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Sexual Messages in Reality Television: an Examination of Sexual Messages

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Sexual Messages in Reality Television: an Examination of Sexual Messages Sexual Messages in Reality Television: An Examination of Sexual Messages Targeting an Adolescent Audience Through Social Media A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty Of Drexel University By Erica L. Fiocco In partial fulfillment of the Requirements for the degree Of Master of Science in Television Management June 2016 iv iv © Copyright 2016 Erica L. Fiocco. All Rights Reserved. v Dedications To my father, my boss, my role model and my friend, this is for you. Your hard work and expectations for excellence is what made who I am today. To my mother, for always believing I could finish when none else did. Without your motivation and words of encouragement I do not think I could have found the discipline and clarity to get my masters degree. You always support me to take the path less travelled. To my sisters and my forever friends, thank you for always giving me laugh when I need one. I am so thankful to have you two in my everyday life and can’t wait to see what the future holds for us. To my godson, I am so grateful you were brought into this world. I hope to be a someone you look up to and will always try to be a positive light in your life every day of my life. To my boyfriend, thank you for encouraging and supporting me throughout this entire process. For the long train rides to Philadelphia every week to visit, to helping me move twice in one week and growing up with you. You are my very best friend, my rock and my home. All of you make up my tribe. I love you. vi Acknowledgements Thank you to my thesis advisor, Terry Maher and program Director, Albert Tedesco. I appreciate your guidance throughout this entire process and could not have done it without the push from you both. I am honored to part of such a wonderful Masters Program at Drexel University. Both of you have made my experience memorable. vii Table of Content Page LIST OF TABLES ......................................................................................................................... vi LIST OF FIGURES ………………………………………………………..................................................x ABSTRACT……………………………………………………………………………………………...xiii 1. INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................... …1 1.1 Introduction …………………………………………………………………………………………1 1.2 Statement of the Problem …………………………………………………………………………...1 1.3 Background and Need ……………………………………………………………………………....5 1.4 Research Questions………………………………………………………………………………….5 1.5 Significance of the Problem…………………………………………………………………………6 1.6 Definitions…………………………………………………………………………………………...7 2. LITERATURE REVIEW ................................................................................................................... 9 2.1 Introduction………………………………………………………………………………………….9 2.2 The Role of Media in an Adolescent Life…………………………………………………………...9 2.3 Presentation of Sex on Television………………………...………………………………………..11 2.4 Sexual Health Messages……………………………………………………………………………19 2.5 Frequency……………………………………………………………………………………..........22 2.6 Discussion and Critique…...………………………………………………………………………..24 2.7 Implications of Research………………………………………………………………………….. 28 2.8 Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………………...… 31 METHODOLOGY ........................................................................................................................ 33 3.1Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………………….33 3.2Criteria For Content Analysis………….………………………………………………………………33 3.3.1 Twitter Account……………………………………………………………………………………..36 3.3.2 Age of Respondents…………………………………………………………………………………36 3.3.3 Collection of Tweets………………………………………………………………………………...37 3.3.4 Coding the Tweets…………………………………………………………………………………..38 3.4 Data Analysis………………………………………………………………………………………….39 4. RESULTS ............................................................................................................................................... 52 4.1Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………………….52 4.2 Does the increased frequency of sexual messages on television influence perceptions and common norms in the adolescent audience?...............................................................................................................52 4.3 How are television networks portraying sexual content to adolescent viewers through reality shows? Are these messages influencing perception of sexual norms in adolescents positively or negatively, specifically via twitter discussion?..............................................................................................................53 viii 4.3.1 Totals of Tweet Types/Perceptions…………………………………………………………………………………………54 4.3.2 Relationships Between Tweet Type/Perception…………………………………………………….57 4.3.3 Trends in Generated Tweets………………………………………………………………………...63 5. DISCUSSION ......................................................................................................................................... 67 5.2Introduction………………………………………………………………………………………….67 5.2.1 The Adolescent Response to Teen Mom 2 Via Twitter…………………..………………………68 5.3Limitations…………………………………………………………………………..........................74 5.4 Recommendations for Future Research…………………………………….....................................77 5.5Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………......................78 6. LIST OF REFERENCES…………………………………………………………………………….79 7APPENDICES…………………………………………………………………………………………85 A. Charts used in Study From List of References………………………………………………..84 B. Collection of Tweets Used in Study…………………………………………………………...87 2. Coding Instructions for Tweet Types/Perceptions……………………………………………..99 3. Comparison of Coder 1 and Coder 2 Results…………………………………………………102 4. Coding Results………………………………………………………………………………111 C. Formulas Used in Study……………………………………………………………………...121 D.Tables Used for Chapter 5 Discussion………………………………………………………..123 ix List of Tables 1. All Negative Tweet Categories Used in Research Sample………………………………70 2. Positive Tweets About the Show Used in Research Sample ……………………………71 3. Cast Member Tweets Used in Research Sample………………………………………...71 4. Breakdown of Retweet Users Used in Research Sample………………………………...72 5. Breakdown of Conversation Tweets Used in Research Sample…………………………73 6. Cast Member Retweets Used in Research Sample………………………………………73 7. Show Promotion Tweets Used in Research Sample…………………………………......74 8. Sexual Health Messages Promoted by MTV Used in Research Sample………………...74 x List of Figures 1. Market Share of Industry Leading Television Networks Source………………………...85 2. Media Hardware Breakdown Prepared By Kaiser Family Foundation………………….86 3. Screen Shot of Tune-In Tweet…………………………………………………………...40 4. Screen Shot of Follower Retweet………………………………………………………..41 5. Screen Shot of Follower/Cast Member Conversation Tweet…………………………....42 6. Screen Shot of Cast Member Retweet…………………………………………………...43 7. Screen Shot of Positive Tweet About the Show…………………………………………44 8. Screen Shot of Positive Tweet about the Show………………………………………… 45 9. Screenshot of Negative Tweets About the Show………………………………………...46 10. Screenshot of Positive Tweets…………………………………………………………...46 11. Screenshot of Negative Tweets About Cast Members…………………………………..45 12. Screenshot of Sexual Health Messages Promoted by MTV……………………………..48 13. Screenshot of Cast Member Tweet………………………………………………………49 14. Screen Shot of Show Show Promotion Tweet………………………………………… ..50 15. Totals of Tweet Type/Perceptions Generated……………………………………………56 16. Tweet Type/Perception Occurrence Percentage Breakdown…………………………… 57 17. Tweets in Relation to Network Marketing Messages……………………………………58 18. Occurrence Percentage of Tweets in Relation to Network Marketing Messages……… 59 19. Tweets Generated in Relation to Follower Interaction…………………………………..60 20. Occurrence Percentage of Tweets in Relation to Follower Interaction…………………61 xi 21. Occurrence Percentage of Tweets in Relation to Adolescent Response to Teen Mom….60 22. Follower Retweet Response Percentage…………………………………………………62 23. Percentage Breakdown of Conversation Responders……………………………………63 24. Tweets Generated in Relation to Adolescent Response to Teen Mom ………………….64 xii Abstract Sexual Messages in Reality Television: An Examination of Sexual Messages Targeting an Adolescent Audience through Social Media Erica Lynn Fiocco The goal of this thesis is to examine the frequency in which sexual messages occur on reality television programs targeting an adolescent audience and if the frequency of sexual messaging will effect decision making positively or negatively. A case study explores the concept of sexual messages targeting adolescent audiences on television and other media providing an analysis of how sex is presented, the types of messages, and the frequency in which these messages occur. Secondly, the thesis provides original research in the form of content analysis to reveal perceptions of sexual messages presented to adolescents and if they are perceived positively or negatively through twitter discussion. In addition, this research will also shed light on the frequency in which television networks are employing social responsibility by including safe sex messages and additional resources on social media in juxtaposition with their efforts on television. iv 1 CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Introduction When many people think about how they were introduced to the subject of sexuality, we would expect many of them would think of their parents, peers, and educators. In today’s culture, many adolescents are not learning about sexuality through these conventional sources, but
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