Islamic-based Organization in : Role of in Health Improvement

Emma Rachmawati Study Program of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universitas Muhammadiyah Prof. Dr. , South , Indonesia

Keywords: Muhammadiyah, Health Service, Community Empowerment.

Abstract: Faith-based organizations (FBOs) or religious groups have provided healthcare in developing countries for over a century. This paper focused on the role of Muhammadiyah, which was established in the early 20th century, as an Indonesian Islamic group through its consistent reform movement for community empowerment of the Indonesian people. Since the beginning of its establishment, Muhammadiyah is consistent with and has paid much attention to the importance of education and health service to improve the quality of life of the Indonesian people. The health services are not only for the members of Muhammadiyah or Muslim people but also for all the people of the country and the world, the global health in the international network. The importance of this study lies in the existence of Muhammadiyah as a faith-based organization which plays some roles of the state responsibility in the health aspect, that is to make healthier people.

1 INTRODUCTION (Widmer, Betran, Merialdi, Requejo, & Karpf, 2011). FBOs work daily to better the world and their The Existence of a Religious Group to communities by taking care of those in need. They play an enormous role in providing health Promote Health information and health care all over the world, for example, FBO hospitals and clinics are often the most The social determinants of health framework are the respected and trusted health care providers in current dominant paradigm in public health and communities of all sizes (Banda, Ombaka, Logez, & epidemiology. Religion is a vital aspect of human Everard, 2006). The religious groups are no doubt as experience and should be included as a Social significant players in the delivery of healthcare, Determinant of Health. (Idler, Blevins, Kiser, & particularly in rural or hard-to-reach areas that are not Hogue, 2017). Faith is generally a dominant force in adequately served by the government. the lives of individuals and communities worldwide. Muhammadiyah is one of the religious groups For centuries, faith-based organizations (FBOs) or initiated by the educated Indonesian people, religious group have played a significant role in the established to uphold and reverse in order to national and global effort to promote health and well- realize the real Islamic society. (Elhady, 2017). being, especially among the poor. Owing to Muhammadiyah efforts in health aspect are insufficient local resources, FBOs initially implemented in the form of charity and services, concentrated on building hospitals and clinics, as well program, and activities. It has been mentioned in as training healthcare workers to improve their Muhammadiyah bylaws article 3(g) Increasing health capability and access to affordable health services. quality and public welfare (Muhammadiyah, 2007). The scope of FBO-run activities has developed over Muhammadiyah organization was chosen as the time and FBOs are now considered essential subject matter of this paper due to its reformist providers of health care, particularly in low-resource orientation since its establishment in Indonesia. This settings. The World Development Report called for organization is responsive to health problems. Its the greater use of nongovernmental organizations programs and facilities in health are well-known as (NGOs), particularly FBOs, to improve service charitable efforts. Since it is a religious organization, quality and fill the existing gaps in healthcare services its religious law tends to predominate in its healthcare

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Rachmawati, E. Islamic-based Organization in Indonesia: Role of Muhammadiyah in Health Improvement. DOI: 10.5220/0008378000440051 In Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Social Determinants of Health (ICSDH 2018), pages 44-51 ISBN: 978-989-758-362-9 Copyright c 2019 by SCITEPRESS – Science and Technology Publications, Lda. All rights reserved

Islamic-based Organization in Indonesia: Role of Muhammadiyah in Health Improvement

delivery in the community. Muhammadiyah has houses. The economic department has 437 banks several health services facilities that include hundreds (BMT or Baitul Mal wa Tanwil) 762 credit unions of clinics and hospitals in many parts of Indonesia. It (BPRS, Bank Perkreditan Rakyat Syariah), and 25 also has some autonomous organizations such as the publishing houses. All of the numbers attest to the Women’s League (Ind. ‘Aisiyah), the Association of Muhammadiyah’s great contributions for the Muhammadiyah Students, Muhammadiyah Youth, enlightenment and wellbeing of the nation and of the the Young Women’s League, which conducting gradual improvement abroad (Ali, 2015). activities with their objectives. Those autonomous involve themselves in many health programs without The Scope of Muhammadiyah's Role in leaving their religious principles. Muhammadiyah the Health Sector also has many experiences with overseas funding organization in the health program, which can be The Ideology and Movement: shared with other Islamic organization (BKKBN, The Implementation of Tawhidi 2002). The existence of Muhammadiyah charity business continues to grow to date and the Principle (the Theology of Al- commitment of its cadres in various geographical Ma’uun) regions of Indonesia, both in rural and urban areas, makes this organization play a significant role in the The existence of Muhammadiyah business charity in community, especially in the fields of education and the field of health is based on the Muhammadiyah health. Citizens' Islamic Life Guidelines (PHIWM). The Muhammadiyah charity effort in the field of health is The Establishment of Muhammadiyah part of the Muhammadiyah charity that functions as a media of da'wah (issuing a summons), as the end of Muhammadiyah is the oldest and a reformist socio- the preaching of the Amar ma'ruf nahi munkar religious organization in Indonesia. It was established (commanding the good and forbidding the evil) and in 1912 by Haji in the city tajdid (renewal) originating from the Qur'an and As- of Jogjakarta. Reformist means that Muhammadiyah (all the traditions and practices of the aims to adopt a modern Islām to Indonesian life, by Prophet) (Chapter II Article 2. The Identity of making them free of superstition and syncretism. PHIWM). And also especially the excellence, Now, records prove that Muhammadiyah has more trustworthiness, honesty, professionalism, mission than 29 million members all over Indonesia and orientation, general welfare, reliability, impartiality, abroad. It is usually said that Muhammadiyah is the and obedience to the realization of increasing public second largest Islamic organization in Indonesia, just health in achieving goals and the intention of the behind its rival Nahdatul ‘ (BKKBN, 2002). affiliation is "enforcing and upholding the religion of In a way that has exceeded this century, Islam so that the true Islamic community is realized’ Muhammadiyah has been proven to provide a (Chapter III. Articles 4 and 5: Principles and powerful influence on the social and theological Objectives of PHIWM) (MPKU, 2018). reform during people's lives through the development The idea of fastabiqul khairat (competition in of Islamic theology and education and social welfare goodness) also deeply inspired Muhammadiyah’s (Elhady, 2017). Since the beginning, Muhammadiyah activities through the establishment of massive and its affiliated women's organization, ‘, numbers of M/A’s schools and clinics, which is the though technically autonomous, have been main focus of the organization as well as their quality collaborating on education, charity, healthcare, and and thus continued improvement. The spirit of many forms of social affairs throughout Indonesia “enlightened Islam” (“Islam Berkemajuan”) becomes and abroad, by building many schools and a guideline for Muhammadiyah elements to be more universities, as well as hospitals and clinics. By the proactive and responsive as well as providing end of 2014, it was reported that there are 176 solutions to current problems. To this end, universities, 14,346 kindergartens, 2,604 elementary Muhammadiyah needs modern and responsive schools, 1,772 secondary schools, 1,143 high schools, management, led by strong and capable leaders along 102 Islamic boarding school (), and 15 with a strong vision for the future. Otherwise, the schools for students with special needs. There are notion of its progressive Islam will be a mere tagline currently 457 hospitals and clinics, 421 orphanages, rather than concrete action. One of the preferences of 54 nursing houses. In need of tablīgh (to reach out the “Islam Berkemajuan” (Enlightened Islam) in health message), there are 6,270 mosques and 5,689 prayer aspect means that there should be an institutionalization of charity aimed to solve the

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problems in the present and future, based on the income range from Rp. 5-6 trillion per year, scripture and /Sunnah. For instance, the contributing to health solutions in Indonesia by five establishment of hospitals and other health facilities percent. While among non-profit private companies, are part of the practice of Surah Al-Ma’un. Thus, the figure is 15 percent, while the private sector is 10 Muhammadiyah should be well-prepared to percent. The number of MPKU clinics compared to overcome current health problems and benefit the primary health care is undoubtedly far behind, less most from today’s global health issues. The rapid than two percent. He also said that it is not evenly development of information and technology also distributed geographically and to date, there are at provide tools for Muhammadiyah to contribute least ten regions that do not have hospitals. through innovations and creativity for Indonesia's There are at a minimum of four challenges health sector development. currently faced by the Muhammadiyah hospital. The One of the centers of excellence promoted by main challenge is the national health insurance Muhammadiyah is the Al Ma'un-based health service system with all its rules and implications. Based on movement. The spirit of this health service is the the data in January-August 2017, BPJS receivable embodiment of the spirit of KH Ahmad Dahlan accumulation amounted to 53 billion Rupiahs to (founder of Muhammadiyah) together with H. Muhammadiyah/‘Aisyiyah Hospital Network in East Syoedja 'in pioneering the first . Besides, there were 32 hospitals in indigenous "hospital" in Indonesia that was called the with a total of 300 billion Rupiahs in arrears. BPJS PKO (Penolong Kesengsaraan Oemoem/ Public stands for “Badan Penyelenggara Jaminan Sosial” or Suffering Helper). Polyclinic PKO was born in Social Insurance Administration Organization. BPJS Jagang Notoprajan village, on February administers the Indonesian Health Insurance or JKN 15, 1923, with the intention of providing health for short. Currently, the ratio of patients in each services for the poor, which around the era of the Muhammadiyah Hospital is on average 30 percent of 1980s the name PKO changed to PKU (Community general patients and 70 percent of BPJS patients. If Health Counselor) (MPKU, 2018). The mission of the receivables from the third parties are too high, this PKO at that time was to care for the sick disrupts the hospital's short-term obligations. For according to the lessons of the Qur'an and the Sunnah example, payment of doctor’s services, medicines of the Prophet. The thing that was done was to and medical devices, employee salaries, etc., that distribute "jariyah" to the sick. At Muhammadiyah's would be worrying for the liquidity of first hospital, Kyai Haji Ahmad Dahlan (the founder Muhammadiyah /'Aisyiyah Hospital. of Muhammadiyah) himself asked for the assistance Other challenges are the increasingly high of a Catholic physician since the Muslim community competition; the need to increase the internal capacity at the time had no doctor (Samsudin, Kusnadi, Dunda, of Muhammadiyah; and accreditation and fulfillment & Rais, 2017b). This example showed the openness of various rules set by the government’s good and cooperation of the Muhammadiyah’s leaders in governance. social matters of egalitarianism and self-confidence The MPKU has “built 1000 clinical” program so to promote ideas and beliefs. that health services are more evenly distributed, especially for remote and outermost areas. This a. Health Services Delivery movement targets that by 2020 Muhammadiyah will have more than 1000 Pratama Clinics in partnership Currently, Muhammadiyah has 105 hospitals with with BPJS as FKTP (Fasilitas Kesehatan Tingkat 8082 beds spread throughout Indonesia: over 17 Pertama or First Level Health Facilities) throughout provinces and 305 clinics (Samsudin, Kusnadi, Indonesia. This movement is a cross-assembly Dunda, & Rais, 2017a). The management of the program in Muhammadiyah. One of the solutions hospitals and clinics is initiated and managed by offered by Muhammadiyah in facing the problem in Muhammadiyah or ‘Aisyiyah, starting from the areas as far away from such as Papua, West Nusa central leadership, regional leaders, regional leaders, Tenggara is to encourage specialist doctors to practice branch managers, and even branches. They are stand- in the remote regions. Muhammadiyah Hospital and alone, and some are valid as a group. Necessarily, all the Faculty of Medicine of Muhammadiyah provide of those hospitals and clinics are health business scholarships to medical students to work in charities belonging to Muhammadiyah for da'wah Muhammadiyah Hospital and remote areas. and tajdid missions. The Chairman of the MPKU (General Health Advisory Council) Muhammadiyah; Mr. Agus Samsudin said that the estimates of total

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Islamic-based Organization in Indonesia: Role of Muhammadiyah in Health Improvement b. Sister Hospital Movement Not many know about the concept of the Academic (Network of Hospitals - Clinics - Health Centre (Dikaningrum & Listiowati, 2017). Faculty of Medicine/Health) d. The Floating Clinic “Said Sister Hospital movement is motivated by mostly Tuhuleley” LazisMu Muhammadiyah primary care clinics that fail to grow due to, among others, internal mismanagement, the The floating clinic 'Said Tuhuleley' was the first clinic absence of permanent doctors, and weak or initiated by the LazisMu (the Muhammadiyah’s nonexistent networking with the fellow Institute of alms (zakat) and charity (shadaqah) and Medical/Health Faculty. It is hoped that the Sister donation. The floating clinic named “Said Tuhuleley” Hospital Movement and the Doctor Returning to was built as an attempt from Muhammadiyah to make Muhammadiyah can develop into a Primary Clinic. the healthcare accessible for the poor in remote Some of the graduates of health workers from islands, like in Eastern Indonesia. Said Tuhuleley was Muhammadiyah or ‘Aisyiyah Higher Education from Saparua, Maluku Island, and known as 'fighter Institutions, reaching 720 doctors per year, thousands of the marginal' in Muhammadiyah. He was of nurses and midwives, hundreds of pharmacists, and persistent in running various programs to improve the supported by 86 hospitals and hundreds of primary welfare of the poor. The floating clinic would provide care clinics should actively support the formation of solutions to health problems in Maluku (Moluccas Muhammadiyah-inspired health services. Island) and also as a part of the implementation of Unfortunately, many health workers graduating from LazisMu's programs in 3T (Outermost, Leading, Left) the Muhammadiyah Higher Education (PTM) did not areas. It operates to provide free health services to return to Muhammadiyah and caused the the residents at the coastal or islands in Maluku. Muhammadiyah Health Facilities cannot fulfill the According to geographical conditions, Maluku has standard requirement of the health workers and thus many small and remote islands. Hopefully, the recruiting other college graduates. Therefore, procurement of Floating Clinic will be very helpful Muhammadiyah is now providing scholarships for for people in the remote area in getting services, not prospective doctors who want to return to dedicate only in terms of health but also of education. themselves to the Muhammadiyah Healthcare The floating clinic 'Said Tuhuleley' was designed Enterprises (AUK). This scholarship is given to on a vessel with an overall length of 15 meters and a professional students while taking co-ass education, width of 3.50 meters. The ship is equipped with provided that scholarship recipients must serve "n" medical room facilities and examination room to years to complete co-education. provide health services that had been unreachable in Maluku, a province with the lowest number of health c. The Academic Hospital (The workers, only one percent of the health workers in Academic Health Centre/AHC) Indonesia (based on data from the Health Ministry in 2014). The floating clinic was inaugurated by The Academic Health Centre or AHC is a functional Indonesian President, coinciding with the session of organization that combines the functions of Muhammadiyah Tanwir (national meeting) on education, research functions, and the function of February 24, 2017. The making of floating clinic health services from various health institutions. 'Said Tuhuleley' costs about 2 billion Rupiah and the Public hospitals used as educational vehicles are funds were obtained from the people who have termed "Teaching Hospital" which can be defined as entrusted their donations to LazisMu. LazisMu a government or private hospital in cooperation with operates 6 (six) floating clinics under “Said a government college or private college that interprets Tuhuleley” Management. The idea of establishing a its Faculty of Medicine into collaboration. floating clinic will also be for the society in Sikka, Today, Muhammadiyah and ‘Aisiyah own several Nusa Tenggara Timor (NTT) because six main islands hundred non-profit medical clinics and hospitals in NTT lacked health facilities. across Indonesia, but they were not yet prepared to become a hospital/ clinic education network. Even though they are ready to become an educational clinic, but not all policies can be fulfilled. Even though the concept of AHC is very suitable to be applied in Muhammadiyah, it is still not applicable in Muhammadiyah because of minimum socialization.

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Community Empowerment for Public program to control TB, and DOTS training for health Health Problems workers in the Muhammadiyah-‘Aisyiah health business. In its development, the activities of the a. Specific Public Health Issues program became more specific by expanding the Program advocacy network through training for preachers and cadres to strengthen ‘Aisyiah health cadres at the Muhammadiyah and ‘Aisyiah, in addition to village level. In this phase, the activity focuses on achieving targets and providing new experiences for establishing its charity business in the form of health ‘Aisyiah-Muhammadiyah as a faith-based clinics spread across various regions in Indonesia, organization, through Community cadre training and also held several programs to improve empowerment preachers on TB disease control. Cadres who have and quality of public health. The health movement developed has a focus on women, infants, and been equipped with sufficient knowledge, theory, and practice then spread in all sub-districts and directly children. Besides, it concerns about reproductive involved in the community to conduct socialization, health and family planning based on health and screening the findings. community services. The movement includes Since 2009, Aisyiah has been chosen as a Global increasing the efforts to reduce maternal mortality Fund partner as the principal recipient of the funds through various activities and to reduce infant and under-five mortality with priority programs, such as (Principal Recipient / PR) representing the community groups. The program is called family planning, immunization, exclusive Community TB Care ‘Aisyiah. On this occasion breastfeeding, initiation of early breastfeeding, Aisyiah coordinated 23 recipients of secondary funds balanced nutrition, and child development. Further, (SR) involving 16 PW (Regional Leader)’Aisyiah, since 2010, Muhammadiyah has been actively involved in international networks on reproductive and six other NGO partners. In the 2014-2016 period, health and family planning, namely the “Faith to ‘Aisyiah was trusted to be the primary donor- recipient (PR) through the program which operated in Action Network” which is based in Kenya Africa. 12 provinces in 48 districts and partnered with several Muhammadiyah is one of the founders of the NGOs as recipients of secondary funds (SR). The network. themes raised in this program are” the Al-Ma'un One of the excellent programs in the health sector currently run by ‘Aisyiah is the TB Care ‘Aisyiah Spirit and the Synergy of the TB-HIV Program Community. According to ‘Aisiyah Report of this TB Towards Progressing and TB-Free Indonesian Communities.” Since 2016, with the new funding program, this activity is a community-based scheme, ‘Aisyiah became a Global Fund partner in Tuberculosis prevention program that is part of the Indonesia in the prevention of TB and HIV Health Assembly program ‘Aisyiah under the representing CSOs. With the program, in 2016 leadership of the Central Board of ‘Aisyiah. Through this program, ‘Aisyiah takes part in the development ‘Aisyiah managed the programs that spread across 18 provinces, 75 districts in charge of all CSO activities. of human health in Indonesia and the achievement of As for 2017, this program was implemented in 25 the MDG targets no. 6, which is a decrease in the rate provinces in 75 districts. By the program, with the of spread of infectious diseases. The ‘Aisyiah TB new funding scheme, ‘Aisyiah not only focuses on Care Community Program began in 2002 which at that time was serving as the implementing unit of the TB prevention and MDR TB, but also mentors TB Principal Recipient (PR) of the Global Fund donor HIV. To date, the program is developing into ‘Aisiyyah Community for TB-HIV Care. organization with the Ministry of Health as the Muhammadiyah also providing services for people primary recipient. This program was carried out in 31 living with HIV / AIDS also for their families or provinces of the ‘Aisyiah region. In 2005, ‘Aisyiah friends (Hamid, 2017). and the government, in this case, the Ministry of Health received funding from the Global Fund. The government serves in improving health facilities, a. Tobacco Control while ’Aisyiah focuses on supporting the community. This program once covered 33 provinces, but The Central Board of Muhammadiyah through Majlis currently only 25 provinces that cover 160 districts, Tarjih and Tajdid has issued a fatwa against smoking. and cities. After examining the benefits and disadvantages of In the initial stage, its activities included advocacy cigarettes, Majlis Tarjih and Tajdid Muhammadiyah to policymakers in the Muhammadiyah-ʻAisyiah concluded that smoking is included in the category of leadership; advocacy for related parties in the Haram. This fatwa was taken after listening to various

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Islamic-based Organization in Indonesia: Role of Muhammadiyah in Health Improvement parties about the dangers of smoking to health and the b. Health Promoting Hospital/HPH economy. Besides, Muhammadiyah also conducted a (Promosi Kesehatan di Rumah Sakit legal smoking review. Based on the meeting of the /PKRS) Majlis Tarjih and Tajdid, finally, it was issued that smoking was unlawful (Haram) through the Fatwa of The Central Board of Muhammadiyah has the Majelis Tarjih and Tajdid Muhammadiyah collaborated with the Directorate of Health Central Leader No. 6 / Sm / Mtt / Iii / 2010 concerning Promotion and Community Empowerment Ministry the Law of Smoking. This new fatwa amended the of Health Republic of Indonesia this year (2018) in previous fatwa (in 2007) which stated that smoking is the implementation of health promotion activities in “Mubah”. Changes to the fatwa become legitimate as various Muhammadiyah 'Aisiyah (RSMA) hospitals a decision that will bring benefits by considering the and the target areas of the RSMA in various corners many negative effects of exposure to cigarette smoke. in Indonesia. At the beginning of the year, the In one of the options, it was advised to those who have implementation was more focused on the not smoked to be obliged to avoid smoking. For those implementation of Clean and Healthy Life Behavior who have smoked, they must try to stop smoking. The (Perilaku Hidup Bersih dan Sehat/PHBS) and the fatwa contains binding instructions to all levels of establishment of the Alert Village (Desa Siaga) in the organization as well as charitable business area built by Muhammadiyah Hospital. institutions, such as schools, universities, hospitals, In 2016, MPKU PP Muhammadiyah implemented mosques, and various Muhammadiyah facilities the PKRS program in the form of development in two throughout Indonesia. Muhammadiyah hospitals. They were Siti Khadijah Muhammadiyah also established the Hospital in Sidoarjo, East Java and Siti Khodijah I Muhammadiyah Tobacco Control Centre (MTCC) in Hospital , South Sulawesi. The program 2011. Based on the information of its profile in the aims to strengthen the implementation of PKRS in MTCC’s website, MTCC is an institution under the Healthy RSM and Families in each of the Guided University of Muhammadiyah that works towards Villages that were not covered in 2014. The health creating and increasing awareness and willingness of theme followed the national priority program called the people of Indonesia to organize themselves in the the Movement for Healthy Living Society (Gerakan efforts to reduce the impacts of smoking. The efforts Masyarakat Sehat/Germas) and the Health Program include conducting research and sharing the research with a Family Approach. In 2017, the collaboration results with the Indonesians and other relevant between MPKU Muhammadiyah and the Directorate institutions, holding campaigns against tobacco, of Health Promotion and Community Empowerment supporting government policies and institutions that was aimed at following up the development of the work against smoking, and spreading anti-smoking PKRS conducted the previous year. The activity was messages to the Indonesians through any possible aimed at increasing community mobilization at means. As of now, the Institution has five full-time Muhammadiyah Hospital and Assisted Village (Desa researchers based in five different locations, Binaan) of Muhammadiyah in the provinces of East including Yogyakarta, Purwokerto, Magelang, Java and South Sulawesi. , and Mataram, The activities have a positive impact on the Since its establishment in 2011, the institution’s development of PKRS in the hospital: the main source of funds has been the University of management, the patients, and the community in the Muhammadiyah. In 2014 it started receiving grants related area of the Hospital. Also, there was a from the John Hopkins School of Public Health for commitment from the management of supporting the MTCC’s research activities and Muhammadiyah-‘Aisyiyah Hospital and expanding research by providing more training to its Muhammadiyah Leaders at the Regional Branch staff and providing more tools and equipment that are levels to implement PKRS and GERMAS programs on used for the research. Currently, the MTCC reaches an ongoing basis. In 2018, MPKU PP out to the Indonesians through many means, such as Muhammadiyah carried out partnership activities in public campaigns and programs, social media posts, GERMAS Optimization and Movement of Roles and public lectures, media release, public shows, Mass Organizations in the Decrease of Stunting, seminars, counseling sessions, publications, publicly Elimination of TB and Enhancement of displayed designs, and various design to pass various Immunization Coverage and Services conducted at messages and warn about smoking. four Muhammadiyah Hospitals in three provinces in Indonesia, Central Java, East Java, and South Sulawesi.

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ICSDH 2018 - International Conference on Social Determinants of Health c. Muhammadiyah Disaster 2 DISCUSSION Management Center (MDMC) Strengths, Weaknesses, Chances, and Indonesia is one of the most vulnerable countries to Challenges in Health and Social natural disasters. Many significant disasters have hit Welfare Sectors of Muhammadiyah the country. Some of them were recorded to be the most devastating natural disasters in the world. a. The Strengths Geographically, Indonesia is located on a tectonic plate of which earthquakes are likely to happen. In 1) Reaching more than a century, Muhammadiyah Indonesia, there are also more than 129 active standpoints are Islamic foundation based on Al- volcanoes that can erupt at any time. This condition and Al-Sunnah, along with , so it places this country in the shadow of a major disaster. becomes the biggest modern Islamic movement For disaster management, the Central Board of and gains the trust of the Muslims, the people in Muhammadiyah established the Muhammadiyah Indonesia, and the world. Central Management Disaster Management Institute 2) The reputation of Muhammadiyah as the biggest (MDMC) which was pioneered in 2007 under the modern Islamic movement has been widely name "Disaster Management Center" and was later accepted nationally and internationally. It confirmed as an institution assigned to coordinate increases the support for Muhammadiyah in Muhammadiyah's resources in disaster management doing its health and social sector activities activities after the Congress in 2010. locally and nationally, including developing Muhammadiyah, through its MDMC cooperation or partnership in health program (Muhammadiyah Disaster Management Center) has with international institutions. played a leading role in organizing other religious 3) The organizational network of Muhammadiyah groups in Indonesia to bring their weight to bear on spreads nationwide and in some ASEAN and the issue – both inside Indonesia and globally (Bush, other countries, thereby facilitating 2014). Muhammadiyah to carry out health and social MDMC is engaged in disaster management activities in the grassroots level in participation activities under the definition of disaster management with many regions. activities both in Mitigation and Preparedness, 4) The fast development of charity and health Emergency Response, and Rehabilitation activities. services quantitatively also becomes the essential MDMC adopts an internationally accepted assets of resource, facility, and infrastructure for humanitarian and humanitarian ethics code and Muhammadiyah organization, and it becomes the develops disaster risk reduction missions in harmony significant tool to improve national health status with the Hygo Framework for Action. Besides, it also and human life. develops a base to build the preparedness of the community, school and hospital levels. b. The Weaknesses MDMC is engaged in disaster activities throughout the nation by following the territory of the 1) The fast-growing number of charity and services Muhammadiyah legal entity, the Muhammadiyah in health sector is not followed by the improving (Provincial) Regional Leadership and MDMC levels quality. Therefore, to a certain extent, it is less at the Muhammadiyah Regional Leadership competitive and innovative in terms of giving (Regency). contribution to the advancement of the nation. MDMC has received many awards for its roles 2) Muhammadiyah has not optimized the and activities in various disaster and humanitarian technology and information to document its response efforts, both at home and abroad. MDMC activities and achievements so that the was also proposed by various parties and was management/administration system of charity screened by the Ministry of Home Affairs. Last year, business in the sectors of health and social MDMC received another award from the Ministry of welfare lacks an excellent database. Home Affairs in the category of Long Time 3) Muhammadiyah organization does not establish Achievement. This year (2018) MDMC volunteers public health system in all level with integrated are still in two newly affected areas, namely in management, standard service, continuing Lombok and Palu. Until now, MDMC is still carrying program, and quality supervision. out rehabilitation and reconstruction assistance.

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Islamic-based Organization in Indonesia: Role of Muhammadiyah in Health Improvement c. The Chances era, Muhammadiyah takes the pivotal role to improve the health of the people in Indonesia. 1) The recognition from a national and international citizen of Muhammadiyah as one of civil society’s pillars in Indonesia opens a chance for REFERENCES vast cooperation in many countries and international institutions. Taking the benefit, Ali, M. (2015). The Muhammadiyah’s 47 th Congress and Muhammadiyah can increase the quality of “Islam Berkemajuan.” Studia Islamica, Indonesian charity and health services, as well as other Journal for Islamic Studies,22(2),377–386. activities. http://doi.org/10.15408/sdi.v22i2.1978 2) ASEAN and International Charter gives an open Banda, M., Ombaka, E., Logez, S., & Everard, M. (2006). opportunity for Muhammadiyah to widen its Multi-Country Study of Medicine Supply and health and social movement to cross the Distribution Activities of Faith-Based Organizations in. Indonesian borders and enter ASEAN and other Kenya. countries such as , , Brunei BKKBN, (National Family Planning Coordinating Board). (2002). The Muslim Ummah and Family Planning Darussalam, the Philippine, Thailand, and Movement in Indonesia. Jakarta: Bureau of Information Australia. and Motivation, BKKBN. Bush, R. (2014). Muhammadiyah and disaster response: d. Challenges/Threats innovation and change in social welfare. Hongkong. Dikaningrum, Y., & Listiowati, D. E. (2017). Is 1) The grip of global capitalism affects the Muhammadiyah’s Teaching Hospital Ready to Face up development and life orientation into the ones Academic Health Center Era?. International Journal of that are based on profit, exploitation, material Scientific and Research Publications, 7(9). worship, and worldly pleasure in the life of the Elhady, A. (2017). Islamic Reform Movement In world community. It indirectly influences the Indonesia : Role Of Muhammadiyah In Social development of Muhammadiyah’s charity and Empowerment, 7(8), 340–350. health services, in that it becomes profit-oriented http://doi.org/10.6007/IJARBSS/v7-i8/3234 Hamid, A. (2017). Muhammadiyah and da’wah in social and far away from the theology/ideology of Al- welfare (Vol. 6, pp. 1–2). Ma’un as a first movement of PKO or Penolong Idler, E., Blevins, J., Kiser, M., & Hogue, C. (2017). Kesengsaraan Oemoem (Public Suffering Religion , a social determinant of mortality ? A 10-year Helper). follow-up of the Health and Retirement Study, 1–15. 2) The issue of the accumulation of BPJS MPKU, M. P. K. U. P. P. M. (2018). Klinik receivables to the Muhammadiyah / ‘Aisyiyah Muhammadiyah, Buku Panduan. (M. Haibah, Ed.) (1, Hospital Network would be worrying for the Februar ed.). Yogyakarta: Penerbit Suara liquidity of Muhammadiyah /'Aisyiyah Hospital. Muhammadiyah. Muhammadiyah, C. B. of. (2007). Statutes and Bylaws of Muhammadiyah. Yogyakarta: Pustaka Suara Muhammadiyah. 3 CONCLUSION Samsudin, A., Kusnadi, A., Dunda, A. S., & Rais, M. I. (2017a). Panduan Dakwah Amal Usaha Kesehatan Muhammadiyah is consistent with its original Muhammadiyah, Buku Utama. (R. Anwar, Ed.) (1st ed.). Yogyakarta: Suara Muhammadiyah. objective that is to develop the health of the Samsudin, A., Kusnadi, A., Dunda, A. S., & Rais, M. I. community through religious health service delivery (2017b). Panduan Dakwah Amal Usaha in the efforts to empower and enlighten the Muhammadiyah, Buku Pendamping. (R. Anwar, Ed.) community. Within Muhammadiyah, all activities in (1st ed.). Yogyakarta: Suara Muhammadiyah. health aspect may represent an effort at renewal – a Widmer, M., Betran, A. P., Merialdi, M., Requejo, J., & contemporary manifestation of its core mission of Karpf, T. (2011). International Journal of Gynecology da’wah and social welfare provision. Many pieces and Obstetrics The role of faith-based organizations in evidences have shown that Muhammadiyah, one of maternal and newborn health care in Africa. faith-based organization, has paid attention to the International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics, 114(3),218–222. health service as well as education to improve the life http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijgo.2011.03.015 of the people and the nation. Muhammadiyah was determined to inflame the spirit of ‘Ta’awwun for the state’ (help and cooperate in the goodness of all elements of the nation). Overall, in its post-centennial

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