UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL DE PONTA GROSSA PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM BIOLOGIA EVOLUTIVA (Associação Ampla Entre a UEPG E a UNICENTRO)

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UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL DE PONTA GROSSA PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM BIOLOGIA EVOLUTIVA (Associação Ampla Entre a UEPG E a UNICENTRO) UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL DE PONTA GROSSA PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM BIOLOGIA EVOLUTIVA (Associação Ampla entre a UEPG e a UNICENTRO) BRUNO DE JESUS KUBIS Biologia evolutiva e diversidade em Heikertingerella argentinensis (Csiki, 1940) (Coleoptera: Alticinae): análise morfológica, citogenética e molecular Ponta Grossa 2018 UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL DE PONTA GROSSA PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM BIOLOGIA EVOLUTIVA (Associação Ampla entre a UEPG e a UNICENTRO) BRUNO DE JESUS KUBIS Biologia evolutiva e diversidade em Heikertingerella argentinensis (Csiki, 1940) (Coleoptera: Alticinae): análise morfológica, citogenética e molecular Dissertação de mestrado apresentada ao programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Evolutiva da Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa em associação com a Universidade Estadual do Centro-Oeste como parte dos requisitos para a obtenção do título de mestre em Ciências Biológicas (Área de Concentração em Biologia Evolutiva). Orientadora: Profa. Dra. Mara Cristina de Almeida Co-orientador: Prof. Dr. Mateus Henrique Santos Ponta Grossa 2018 Dedico esse trabalho aos meus pais Rosmeri de jesus Kubis e Elintom Carneiro Kubis, e também ao meu amado avô Luís Kubis, o qual sempre me ensinou a observar e amar a natureza. “O início da sabedoria é a admissão da própria ignorância. Todo o meu saber consiste em saber que nada sei”. (Sócrates) “Talvez não tenha conseguido fazer o melhor, mas lutei para que o melhor fosse feito. Não sou o que deveria ser, mas graças a Deus, não sou o que era antes”. (Martin Luther King) “O que sabemos é uma gota, o que ignoramos é um oceano”. (Isaac Newton). AGRADECIMENTOS Primeiramente, agradeço a Deus, por todas as pessoas que colocou em meu caminho, pelas oportunidades que me proporcionou, e por sempre me guiar por um caminho de paz. Agradeço a presença dos meus pais em minha vida, aos quais minhas palavras não são capazes de gerar tanta gratidão. Por sempre estarem dispostos a me ouvir e me ajudar em qualquer situação possível, contribuindo também financeiramente sempre que precisei. Amo vocês, pai e mãe. Obrigado por todo o amor, por todos os conselhos, pela educação, e por sempre me apoiarem em minhas decisões. Sendo os principais responsáveis pelo meu crescimento pessoal e profissional. Sem vocês, nada disso seria possível. Assim, dedico essa dissertação a vocês. De maneira especial, e também com muito carinho, agradeço à minha orientadora Mara Cristina de Almeida, a qual sempre me apoiou e me empurrou para frente, com muita responsabilidade e dedicação, desde a minha primeira iniciação científica, sempre foi muito atenciosa e me ajudou da melhor maneira possível na pesquisa. Obrigado por tudo professora, pelos conhecimentos compartilhados, por me aturar, por estar sempre do meu lado no que precisei, e principalmente pela confiança. Você é uma pessoa muito especial na minha vida. Agradeço também meu co-orientador Mateus Henrique Santos pelos conhecimentos compartilhados que foram essenciais para a finalização desse trabalho, e também pelos momentos de descontração dentro do laboratório. Igualmente, ao professor Roberto Artoni pelos seus conhecimentos, e pelo envolvimento e interesse em meu trabalho, e também sua disposição em acrescentar e melhorar, compartilhando novas ideias e sugestões. Ao Miguel, pelas brincadeiras e piadas, bem como pelo apoio técnico, sempre que precisei de material para trabalhar. Agradeço à Zoli por estar tão disposta em me ajudar com tantas coisas na secretária do mestrado, pegando no meu pé todas as vezes que esqueci de preencher algum documento. Ao professor Rodrigo, que sempre abriu as portas do seu laboratório para que eu pudesse trabalhar quando tive algum problema com equipamento, ou mesmo um reagente que precisei testar. Agradeço também ao Lucas e o Matheus que sempre estiveram dispostos a me ajudar com todas as metodologias e com a rotina do laboratório, além do seu apoio e amizade sempre presentes. Aos demais colegas da pós - graduação e do LabGEv, por todas as conversas, os momentos de descontração, que foram essenciais para que eu continuasse insistindo sempre que alguma técnica não funcionava. Em especial a Luz, a Angelita e o Augusto pela colaboração, sempre dando apoio e contribuindo nas horas de desespero. Agradeço à Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa, ao programa de Pós- Graduação em Biologia Evolutiva, e ao Laboratório de Citogenética Evolutiva por fornecerem toda a estrutura necessária para a realização dessa pesquisa. À CAPES (Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior) pela bolsa concedida. Por fim, gostaria de agradecer a todos que, direta ou indiretamente, contribuíram para a conclusão dessa pesquisa. Resumo Dentro da ordem Coleoptera, a subfamília Alticinae apresenta ampla variedade morfológica e cariotípica. Contudo, a escassez de estudos nesse grupo impede a identificação correta de várias espécies, uma vez que, muitas se assemelham, e a ocorrência de mimetismo é comum. Além disso, o grupo ainda não possui uma posição sistemática bem definida. Alguns autores consideram essa subfamília como uma nova tribo dentro de Galerucinae, enquanto outros a aceitam como um grupo irmão de Galerucinae. O gênero Heikertingerella possui 109 espécies, as quais apresentam morfologia externa muito parecida e apenas cinco foram descritas citogeneticamente, sendo três não identificadas a nível específico. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi diferenciar indivíduos de Heikertingerella argentinensis de três localidades, por meio de análises morfológicas e genéticas, ampliando o conhecimento sobre este grupo, contribuindo para a resolução dos problemas taxonômicos existentes. Os nossos resultados revelam que as populações apresentam edeago morfologicamente distinto, permitindo a sua diferenciação em três morfotipos. Além disso, o número diploide é variável entre os morfotipos, sendo o morfotipo I com 2n= 19 e o morfotipo II e III com 2n= 17. Ambos os morfotipos apresentam o sistema cromossômico de determinação sexual do tipo X1X2Y, descrito pela primeira vez para esse gênero. Os resultados moleculares agrupam os indivíduos em três clados principais, um referente aos indivíduos com o morfotipo III, outro com os morfotipos II, e um terceiro que agrupa um indivíduo do morfotipo I e um do morfotipo II. Esses resultados mostram que H. argentinensis pode ser um complexo de espécies. Nossos dados apontam também que as possíveis dificuldades na identificação das mesmas residem no fato do mimetismo ser um fator comum neste grupo. A falta de uma abordagem multidisciplinar utilizando a genética e a morfologia também contribuíram com a inclusão dos morfotipos como uma mesma espécie. Desta maneira, este trabalho sugere que uma revisão mais detalhada em H. argentinensis seja necessário para se compreender a real biodiversidade escondida neste complexo de espécies. Palavras-chave: Complexo de espécies, diferenciação cariotípica, evolução, morfologia do edeago, polimorfismo. Abstract Within the order Coleoptera, the subfamily Alticinae presents a wide morphological and karyotypic varieties. However, the lack of studies on this group impede a properly identification of many species, because of the fact that many of them resemble to one another and the occurrence of mimicry is common. Furthermore, the group does not have a systematic position well defined. Some authors consider this subfamily as a new tribe within Galerucinae, while others accept Alticinae as a sister group of Galerucinae. The Heikertingerella genus have 109 species, with external morphology very similar to each other, therefore only five were cytogenetically described, and three of them were not described in a specific level.The objective of this paper was to differentiate individuals from Heikertingerella argentinensis from three localities, through morphological and genetic analyzes, increasing knowledge about this group, contributing to solve its taxonomical problems. Our results shows that the populations presents morphologically distinct aedeagus, allowing its differentiation into three morphotypes. Moreover, the diploid number is variable among the morphotypes, the morphotype I has 2n = 19 and the morphotype II and III have 2n = 17. Both morphotypes presents the X1X2Y sexual chromosomic system, described for the first time for this genus. The molecular results clusters the individuals in three mainly clados, one of them refers to individuals with morphotype III, other clado agroups the morphotypes II and a third that agroups one individual of morphotype I and other of morphotype II. These results shows that H. argentinensis may be a species complex. Our data also indicate that possible difficulties in identification of them emerge because of the fact that mimetism is a common factor of this group. The lack of multidisciplinary approach like the union of genetic and morphology also contributed to include the morphotypes in the same specie. In this way, this paper suggests that a more detailed review in H. argentinensis would be necessary to understand the real biodiversity hidden in this species complex in a clearer way. Keywords: Species complex, karyotype differentiation, evolution, aedeagus morphology, polymorphism. LISTA DE FIGURAS Figura 1 - Diagrama esquemático geral da genitália masculina de um diabrocíteo (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) (à esquerda) e detalhe edeago (à direita) (PRADO, 2015). ........................................................................................................................ 17 Figura 2 - Alguns exemplos de variação na coloração do élitro em Heikertingerella.
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