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PDF (David Nyaluke the Basis of Democracy and Regime Legitimacy The basis of democracy and regime legitimacy in African States The Case of Tanzania Thesis submitted to the Faculty of Humanities and Social Science School of Law and Government Dublin City University For the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy By DAVID NYALUKE, BA, MA Research Supervisor Dr. EILEEN CONNOLLY January 2013 i Declaration I hereby certify that this work which I now submit for assessment on the program of study leading to the award of Doctor of Philosophy is entirely my own work, that I have exercised reasonable care to ensure that the work is original and does not to the best of my knowledge breach any law of copyright and has not been taken from the work of others save for and to the extent that such work has been cited and acknowledged within the text of my work. David Nyaluke Signed ……………………………….. 54146968 Id no………………………………….. 7/01/2013 Date…………………………………. ii Acknowledgements Studying, researching and writing this PhD thesis here at the Dublin City University-DCU has been a great experience. So many people have helped me in different ways along the path to completion. First and foremost, I would like to thank my research supervisor and mentor, Dr. Eileen Connolly for her inspiring guidance throughout the various stages of producing this thesis. My sincere gratitude for unlocking my potential to do this research and write the thesis and for her constant support without which I would not have been able to finish this work. Her Socratic philosophy (if I may call that so) and style of guidance worked the well for me. I would also like to thank Dr. Iain McMenamin for his guidance and support at the first phase of this research project. Many members of staff of School of Law and Government in DCU have provided me with valuable assistance at various stages. Two former heads of School Dr. John Doyle and Professor Robert Elgie and the current head Prof. Garry Murphy. My internal reviewers Dr. Carl Death and Dr Shane Mac Giollabhuiand and my internal examiner Dr.Eoin O’Malley, whose comments helped to improve this work. I would also like to thank, Dr. Jim Rogers. Thanks also to Ms. Tina Reddy and Paula Smith-Meaney- great School secretaries. I extend my thanks to my fellow students, in DCU, Jean Sommers, Morina O’Neill, Aurelie Sicard, Des Delaney, James Fitzpatrick, Juan Portilo, Diane O’Dwyer, Christina Bucur, Victoria, Pablo Gonzalez, Gemma McNulty, Francoise Joly and all rest of the team and a particular thanks to Veronica Mkilanya, a fellow student from Tanzania, for her help and support. Thanks also to those who finished their PhD before me Walt Kirloy, David Doyle and Michael Seifu. Dr. Huizhong and Vittoria Flamini –my great housemates and company in VB 205, also Frida Besong and Dr. Sabine Moebs for their invaluble support. Thanks to my great friends George and Sheila and Garret Early and all my friends at the African Students association of Ireland (ASAI) and Africa Centre. Many thanks in particular to Dr. Azra Naseem for all her valuable help. I am thankful to Dr Padraig Carmody, the external examiner of this work for his valuable review and for his high acclaim of this study. To my friends and family I would like to say many thanks. I am grateful to you all and my family, Nyalukes, Ntullos, Ligates, Sangas and sister Idda Mlelwa (OSB), my sister Bahati Sanga, na wanao Catherine and Valentina, Kaka zangu Charles, Augustine, Kilian, Fedrick, Setty, Steven, Robert, Farida and Wadogo Zangu Wote, Edda, Betty, Veronica na Tuntemeke Sanga rafiki na mwalimu na Rafiki yangu Yolanda, Damian and Saskia, Roelien and Flora. To Lissa Roberts and Jack Spaapen thank you very much for your support. Thanks also to my former teachers in Mabatini primary school, Njombe, Matola and Mafinga seminary, Dar es Salaam Technical College, University of Dar es-Salaam, UVA, Amsterdam, Teramo, Italy and CEU Budapest Hungary. Last but not least I am thankful to the Centre of International Studies at Dublin City University and the School of Law and Government here in Dublin City University, Ireland for offering me a Scholarship to undertake this research, without which it would have been much more difficult to reach completion. iii To my grandmother and grandfather Grace Ligate and Ngebeda Sanga Ntullo ‘My grandson a human heart (soul) is like a big clay pot with mouths that have lids, close them all tight and open one at a time’. To my Mother Lestituta Matilda Ntullo- A book and a film of your life can perhaps suffice to tell it’s long interesting tale To my father Adam H. Nyaluke A great encourager To Makete, Matola, Njombe town community and Matalawe village where I participated, learned and lived Tanzanian life and politics as a young villager in primary and secondary school. To my teachers and professors To the human family for opening their heart and doors iv Table of Contents Table of Contents .................................................................................................................... v Abstract .................................................................................................................................... x Abbreviations .......................................................................................................................... xi List of Tables ........................................................................................................................ xiii INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................... xiv CHAPTER 1. ANALYSING DEMOCRACY AND REGIME LEGITIMACY IN AFRICA ................................................................................................................................................. 1 The neo-patrimonial explanation .................................................................................... 2 Neo-patrimonialism and emerging multi-party democracy ............................................ 6 African multiparty democracies as hybrid regimes ........................................................ 8 Limits of the neo-patrimonial explanation .................................................................... 12 Alternatives to Neo-patrimonialism beyond the existing critique ................................ 17 The legacy of independence movements and African regime legitimacy .................... 20 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................ 27 CHAPTER 2. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ................................................................. 29 Research question ......................................................................................................... 29 Case study selection ...................................................................................................... 30 Research information sources ....................................................................................... 31 Research epistemology ................................................................................................. 33 CHAPTER 3. THE COLONIAL LEGACY AND DEVELOPMENT OF REGIME LEGITIMACY IDEAS IN THE INDEPENDENCE MOVEMENT .................................. 36 Colonial rule in Tanganyika .......................................................................................... 36 The undemocratic nature of the colonial regime .......................................................... 37 Exploitation and under-development of indigenous people ......................................... 42 v Development of the independence movement .............................................................. 47 Ideas on Democratic Government ................................................................................ 54 Economic Development and a Developmental State .................................................... 56 Unity and Social Cohesion as a Means and a Goal ...................................................... 57 Opposition to TANU..................................................................................................... 60 Conclusion .................................................................................................................... 61 CHAPTER 4. THE TANZANIA REGIME AND DEMOCRACY .................................... 63 The features of one party democracy ............................................................................ 67 Ideas and rationale .................................................................................................... 67 The relationship between the party, the people and the government ........................ 69 How democratic was Tanzania? ................................................................................... 71 One party policy ........................................................................................................ 72 Operating the one party political system ...................................................................... 75 Problems of perception and research focus .................................................................. 87 Problem of episteme ..................................................................................................... 89 The problem of historicity ............................................................................................ 90 Arusha Declaration and democracy .............................................................................. 91 Vision, social contract and political organisation ........................................................
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