DOCSLIB.ORG

Polygamy and Harmonious Families: Indonesian Debates on Gender and Marriage

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Polygamy and Harmonious Families: Indonesian Debates on Gender and Marriage POLYGAMY AND HARMONIOUS FAMILIES: INDONESIAN DEBATES ON GENDER AND MARRIAGE Nelly van Doorn-Harder Introduction During the past twenty years, we have witnessed the rise of vigorous Islamist discourses in the public and political sphere all over Southeast Asia and ongoing attempts to replace what was considered to be moderate expressions of Islam with more radical, Middle Eastern-oriented modes of being Muslim. Jemaah Islamiyyah members have fanned out over Thailand, Islamic Party of Malaysia (pas) tries to reinstate Islamic law in Malaysia, while after the fall of the Suharto regime (1966–1998) which suppressed extremist expressions of Islam, a host of groups emerged that advocate the national application of shari"a laws. Since the time of the nation’s independence, Indonesian Parliaments have consistently rejected formalization of shari"a law. Yet, while suppressing all forms of radical Islam, the Suharto government passed several laws supporting Muslim demands: the marriage law (1974), and the laws regulating religious endowments (1977) national education (1989), and the Islamic religious courts (1989) all testify to a desire to live according to Islamic injunctions (Feener 2007:107). When it became clear that there was not enough political and popular sup- port to enforce national application of shari"a law, several Islamist-oriented groups and political parties lobbied for the introduction of Qur"an-based laws at the local level. As part of their strategy to make Indonesians accept their agenda, Islamist groups started national campaigns aiming for popu- lar acceptance of the practice of polygamy (technically polygyny•). Islamist political parties such as the Muslim Brotherhood-inspired Partai Keadilan Sejahtera (pks, the Prosperous Justice Party) used to recommend their mem- bers to marry more than one wife, while a ‘Polygamy Award’ was bestowed on individuals who publicly tout the practice’s bene ts (Nurmila 2009:66–70). The practice is still promoted on multiple levels, especially targeting teen and adolescent girls via youth literature, movies, and other popular media. Although many Indonesians do not approve of polygamous marriages, these 56 nelly van doorn-harder campaigns and the growing obsession with women’s bodies and social roles do afect public opinion. In her study on the practice of polygamy in Indonesia, Nina Nurmila (2009:147) observed that these campaigns impact Muslim women in everyday life and potentially threaten all Muslim marriages since they bestow a degree of religious legitimacy on the practice. While these trends are equally worrisome to moderate Muslims and groups advocating the protection of women’s rights, they are most upsetting for the members of #Aisyiyah and Nasyiat ul-#Aisyiyah (na), the women’s branches associated with Indonesia’s second largest Muslim organization, Muhammadiyah. Established in 1912 with the aim of reviving and reform- ing Indonesian Islam, political and puritanical trends have inuenced its ideology during its long existence. Especially young, male Muhammadiyah members have joined the newly-founded Islamist parties while concur- rently holding on to their Muhammadiyah membership.1 The push towards polygamy especially challenges the Harmonious Family Programme devel- oped by #Aisyiyah, which advocates the nuclear family model. This chapter discusses some of the challenges these Islamist discourses create for #Aisyiyah women in de ning the ideologies concerning women’s religious position and rights as laid out in The Keluarga Sakinah, or Harmo- nious Family Programme. Although the programme aimed at guiding the entire family, it became particularly a tool to transmit the reformist views on gender and woman’s position within marriage. These views, which now seem contested by Islamist opinions, were shaped over the course of several decades and have inuenced signi cant parts of the Indonesian Muslim population. This battle to clean up the morals of Indonesians is not new and is reminiscent of the actions undertaken by men and women members of the Muhammadiyah organization ever since it was set up in 1912. They waged wars against women with bobbed hair, men and women dancing together, Western movies, and other practices they considered vices. Much of their eforts involved the discourse about gender and sexuality. In their view, their organizations could only succeed by allowing women to participate in the societal and religious project, which resulted in the creation of the branch for women, #Aisyiyah, founded in 1917. Muhammadiyah men led the discussions about how to create a reformist identity, #Aisyiyah women discussed the new 1 For example, see the ndings of the research by the LibForAll Foundation, co-founded by Abdurrahman Wahid (1940–2009), summarized in: ‘The enemy within; Islamic extremists and their dreams of a new caliphate’, www.libforall.org/media/news-stories/expose/JakartaGlobe _The-Enemy-Within.pdf..
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Islamic Student Organizations and Democratic Development In
    ISLAMIC STUDENT ORGANIZATIONS AND DEMOCRATIC DEVELOPMENT IN INDONESIA: THREE CASE STUDIES A thesis presented to the faculty of the Center for International Studies of Ohio University In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Master of Arts Troy A. Johnson June 2006 This thesis entitled ISLAMIC STUDENT ORGANIZATIONS AND DEMOCRATIC DEVELOPMENT IN INDONESIA: THREE CASE STUDIES by TROY A. JOHNSON has been approved for the Center of International Studies Elizabeth F. Collins Associate Professor of Classics and World Religions Drew McDaniel Interim Dean, Center for International Studies Abstract JOHNSON, TROY A., M.A., June 2006, International Development Studies ISLAMIC STUDENT ORGANIZATIONS AND DEMOCRATIC DEVELOPMENT IN INDONESIA: THREE CASE STUDIES (83 pp.) Director of Thesis: Elizabeth F. Collins This thesis describes how and to what extent three Islamic student organizations – Muhammadiyah youth groups, Kesatuan Aksi Mahasiswa Muslim Indonesia (KAMMI), and remaja masjid – are developing habits of democracy amongst Indonesia's Muslim youth. It traces Indonesia's history of student activism and the democratic movement of 1998 against the background of youth violence and Islamic radicalism. The paper describes how these organizations have developed democratic habits and values in Muslim youth and the programs that they carry out towards democratic socialization in a nation that still has little understanding of how democratic government works. The thesis uses a theoretical framework for evaluating democratic education developed by Freireian scholar Ira Shor. Finally, it argues that Islamic student organizations are making strides in their efforts to promote inclusive habits of democracy amongst Indonesia's youth. Approved: Elizabeth F. Collins Associate Professor or Classics and World Religions Acknowledgments I would like to thank my friends in Indonesia for all of their openness, guidance, and support.
    [Show full text]
  • BAB I PENDAHULUAN A. Latar Belakang Masalah Al-Qur'an Ialah
    BAB I PENDAHULUAN A. Latar Belakang Masalah Al-Qur’an ialah kitab suci yang merupakan sumber utama bagi ajaran Islam. Melalui al-Qur’an sebagai sumber utama ajaran Islam, manusia mendapatkan petunjuk tentang semua ajaran-ajaran agama Islam. Melalui al- Qur’an pula manusia memperoleh petunjuk tentang semua perintah-perintah dan larangan-larangan Allah SWT yang diturunkan kepada nabi Muhammad SAW untuk disampaikan kepada seluruh umat manusia. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa kedudukan al-Qur’an sangat penting bagi umat Islam sebagai sumber utama bagi ajaran yang diturunkan oleh Allh SWT. Berdasarkan definisinya, al-Qur’an memiliki arti sebagai kalam Allah SWT yang diturunkan (diwahyukan) kepada Nabi Muhammad SAW melalui perantaraan malaikat Jibril, yang merupakan mukjizat, diriwayatkan secara mutawatir, ditulis dalam sebuah mushaf, dan membacanya adalah sebuah 1 ibadah. Al-Qur’an merupakan mukjizat bagi Nabi Muhammad SAW yang berisi kalam Allah yang penuh dengan pembelajaran berupa hal-hal yang diperintahkan dan dilarang-Nya. Hal-hal yang diperintahkan Allah termaktub seluruhnya dalam al-Qur’an untuk kemudian kewajiban bagi umat Islam 1 Ahmad Syarifuddin, Mendidik Anak Mambaca, Menulis, dan Mencintai Al-Qur’an,( Jakarta: 2004), hal. 16 1 mengerjakan dan mematuhinya seperti, kewajiban bagi umat Islam untuk melaksanakan shalat, zakat, puasa, dan lain-lain. Larangan-larangan dari Allah juga dijelaskan dalam al-Qur’an sebagai rambu-rambu bagi umat Islam dalam bertindak dan berperilaku dalam kehidupannya selama di dunia ini. Larangan- larangan itu misalnya, diharamkannya minum minuman keras, memakan daging babi, melakukan tindak pembunuhan, perjudian dan lain-lain. Al-Qur’an juga sebagai salah satu rahmat yang tak ada taranya bagi alam semesta, karena di dalamnya terkumpul wahyu Ilahi yang menjadi petunjuk, pedoman dan pelajaran bagi siapa yang mempercayai serta mengamalkannya.
    [Show full text]
  • A. R. Fakhruddin: the Face of Tasawuf in Muhammadiyah
    A. R. FAKHRUDDIN: THE FACE OF TASAWUF IN MUHAMMADIYAH By: Masyitoh* Abstract With emphasizing to truth Islam and refusal to taqlid, bid’ah and churafat, Muhammadiyah has appreciation to Islamic mysticism (read: akhlaki Islamic mysticism). Although Islamic mysticism is more individual necessity and the term has never been mentioned, but many of Muhammadiyah figures practice Islamic mysticism individually. It was began from founder of Muhammadiyah, K.H. Ahmad Dahlan and others figures, such as: Ki Bagus Hadikusumo, K.H. Mas Mansyur, Buya Hamka, AR.Fakhruddin,etc. A.R Fakhruddin him self can be addressed as Kadda an yukuuna Suufiyan (near to be a Sufi), in this case Sufi Akhlaqi. It is caursed by all akhlakul karimah characteristics have already mixed up in his soul, such as: patient, thank God, Wara Zuhud, Qana’ah, Tawwakal, Ikhlas, Risha, etc. In the meantime, his spiritual life which fills more of his life and it is reflecting Islamic mysticism attitudes. A Sufi’s live can be reflected from his attitude and thought about: taubat, taqarrub, dzikullah, khusyu’, tawaddhu’, khauf, raja, muraqobah, and istiqamah, these maqam are common to be done in Islamic mysticism world. Keyword : Muhammadiyah, mysticism, Sufi Akhlaqi, Spiritual and maqam. A. Introduction The birth of Muhammadiyah movement in the early 20th century, precisely on 8 Dzulhijjah 1330 H, or on 18th of November 1912, at least, is because of the influence of tajdid movement (reformation, the renewal of Islamic thought) which was sparked by Muhammad Ibn ‘Abd al-Wahab (1703-1792) in the Emirate Arab, Muhammad Abduh (1849-1905), Muhammad Rasyid Ridha (1865-1935) in Egypt, and soon.
    [Show full text]
  • The Effectiveness of Learning Hijaiyah Letters of Iqro
    https://journal.islamicateinstitute.co.id/index.php/jaims The Effectiveness of Learning Hijaiyah Letters of Iqro’ Method (Case Study in Group B Ages 5-6 Years in Kindergarten Bustanul Athfal 1 Sukabumi) Leonita Siwiyanti Universitas Muhammadiyah Sukabumi, Indonesia [email protected] (CorrespondinG Author) Ira Nuryani TK Aisyiyah Bustanul Athfal Sukabumi, Indonesia [email protected] Elnawati Universitas Muhammadiyah Sukabumi, Indonesia [email protected] Arizal Eka Putra Universitas Muhammadiyah Lampung, Indonesia [email protected] Abstract This study aims to determine the learninG process of HiJaiyah letters, determine the supportinG factors and constraints, and to determine the effectiveness of learninG Hijaiyah letters of Iqro’ method in KinderGarten Bustanul Athfal 1 Sukabumi for children aGed 5-6 years. This research uses a qualitative approach with descriptive research. The results of the process of implementing the data with the Hijaiyah letters of Iqro’ method is carried out in accordance with the curriculum that schedules the Iqro method which is held every three times in one week. Hijaiyah letters of Iqro’ techniques are done privately/ individually and CBSA (active student learninG). SupportinG and inhibiting factors in implementinG the method are occurred as internal and external factors. From observational data and interviews that have been conducted, the method applied in KinderGarten Bustanul Athfal 1 Sukabumi is effective. Keywords: Iqro’ Method, Learning, Hijaiyah letters, Early Childhood. Efektivitas Pembelajaran Huruf Hijaiyah Metode Iqro' (Studi Kasus pada Grup-B Usia 5-6 Tahun di TK Aisyiyah Bustanul Atfal 1 Sukabumi) Abstrak Penelitian ini bertuJuan untuk mengetahui proses pembelaJaran huruf HiJaiyah, mengetahui faktor-faktor pendukunG dan kendala, dan untuk menGetahui efektivitas metode pembelaJaran huruf HiJaiyah Iqro' di TK Aisyiyah Bustanul Atfhal 1 untuk anak usia 5-6 tahun.
    [Show full text]
  • THE HISTORY of the GROWTH and DEVELOPMENT of the BIG ISLAMIC ORGANIZATIONS in INDONESIA (A Study on Muhammadiyah, Nahdhatul Ulama and Al-Jam'iyatul Washliyah)
    149 The History of Growth and Development THE HISTORY OF THE GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE BIG ISLAMIC ORGANIZATIONS IN INDONESIA (A Study on Muhammadiyah, Nahdhatul Ulama and Al-Jam'iyatul washliyah) By: Junaidi Arsyad Jurusan Pendidikan Agama Islam UIN Sumatera Utara, Medan E-mail:[email protected] ABSTRAK Salah satu tujuan didirikannya organisasi Islam besar di Indonesia oleh para pemimpin muslim sebagai upaya bersama melawan penjajahan. Sekaligus juga berusaha memajukan bangsa Indonesia melalui pendidikan yang dikelola oleh organisasi. Semua asosiasi dan organisasi bertujuan untuk mempromosikan Islam dan keluar dari belenggu dan cengkeraman penjajah. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif analitik, yaitu bekerja dengan cara mengumpulkan dari sumber bahan bacaan yang ada, kemudian membuat kerangka tertulis sesuai dengan metode yang diinginkan, kemudian ditemukan informasi tentang tumbuh kembang organisasi Islam besar di Indonesia antara lain Muhammadiyah, Nahdhatul. Ulama dan Al- Jam'iyatul Washliyah. Kata Kunci: Pertumbuhan, Perkembangan, Organisasi Islam ABSTRACT One of the goals of the establishment of a large Islamic organization in Indonesia by Muslim leaders as a joint effort to fight against colonialism. At the same time also trying to advance the Indonesian nation through education managed by the organization. All associations and organizations aim to promote Islam and get out of the shackles and clutches of the invaders. This research uses analytical descriptive method, which works by collecting from the source of existing reading materials, then create a written framework as desired in the method, then found information about the growth and development of large Islamic organizations in Indonesia, among others Muhammadiyah, Nahdhatul Ulama and Al-Jam'iyatul Washliyah.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 the Role of Muslim Women in Preventing Violent
    THE ROLE OF MUSLIM WOMEN IN PREVENTING VIOLENT EXTREMISM (PVE) IN INDONESIA Alimatul Qibtiyah, Ph.D. [email protected] Abstract Within the discourse of Islamic extremist movement, Muslim women are no longer seen as supporters. There are cases in which women are behind the violent action. Between 1985 and 2010, female bombers committed over 257 suicide attacks (representing about a quarter of the total). In 2017 there are 420 Indonesian returnees from Syria who joined ISIS, 70 percent of them women and children. At least 45 Indonesian women migrant worker has suspected involved at ISIS. Social Media have a big contribution for recruiting the extremist member. The power of social media is to influence netizen by emphasizing feeling instead of thinking which reinforces gender stereotypes that women are more emotional than rational. Although more women have been actively involved in intolerant activities recently, women’s roles as policy shapers, educators, community members and activists in Countering Violent Extremism (CVE) have started to be recognized. Women, Peace and Security (WPS) agenda from UNSCR 1325 also asserts that women's role in CVE is significant important. There is a strong correlation between gender inequality and the status of women and violent conflict. Promoting gender equality is included in the recommendations in the UN’s Preventing Violent Extremism Plan of Action. Violent extremism is most effectively countered through increased education, better critical thinking and enhanced opportunities for women. There are at least 23 organizations in Indonesia contribute to a national CVE strategy for Indonesia. One of them is 'Aisyiyah, a woman's wing organization of Muhammadiyah, one of two biggest Islamic organizations in Indonesia.
    [Show full text]
  • CONFLICTS and ISLAH STRATEGY of MUSLIM WOMEN ORGANIZATION Case Study of ‘Aisyiyah in Intra and Inter- Organizational Divergence
    Al-Jāmi‘ah: Journal of Islamic Studies - ISSN: 0126-012X (p); 2356-0912 (e) Vol. 58, no. 2 (2020), pp.355-390, doi: 10.14421/ajis.2020.582.355-390 CONFLICTS AND ISLAH STRATEGY OF MUSLIM WOMEN ORGANIZATION Case Study of ‘Aisyiyah in Intra and Inter- Organizational Divergence Siti Syamsiyatun Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University (UIN), Yogyakarta email: [email protected] Abstract Indonesians have witnessed the rise and fall of women organizations, at both micro and macro levels. In 1928, there were at least thirty women’s organizations from various religious and regional backgrounds, and working on various issues, succeeded in holding the first Indonesian Women’s Congress. But a century later there were only three organizations that survived, one of them is ‘Aisyiyah. This current paper aims at exploring factors that contribute to the survival of the organization from a perspective of conflict resolution; it investigates what strategies they use to address intra and inter-organizational conflicts, by employing a qualitative analytical approach by way of case study. The data were collected through interviews and documentation. From studying several cases of organizational conflicts encountered by ‘Aisyiyah at different times it is found that the organization constantly encounters intra and interorganizational conflicts. It applies various strategies to deal with them in accordance to the situation and necessity. What is pivotal is ‘Aisyiyah’s willingness to explore possibilities to find win-win solutions, such as silence, inaction, negotiation, mediation to conflict transformation, to find islah ways. However, when foundational values are at stake, ‘Aisyiyah would not be reluctant to contend and use a strategy of threat.
    [Show full text]
  • Islamic-Based Organization in Indonesia: Role of Muhammadiyah in Health Improvement
    Islamic-based Organization in Indonesia: Role of Muhammadiyah in Health Improvement Emma Rachmawati Study Program of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universitas Muhammadiyah Prof. Dr. HAMKA, South Jakarta, Indonesia Keywords: Muhammadiyah, Health Service, Community Empowerment. Abstract: Faith-based organizations (FBOs) or religious groups have provided healthcare in developing countries for over a century. This paper focused on the role of Muhammadiyah, which was established in the early 20th century, as an Indonesian Islamic group through its consistent reform movement for community empowerment of the Indonesian people. Since the beginning of its establishment, Muhammadiyah is consistent with and has paid much attention to the importance of education and health service to improve the quality of life of the Indonesian people. The health services are not only for the members of Muhammadiyah or Muslim people but also for all the people of the country and the world, the global health in the international network. The importance of this study lies in the existence of Muhammadiyah as a faith-based organization which plays some roles of the state responsibility in the health aspect, that is to make healthier people. 1 INTRODUCTION (Widmer, Betran, Merialdi, Requejo, & Karpf, 2011). FBOs work daily to better the world and their The Existence of a Religious Group to communities by taking care of those in need. They play an enormous role in providing health Promote Health information and health care all over the world, for example, FBO hospitals and clinics are often the most The social determinants of health framework are the respected and trusted health care providers in current dominant paradigm in public health and communities of all sizes (Banda, Ombaka, Logez, & epidemiology.
    [Show full text]
  • EMPOWERING WOMEN THROUGH ISLAM: FATAYAT NU BETWEEN TRADITION and CHANGE Downloaded from MONIKA ARNEZ1 University of Hamburg
    Journal of Islamic Studies 21:1 (2010) pp. 59–88 doi:10.1093/jis/etp025 EMPOWERING WOMEN THROUGH ISLAM: FATAYAT NU BETWEEN TRADITION AND CHANGE Downloaded from MONIKA ARNEZ1 University of Hamburg http://jis.oxfordjournals.org/ INTRODUCTION The Muslim mass organizations (ormas), the modernist Muhammadiyah and the traditionalist Nahdlatul Ulama (NU), have been playing an important role in Indonesian civil society and politics since their at Staats - und Universitaetsbibliothek Hamburg on September 13, 2012 foundation. Kiai Haji Ahmad Dahlan established Muhammadiyah in Kauman, Yogyakarta, in 1912, at a time when civil associations and political organizations were emerging nationwide in Indonesia. The Muhammadiyah has a predominantly urban, middle-class base through- out Indonesia. As Muhammad Fuad observes, it was Dahlan’s concern with the poverty and backwardness of the people of the Netherlands East Indies, the majority of whom belonged to the Islamic umma, which led him to the fields of education and health.2 He was interested in issues such as reform of Islamic law and the introduction of modern education. In addition, kiai Dahlan’s revolutionary social treatment of women should be highlighted. He considered women as independent human beings, responsible and accountable for their own deeds in the same fashion as men, and that they should be given access to and opportunity to acquire religious knowledge.3 Aisyiyah, the women’s branch of 1 Author’s note: I would like to thank Prof. Susanne Schro¨ ter and three anonymous reviewers for their thoughtful comments on an earlier version of this paper. My thanks also to Jeff Lucash for editing this article.
    [Show full text]
  • Islamic Feminist Activism in Indonesia: Muslim Women's Paths
    Dayana Parvanova Islamic Feminist Activism in Indonesia: Muslim Women’s Paths to Empowerment In the late 20th and early 21st centuries Indonesia’s Islamic field has experienced a profound transformation reminiscent of the first decades of the 20th century that marked the beginning of a conscious response by Indonesian Muslims to global flows originating mainly in Europe and the Middle East. Back then the two major Islamic organizations, Muhammadiyah and Nahdlatul Ulama, struggled to reach out and encompass the majority of the Indonesian population and promote Islamic religious ideas and values. Today, these organizations effectively include and represent the voices of Muslim women who actively work toward the promotion and integration of women’s rights into all spheres of public life. By the end of the 20th century, Islamic renewal and reinterpretation together with the introduction of feminist and democratic ideas has become a major concern for Muslim women activists. Competing paradigms, including human rights, gender equality, Islamic principles, and feminist ideas, have shaped the debate on women’s social position and empowerment in Indonesia. Numerous organizations dedicate their ambition and aspiration to the promotion and advocacy of women’s rights. At the same time, Indonesia’s women’s movements have to navigate shifting alliances on local, regional, national and international levels in their attempt to build a solid basis of knowledge, skills and argumentation in order to increase their political influence and social authority. In the following essay I will relate to issues such as women’s rights, women’s empowerment, gender equality and justice within the Indonesian Islamic context.
    [Show full text]
  • Pembelajaran Menulis Huruf Hijaiyah Di TK Aisyiyah Bustanul Athfal Baturan?
    PEMBELAJARAN MENULIS HURUF HIJAIYAH DI TK AISYIYAH BUSTANUL ATHFAL BATURAN NASKAH PUBLIKASI Diajukan untuk Memenuhi Sebagian dari Tugas sebagai Syarat Guna Memperoleh Gelar Sarjana Pendidikan Islam (S.Pd.I.) Program Studi Pendidikan Agama Islam (Tarbiyah) Oleh: Ina Nur Khasanah G 000 090 068 FAKULTAS AGAMA ISLAM UNIVERSITAS MUHAMMADIYAH SURAKARTA 2013 ABSTRAK Pembelajaran al-Qur’an sangat penting bagi kehidupan manusia, karena pembelajaran al-Qur’an sebagai suatu proses pengembangan potensi kreatifitas peserta didik yang bertujuan untuk mewujudkan manusia yang bertakwa kepada Allah SWT. Dengan demikian seorang pendidik harus meningkatkan kualitas dalam pembelajaran agar potensi yang dimiliki peserta didik bisa berkembang dengan optimal. Salah satu materi pokok yang tidak terlepas dari Pendidikan Agama Islam adalah pembelajaran menulis huruf hijaiyah. Dari sinilah anak dapat menulis al-Qur’an dengan benar. Pengenalan huruf hijaiyah secara dini lebih membekas dalam memori berfikir anak, apalagi jika diajarkan dengan cara yang baik dan benar serta menyenangkan. TK Aisyiyah Bustanul Athfal Baturan adalah salah satu lembaga PAUD yang mengedepankan pengembangan karakter peserta didik melalui berbagai aktifitas belajar yang diselengggarakan. Inilah salah satu alasan penulis melakukan penelitian ini di TK Aisyiyah Bustanul Athfal Baturan. Didasarkan pada latar belakang sebagaimana yang telah disebutkan, maka dirumuskan masalah, bagaimana pembelajaran menulis huruf hijaiyah di TK Aisyiyah Bustanul Athfal Baturan?. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan tujuan untuk mendiskripsikan bagaimana pembelajaran menulis huruf hijaiyah di TK Aisyiyah Bustanul Athfal Baturan. Penelitian yang dipakai penulis adalah penelitian kualitatif. Subyek dalam penelitian ini adalah Kepala sekolah TK Aisyiyah Bustanul Athfal Baturan, adalah sebagai sumber data dalam penelitian, tentang sejarah perkembangan, struktur organisasi, kondisi, dan situasi sekolah secara umum serta sarana dan prasarana yang tersedia.
    [Show full text]
  • Elizabeth Fuller Collins
    Islam and the Habits of Democracy: Islamic O rganizations in Post-New O rder South Sumatra Elizabeth Fuller Collins "Democratization will not proceed in Indonesia until it is actively supported by the Islamic community and until the values of democracy are explicitly articulated as compatible with Islamic doctrine." 1 This paper looks to the grassroots to see how Islamic organizations in the post- Suharto period are responding to the challenge of democratic reform.2 Islam has played a crucial role in shaping the politics of Indonesia, and since 1998 Indonesia has been viewed as a test case for the compatibility of Islam and democracy.3 However, 1 "Islam in Modern Indonesia," a conference sponsored by the United States-Indonesia Society and Asia Foundation, February 7, 2002. This statement is one of the "key conclusions" in the Executive Summary of the Conference Proceedings. Speakers at the conference included Mark Woodward, Robert Flefner, Ulil Abshar Abdalla, Lies Marcoes Natsir, Greg Fealy, Douglas Ramage, Moeslim Abdurrahman, Rizal Sukma, and Donald Emmerson. 2 Research for this paper was funded by a grant from the Ford Foundation in Jakarta. I thank Ann Tickameyer, Laurel Fleydir, Muhammad Sirozi, and Ann Shoemaker for their comments. I also want to thank the young researchers in Palembang who helped to collect information about the organizations discussed in this paper. 3 See Robert Hefner, Civil Islam: Muslims and Democratization in Indonesia (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1999); Anders Uhlin, Indonesia and the "Third Wave o f Democratization": The Indonesian Pro- Democracy Movement in a Changing World (New York, NY: St.
    [Show full text]