Why Humans Are Obligate Herbivore
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©2020 Teresa M. Greppi
©2020 Teresa M. Greppi ETHICAL ENTANGLEMENTS: HUMAN-ANIMAL RELATIONSHIPS IN MODERN AND CONTEMPORARY SPAIN BY TERESA M. GREPPI DISSERTATION Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Spanish with a minor in Gender and Women’s Studies in the Graduate College of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2020 Urbana, Illinois Doctoral Committee: Associate Professor Joyce L. Tolliver, Chair Professor Luisa Elena Delgado Assistant Professor Jamie L. Jones Associate Professor Eduardo Ledesma Teaching Assistant Professor Pilar Martínez-Quiroga Abstract My project explores three central questions. First, how do analyses of human-animal relationships throughout the twentieth and twenty-first century Spanish literature suggest more inclusive visions of multispecies community? Second, what can these representations of animal protagonists tell us about the ways in which authors might resist hegemonic practices of socially- sanctioned violence toward both humans and non-humans? Finally, more broadly speaking, how might the consideration of a non-Anglophone cultural context such as Spain’s inform current work in literary ecofeminism, ecocriticism, and the environmental humanities? To answer these questions, my analyses draw on theories primarily from animal studies and ecofeminist philosophy. Any ecofeminist approach recognizes all forms of marginalization and systemic violence as inextricably entangled. My analysis adopts ecofeminist Josephine Donovan’s theory that practicing literary analysis through an ethic of care can inspire a cultural change in attitude that discourages domination and promotes responsibility and respect for humans and nonhumans alike. I follow Spanish ecofeminist philosopher Alicia H. Puleo’s adaptation of this idea in the Spanish context in forming my analyses. -
Cannibalism Among Same-Aged Nymphs of the Omnivorous Predator Dicyphus Errans (Hemiptera: Miridae) Is Affected by Food Availability and Nymphal Density
EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGYENTOMOLOGY ISSN (online): 1802-8829 Eur. J. Entomol. 116: 302–308, 2019 http://www.eje.cz doi: 10.14411/eje.2019.033 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Cannibalism among same-aged nymphs of the omnivorous predator Dicyphus errans (Hemiptera: Miridae) is affected by food availability and nymphal density KONSTANTINA ARVANITI 1, ARGYRO FANTINOU 2 and Dionyssios PERDIKIS 1 1 Laboratory of Agricultural Zoology & Entomology and 2 Laboratory of Ecology & Environmental Sciences, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 118 55, Athens, Hellenic Republic; e-mails: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] Key words. Hemiptera, Miridae, Dicyphus errans, adult weight, cannibalism, density, development, food availability, omnivorous predator Abstract. Cannibalism, the act of eating an individual of the same species has been little studied in omnivorous insect predators. Dicyphus errans (Wolff) (Hemiptera: Miridae) is a generalist omnivorous predator that commonly occurs in tomato greenhouses and fi eld crops in the Mediterranean basin. In this work cannibalism among same-aged neonate nymphs of D. errans was studied when 1, 2, 4, 8 or 16 individuals were placed in a Petri dish along with or without heterospecifi c prey. Although nymphs were un- able to complete their development in the absence of prey they survived longer when there were initially 2 individuals per dish than in any other treatment including a single individual. This may indicate that cannibalism in this predator has positive effect on nymphal survival, which however was not the case at higher densities. The presence of heterospecifi c prey increased nymphal survival and individuals were as equally successful in completing their development as when kept singly. -
Intra-Guild Predation and Cannibalism in Pelagic Predators: Implications for the Dynamics, Assessment and Management of Pacific Tuna Populations
Intra-guild predation and cannibalism in pelagic predators: implications for the dynamics, assessment and management of Pacific tuna populations Tim Essington, University of Washington Mary Hunsicker, University of Washington Mark Maunder, IATTC Robert Olson, IATTC Jim Kitchell, University of Wisconsin Enric Cortes, SEFSC Top-Down Control in Marine Ecosystems • Abundant examples: – Sea otter – sea urchin – kelp forest trophic cascade – Northern prawn in the N. Atlantic – Clupeids in the Baltic Sea – Capelin in the Barents Sea Could this be important in tuna fisheries? • Maybe not? – Fishing primarily targets high-trophic level species Could this be important in tuna fisheries? • Maybe not? – Fishing primarily targets high-trophic level species • But then again… – All fish are sometimes small – Juvenile tunas are not uncommon in billfish and tuna stomach contents Upper Food Web of the Central Pacific 5 Sperm Whales Blue Marlin Lamnids Other Billfish Swordfish Carcharhinids 4 Blue Shark Yellowfin Albacore Bigeye Mahi mahi Large Squid Skipjack Small scombrids Baleen Whales 3 Trophic Level Small Squid Mesopelagic Fish Epipelagic Fish 2 Hypothesis: production of skipjack, yellowfin and bigeye tuna stocks has been enhanced through depletion of their predators If true, fisheries management plans for billfishes and tunas should not be treated independently Our Goal • Is it biologically plausible for marlins, sharks, and large-bodied tunas to exert strong top-down control on juvenile tunas? Our Approach • Survey literature – Develop database of -
Cannibalism in Contact Narratives and the Evolution of the Wendigo Michelle Lietz
Eastern Michigan University DigitalCommons@EMU Master's Theses, and Doctoral Dissertations, and Master's Theses and Doctoral Dissertations Graduate Capstone Projects 3-1-2016 Cannibalism in contact narratives and the evolution of the wendigo Michelle Lietz Follow this and additional works at: http://commons.emich.edu/theses Part of the English Language and Literature Commons Recommended Citation Lietz, Michelle, "Cannibalism in contact narratives and the evolution of the wendigo" (2016). Master's Theses and Doctoral Dissertations. 671. http://commons.emich.edu/theses/671 This Open Access Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Master's Theses, and Doctoral Dissertations, and Graduate Capstone Projects at DigitalCommons@EMU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Master's Theses and Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@EMU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Cannibalism in Contact Narratives and the Evolution of the Wendigo by Michelle Lietz Thesis Submitted to the Department of English Language and Literature Eastern Michigan University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS in Literature Thesis Committee: Abby Coykendall, Ph.D., First Reader Lori Burlingame, Ph.D., Second Reader March 1, 2016 Ypsilanti, Michigan ii Dedication I dedicate this thesis to my kind and caring sisters, and my grounding father. For my mother: thank you for beginning my love of words and for every time reading “one more chapter.” And for every person who has reminded me to guard my spirit during long winters. iii Acknowledgments I am deeply indebted to Dr. Lori Burlingame, for reading all of my papers over and over again, for always letting me take up her office hours with long talks about Alexie, Erdrich, Harjo, Silko and Ortiz, and supporting everything I’ve done with unwavering confidence. -
Consequences of Stage-Structured Predators: Cannibalism, Behavioral Effects, and Trophic Cascades
Ecology, 88(12), 2007, pp. 2991–3003 Ó 2007 by the Ecological Society of America CONSEQUENCES OF STAGE-STRUCTURED PREDATORS: CANNIBALISM, BEHAVIORAL EFFECTS, AND TROPHIC CASCADES 1 VOLKER H. W. RUDOLF Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904 USA Abstract. Cannibalistic and asymmetrical behavioral interactions between stages are common within stage-structured predator populations. Such direct interactions between predator stages can result in density- and trait-mediated indirect interactions between a predator and its prey. A set of structured predator–prey models is used to explore how such indirect interactions affect the dynamics and structure of communities. Analyses of the separate and combined effects of stage-structured cannibalism and behavior-mediated avoidance of cannibals under different ecological scenarios show that both cannibalism and behavioral avoidance of cannibalism can result in short- and long-term positive indirect connections between predator stages and the prey, including ‘‘apparent mutualism.’’ These positive interactions alter the strength of trophic cascades such that the system’s dynamics are determined by the interaction between bottom-up and top-down effects. Contrary to the expectation of simpler models, enrichment increases both predator and prey abundance in systems with cannibalism or behavioral avoidance of cannibalism. The effect of behavioral avoidance of cannibalism, however, depends on how strongly it affects the maturation rate of the predator. Behavioral interactions between predator stages reduce the short-term positive effect of cannibalism on the prey density, but can enhance its positive long-term effects. Both interaction types reduce the destabilizing effect of enrichment. These results suggest that inconsistencies between data and simple models can be resolved by accounting for stage- structured interactions within and among species. -
Advertising and Plenty in Joyce's Ulysses
Georgia Southern University Digital Commons@Georgia Southern Electronic Theses and Dissertations Graduate Studies, Jack N. Averitt College of Fall 2009 All the Beef to the Heels Were in: Advertising and Plenty in Joyce's Ulysses Mindy Jo Ratcliff Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.georgiasouthern.edu/etd Recommended Citation Ratcliff, Mindy Jo, "All the Beef to the Heels Were in: Advertising and Plenty in Joyce's Ulysses" (2009). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 175. https://digitalcommons.georgiasouthern.edu/etd/175 This thesis (open access) is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate Studies, Jack N. Averitt College of at Digital Commons@Georgia Southern. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons@Georgia Southern. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ―All the beef to the heels were in‖: Advertising and Plenty in Joyce‘s Ulysses by MINDY JO RATCLIFF (Under the Direction of Howard Keeley) ABSTRACT Privileging a historicist approach, this document explores the presence of consumer culture, particularly advertising, in James Joyce‘s seminal modernist novel, Ulysses (1922). It interrogates Joyce‘s awareness of how a broad upswing in Ireland‘s post-Famine economy precipitated advertising-intensive consumerism in both rural and urban Ireland. Foci include the late-nineteenth-century transition in agriculture from arable farming to cattle-growing (grazier pastoralism), which, spurring economic growth, facilitated the emergence of a ―strong farmer‖ rural bourgeoisie. The thesis considers how Ulysses inscribes and critiques that relatively affluent coterie‘s expenditures on domestic cultural tourism, as well as hygiene-related products, whose presence on the Irish scene was complicated by a British discourse on imperial cleanliness. -
The Evolution of Cannibalism in Lake Minnewaska Brenna O'brien May
The evolution of cannibalism in Lake Minnewaska Item Type Honor's Project Authors O’Brien, Brenna Rights Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International Download date 02/10/2021 07:29:00 Item License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12648/1511 O’Brien 1 The Evolution of Cannibalism in Lake Minnewaska Brenna O’Brien May 2020 O’Brien 2 Abstract Cannibalism is the evolutionary anomaly where an organism consumes individuals of the same species. Through literature analysis, the conditions that foster cannibalism are introduced and explained with principles of evolution. The different types of cannibalism are identified with examples that cover a variety of invertebrate and vertebrate organisms. The cultural and biological evolution of cannibalistic practices observed in humans are also discussed. The scope of cannibalism and its adaptations are narrowed by case studies of fish, and specifically the largemouth bass. An experimental design was proposed by the Richardson lab in order to determine the health of largemouth bass in the New York lake, Lake Minnewaska. The largemouth bass were the only fish species to inhabit Lake Minnewaska since 2014, so the health of this population was determined from data acquired by mark and recapture, scale analysis, and standard measurement techniques. The relatively stable population trends and below average growth of the largemouth bass were consistent with the literature on cannibalistic largemouth bass and supported the hypothesis that cannibalism was an evolutionarily adaptive means of survival for the largemouth bass in Lake Minnewaska. The evolution of cannibalistic practices under starvation environments was exemplified in the largemouth bass population of Lake Minnewaska and may be used to understand the state of natural ecosystems. -
Infanticide in Human Groups
University of Montana ScholarWorks at University of Montana Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers Graduate School 1986 Infanticide in human groups Diane Olsen The University of Montana Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Olsen, Diane, "Infanticide in human groups" (1986). Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers. 7994. https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd/7994 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at ScholarWorks at University of Montana. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at University of Montana. For more information, please contact [email protected]. COPYRIGHT ACT OF 1976 Th is is an unpublished m a n u s c r ip t in which co pyrig ht sub s i s t s . Any further r e p r in t in g of it s contents must be approved BY THE AUTHOR. MANSFIELD L ibrary U n iv e r s it y of Montana D a t e : ________1 9 8_ O Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. In fa n tic id e in Human Groups By Diane Olsen B.A., University of Montana, 1974 Presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts University of Montana 1986 Approved by: Chairman, Boardnjf txamfners Dean, Graduate School /.r2 , y j} ( ■ Date Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. -
Cannibalism of an Endemic Island Lizard (Genus Gallotia)
G Model JCZ-25351; No. of Pages 4 ARTICLE IN PRESS Zoologischer Anzeiger xxx (2015) xxx–xxx Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Zoologischer Anzeiger journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jcz Cannibalism of an endemic island lizard (genus Gallotia) a b,∗ José A. Mateo , Juan M. Pleguezuelos a Servei de Protecció d’Espècies, Govern de les Illes Balears, Carrer Gremi Corredors, 10, E-07009 Palma, Spain b Departamento de Zoología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, E-18071 Granada, Spain a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t Article history: Cannibalism is not rare among animals, and particularly in reptiles it is favored by a strong ontoge- Received 9 December 2014 netic shift in body size and generalized carnivore habits. We looked for evidence of this behavior in a Received in revised form 25 July 2015 medium-sized lizard, endemic of oceanic islands (Canary Islands), with a high prevalence of a parasite Accepted 27 July 2015 transmitted by cannibalism. Conspecific predation appeared in this lizard, with a rather low incidence Available online xxx (0.76% of fecal pellets included conspecifics), although the analysis of a very large sample (n = 11,651 pel- lets) indicated ontogenetic, sexual, and seasonal patterns of such predation. Only the largest individuals Keywords: were cannibal, invariably males, which only depredated immature individuals, almost exclusively dur- Cannibalism Lizards ing the post-hatching period (summer and autumn). Together with other natural-history traits already known for the species (e.g., high density, low breeding output, large offspring), cannibalism adds further Gallotia caesaris Island syndrome evidence that this lizard fits the island syndrome. -
Impact of Cannibalism on Predator–Prey Dynamics: Size-Structured Interactions and Apparent Mutualism
Ecology, 89(6), 2008, pp. 1650–1660 Ó 2008 by the Ecological Society of America IMPACT OF CANNIBALISM ON PREDATOR–PREY DYNAMICS: SIZE-STRUCTURED INTERACTIONS AND APPARENT MUTUALISM 1 VOLKER H. W. RUDOLF Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Rice University, 6100 Main Street MS-170, Houston, Texas 77005 USA Abstract. Direct and indirect interactions between two prey species can strongly alter the dynamics of predator–prey systems. Most predators are cannibalistic, and as a consequence, even systems with only one predator and one prey include two prey types: conspecifics and heterospecifics. The effects of the complex direct and indirect interactions that emerge in such cannibalistic systems are still poorly understood. This study examined how the indirect interaction between conspecific and heterospecific prey affects cannibalism and predation rates and how the direct interactions between both species indirectly alter the effect of the cannibalistic predator. I tested for these effects using larvae of the stream salamanders Eurycea cirrigera (prey) and Pseudotriton ruber (cannibalistic predator) by manipulating the relative densities of the conspecific and heterospecific prey in the presence and absence of the predator in experimental streams. The rates of cannibalism and heterospecific predation were proportional to the respective densities and negatively correlated, indicating a positive indirect interaction between conspecific and heterospecific prey, similar to ‘‘apparent mutualism.’’ Direct interactions between prey species did not alter the effect of the predator. Although both types of prey showed a similar 30% reduction in night activity and switch in microhabitat use in response to the presence of the predator, cannibalism rates were three times higher than heterospecific predation rates irrespective of the relative densities of the two types of prey. -
Revisiting Cannibalism in Fishes
Rev Fish Biol Fisheries (2017) 27:499–513 DOI 10.1007/s11160-017-9469-y REVIEWS Revisiting cannibalism in fishes Larissa Strictar Pereira . Angelo Antonio Agostinho . Kirk O. Winemiller Received: 29 February 2016 / Accepted: 1 February 2017 / Published online: 10 February 2017 Ó Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2017 Abstract Cannibalism, the act of eating an individ- Gobiidae, Gadidae and Merluciidae. Ecological and ual of the same species, has long intrigued researchers. evolutionary implications of cannibalism are dis- More than 30 years after publication of reviews on the cussed along with perspectives for future research. topic, there appears to be little consensus about the commonness of cannibalism and its ecological and Keywords Aquaculture Á Feeding Á Intraspecific evolutionary importance. Since Smith and Reay (Rev predation Á Literature survey Á Reproduction Fish Biol Fish 1:41–64, 1991. doi:10.1007/ BF00042661) reviewed cannibalism in teleost fish, many new studies have been published that address Introduction aspects of cannibalism and here we present an updated review. Reports of cannibalism have increased, espe- In his classic book The Selfish Gene, Dawkins (1976) cially since the 1990s, with many accounts from proposed that cannibalism, the consumption of con- aquaculture research. Cannibalism has been recorded specifics, should be rare. His logic was that the fitness for 390 teleost species from 104 families, with 150 advantage of gaining nutrition while eliminating species accounts based only on captive fish. The potential competitors is unlikely to exceed the fitness number of literature reports of cannibalism is almost disadvantage posed by increased risk of predation equal for marine and freshwater fishes; freshwater mortality for progeny and other closely related indi- families with most reported cases are Percidae, Sal- viduals (Dawkins 1976). -
Canonical Monstrosity, the Romero Zombie, and the Political Subject
City University of New York (CUNY) CUNY Academic Works All Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects 10-2014 Civilization of the Living Dead: Canonical Monstrosity, the Romero Zombie, and the Political Subject Nicholas Walter Robbins Graduate Center, City University of New York How does access to this work benefit ou?y Let us know! More information about this work at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu/gc_etds/468 Discover additional works at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu This work is made publicly available by the City University of New York (CUNY). Contact: [email protected] CIVILIZATION OF THE LIVING DEAD: CANONICAL MONSTROSITY, THE ROMERO ZOMBIE, AND THE POLITICAL SUBJECT by NICHOLAS W. ROBBINS A dissertation submitted to the Graduate Faculty in Political Science in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, The City University of New York 2014 ii © 2014 NICHOLAS W. ROBBINS All Right Reserved iii This manuscript has been read and accepted for the Graduate Faculty in Political Science in satisfaction of the dissertation requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Corey Robin _______________ ________________________________________ Date Chair of Examining Committee Alyson Cole _______________ ________________________________________ Date Excecutive Officer Corey Robin Alyson Cole Joe Rollins Supervisory Committee THE CITY UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK iv Abstract CIVILIZATION OF THE LIVING DEAD: CANONICAL MONSTROSITY, THE ROMERO ZOMBIE, AND THE POLITICAL SUBJECT by Nicholas W. Robbins Advisor: Professor Corey Robin This dissertation analyzes the canonical monsters of Western political theory, including Plato’s wolf-man, Hobbes’s Leviathan and Tocqueville’s mechanical mass. It argues that monster theorists – including horror film director George A.