Rhamphicarpa Fistulosa : Infestation Dans Les Bas-Fonds Rizicoles De La Région Des Savanes (Togo) Et Étude Des Interactions Hôte-Parasite Tossimide Houngbedji

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Rhamphicarpa Fistulosa : Infestation Dans Les Bas-Fonds Rizicoles De La Région Des Savanes (Togo) Et Étude Des Interactions Hôte-Parasite Tossimide Houngbedji Rhamphicarpa fistulosa : infestation dans les bas-fonds rizicoles de la Région des Savanes (Togo) et étude des interactions hôte-parasite Tossimide Houngbedji To cite this version: Tossimide Houngbedji. Rhamphicarpa fistulosa : infestation dans les bas-fonds rizicoles de la Région des Savanes (Togo) et étude des interactions hôte-parasite. Agronomie. Université Paris Saclay (COmUE), 2016. Français. NNT : 2016SACLS455. tel-01674193 HAL Id: tel-01674193 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01674193 Submitted on 2 Jan 2018 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. NNT : 2016SACLS455 THESE DE DOCTORAT DE L’UNIVERSITE PARIS-SACLAY préparée à l’Université Paris-Sud ÉCOLE DOCTORALE N° 567 Sciences du Végétal : du Gène à l’Ecosystème Spécialité de doctorat : Sciences Agronomiques Par Madame Tossimidé Houngbédji Rhamphicarpa fistulosa : infestation dans les bas- fonds rizicoles de la Région des Savanes (Togo) et étude des interactions hôte-parasite Thèse présentée et soutenue à Orsay le 18 Novembre 2016 Composition du Jury : Pr Jane Lecomte Professeur Université Paris Sud Présidente Dr Jonne Rodenburg Chercheur AfricaRice Côte d’Ivoire Rapporteur Dr Thomas Le Bourgeois Chercheur CIRAD Montpellier Rapporteur Dr Michel Vales Chercheur CIRAD Bolivie Examinateur Dr Jacqui Shykoff Directrice de recherche CNRS Université Paris-Sud Directrice de thèse Pr Bernard Nicolardot Professeur, AgroSupDijon, France Co-directeur de thèse Dr Stéphanie Gibot-Leclerc Maitre de conférences, AgroSup Dijon Encadrante Remerciements L’homme n’est rien sans les hommes. En écrivant cette dernière partie du manuscrit, mon cœur est rempli de gratitude envers mon Dieu qui m’a conduite durant ces années de formation loin de ma famille et qui a pris soin de placer sur ma route de nombreuses personnes dont l’aide a permis le bon déroulement de mes travaux et l’aboutissement de cette thèse. A César donc, ce qui est à César. Je tiens tout d’abord à remercier ma directrice de thèse, Dr Jacqui Shykoff, qui m’a accueillie au sein de son école doctorale. Ses nombreux conseils, sa patience et ses encouragements m’ont infiniment aidée à avancer malgré les difficultés et à finaliser cette thèse. Je lui en serai éternellement reconnaissante. Je remercie également mon co-directeur de thèse, Professeur Bernard Nicolardot d’avoir accepté de me recevoir au sein du pôle EcolDur devenu pôle Gestad de l’UMR Agroécologie de l’INRA de Dijon, et d’avoir toujours su prendre le temps nécessaire pour me transmettre ses suggestions, recommandations et corrections, malgré ses nombreuses responsabilités et charges professionnelles. Son soutien et son accompagnement lors de la rédaction et des dernières corrections ont été très décisifs pour la finalisation de ce manuscrit. Qu’il trouve ici ma profonde gratitude. Mes sincères remerciements à mon encadrante de thèse Dr Stéphanie Gibot-Leclerc, pour son implication scientifique mais aussi personnelle dans la réalisation de cette thèse. Merci de m’avoir fait bénéficiée de tes connaissances sur les plantes parasites et bien sûr d’avoir toujours été disponible pour discuter de tout et de rien. Mes remerciements s’adressent aussi aux membres de mon jury de thèse, aux Drs Jonne Rodenburg et Thomas Le Bourgeois rapporteurs de thèse, et aux Drs Jane Lecomte et Michel Vales examinateurs, pour avoir accepté de juger mon travail et pour avoir contribué à son amélioration par leur critiques très constructives. Je dis un merci particulier à Dr Le Bourgeois dont la rigoureuse critique et l’implication personnelle a permis de donner une toute autre apparence au deuxième chapitre de ce manuscrit. Je remercie également Fabrice Dessaint et Valérie Le Corre pour avoir accepté de faire partie de mon comité de thèse. Leurs remarques et conseils ont grandement contribué à l’avancement de mon travail et je leur en suis très reconnaissante. Je remercie plus particulièrement Fabrice pour m’avoir fait bénéficiée de ses connaissances en Statistique et m’avoir aidée dans l’analyse statistique de mes données. Je remercie très sincèrement Carole Reibel, pour son appui et son aide inestimables lors de la réalisation de mes expériences au laboratoire et en serre, mais aussi je la remercie ainsi que toute sa famille pour la gentillesse et la générosité dont ils ont fait preuve à mon égard lors de mes deux séjours sous leur toit. Je remercie l’équipe des serres de l’INRA de Dijon, Céline, Karine, Damien, Noureddine, Franck et Arnaud pour leur aide précieuse lors de l’installation et du suivi de mes essais en serre. Je n’oublie pas non plus d’adresser mes sincères remerciements à Arnaud Coffin et Frédéric Lombard pour leur aide précieuse dans le recueil des dernières données et mesures lors de l’arrêt de ces essais. Je remercie également l’équipe de BM du bâtiment Coste, particulièrement Séverine et Fanny pour le temps consacré aux extractions d’ADN de mes échantillons, même si tous ces efforts n’ont pas abouti aux objectifs poursuivi de développement de marqueurs microsatellites. J’adresse aussi un vif remerciement à Monica Fernandez-Aparicio, d’abord pour l’intérêt qu’elle a manifesté pour mon travail et surtout pour son aide précieuse lors de la conception, de la mise en place et du suivi de mes essais sur la dormance et la levée de dormance. Je lui dois une fière chandelle… i Je remercie aussi tous les collègues doctorants et les stagiaires que j’ai côtoyés au cours de ces années pour l’excellente atmosphère de travail et le climat de gentillesse et de bienveillance qui a entouré nos divers échanges. Je tiens également à rendre un hommage particulier à Mr Pocanam Yentcharé, ex-Directeur de l’ITRA- CRAL, qui m’a prise sous son aile dès le début de ma carrière à l’ITRA, m’a communiqué sa passion de la Malherbologie et qui par-dessus tout, a toujours cru en moi et m’a exhortée à entreprendre et à poursuivre cette aventure. Je n’oublie pas non plus les techniciens de l’ITRA en particulier messieurs Agaté, Issa et Babogou qui m’ont accompagnée sur le terrain et m’ont servit de guide et de traducteurs. Je rends également un hommage mérité à feu Kombaté Yendouhame qui a fourni et réalisé les cartes thématiques du chapitre II. Je n’oublie pas tous mes amis aussi bien en France qu’au Togo, qui m’ont soutenue et encouragée tout au long de ma formation. Je remercie particulièrement tous les amis dont le soutien moral et matériel dans les huit derniers mois de mon séjour en France m’a permis de pouvoir terminer cette thèse. Merci à Patrick, pour sa générosité, son soutien infaillible et surtout pour m’avoir chaleureusement accueillie sous son toit au cours de la période de rédaction. Merci à Annick pour sa relecture minutieuse du manuscrit, et à toute sa famille, pour leur accueil chaleureux et leur soutien lors de mon séjour chez eux. Merci à Albert, Edmond, Lanyo, Antoine, Guillaume, Anoko et Jérôme, et à tous ceux que je n’aurais pas cités et qui m’ont directement ou indirectement aidée à réaliser ce travail. Enfin, je dis un grand merci à ma famille, à qui je suis très reconnaissante pour les soutiens de tout genre tout au long de la réalisation de mes études. J’adresse un tendre merci à mon mari Frédéric et à mes enfants, Josias, Kévin et Cephas qui ont prouvé que je pouvais compter sur eux et leur faire confiance en toutes circonstances. Votre soutien, et surtout votre patience et complicité ont été source de réconfort et de motivation pour moi. Toutes mes excuses à Cephas, pour n’avoir pas été présente à tes côtés pour tes premiers pas dans la vie. Mais les voies du Seigneur sont impénétrables et plaises à Lui que tu puisses toujours relever les défis que la vie te présentera et en ressortir grandi, serein. J’exprime une profonde gratitude à ma maman qui a su prendre le relais pour gérer efficacement ma maison et s’occuper de mes enfants en mon absence. Je lui dois une fière chandelle pour avoir tenu haut le rôle de nourrice, malgré les nombreuses contraintes rencontrées. Je suis très reconnaissante envers mes frères et ma nièce qui ont aidé à la bonne marche de la maison en mon absence. Merci à nos parrain et marraine Dieudonné et Ernest Agbo, à la Sœur Aimée-Lina et à titre posthume à Valentin Agbétrobu pour leur accompagnement et leur soutien divers en toutes circonstances. Ce travail de thèse a été bénéficié d’une bourse complète obtenue grâce au programme de bourse « IDB Merit Scholarship Programme » de la banque islamique de développement (BID). Le financement des prospections de terrain a été assuré par le programme de bourse du « Programme de Productivité en Afrique de l’ouest, PPAO », branche du Togo. L’intégralité des travaux de laboratoire et de serre ont été réalisés au sein de l’UMR devenue UMR Gestad à l’INRA de Dijon. ii Courage does not always roar. Sometimes, Courage is the quiet voice at the end of the day saying “I will try again tomorrow” Mary Anne Radmacher Je dédie cette thèse et tout le travail qu’elle représente à mes enfants, à mon mari et à ma maman pour, leur présence, leur sacrifice et leur dévouement à la grande famille Houngbédji et à tous mes amis chers, pour leur soutien, leur dévouement et compréhension tout au long de ma formation iii TABLE DES MATIERES Remerciements.........................................................................................................................................
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