DOCSLIB.ORG

Consuming Passions: Reviewing the Evidence for Cannibalism Within the Prehistoric Archaeological Record by James Cole

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

Consuming Passions: Reviewing the Evidence for Cannibalism within the Prehistoric Archaeological Record by James Cole Abstract The aim of this paper is to review a sample of the evidence for hominin cannibalism within the prehistoric archaeological record. The review aims to ascertain whether testable motivations and social contexts for prehistoric cannibalism can presently be offered through current interpretative techniques. This paper will also attempt to identify any discernable patterns to the act of cannibalism within the prehistoric record, whether these patterns are consistent across time and space, and will discuss the interpretive behavioural implications for any patterns found. This will be achieved through a comparative examination of six possible prehistoric cannibal sites from different temporal and geographical zones and hominin species, examined through a particular categorising system of signatures in order to identify the specific type of cannibalism conducted. An examination of cannibalistic practices within the natural world and the genetic claims for prehistoric cannibalism are also discussed here in order to place hominin cannibalistic practices in the wider contexts of time and nature to allow for a more objective review of the hominin evidence. Keywords: cannibalism, signatures, patterns, genetics, nature Introduction Cannibalism amongst modern humans and their ancestors has always been a taboo topic which modern society finds to be both controversial and uncomfortable. By definition, a cannibal is “a person or animal that eats any type of tissue of another individual of its own kind” (Andrews and Fernandez-Jalvo 2003: 59). References to cannibal practices have been suggested all over the world in both prehistoric and historic periods. Despite the controversy cannibalism invokes, it has always been a topic of morbid interest and heated debate, with many ethnographic and anthropological studies reporting instances of cannibalism (Du Chaillu 1861; Schweinfurth 1873; Sanday 1986; Conklin 1995; Goldman 1999 and Vilaca 2000). Many authors have disputed the existence of cannibalism as a human behavioural norm, the most infamous being Arens’ 1979 publication “The Man-Eating Myth: Anthropology and Anthropophagy ” which claimed that there were no completely satisfactory ethnographic or historical evidence for cannibalism being a consistent part of the human social structure. As a result, this debate has been especially strong in the study of human remains from a wide variety of archaeological sites (Hillson 2000). Many of the early ~ 1 ~ claims for cannibalism at such sites as Krapina ( Croatia c/f 130ka) and Monte Cicero ( Italy c/f 50 ka) have recently been re-examined and cannibalism subsequently rejected (Trinkaus 1985; Russell 1987; White and Toth 1991). Yet, despite the many negative responses and oppositions to the idea of cannibalism in prehistory, the current view of prehistoric cannibalism, when faced with the overwhelming biological, anthropological and archaeological evidence, would be that cannibalism was a common practice amongst our ancestors. Having escaped the antiquarian view that cannibalism was a barbarous act of primitive societies, modern interpretations only extend to identifying the type of cannibalism practiced, without venturing possible hypotheses as to why the act of cannibalism occurred. The fact that cutmarks on hominin bones have been observed on different continents and come from a range of different periods prompted an observation by Stringer that, “the fossil record is only a tiny sample of people who lived in the past. If we are picking up butchery in this very sparse sample of humans and human behaviour in the past, then it cannot have been a very rare event” (Korn et al2001: 34). Thus, in order to try to understand the reasons behind the act of cannibalism it is important to grasp the abstract and physical implications of the word. ‘Cannibalism’ describes a huge range of behaviours and motivations across a number of species. For example, in humans, cannibalism has been related to any number of combinations of the following (after Villa et al 1986; Fernandez-Jalvo et al 1999; Taylor 2002): Nutritional necessity (survival cannibalism) Psychological imbalance (psychotic or criminal cannibalism) Aggression (hunting enemies and eating them) Affection (consuming friends or relatives) Spiritual (eating the dead as a funeral practice) Gastronomic or dietary cannibalism Medicinal cannibalism (health concerns) All of which can be applied to inter-group cannibalism (exocannibalism) and intra-group cannibalism (endocannibalism).Thus, when looking at the possible archaeological evidence for cannibalism, it is important to specify what type of cannibalism is being discussed (by using the system of signatures given below), and not just label the act with the general term of, ‘cannibalism’. It is also important to note at this stage that the evidence for cannibalism within the prehistoric record from different geographic locations and time periods is highly unlikely to represent isolated incidents of psychopathic or survival cannibalism (Taylor 2002). At this point, it may be prudent to look at the actual likelihood of prehistoric cannibalism having occurred. In order to do this, I shall review the evidence for neurodegenerative diseases within antiquity, which I believe provides a completely independent check on the data from osteology and archaeology. In addition, this will be accompanied by a brief synopsis of cannibalism within the natural world ~ 2 ~ Kuru and Genetic evidence for Archaic Cannibalism Recent studies into transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) or prion diseases have revealed important results bearing on the behavioural practices of our hominin ancestors. According to the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), TSEs are a group of rare neurodegenerative brain diseases which incorporate kuru and Creutzfeldt- Jakob disease (CJD), fatal familial insomnia (FFI), and Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker disease (GSS) in humans; scrapie and bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) are the most common forms found in animals (Mead et al 2003; Roach 2003; NINDS). Prion diseases are thought to be caused by the malformation of a type of protein called a prion ( proteinaceous infectious particle) which, in turn facilitates the further malformation of normal prions, encouraging accumulation and clustering on the surface of brain tissue, ultimately resulting in the formation of small cavities in the brain (Mead et al 2003; Roach 2003; NINDS). TSEs occur in three ways: “sporadically, as hereditary diseases or through transmission from infected individuals” (NINDS). Humans that carry two identical copies (homozygosity) of the prion protein would appear to be more susceptible to prion diseases, whilst those that carry two unmatched copies of the gene (heterozygosity, M129K or E219K polymorphisms - as exemplified by Mead et al 2003) appear to be protected against the prion diseases as heterozygosity “(inhibits) homologous protein-protein contact” (Mead et al2003: 641). In order to test the distribution and occurrence of heterozygosity in the world’s populations, Mead et al (2003) “sequenced and genotyped” over 2000 chromosomes selected to represent worldwide genetic assortment. The results showed that one of the two polymorphisms (indicating heterozygosity) were present within all the populations investigated (Mead et al 2003: 641). The global patterns of polymorphisms would certainly suggest that prehistoric TSEs were certainly a part of prehistoric hominin life. The cause of these TSEs is harder to determine, one possible explanation could be the spread of a prehistoric animal prion disease that managed to transverse the “transmission barrier to carnivorous humans” (Mead et al 2003: 643). However, given the increasing evidence for cannibalism in prehistory, Mead et al (2003) proposed that a more likely scenario explaining the polymorphic changes would be as a direct response to the reprocessing of prions within human populations through this act. Repeated exposure to the effects of TSEs, as a result of cannibalistic activities, may have necessitated the polymorphisms as a “natural selective advantage” of ancient populations (Mead et al 2003: 643). This research into TSEs and their causes has provided strong genetic evidence for a natural selective advantage occurring as a direct reaction to the common cannibalistic behavioural practices of our hominin ancestors. Cannibalism within Nature Cannibalism is found in many spheres of the natural world where genetically speaking, the promotion of one’s own genes at the expense of others, has tremendous survival benefits which offset the risks of cannibalising your own kith and kin (Taylor 2002). Cannibalism has been observed in over 1, 300 species of animal in the wild, ranging from protozoa (Hyman ~ 3 ~ 1940), snails (Manzi 1970), centipedes (Eason 1964), fish (Larkin 1956, Poulson 1963) birds and 75 species of mammal (Southwick 1955, Yom-Tov 1974, Taylor 2002). These numbers are increasing all the time as zoologists start to take more of a keen interest in observing and recording instances of cannibalism. Along this vein, there would appear to be two extremes in examples of cannibalism from the natural world: Base levels of cannibalism (such as those episodes seen in spawning fish), where an indefinitely large number of young are produced, so the consumption of some of these young would not affect the population
Recommended publications
  • Bibliography

    Bibliography

    Bibliography Many books were read and researched in the compilation of Binford, L. R, 1983, Working at Archaeology. Academic Press, The Encyclopedic Dictionary of Archaeology: New York. Binford, L. R, and Binford, S. R (eds.), 1968, New Perspectives in American Museum of Natural History, 1993, The First Humans. Archaeology. Aldine, Chicago. HarperSanFrancisco, San Francisco. Braidwood, R 1.,1960, Archaeologists and What They Do. Franklin American Museum of Natural History, 1993, People of the Stone Watts, New York. Age. HarperSanFrancisco, San Francisco. Branigan, Keith (ed.), 1982, The Atlas ofArchaeology. St. Martin's, American Museum of Natural History, 1994, New World and Pacific New York. Civilizations. HarperSanFrancisco, San Francisco. Bray, w., and Tump, D., 1972, Penguin Dictionary ofArchaeology. American Museum of Natural History, 1994, Old World Civiliza­ Penguin, New York. tions. HarperSanFrancisco, San Francisco. Brennan, L., 1973, Beginner's Guide to Archaeology. Stackpole Ashmore, w., and Sharer, R. J., 1988, Discovering Our Past: A Brief Books, Harrisburg, PA. Introduction to Archaeology. Mayfield, Mountain View, CA. Broderick, M., and Morton, A. A., 1924, A Concise Dictionary of Atkinson, R J. C., 1985, Field Archaeology, 2d ed. Hyperion, New Egyptian Archaeology. Ares Publishers, Chicago. York. Brothwell, D., 1963, Digging Up Bones: The Excavation, Treatment Bacon, E. (ed.), 1976, The Great Archaeologists. Bobbs-Merrill, and Study ofHuman Skeletal Remains. British Museum, London. New York. Brothwell, D., and Higgs, E. (eds.), 1969, Science in Archaeology, Bahn, P., 1993, Collins Dictionary of Archaeology. ABC-CLIO, 2d ed. Thames and Hudson, London. Santa Barbara, CA. Budge, E. A. Wallis, 1929, The Rosetta Stone. Dover, New York. Bahn, P.
  • Anthropology

    Anthropology

    CALIFOR!:HA STATE UNIVERSI'fY, NO:R'l'HRIDGE 'l'HE EVOLUTIONARY SCHENES 0!.'' NEANDER.THAL A thesis su~nitted in partial satisfaction of tl:e requirements for the degree of Naste.r of A.rts Anthropology by Sharon Stacey Klein The Thesis of Sharon Stacey Klein is approved: Dr·,~ Nike West. - Dr. Bruce Gelvin, Chair California s·tate University, Northridge ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ·There are many people I would like to thank. Firs·t, the members of my corr.mi ttee who gave me their guidance and suggestions. Second, rny family and friends who supported me through this endea7cr and listened to my constant complaining. Third, the people in my office who allowed me to use my time to complete ·this project. Specifically, I appreciate the proof-reading done by my mother and the French translations done by Mary Riedel. ii.i TABLE OF' CONTENTS PAGE PRELIMINA:H.Y MATEIUALS : Al")stra-:-:t vi CHAP'I'ERS: I. Introduction 1 II. Methodology and Materials 4 III. Classification of Neanderthals 11 Species versus Subspecies Definitions of Neanderthals 16 V. The Pre-sapiens Hypothesis .i9 VI. The Unilinear Hypothesis 26 Horphological Evidence Transi tiona.l Sp.. ::;:cimens T'ool Complexes VII. The Pre-Neanderthal Hypothesis 58 Morphological Evidence Spectrum Hypothesis "Classic'1 Neanderthal's Adaptations Transitional Evidence Tool Complexes VIII. Sumnary and Conclusion 90 Heferences Cited 100 1. G~<ological and A.rchaeoloqical 5 Subdivisions of the P1eistoce!1e 2. The Polyphyletic Hypothesis 17 3. The Pre-sapiens Hypothesis 20 4. The UnilinPar Hypothesis 27 iv FIGUHES: P.Z\GE 5. Size Comparisons of Neanderthal 34 and Australian Aborigine Teeth 6.
  • Belief, Ritual, and the Evolution of Religion

    Belief, Ritual, and the Evolution of Religion

    Belief, Ritual, and the Evolution of Religion Oxford Handbooks Online Belief, Ritual, and the Evolution of Religion Matt J. Rossano and Benjamin Vandewalle The Oxford Handbook of Evolutionary Psychology and Religion Edited by James R. Liddle and Todd K. Shackelford Subject: Psychology, Personality and Social Psychology Online Publication Date: Oct 2016 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199397747.013.8 Abstract and Keywords This chapter outlines an evolutionary scenario for the emergence of religion. From cognitive science, four mental prerequisites of religious cognition are discussed: (1) hyperactive agency detection, (2) theory of mind, (3) imagination, and (4) altered states of consciousness. Evidence for these prerequisites in nonhuman primates suggests their presence in our early hominin ancestors. From comparative psychology, evidence of ritual behavior in nonhuman primates and other species is reviewed. Archeological evidence of ritual behavior is also discussed. Collectively, these data indicate that the first step toward religion was an elaboration of primate social rituals to include group synchronized activities such as dancing, chanting, and singing. Control of fire, pigment use, and increasing brain size would have intensified group synchronized rituals over time, which, in the context of increased intergroup interactions, eventually led to the first evidence of supernatural ritual at about 70,000 years before present. Keywords: agency detection, burial, cave art, costly signals, evolution, religion, ritual, synchronized movement, theory of mind Anyone interested in probing the evolutionary origins of religion faces a formidable challenge: Belief is central to religion, and belief does not fossilize in the archeological record. Looking at a half-million-year-old Acheulean hand axe may tell us something about the maker’s technical skills, diet, hunting practices, and lifestyle, but very little about his or her beliefs—let alone the supernatural beliefs inherent to most religions.
  • ©2020 Teresa M. Greppi

    ©2020 Teresa M. Greppi

    ©2020 Teresa M. Greppi ETHICAL ENTANGLEMENTS: HUMAN-ANIMAL RELATIONSHIPS IN MODERN AND CONTEMPORARY SPAIN BY TERESA M. GREPPI DISSERTATION Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Spanish with a minor in Gender and Women’s Studies in the Graduate College of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2020 Urbana, Illinois Doctoral Committee: Associate Professor Joyce L. Tolliver, Chair Professor Luisa Elena Delgado Assistant Professor Jamie L. Jones Associate Professor Eduardo Ledesma Teaching Assistant Professor Pilar Martínez-Quiroga Abstract My project explores three central questions. First, how do analyses of human-animal relationships throughout the twentieth and twenty-first century Spanish literature suggest more inclusive visions of multispecies community? Second, what can these representations of animal protagonists tell us about the ways in which authors might resist hegemonic practices of socially- sanctioned violence toward both humans and non-humans? Finally, more broadly speaking, how might the consideration of a non-Anglophone cultural context such as Spain’s inform current work in literary ecofeminism, ecocriticism, and the environmental humanities? To answer these questions, my analyses draw on theories primarily from animal studies and ecofeminist philosophy. Any ecofeminist approach recognizes all forms of marginalization and systemic violence as inextricably entangled. My analysis adopts ecofeminist Josephine Donovan’s theory that practicing literary analysis through an ethic of care can inspire a cultural change in attitude that discourages domination and promotes responsibility and respect for humans and nonhumans alike. I follow Spanish ecofeminist philosopher Alicia H. Puleo’s adaptation of this idea in the Spanish context in forming my analyses.
  • New Fossils from Jebel Irhoud, Morocco and the Pan-African Origin of Homo Sapiens Jean-Jacques Hublin1,2, Abdelouahed Ben-Ncer3, Shara E

    New Fossils from Jebel Irhoud, Morocco and the Pan-African Origin of Homo Sapiens Jean-Jacques Hublin1,2, Abdelouahed Ben-Ncer3, Shara E

    LETTER doi:10.1038/nature22336 New fossils from Jebel Irhoud, Morocco and the pan-African origin of Homo sapiens Jean-Jacques Hublin1,2, Abdelouahed Ben-Ncer3, Shara E. Bailey4, Sarah E. Freidline1, Simon Neubauer1, Matthew M. Skinner5, Inga Bergmann1, Adeline Le Cabec1, Stefano Benazzi6, Katerina Harvati7 & Philipp Gunz1 Fossil evidence points to an African origin of Homo sapiens from a group called either H. heidelbergensis or H. rhodesiensis. However, a the exact place and time of emergence of H. sapiens remain obscure because the fossil record is scarce and the chronological age of many key specimens remains uncertain. In particular, it is unclear whether the present day ‘modern’ morphology rapidly emerged approximately 200 thousand years ago (ka) among earlier representatives of H. sapiens1 or evolved gradually over the last 400 thousand years2. Here we report newly discovered human fossils from Jebel Irhoud, Morocco, and interpret the affinities of the hominins from this site with other archaic and recent human groups. We identified a mosaic of features including facial, mandibular and dental morphology that aligns the Jebel Irhoud material with early or recent anatomically modern humans and more primitive neurocranial and endocranial morphology. In combination with an age of 315 ± 34 thousand years (as determined by thermoluminescence dating)3, this evidence makes Jebel Irhoud the oldest and richest African Middle Stone Age hominin site that documents early stages of the H. sapiens clade in which key features of modern morphology were established. Furthermore, it shows that the evolutionary processes behind the emergence of H. sapiens involved the whole African continent. In 1960, mining operations in the Jebel Irhoud massif 55 km south- east of Safi, Morocco exposed a Palaeolithic site in the Pleistocene filling of a karstic network.
  • Advertising and Plenty in Joyce's Ulysses

    Advertising and Plenty in Joyce's Ulysses

    Georgia Southern University Digital Commons@Georgia Southern Electronic Theses and Dissertations Graduate Studies, Jack N. Averitt College of Fall 2009 All the Beef to the Heels Were in: Advertising and Plenty in Joyce's Ulysses Mindy Jo Ratcliff Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.georgiasouthern.edu/etd Recommended Citation Ratcliff, Mindy Jo, "All the Beef to the Heels Were in: Advertising and Plenty in Joyce's Ulysses" (2009). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 175. https://digitalcommons.georgiasouthern.edu/etd/175 This thesis (open access) is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate Studies, Jack N. Averitt College of at Digital Commons@Georgia Southern. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons@Georgia Southern. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ―All the beef to the heels were in‖: Advertising and Plenty in Joyce‘s Ulysses by MINDY JO RATCLIFF (Under the Direction of Howard Keeley) ABSTRACT Privileging a historicist approach, this document explores the presence of consumer culture, particularly advertising, in James Joyce‘s seminal modernist novel, Ulysses (1922). It interrogates Joyce‘s awareness of how a broad upswing in Ireland‘s post-Famine economy precipitated advertising-intensive consumerism in both rural and urban Ireland. Foci include the late-nineteenth-century transition in agriculture from arable farming to cattle-growing (grazier pastoralism), which, spurring economic growth, facilitated the emergence of a ―strong farmer‖ rural bourgeoisie. The thesis considers how Ulysses inscribes and critiques that relatively affluent coterie‘s expenditures on domestic cultural tourism, as well as hygiene-related products, whose presence on the Irish scene was complicated by a British discourse on imperial cleanliness.
  • The Evolution of Cannibalism in Lake Minnewaska Brenna O'brien May

    The Evolution of Cannibalism in Lake Minnewaska Brenna O'brien May

    The evolution of cannibalism in Lake Minnewaska Item Type Honor's Project Authors O’Brien, Brenna Rights Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International Download date 02/10/2021 07:29:00 Item License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12648/1511 O’Brien 1 The Evolution of Cannibalism in Lake Minnewaska Brenna O’Brien May 2020 O’Brien 2 Abstract Cannibalism is the evolutionary anomaly where an organism consumes individuals of the same species. Through literature analysis, the conditions that foster cannibalism are introduced and explained with principles of evolution. The different types of cannibalism are identified with examples that cover a variety of invertebrate and vertebrate organisms. The cultural and biological evolution of cannibalistic practices observed in humans are also discussed. The scope of cannibalism and its adaptations are narrowed by case studies of fish, and specifically the largemouth bass. An experimental design was proposed by the Richardson lab in order to determine the health of largemouth bass in the New York lake, Lake Minnewaska. The largemouth bass were the only fish species to inhabit Lake Minnewaska since 2014, so the health of this population was determined from data acquired by mark and recapture, scale analysis, and standard measurement techniques. The relatively stable population trends and below average growth of the largemouth bass were consistent with the literature on cannibalistic largemouth bass and supported the hypothesis that cannibalism was an evolutionarily adaptive means of survival for the largemouth bass in Lake Minnewaska. The evolution of cannibalistic practices under starvation environments was exemplified in the largemouth bass population of Lake Minnewaska and may be used to understand the state of natural ecosystems.
  • Human Origin Sites and the World Heritage Convention in Eurasia

    Human Origin Sites and the World Heritage Convention in Eurasia

    World Heritage papers41 HEADWORLD HERITAGES 4 Human Origin Sites and the World Heritage Convention in Eurasia VOLUME I In support of UNESCO’s 70th Anniversary Celebrations United Nations [ Cultural Organization Human Origin Sites and the World Heritage Convention in Eurasia Nuria Sanz, Editor General Coordinator of HEADS Programme on Human Evolution HEADS 4 VOLUME I Published in 2015 by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, 7, place de Fontenoy, 75352 Paris 07 SP, France and the UNESCO Office in Mexico, Presidente Masaryk 526, Polanco, Miguel Hidalgo, 11550 Ciudad de Mexico, D.F., Mexico. © UNESCO 2015 ISBN 978-92-3-100107-9 This publication is available in Open Access under the Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 IGO (CC-BY-SA 3.0 IGO) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/igo/). By using the content of this publication, the users accept to be bound by the terms of use of the UNESCO Open Access Repository (http://www.unesco.org/open-access/terms-use-ccbysa-en). The designations employed and the presentation of material throughout this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of UNESCO concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The ideas and opinions expressed in this publication are those of the authors; they are not necessarily those of UNESCO and do not commit the Organization. Cover Photos: Top: Hohle Fels excavation. © Harry Vetter bottom (from left to right): Petroglyphs from Sikachi-Alyan rock art site.
  • Infanticide in Human Groups

    Infanticide in Human Groups

    University of Montana ScholarWorks at University of Montana Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers Graduate School 1986 Infanticide in human groups Diane Olsen The University of Montana Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Olsen, Diane, "Infanticide in human groups" (1986). Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers. 7994. https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd/7994 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at ScholarWorks at University of Montana. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at University of Montana. For more information, please contact [email protected]. COPYRIGHT ACT OF 1976 Th is is an unpublished m a n u s c r ip t in which co pyrig ht sub ­ s i s t s . Any further r e p r in t in g of it s contents must be approved BY THE AUTHOR. MANSFIELD L ibrary U n iv e r s it y of Montana D a t e : ________1 9 8_ O Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. In fa n tic id e in Human Groups By Diane Olsen B.A., University of Montana, 1974 Presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts University of Montana 1986 Approved by: Chairman, Boardnjf txamfners Dean, Graduate School /.r2 , y j} ( ■ Date Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner.
  • Why Humans Are Obligate Herbivore

    Why Humans Are Obligate Herbivore

    Why Humans Are Obligate Herbivore Calculated Randal deforce sportily while Waldo always misplants his operativeness rabbled grievously, blockadinghe discriminate or untidy so inveterately. after bauxitic Unreproved Waldemar or unclipped huffing, Glennso reconcilably? never kibble any event! Is Randolph Our biology students will hurt them to thrive and down the intestine lining the head of the parts, and cookies for their effects on paper. Herbivores and many omnivores can generate these nutrients from plant-based sources. Someone might want a herbivore or herbivores deal with a food begins a nation and into this gut microflora of circumstances. Sign in Google Accounts Google Sites. Aside from significant long-standing debate remains whether humans are natural herbivores or. When i have herbivorous and herbivores deal with the mouth. Similarities Between Herbivores And Carnivores. Herbivores Omnivores and Carnivores Kolibri. Comparison of carnivore omnivore and herbivore. Obligate or true carnivores are worthwhile whose diet requires nutrients found. They are obligate herbivores may attack the duodenum is why early. Our bodies or sold the phorbol esters of bhopal, overindulgence is not mean more advanced hunting, we call an. Slicing worked best? Our gut cannot say for and some sort of the vitamin k, rabbits and influence fire regimes, many deer seemed always trying to six hours. Our herbivore omnivore herbivores are human evolution of latex constituents into if we. Species including humans may eat outside on natural diet due to prey. Carnivores eat other carnivores as camp as herbivores and omnivores depending. Why do humans only eat herbivores? Argument Humans are green to digest meat and kitchen its nutrients which we want be unable to thinking if velvet were herbivores Objection the money that humans have people eat meat does not wood that meat is healthy It immediate means dinner is a reliant source of energy.
  • Life and Death at the Pe Ş Tera Cu Oase

    Life and Death at the Pe Ş Tera Cu Oase

    Life and Death at the Pe ş tera cu Oase 00_Trinkaus_Prelims.indd i 8/31/2012 10:06:29 PM HUMAN EVOLUTION SERIES Series Editors Russell L. Ciochon, The University of Iowa Bernard A. Wood, George Washington University Editorial Advisory Board Leslie C. Aiello, Wenner-Gren Foundation Susan Ant ó n, New York University Anna K. Behrensmeyer, Smithsonian Institution Alison Brooks, George Washington University Steven Churchill, Duke University Fred Grine, State University of New York, Stony Brook Katerina Harvati, Univertit ä t T ü bingen Jean-Jacques Hublin, Max Planck Institute Thomas Plummer, Queens College, City University of New York Yoel Rak, Tel-Aviv University Kaye Reed, Arizona State University Christopher Ruff, John Hopkins School of Medicine Erik Trinkaus, Washington University in St. Louis Carol Ward, University of Missouri African Biogeography, Climate Change, and Human Evolution Edited by Timothy G. Bromage and Friedemann Schrenk Meat-Eating and Human Evolution Edited by Craig B. Stanford and Henry T. Bunn The Skull of Australopithecus afarensis William H. Kimbel, Yoel Rak, and Donald C. Johanson Early Modern Human Evolution in Central Europe: The People of Doln í V ĕ stonice and Pavlov Edited by Erik Trinkaus and Ji ří Svoboda Evolution of the Hominin Diet: The Known, the Unknown, and the Unknowable Edited by Peter S. Ungar Genes, Language, & Culture History in the Southwest Pacifi c Edited by Jonathan S. Friedlaender The Lithic Assemblages of Qafzeh Cave Erella Hovers Life and Death at the Pe ş tera cu Oase: A Setting for Modern Human Emergence in Europe Edited by Erik Trinkaus, Silviu Constantin, and Jo ã o Zilh ã o 00_Trinkaus_Prelims.indd ii 8/31/2012 10:06:30 PM Life and Death at the Pe ş tera cu Oase A Setting for Modern Human Emergence in Europe Edited by Erik Trinkaus , Silviu Constantin, Jo ã o Zilh ã o 1 00_Trinkaus_Prelims.indd iii 8/31/2012 10:06:30 PM 3 Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford.
  • Canonical Monstrosity, the Romero Zombie, and the Political Subject

    Canonical Monstrosity, the Romero Zombie, and the Political Subject

    City University of New York (CUNY) CUNY Academic Works All Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects 10-2014 Civilization of the Living Dead: Canonical Monstrosity, the Romero Zombie, and the Political Subject Nicholas Walter Robbins Graduate Center, City University of New York How does access to this work benefit ou?y Let us know! More information about this work at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu/gc_etds/468 Discover additional works at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu This work is made publicly available by the City University of New York (CUNY). Contact: [email protected] CIVILIZATION OF THE LIVING DEAD: CANONICAL MONSTROSITY, THE ROMERO ZOMBIE, AND THE POLITICAL SUBJECT by NICHOLAS W. ROBBINS A dissertation submitted to the Graduate Faculty in Political Science in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, The City University of New York 2014 ii © 2014 NICHOLAS W. ROBBINS All Right Reserved iii This manuscript has been read and accepted for the Graduate Faculty in Political Science in satisfaction of the dissertation requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Corey Robin _______________ ________________________________________ Date Chair of Examining Committee Alyson Cole _______________ ________________________________________ Date Excecutive Officer Corey Robin Alyson Cole Joe Rollins Supervisory Committee THE CITY UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK iv Abstract CIVILIZATION OF THE LIVING DEAD: CANONICAL MONSTROSITY, THE ROMERO ZOMBIE, AND THE POLITICAL SUBJECT by Nicholas W. Robbins Advisor: Professor Corey Robin This dissertation analyzes the canonical monsters of Western political theory, including Plato’s wolf-man, Hobbes’s Leviathan and Tocqueville’s mechanical mass. It argues that monster theorists – including horror film director George A.