DOCSLIB.ORG

How Fifth-Century Rome Administered Sacraments

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
How Fifth-Century Rome Administered Sacraments HOW FIFTH-CENTURY ROME ADMINISTERED SACRAMENTS ST. INNOCENT I ADVISES AN UMBRIAN BISHOP GERALD ELLARD, SJ. St. Mary's College HE early, and what we might term the formative, history of the TEucharistie rites in the Latin language, and the corresponding early Latin rites of the other sacraments, is an area singularly obscure and bare. Exploration therein is charted, as a rule, only by brief hints and casual references in sermons and tractates, so that anything like reconstruction is as scientific as the enlarging of a jawbone into a full-blown anthropology. It is therefore all the more welcome that an extant letter of St. Innocent I turns out to be a fairly comprehensive sketch of what we now call the sacramental system. The letter deals in the main with matters ceremonial, but has doctrinal and canonical interest as well. Famous for centuries, this letter is referred to in a good many connections bearing on the sacraments; Eisenhof er's Li­ turgia for instance, has no less than nineteen source-references to it. But no complete version of it to my knowledge has yet appeared in English. St. Innocent I, who was the son of his predecessor, Anastasius (St. Jerome, Ep. 130, 16), was sovereign pontiff from December, 401 to March, 417. This was an interval that witnessed the crumbling and collapse of imperial power, as symbolized by the capture and pillage of sacred and eternal Rome at the end of August, 410. St. Jerome was at the touchy height of his career all during this pontificate, and in its final years he was collaborating with the giant St. Augustine and many others, in East and West, to bring Pelagius and Celestius to book for their corroding error in the doctrine of grace. The ob­ vious Saint of the century was a close friend of Innocent's, Paulinus, who had become Bishop of Nola when Innocent's pontificate was at the half-way mark, as, towards its end, another friend, "St." John 3 4 THEOLOGICAL STUDIES Cassian opened his famous abbey near Marseilles, a center St. Patrick was to know before he went back preaching to the Gaels. It is almost a commonplace with Church historians that no pope prior to St. Leo I (440-61), "the calm, the strenuous, the majestic," can compare with St. Innocent I in shaping and forming the practical administration of the papacy in the new Europe. This immediate juxtaposition of St. Innocent and St. Leo suggests progress and ad­ vance rather than parallelism, and if the latter had gifts that were greater than the former's, it is also true that Leo was schooled in In­ nocent's example, and stood on Innocent's shoulders. If the very first picture that comes to anyone's mind of Pope Leo I is his intrepid ad­ vance against King Attila and the Huns at Lago di Garda, yet Leo as a boy had witnessed a similar, but unsuccessful, intervention by Inno­ cent at Ravenna, before the Goths so* shocked the world by taking Rome. If Leo exposed and frustrated the Robber Synod of Ephesus which had been the death of Flavian, Bishop of Constantinople, In­ nocent, too, had tried to no avail to undo the tragic deposition and banishment unto death of a former Bishop of Constantinople, St. John Chrysostom. Lastly, if Leo, Doctor Ecclesiae, composed that golden Tome on the hypostatic union of the two natures in Christ, and had the greatest Council of antiquity, Chalcedon, define it word for word, he was thereby but more vigorous and more decisive in his dog­ matic leadership than Innocent had shown himself in composing the Pelagian troubles. St. Leo is the Great, St. Innocent, the near-great, pope; but the papacy had perhaps to grow to St. Innocent's stature before it could produce a St. Leo. It is in the less spectacular fields of day-by-day administration that Innocent is seen in his proper light; the thirty-eight letters of his that are extant have cut a lasting channel for papal directives and church practices from his day to our own. It is one of those letters, the twenty-fifth, we herewith present in translation. It is a reply to a list of questions, having to do mostly with the sacraments, addressed to Innocent by Decentius, Bishop of Gubbio (Eugubium), lying roughly half-way between Spoleto and Rimini in Umbria. Beyond his connection with this letter perhaps little else is known of Bishop Decentius: we can be very grateful his questions evoked these answers. SACRAMENTS IN FIFTH-CENTURY ROME 5 Innocent to Bishop Decentius of Gub­ Innocentais Decentio episcopo Eugu­ bio, Greeting: bino salutem. 1. If the priests of the Lord really 1. Si instituta ecclesiastica, ut sunt wished to preserve ecclesiastical uses in­ a beatis Apostolis tradita, integra tact, as received from the holy Apostles, vellent servare Domini sacerdotes, no diversity and no variation would be nulla diversitas, nulla varietas in ipsis found in the ritual and ceremonial. ordinibus et consecrationibus haberetur. But as long as each one thinks he should Sed dum unusquisque non quod tradi- observe, not what has been handed tum est, sed quod sibi visum fuerit, down, but what seems good to himself, hoc aestimat esse tenendum, inde differing views will thence be found as diversa in diversis locis vel ecclesiis to places, and differing observances in aut teneri, aut celebrari videntur; the churches. This causes scandal to ac fit scandalum populis, qui dum the people, who, unaware that the an­ nesciunt traditiones antiquas humana cient traditions have been presumptu­ praesumptione corruptas, putent sibi ously corrupted, are led to conclude, aut ecclesias non convenire, aut ab either that the churches do not agree Apostolis vel apostolicis viris con- among themselves, or that contrary trarietatem inductam. uses have been received from the Apos­ tles or the men of the apostolic era. 2. For who does not know, or does 2. Quis enim nesciat aut non ad- not advert to the fact, that what was vertat, id quod a principe Apostolorum given to the Roman Church by Peter, Petro Romanae Ecclesiae traditum Prince of the Apostles, and is preserved est, ac nunc usque custoditur, ab even to this day, is what should be ob­ omnibus debere servari; nee superduci served by all? Nor should anything be aut introduci aliquid, quod auctorita- added, or anything unauthorized be tem non habeat, aut aliunde accipere introduced, nor should an examplar be videatur exemplum? praesertim cum looked for elsewhere. This is particu­ sit manifestum, in omnem Italiam, larly the case [in the West], for no one Gallias, Hispanias, Africain atque has established churches in Italy, in Siciliani, et ínsulas interjacentes, nullum Gaul, in Spain, Africa, Sicily and the ^istituisse ecclesias, nisi eos quos adjoining islands, save such as the venerabilis apostolus Petrus aut ejus venerable Peter and his successors had successores constituerint sacerdotes. established as priests. Or let them read Aut legant, si in his provinciis alius and see, if any other Apostle be found Apostolorum invenitur, aut legitur in these regions, or is reputed to have docuisse. Qui si non legunt, quia taught there. But if they do not read nusquam inveniunt, oportet eos hoc it, for they will nowhere find it, it be­ sequi, quod Ecclesia Romana custodit, hooves them to follow what the Roman a qua eos principium accepisse non church observes, from which they dubium est, ne dum peregrinis assert- doubtless took their own beginning, lest by favoring adventitious opinions, they 6 THEOLOGICAL STUDIES overlook the real source of their own ionibus student, caput institutionum institutions. videantur omittere. 3. Doubtless your charity has often 3. Saepe dilectionem tuam ad come to Rome, and has associated with Urbem venisse, ac nobiscum in ecclesia us in church, and so has learned what convenisse, non dubium est, et quem custom is to be followed, either in con­ morem vel in consecrandis mysteriis, secrating the [Eucharistie] Mysteries, vel in caeteris agendis arcanis teneat, or in performing the other sacred cognovisse. Quod sufficere ad informa- "secrets" (in agendis arcanis). This tionem ecclesiae tuae, vel reforma- we should surely judge to suffice for tionem, si praecessores tui minus instructing your own church, or for re­ aliquid aut aliter tenuerunt, satis forming it, if perchance your prede­ certum haberemus, nisi de aliquibus cessors held differently in some details, consulendos nos esse duxisses. Quibus had you not seen fit to consult us on ideirco respondemus, non quod te certain points. We therefore reply, aliqua ignorare credamus, sed ut not that we think you do not know your­ majori auctoritate vel tuos instituas, self, but that you may with greater vel si qui a Romanae Ecclesiae in- authority instruct your subjects, should stitutionibus errant, aut commoneas, they have in some things strayed from aut indicare non différas, ut scire the institutions of the Roman church, valeamus qui sint, qui aut novitates or that you may warn them, and not inducunt, aut alterius ecclesiae, quam delay in informing us, that we may Romanae, existimant consuetudinem know who these are that bring in novel­ esse servandam. ties, or feel that the use of some other church than Rome's should be followed. 4. You say that certain people hold 4. Pacem igitur asseris ante confecta that the Pax should be given to the mysteria quosdam populis imperare, people, or that the priests should give vel sibi inter se sacerdotes tradere, each other the Pax, before the [Eu­ cum post omnia, quae aperire non charistie] Mysteries are consecrated: debeo, pax sit necessario indicenda, whereas, of course, the Pax ought to be per quam constet populum ad omnia, given after completing all those "secret" quae in mysteriis aguntur atque in things I may not disclose, by which it ecclesia celebrantur, praebuisse con- may be manifest that the congregation sensum, ac finita esse pacis concludentis assents to all that is done in consecrat­ signáculo demonstrentur.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Pelagius Britannicus
    THE REAL 5TH-CENTURY PELAGIUS BRITANNICUS VS OUR ALLEGED 19TH-CENTURY “ULTIMATE PELAGIAN,” HENRICUS Bishop Augustine never met this monk and spiritual counselor Pelagius in person, even when he passed through Hippo in late 410. While in Rome, Pelagius had been the sponsor of a “moral rearmament” or “spiritual athleticism” movement. He seems to have been able to appeal particularly to affluent church ladies, whom he urged to set an example through works of virtue and ascetic living. The bishop saw the attitudes of Pelagius’s followers as dangerously similar to the error of Donatism, in that they fancied that they could by their own virtue set themselves apart from the common herd as ones upon whom God was particularly smiling. While Pelagius had gone off to the Holy Land and had there become an unwilling center of controversy as he visited sacred sites, others back in Africa were wading into this fracas with the hierarchical church authority Augustine. Whatever the merits of the case, of course the bishop’s side was going to prevail and the monk’s side was eventually going to be suppressed. How is this of relevance? Its relevance is due to the fact that, recently, in a book issued by the press of Thoreau’s alma mater Harvard University, Henry is being now characterized as the “ultimate Pelagian”! Go figure. “NARRATIVE HISTORY” AMOUNTS TO FABULATION, THE REAL STUFF BEING MERE CHRONOLOGY “Stack of the Artist of Kouroo” Project Pelagianism HDT WHAT? INDEX PELAGIANISM PELAGIUS 355 CE Pelagius was born, presumably somewhere in the British Isles such as in Ireland (because of his name Brito or Britannicus — although the Pelagian Islands of Lampedusa, Linosa, and Lampione are in the Mediterranean between Tunisia and Malta).
    [Show full text]
  • The Development of Marian Doctrine As
    INTERNATIONAL MARIAN RESEARCH INSTITUTE UNIVERSITY OF DAYTON, OHIO in affiliation with the PONTIFICAL THEOLOGICAL FACULTY MARIANUM ROME, ITALY By: Elizabeth Marie Farley The Development of Marian Doctrine as Reflected in the Commentaries on the Wedding at Cana (John 2:1-5) by the Latin Fathers and Pastoral Theologians of the Church From the Fourth to the Seventeenth Century A Dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctorate in Sacred Theology with specialization in Marian Studies Director: Rev. Bertrand Buby, S.M. Marian Library/International Marian Research Institute University of Dayton 300 College Park Dayton, OH 45469-1390 2013 i Copyright © 2013 by Elizabeth M. Farley All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America Nihil obstat: François Rossier, S.M., STD Vidimus et approbamus: Bertrand A. Buby S.M., STD – Director François Rossier, S.M., STD – Examinator Johann G. Roten S.M., PhD, STD – Examinator Thomas A. Thompson S.M., PhD – Examinator Elio M. Peretto, O.S.M. – Revisor Aristide M. Serra, O.S.M. – Revisor Daytonesis (USA), ex aedibus International Marian Research Institute, et Romae, ex aedibus Pontificiae Facultatis Theologicae Marianum, die 22 Augusti 2013. ii Dedication This Dissertation is Dedicated to: Father Bertrand Buby, S.M., The Faculty and Staff at The International Marian Research Institute, Father Jerome Young, O.S.B., Father Rory Pitstick, Joseph Sprug, Jerome Farley, my beloved husband, and All my family and friends iii Table of Contents Prėcis.................................................................................. xvii Guidelines........................................................................... xxiii Abbreviations...................................................................... xxv Chapter One: Purpose, Scope, Structure and Method 1.1 Introduction...................................................... 1 1.2 Purpose............................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Authority and Duty: Columbanus and the Primacy of Rome
    Authority and Duty: Columbanus and the Primacy of Rome Damian Bracken Abstract. Columbanus’s letters are among the earliest examples of literature written by an Irishman and one of the first acknowledgements of the primacy of Rome from the pen of a barbarian. Many scholars have discerned a truculence, if not arrogance, in his letters to the popes. In many cases, his direct manner of speaking has obscured for a modern readership the extent of his knowledge of the nature of Roman primacy and his acceptance of many of the principles on which that primacy rests. Particularly in his letter to pope Boniface IV, Columbanus draws on these principles, in the first instance to acknowledge the primacy of the bishop of Rome, but also to remind the pope of the duties of leadership. Columbanus wrote Letter 5 at the time of the Three Chapters controversy when, following the doctrinal wavering of pope Vigilius, the churches of the West had either broken off communion with Rome or viewed its bishop with suspicion. In that context, Colum- banus’s call on the bishop of Rome to fulfil his role of ‘watchman’ of the church was less an affront to his dignity than an affirmation of his authority. Keywords: Columbanus, authority, Three Chapters controversy, Gregory the Great, Leo I, Boniface IV, Rome, primacy of Rome, role of bishop, caput ecclesiae, early Ireland. Damian Bracken Department of History, NUI Cork [email protected] Peritia 16 (2002) 168–213 ISBN 2503512895 IRELAND—ROME—CONSTANTINOPLE The Irish missionary and founder of monasteries, Columbanus (†615), crossed into Italy in 612 and established his last foundation at Bobbio under the patronage of the Lombard king, Agilulf.1 Probably in the following year he sent his last letter, to pope Boniface IV, calling on him to take action and heal the divisions in the Italian church caused by the Three Chapters schism.2 The papacy had gone through a particularly 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Worship in Fifth-Century Rome: the Letter of Innocent I to Decentius of Gubbio (Cambridge: Grove Books Limited, 2002)
    Paul Turner: The Amen Corner 3-30-15 The Amen Corner: Between Consultation and Faithfulness: Questions That Won’t Go Away Paul Turner In the year 3615 AD, on the 1600th anniversary of the appearance of this article, perhaps English will be a dead language. Perhaps it will take specialized scholars to read these words in the original. Perhaps no print copy of this journal will have survived the moistures of time, and even electronic copies will have yielded to more durable forms of storage. Perhaps certain words in my vocabulary will be difficult to understand. Perhaps the religious and socio- political scene from which I write will be dimly grasped. It doesn’t take much humility to admit that anything I write would provoke scant interest 1600 years later. So I tip my cap to the early fifth-century bishop of the picturesque Umbrian see of Gubbio, a city that gave its name to the ancient Eugubine Tablets discovered there, and where Francis of Assisi legendarily tamed a menacing wolf. The bishop’s letter has been lost, but his name still bestrides the reply composed by the reigning pontiff. This coming March 19, a rare confluence of the Feast of St. Joseph and the Saturday of Palm Sunday weekend, will mark the 1600th anniversary of the Letter of Pope Innocent I to Decentius of Gubbio. To this day, the letter still influences liturgical practice and ecclesial authority. Robert Cabié translated and commented upon the critical edition he prepared: La Lettre du Pape Innocent Ier a Décentius de Gubbio (19 Mars 416), Bibliotèque de la Revue d’Histoire Ecclésiastique, Fascicule 58 (Louvain: Publications Universitaires de Louvain, 1973).
    [Show full text]
  • "In Persona Christi" Its Significance for the Theology of Ministerial
    "IN PERSONA CHRISTI" ITS SIGNIFICANCE FOR THE THEOLOGY OF MINISTERIAL PRIESTHOOD IN THE DOCUMENTS OF VATICAN II by Jerome F. Thompson, B.A. A Thesis submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School, Marquette University, in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts Milwaukee, Wisconsin Apr iI, 1987 Preface It was in my service as Coordinator of Hispanic Affairs for the Archdiocese of Milwaukee that I felt the need to formally work toward a degree in theology at Marquette University. The Hispanic community and the staff of the Apostolate inspired and encouraged me to undertake the task. A lot of years and a lot of work have intervened since this work was first begun. I wish to express my thanks to the Hispanic community and staff in Milwaukee for their continued personal and academic support. It am grateful to the members of the theology department of Marquette, especially Rev. William Kelly SJ and Rev. Philip J. Rossi SJ in their assistance as chairs of the department, to Rev. Richard Roach SJ, my first advisor, and Rev. Donald Keefe SJ, my final advisor, for their patience and guidance, and to Rev. Joseph Lienhard SJ and Rev. Joseph Murphy SJ who served on the reading and approval committee. I wish also to express my thanks to the officers and staff of the National Organization for the Continuing Education of Roman Catholic Clergy (NOCERCC) for whom I have worked these past five years for nudging me on and enduring my research ,and writing. Catholic Theological Union in Chicago provided a great support to me especially through its fine library resources.
    [Show full text]
  • The History of the Indissolubility of Marriage
    THE HISTORY OF THE INDISSOLUBILITY OF MARRIAGE It is the teaching of the Church today that a valid ratified and consummated marriage cannot be dissolved by any human power and that such a marriage is terminated by death alone. This teaching, however, is being more frequently challenged today from within the Church and claims are being made that history provides evidence that the Church can grant divorces for consummated marriages between Christians. This study is an attempt to examine the sources that might help in discussions on the indissolubility of marriage. It does not purport to be an original study nor a completely comprehensive one. Its scope is limited to the first millennium of Christianity, after which time the indissolubility of the marital bond is, for practical purposes, estab- lished in the Church. This history gives particular emphasis to the sources of Western Christianity. I. FATHERS OF THE CHURCH A. Fathers of the West Her mas The earliest text is that of Hermas in the work, The Shepherd. It is usually dated in the period c. 140-150 though some authors assign it to the first century. Hermas was an inhabitant of Rome and his text gives us the teaching of the Roman Church in sub-apostolic times. His work was of such weight that in the early Church it was read in the service of the Church as holy Scripture. Hermas interro- gates the angel of penance what he should do if he learns that his wife is guilty of adultery and receives instructions from the angel: Sir, I said, if anyone has a wife who believes in the Lord, and he detect her in adultery, does the husband sin if he continue to live with her? He said to me: As long as he remains ignor- ant of her sin, he commits no transgression.
    [Show full text]
  • Early Church Development Course Z the Medieval Church 5Th-14Th Centuries
    Lesson #9 z Early Church Development Course z The Medieval Church 5th-14th Centuries § Christian Church and Roman Empire Alliance § Rome eventually split East and West § Church split along the same lines § As Rome went into decline in all sectors of life, the Christianity of the West began to engage more politically z Saint Augustine • Best theologian to study to appreciate the transition of Christianity in the Middle Ages • Established “Anew the Ancient Faith” • Almost every medieval theologian traces their roots through Augustine. • Augustine is a towering figure in church history. He serves as the climax of patristic thought in Latin”—the Latin world—“and was the dominant influence on the Latin Middle Ages—so much so as to be called the ‘Architect of the Middle Ages.’ ” z Saint Augustine Cont’d § Justo González writes this: “Augustine is the end of one era as well as the beginning of another. He is the last of the ancient Christian writers, and the forerunner of medieval theology. The main currents of ancient theology converged in him, and from him flow the rivers, not only of medieval scholasticism, but of sixteenth-century Protestant theology.” § Theology of the Western world is really interpretations of the theology of Saint Augustine. z Saint Augustine Cont’d § Originated from North Africa. Born in Thagaste, modern day Algeria. § He came from an upper class family. § Mom was a Christian, father was a pagan, but converted to Christianity just before he died. § During his teen years, Augustine was very sexually active – “Lord make me celibate, but not yet.” z Saint Augustine, Cont’d § The Pear Tree Incident – 16 year old Augustine steals some pears and feeds them to the pigs.
    [Show full text]
  • Celibacy and the Gregorian Reform
    Western Michigan University ScholarWorks at WMU Master's Theses Graduate College 4-1973 Celibacy and the Gregorian Reform Raymond M. Rademacher Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/masters_theses Part of the Medieval Studies Commons Recommended Citation Rademacher, Raymond M., "Celibacy and the Gregorian Reform" (1973). Master's Theses. 2722. https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/masters_theses/2722 This Masters Thesis-Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate College at ScholarWorks at WMU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Master's Theses by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at WMU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. CELIBACY AND THE GREGORIAN REFORM by Raymond M« Rademacher A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of The Graduate College in partial fulfillment of the Degree of Master of Arts Western Michigan University Kalamazoo, Michigan April 1973 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. CELIBACY AND THE GREGORIAN REFORM Raymond M. Rademacher, M.A. Western Michigan University, 1973 Included in the Gregorian Reform of the eleventh century was the clerical discipline of celibacy. Even though celibacy was not a new discipline at that time, Pope Gregory VII vigorously enforced the canons on celibacy. In a matter of such intimacy there was bound to be opposition to the enforcement of these canons. Tradition offered ample support to both parties of the conflict. The long standing tradition of married clergy served as a strong support to those who opposed the Gregorian enforcement. However, the tradi­ tional canons in favor of celibacy gave impetus to the reformers of the eleventh century.
    [Show full text]
  • To Tell You the Whole Truth About the Church and the Holy Bible
    Table of Contents Introduction The Church: ● Its Beginning, Successes, Failures ● The 21 Ecumenical Councils Of The Church ● Origins Of Well-Known Non-Christian Religions ● Origins Of Christian Churches The Bible: ● Its Beginning, Development, Preservation ● Approximate Dates Books Were Written ● How The Bible Was Written ● Important Translations Of The Bible Questions Often Asked, And Answers: ● Have You Been Saved? ● Scripture Alone ● Purgatory ● Infant Baptism ● Mary ● Father ● His Disciples ● Names Of Popes ● The Pope ● Rites ● The Inquisitions ● What's In A Name? ● Did You Know That It Is Not In The Bible? Conclusion Figures: ● The History Of The Catholic Church ● How The Bible Developed ● Number of Inspired Books In The Old Testament ● Writings Which the Catholic Church Decided to be the "Canon" of Scripture of the New Testament ● Sources For English Translations ● The 21 Eastern Catholic Churches And Their Rites Introduction We, the pastor and parishioners of St.Charles Borromeo Catholic Church who have put this booklet together, hope you find it interesting (short as it is). It is only a bird's eye view of the history of the Church and the Bible, with short answers to a few questions. Many of the questions we are asked come from people who are familiar with the King James Version of the Bible, so we decided to use quotations from that version, unless otherwise indicated. We invite everyone to research history, the teachings of the Catholic Church and the Bible in order to arrive at the whole truth which has been revealed to us by God. Jesus said, "And you shall know the truth, and the truth shall make you free." John 8:32 St.
    [Show full text]
  • ···I Entrance to the Holy Sepuh,Hre
    308 THE :M:ARONlTES. Holy Resurrection (Anastasis) of Christ," we seem to possess, in favour of the identification of the hillock above Jeremiah's Grm,to, with the Site of Calvary, a mass of cumulative evidence apparently overwhelming. I would, however, in conclusion, vent.ure to suggest that the last word in favour of either this site or that within the city has not yet been spoken, and there is no knowing what discoveries, modifying or confirming the opinion of authorities on this subject, may yet he nmde. List of Papers and Notes on the Site of Calvary, published m the Q~iarterly Statements, 1870~1892. Date. Heading. -------------~ 187:l. July Further Notes on Our Lord's Tomb X. ~'- Hutchinson, i\I.D. 1877. July 138 The Holy Sepulchre c.w.w. 187i. .April 76 The Holy Sepulchre Cl~rmont-GanncalL 1879. January... 18 Transference of Sites W. Simpson. 1881. July The Place of Stoning ,T. E. Hanauer. 1883. July The Holy Sepulchre Henry A. Harper. 1883. .April The Holy Sepulchre Captain Conder, R.E. 1887. April Notices ... .. Guy le Strange~ 1888. July :r,..:otes on Calvary ... Ditto. 1888. July Xotes on Calvary Captain Coilller. 1889. October •.. Xotes on the Holy Sepukhre Major Conder. 1889. July lt1;:cent Discovcrie:s ... Herr Baurath Conrad von Schick. 1889. April X otes on the Plan . .. .. Ditto. 1889. January ... Holy Sepulchre and Dome of Rock ,vmiam Simpson. 1890. April · Site of Calvary ... Professor Hnll. 1891. July ... '11,e Holy Sepulchre ... .. Major 'Watson, R.E. 1891. April ···i Entrance to the Holy Sepuh,hre .. \Yilliam Simpson.
    [Show full text]
  • The Following Was Taken from the Divine Office
    The following was taken from the Divine Office, from handling serpent (power over evil), healing, inspired the Office of Readings, Monday of the seventh week of singing (hymns or psalms), interpretation of tongues, Easter. Enjoy on this weekend as we celebrate Pentecost. martyrdom, miracles, pastoring, presiding (leadership), prophecy, revelation, service/helping ministry, teaching St. Cyril of Jerusalem (catechizing), tongues (praying, singing, speaking), The Living Water of the Holy Spirit voluntary poverty, word of knowledge, word of wisdom. The water I shall give him will become in him a Which of these has the Lord given you? Are you using fountain of living water, welling up into eternal life. This them to build up His Church? is a new kind of water, a living, leaping water, welling up for those who are worthy. But why did Christ call the Prayer for the Gifts of the Holy Spirit grace of the Spirit water? Because all things are O HOLY SPIRIT, grant me the Gift of Wisdom, the dependent on water; plants and animals have their origin supernatural light in which I may know God more clearly in water. Water comes down from heaven as rain, and as the Supreme Being, His omnipotence, His eternity, His although it is always the same in itself, it produces many goodness and His glory, and that I may taste and enjoy different effects, one in the palm tree, another in the vine, with an enraptured soul the ineffable sweetness of His and so on throughout the whole of creation. It does not love. come down, now as one thing, now as another, but while O Holy Spirit, impart to me the Gift of Understanding, remaining essentially the same, it adapts itself to the the clear light revealing to my mind the mysteries of needs of every creature that receives it.
    [Show full text]
  • The Role and Status of the Catholic Church in the Church-State Relationship Within the Roman Empire from A.D
    Andrews University Digital Commons @ Andrews University Dissertations Graduate Research 2009 The Role and Status of the Catholic Church in the Church-State Relationship Within the Roman Empire from A.D. 306 to 814 Jean Carlos Zukowski Andrews University Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.andrews.edu/dissertations Part of the Catholic Studies Commons, and the History of Christianity Commons Recommended Citation Zukowski, Jean Carlos, "The Role and Status of the Catholic Church in the Church-State Relationship Within the Roman Empire from A.D. 306 to 814" (2009). Dissertations. 174. https://digitalcommons.andrews.edu/dissertations/174 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate Research at Digital Commons @ Andrews University. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ Andrews University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Thank you for your interest in the Andrews University Digital Library of Dissertations and Theses. Please honor the copyright of this document by not duplicating or distributing additional copies in any form without the author’s express written permission. Thanks for your cooperation. Andrews University Seventh-day Adventist Theological Seminary THE ROLE AND STATUS OF THE CATHOLIC CHURCH IN THE CHURCH-STATE RELATIONSHIP WITHIN THE ROMAN EMPIRE FROM A.D. 306 TO 814 A Dissertation Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy by Jean Carlos Zukowski July 2009 TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ............................. viii Chapter I. INTRODUCTION ................................ 1 Background of the Problem ........................ 1 Statement of the Problem .......................... 4 Purpose .................................... 6 Justification for the Research .......................
    [Show full text]