prof Kenneth Matengu for his support, and Dr Martha Akawa and Martha Mosha for teaching some of my courses. I also thank my colleagues Dr Bennett Kangumu and Prof Gilbert Likando for their support and encouragement. In addition to work colleagues, I thank Prof Dr Reinhart Kössler for teaching my course while I was in Cape Town for research, Dr Jeremy Silvester for being my sounding board whenever I had some new thoughts about my research, and Vera Freyer and Dr Beatrice Sandelowsky for sharing their experiences of practicing archaeology in Namibia. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/v I sincerely thank Dr John and Jill Kinhan for their inspiration. I started out my journey into archaeology as their private student. In the course of this study, I received tremendous support from both John and Jill for which I am most grateful. I thank them for sharing their experiences and for the long discussions about my dissertation in the car park at the University of Namibia. Many thanks also go to Dr Seke Katsamudanga from the Department of History, University of Zimbabwe, for sharing his vast knowledge of the histories of archaeology in Zimbabwe. Finally, I am express my profound gratitude to my wife Sekai and daughters Anotida and Stephanie who stood by me throughout this study. I deprived them of attention at times. I thank them for their support and love. I am most grateful for the trust and confidence that my parents and parents-in-law had in me throughout this study. I thank them for the moral and spiritual support. I am grateful to my siblings for being there for me and encouraging me. To all the people mentioned here I am deeply grateful. I thank the Lord Almighty for giving me strength. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/vi Abstract This study critically examines the political, social and institutional settings in which archaeology was introduced in Namibia. I re-examine the idea of archaeology as a scientific and objective discipline that could be practiced without input from the knowledge systems of local communities. Archaeology developed alongside colonialism in Africa. Archaeology became an apparatus for knowing about the strategic resources that could be found in Namibia. Through the processes of recording sites and artefacts archaeology provided information that was useful to the colonial administration. In this dissertation I therefore argue that archaeological practice was a form of ordering and governing people in a settler colony. Archaeology in Namibia was practiced mainly by amateurs both before and after independence. The amateurs maintained their dominance in archaeology through establishing elaborate networks with academic and heritage institutions in Germany and South Africa, which were the colonial metropoles of Namibia.
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