DOCSLIB.ORG

Sky & Telescope

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Sky & Telescope Timeless Shots: FROM OLD Comet Lovejoy: A Robotics: AUTOMATE DATA TO NEW SCIENCE p. 20 DARK-SKY DELIGHT p. 62 YOUR OBSERVATORY p. 64 THE ESSENTIAL GUIDE TO ASTRONOMY How the Moon’s Craters Got Their Names p. 26 Saturn’s Elusive D Ring p. 54 MAY 2015 NIGHT WATCH Help Measure Light Pollution p. 34 Atik One CCD Camera p. 70 US $5.99 CAN $6.99 05 Tiniest Lunar Feature You Can See p. 50 0 FnL1 03 0084 01 CUYrVyBNZWRpYQ9HcmVnb3J5IEtydWVn 02 ZXIAVNNmagQxMC40AjgwATEFVVBDLUEM MDc0ODA4MDIyMDc2kQ== 74808 02207 6 Display until April 27, 2015 Visit SkyandTelescope.com Download Our Free SkyWeek App Naming the Craters 26 May 2015 sky & telescope The Man Who Put the Names on the Giambattista Riccioli had a grander plan than meets the eye — and perhaps a secret agenda. One benefi t of binoculars is their Look at the Moon’s celestial eastern limb (on the big-picture view. Take the Moon. left) just south of the equator — there Riccioli named Looking at it with only 8 or 10 a modest crater for himself, giving him the eastern- power makes you focus on larger most ringside seat on his handiwork. Next to him is issues, such as why did the second- his assistant Francesco Grimaldi, who drew the map. quarter (waxing gibbous) Moon Then comes the Polish astronomer Johannes Hevelius, get the oceans with the ominous who had recently published his own Moon map, in 1647, Andrew names? And what’s that gulag of featuring a grab bag of royals, religious fi gures, scien- Livingston ancient Greek astronomers doing, tists, and explorers. Finally, on the opposite side sits shivering on the shores of the Sea of Cold? Why are the Langrenus, whose earlier (1645) map had used neutral crater names beginning with Al- so concentrated in the but head-scratchingly obscure names from Greek and south? And why was the great Galileo assigned such an Latin geographies. Riccioli left him in his own chosen insignifi cant little out-of-the-way crater that you need place on the shores of Mare Fecunditatis. There they 20× to spot it? are, the three pioneers of selenography, except it was The man to ask, the man with the plan, the man who pretty much winner-take-all for Riccioli. named all the major features on the Moon, was the Ital- What made his names such a success? Why do we ian Jesuit astronomer Giambattista Riccioli (1598–1671). use most of them today? Riccioli published his landmark Moon map in 1651, just 42 years after Galileo fi rst turned a telescope to the The Moon’s Eight Octants heavens and saw that the Moon was rough and moun- Riccioli divided the Moon into eight slices like a pizza, tainous — and 18 years after the Inquisition sentenced drawn on his map and labeled around the edges as seen him for advocating the Copernican system of the Earth on the facing page. They start in the celestial northeast and planets revolving around the Sun. Riccioli’s map of with “I Octans”: upper left on the map and on the Moon the Moon was the best one yet. Its detail and accuracy as seen with the naked eye. An odd place to start? Watch are impressive considering the small, primitive, hard-to- what happens. Working around clockwise in a histori- use telescopes of the time. cal timeline, Riccioli sprinkles the Moon with ancient And all those features on the map needed names. Greeks, followed by Romans and early Christians, then medieval scholars both Christian and Muslim, to end NAMING OF PARTS Riccioli’s Moon map, from his with a grand fi nale of his fellow moderns in VIII Octans, Almagestum Novum (1651). The subhead says, “Men neither the easternmost and last to be well revealed as the Moon live on the Moon. Nor do their souls go there.” Riccioli’s waxes to full. rebuke of those popular fancies is ironic — thanks to him the Riccioli didn’t always follow this design strictly. Some ALMAGESTUM NOVUM ALMAGESTUM Moon is full of famous men. And a few women. eras spill out of their octants, and along the southern SkyandTelescope.com May 2015 27 Naming the Craters Aristarchus Galilaei A Galilaei Galilaei Kepler Copernicus Reiner Gamma Reiner Gamma Reiner NASA / LRO (2) THE COPERNICANS Aristarchus, “the Greek Copernicus,” is placed above Galileo, Kepler, and prominent Copernicus himself. Right: Riccioli didn’t intend Galileo to end up with the tiny crater so named today. He applied the name to what’s now called Reiner Gamma: an odd, fl at, light marking, part of a streamer with unusual magnetism that may have been left by a comet’s ion tail. limb from Langrenus onward are more of Riccioli’s evidently Aristarchus of Samos (circa 310–230 BC), contemporaries — new authorities taking their seats Copernicus’s predecessor who fi rst proposed a Sun- opposite the ancients. centered solar system with the planets in the right order and the stars far away. Riccioli assigned him the bright- Hold the Latin! est marking on the Moon. After he had been ignored in Sorry, not an option. In Riccioli’s day, scientists not favor of Aristotle and Ptolemy for almost two thousand only published in Latin (Galileo was an exception) but years, Riccioli’s map brings things literally full circle — were usually known by Latinized names. Which gives Aristarchus’s neighbors to the south at the end of the the moderns on the Moon a deceptively antique fl avor. timeline are the Copernican astronomers of VIII Octans. Regiomontanus in VI Octans, for example, was born But here Riccioli, a Jesuit priest, was treading on Johannes Müller von Königsberg (“Regent’s Mount”) politically risky ground — just 18 years after Galileo had in 1436. A Johnny-come-lately by lunar standards, he been forced to denounce Copernicanism and was dealt a was the assistant of Purbachius, the crater above. After life sentence of house arrest. Elsewhere, in public, Ricci- Purbachius’s sudden death in 1461, Regiomontanus oli was quite the orthodox anti-Copernican, as displayed found himself fi nishing off his master’s update of on his book’s frontispiece (see page 31). But did he harbor Ptolemy’s Almagest. They had been in Italy, invited by secret Copernican sympathies? More on this later. the scholar Cardinal Bessarion, who’d gotten his hands III Octans, outer: Sunset Myth. Shortly after new on an Almagest in the original Greek; you’ll fi nd Bessa- Moon, when the crescent hangs in the west after sunset, rion north of Kepler (note that Riccioli often used the the legendary Greek strongmen Hercules and Atlas obsolete long s, which looks almost like an f ). Regio- stand boldly on the terminator. Hercules’s second-to- montanus ended up in Nuremberg, a scientifi c center last labor was to retrieve the Golden Apples of the Sun, where the wealthy Bernhard Walther helped him build apples that gave you immortality. Guarded by a serpent, the fi rst scientifi c printing press. Valtherus, now Walter, they grew in the Garden of the Hesperides, the Sunset is positioned just below Regiomontanus as if to support goddesses, at the western end of the world where Atlas him. Walther’s house, later bought by Albrecht Dürer, is stood holding up the heavens. Since the Hesperides were a Nuremberg landmark to this day. Atlas’s daughters, he agreed to fetch the apples if Her- cules relieved him of his burden. Note how Hercules, A Quick Tour of the Octants of mixed birth, gets the smaller crater while Atlas, the I and II Octans: Ancient Astronomers On Ice. The north 100% god with the full-time job, gets the larger. polar region glitters with ancient Greeks. Plato, Aris- III Octans (inner) and IIII: Rome. Julius Caesar earns toteles, Archimedes, and Eratosthenes are the leading his place here thanks to the Julian calendar, which lights, but who outshines them all? For Riccioli it was brought the dates back in line with the seasons for 28 May 2015 sky & telescope centuries to come. (When the calendar needed another Nectaris. Fourth-century Alexandria was the New York tune-up by 1582, Pope Gregory turned to Aloysius Lilius of its time, and Saint Theophilus was its crusading and Christopher Clavius, duly cratered in VI Octans.) bishop. His destruction of the famous temple of Serapis Manilius is next door for his epic poem Astronomica. symbolized the fi nal triumph of Christianity over pagan- Agrippa to his south wasn’t the famous martial son- ism. His nephew Saint Cyrillus followed in his footsteps in-law of Augustus, but a later Greco-Roman astrono- by banishing the Jews. mer about whom we know next to nothing except that Hypatia, above them, is the only astronomer here, Ptolemy mentioned him observing an occultation of the with a crater nearby for her father, Theon Junior. (His Pleiades in AD 92. neighboring senior namesake lived three centuries ear- IIII Octans raises the question: What’s a Sea of Crises lier.) The pagan Hypatia, a remarkable scholar, Neopla- (Mare Crisium) doing among the serene, tranquil seas tonist philosopher, and mathematician, came to a sticky of the fi rst quarter? Riccioli followed a separate scheme end thanks to Saint Cyrillus. Her gruesome death at the for naming the maria; they seem to follow contemporary hands of Cyrillus’s agents in AD 415 could be said to popular ideas about the infl uence of the Moon’s phases mark the end of the classical world. on moods and weather. New Moon, for instance, was a Saint Catherine’s martyrdom parallels Hypatia’s; she time of changes — times of crises.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Geoscience and a Lunar Base
    " t N_iSA Conference Pubhcatmn 3070 " i J Geoscience and a Lunar Base A Comprehensive Plan for Lunar Explora, tion unclas HI/VI 02907_4 at ,unar | !' / | .... ._-.;} / [ | -- --_,,,_-_ |,, |, • • |,_nrrr|l , .l -- - -- - ....... = F _: .......... s_ dd]T_- ! JL --_ - - _ '- "_r: °-__.......... / _r NASA Conference Publication 3070 Geoscience and a Lunar Base A Comprehensive Plan for Lunar Exploration Edited by G. Jeffrey Taylor Institute of Meteoritics University of New Mexico Albuquerque, New Mexico Paul D. Spudis U.S. Geological Survey Branch of Astrogeology Flagstaff, Arizona Proceedings of a workshop sponsored by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Washington, D.C., and held at the Lunar and Planetary Institute Houston, Texas August 25-26, 1988 IW_A National Aeronautics and Space Administration Office of Management Scientific and Technical Information Division 1990 PREFACE This report was produced at the request of Dr. Michael B. Duke, Director of the Solar System Exploration Division of the NASA Johnson Space Center. At a meeting of the Lunar and Planetary Sample Team (LAPST), Dr. Duke (at the time also Science Director of the Office of Exploration, NASA Headquarters) suggested that future lunar geoscience activities had not been planned systematically and that geoscience goals for the lunar base program were not articulated well. LAPST is a panel that advises NASA on lunar sample allocations and also serves as an advocate for lunar science within the planetary science community. LAPST took it upon itself to organize some formal geoscience planning for a lunar base by creating a document that outlines the types of missions and activities that are needed to understand the Moon and its geologic history.
    [Show full text]
  • No. 40. the System of Lunar Craters, Quadrant Ii Alice P
    NO. 40. THE SYSTEM OF LUNAR CRATERS, QUADRANT II by D. W. G. ARTHUR, ALICE P. AGNIERAY, RUTH A. HORVATH ,tl l C.A. WOOD AND C. R. CHAPMAN \_9 (_ /_) March 14, 1964 ABSTRACT The designation, diameter, position, central-peak information, and state of completeness arc listed for each discernible crater in the second lunar quadrant with a diameter exceeding 3.5 km. The catalog contains more than 2,000 items and is illustrated by a map in 11 sections. his Communication is the second part of The However, since we also have suppressed many Greek System of Lunar Craters, which is a catalog in letters used by these authorities, there was need for four parts of all craters recognizable with reasonable some care in the incorporation of new letters to certainty on photographs and having diameters avoid confusion. Accordingly, the Greek letters greater than 3.5 kilometers. Thus it is a continua- added by us are always different from those that tion of Comm. LPL No. 30 of September 1963. The have been suppressed. Observers who wish may use format is the same except for some minor changes the omitted symbols of Blagg and Miiller without to improve clarity and legibility. The information in fear of ambiguity. the text of Comm. LPL No. 30 therefore applies to The photographic coverage of the second quad- this Communication also. rant is by no means uniform in quality, and certain Some of the minor changes mentioned above phases are not well represented. Thus for small cra- have been introduced because of the particular ters in certain longitudes there are no good determi- nature of the second lunar quadrant, most of which nations of the diameters, and our values are little is covered by the dark areas Mare Imbrium and better than rough estimates.
    [Show full text]
  • Special Catalogue Milestones of Lunar Mapping and Photography Four Centuries of Selenography on the Occasion of the 50Th Anniversary of Apollo 11 Moon Landing
    Special Catalogue Milestones of Lunar Mapping and Photography Four Centuries of Selenography On the occasion of the 50th anniversary of Apollo 11 moon landing Please note: A specific item in this catalogue may be sold or is on hold if the provided link to our online inventory (by clicking on the blue-highlighted author name) doesn't work! Milestones of Science Books phone +49 (0) 177 – 2 41 0006 www.milestone-books.de [email protected] Member of ILAB and VDA Catalogue 07-2019 Copyright © 2019 Milestones of Science Books. All rights reserved Page 2 of 71 Authors in Chronological Order Author Year No. Author Year No. BIRT, William 1869 7 SCHEINER, Christoph 1614 72 PROCTOR, Richard 1873 66 WILKINS, John 1640 87 NASMYTH, James 1874 58, 59, 60, 61 SCHYRLEUS DE RHEITA, Anton 1645 77 NEISON, Edmund 1876 62, 63 HEVELIUS, Johannes 1647 29 LOHRMANN, Wilhelm 1878 42, 43, 44 RICCIOLI, Giambattista 1651 67 SCHMIDT, Johann 1878 75 GALILEI, Galileo 1653 22 WEINEK, Ladislaus 1885 84 KIRCHER, Athanasius 1660 31 PRINZ, Wilhelm 1894 65 CHERUBIN D'ORLEANS, Capuchin 1671 8 ELGER, Thomas Gwyn 1895 15 EIMMART, Georg Christoph 1696 14 FAUTH, Philipp 1895 17 KEILL, John 1718 30 KRIEGER, Johann 1898 33 BIANCHINI, Francesco 1728 6 LOEWY, Maurice 1899 39, 40 DOPPELMAYR, Johann Gabriel 1730 11 FRANZ, Julius Heinrich 1901 21 MAUPERTUIS, Pierre Louis 1741 50 PICKERING, William 1904 64 WOLFF, Christian von 1747 88 FAUTH, Philipp 1907 18 CLAIRAUT, Alexis-Claude 1765 9 GOODACRE, Walter 1910 23 MAYER, Johann Tobias 1770 51 KRIEGER, Johann 1912 34 SAVOY, Gaspare 1770 71 LE MORVAN, Charles 1914 37 EULER, Leonhard 1772 16 WEGENER, Alfred 1921 83 MAYER, Johann Tobias 1775 52 GOODACRE, Walter 1931 24 SCHRÖTER, Johann Hieronymus 1791 76 FAUTH, Philipp 1932 19 GRUITHUISEN, Franz von Paula 1825 25 WILKINS, Hugh Percy 1937 86 LOHRMANN, Wilhelm Gotthelf 1824 41 USSR ACADEMY 1959 1 BEER, Wilhelm 1834 4 ARTHUR, David 1960 3 BEER, Wilhelm 1837 5 HACKMAN, Robert 1960 27 MÄDLER, Johann Heinrich 1837 49 KUIPER Gerard P.
    [Show full text]
  • B. Apollo 16 Regional Geologic Setting
    B. APOLLO 16REGIONAL GEOLOGIC SETTING By CARROLL ANN HODGES CONTENTS Page Geography 6 Geologic description of Cayley plains and Descartes mountains 6 Relation in time and space to basins and craters 8 ILLUSTRATIONS Page FIGURE 1. Composite photograph of the lunar near side showing geographic features and multiring basins 7 2. Photographic mosaic of Apollo 16 landing site and vicinity 8 GEOGRAPHY Soderblom and Boyce,1972). The type area of the Cayley Formation is east of the crater Cayley, north of Apollo 16 landed at approximately 15”30’ E., 9” S. on the landing site (Morris and Wilhelms, 1967); the the relatively level Cayley plains, adjacent to the rug- name was extended to the apparently similar plains ged Descartes mountains (Milton, 1972; Hodges, material at the Apollo 16 site (Milton, 1972; Hodges, 1972a). Approximately 70 km east is the west-facing 1972a). These materials were presumed to be represen- escarpment of the Kant plateau, part of the uplifted tative of the widespread photogeologic unit, Imbrian third ring of the Nectaris basin and topographically light plains, which covers about 5 percent of the lunar the highest area on the lunar near side. With respect to highlands surface (Wilhelms and McCauley, 1971; the centers of the three best-developed multiringed Howard and others, 1974). Characteristics include rel- basins, the site is about 600 km west of Nectaris, 1,600 atively level surfaces, intermediate albedo, and nearly km southeast of Imbrium, and 3,500 km east-northeast identical crater size-frequency distributions. of Orientale. The nearest mare materials are in The plains were first interpreted as smooth facies of Tranquillitatis, about 300 km north (fig.1).
    [Show full text]
  • Relative Ages
    CONTENTS Page Introduction ...................................................... 123 Stratigraphic nomenclature ........................................ 123 Superpositions ................................................... 125 Mare-crater relations .......................................... 125 Crater-crater relations .......................................... 127 Basin-crater relations .......................................... 127 Mapping conventions .......................................... 127 Crater dating .................................................... 129 General principles ............................................. 129 Size-frequency relations ........................................ 129 Morphology of large craters .................................... 129 Morphology of small craters, by Newell J. Fask .................. 131 D, method .................................................... 133 Summary ........................................................ 133 table 7.1). The first three of these sequences, which are older than INTRODUCTION the visible mare materials, are also dominated internally by the The goals of both terrestrial and lunar stratigraphy are to inte- deposits of basins. The fourth (youngest) sequence consists of mare grate geologic units into a stratigraphic column applicable over the and crater materials. This chapter explains the general methods of whole planet and to calibrate this column with absolute ages. The stratigraphic analysis that are employed in the next six chapters first step in reconstructing
    [Show full text]
  • October 2006
    OCTOBER 2 0 0 6 �������������� http://www.universetoday.com �������������� TAMMY PLOTNER WITH JEFF BARBOUR 283 SUNDAY, OCTOBER 1 In 1897, the world’s largest refractor (40”) debuted at the University of Chica- go’s Yerkes Observatory. Also today in 1958, NASA was established by an act of Congress. More? In 1962, the 300-foot radio telescope of the National Ra- dio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO) went live at Green Bank, West Virginia. It held place as the world’s second largest radio scope until it collapsed in 1988. Tonight let’s visit with an old lunar favorite. Easily seen in binoculars, the hexagonal walled plain of Albategnius ap- pears near the terminator about one-third the way north of the south limb. Look north of Albategnius for even larger and more ancient Hipparchus giving an almost “figure 8” view in binoculars. Between Hipparchus and Albategnius to the east are mid-sized craters Halley and Hind. Note the curious ALBATEGNIUS AND HIPPARCHUS ON THE relationship between impact crater Klein on Albategnius’ southwestern wall and TERMINATOR CREDIT: ROGER WARNER that of crater Horrocks on the northeastern wall of Hipparchus. Now let’s power up and “crater hop”... Just northwest of Hipparchus’ wall are the beginnings of the Sinus Medii area. Look for the deep imprint of Seeliger - named for a Dutch astronomer. Due north of Hipparchus is Rhaeticus, and here’s where things really get interesting. If the terminator has progressed far enough, you might spot tiny Blagg and Bruce to its west, the rough location of the Surveyor 4 and Surveyor 6 landing area.
    [Show full text]
  • Complex Explosive Volcanic Activity on the Moon Within Oppenheimer Crater
    Icarus 273 (2016) 296–314 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Icarus journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/icarus Complex explosive volcanic activity on the Moon within Oppenheimer crater ∗ Kristen A. Bennett a, ,BrionyH.N. Horgan b, Lisa R. Gaddis c, Benjamin T. Greenhagen d, Carlton C. Allen e,PaulO. Hayne f, James F. Bell III a, David A. Paige g a School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University. ISTB4 Room 795, 781 Terrace Mall, Tempe AZ 85287, United States b Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Purdue University, 550 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States c Astrogeology Science Center, U.S. Geological Survey, 2255 N. Gemini Drive, Flagstaff, AZ 86001, United States d Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, 11100 Johns Hopkins Rd, Laurel, MD 20723, United States e NASA Johnson Space Center, Emeritus, 2101 NASA Road 1, Houston, TX 77058, United States f NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109, United States g Department of Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, 595 Charles E Young Dr E, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t Article history: Oppenheimer crater is a floor-fractured crater located within the South Pole–Aitken basin on the Moon, Received 27 July 2015 and exhibits more than a dozen localized pyroclastic deposits associated with the fractures. Localized Revised 10 December 2015 pyroclastic volcanism on the Moon is thought to form as a result of intermittently explosive Vulcanian Accepted 3 February 2016 eruptions under low effusion rates, in contrast to the higher-effusion rate, Hawaiian-style fire fountaining Available online 10 February 2016 inferred to form larger regional deposits.
    [Show full text]
  • Water on the Moon, III. Volatiles & Activity
    Water on The Moon, III. Volatiles & Activity Arlin Crotts (Columbia University) For centuries some scientists have argued that there is activity on the Moon (or water, as recounted in Parts I & II), while others have thought the Moon is simply a dead, inactive world. [1] The question comes in several forms: is there a detectable atmosphere? Does the surface of the Moon change? What causes interior seismic activity? From a more modern viewpoint, we now know that as much carbon monoxide as water was excavated during the LCROSS impact, as detailed in Part I, and a comparable amount of other volatiles were found. At one time the Moon outgassed prodigious amounts of water and hydrogen in volcanic fire fountains, but released similar amounts of volatile sulfur (or SO2), and presumably large amounts of carbon dioxide or monoxide, if theory is to be believed. So water on the Moon is associated with other gases. Astronomers have agreed for centuries that there is no firm evidence for “weather” on the Moon visible from Earth, and little evidence of thick atmosphere. [2] How would one detect the Moon’s atmosphere from Earth? An obvious means is atmospheric refraction. As you watch the Sun set, its image is displaced by Earth’s atmospheric refraction at the horizon from the position it would have if there were no atmosphere, by roughly 0.6 degree (a bit more than the Sun’s angular diameter). On the Moon, any atmosphere would cause an analogous effect for a star passing behind the Moon during an occultation (multiplied by two since the light travels both into and out of the lunar atmosphere).
    [Show full text]
  • Apollo Over the Moon: a View from Orbit (Nasa Sp-362)
    chl APOLLO OVER THE MOON: A VIEW FROM ORBIT (NASA SP-362) Chapter 1 - Introduction Harold Masursky, Farouk El-Baz, Frederick J. Doyle, and Leon J. Kosofsky [For a high resolution picture- click here] Objectives [1] Photography of the lunar surface was considered an important goal of the Apollo program by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. The important objectives of Apollo photography were (1) to gather data pertaining to the topography and specific landmarks along the approach paths to the early Apollo landing sites; (2) to obtain high-resolution photographs of the landing sites and surrounding areas to plan lunar surface exploration, and to provide a basis for extrapolating the concentrated observations at the landing sites to nearby areas; and (3) to obtain photographs suitable for regional studies of the lunar geologic environment and the processes that act upon it. Through study of the photographs and all other arrays of information gathered by the Apollo and earlier lunar programs, we may develop an understanding of the evolution of the lunar crust. In this introductory chapter we describe how the Apollo photographic systems were selected and used; how the photographic mission plans were formulated and conducted; how part of the great mass of data is being analyzed and published; and, finally, we describe some of the scientific results. Historically most lunar atlases have used photointerpretive techniques to discuss the possible origins of the Moon's crust and its surface features. The ideas presented in this volume also rely on photointerpretation. However, many ideas are substantiated or expanded by information obtained from the huge arrays of supporting data gathered by Earth-based and orbital sensors, from experiments deployed on the lunar surface, and from studies made of the returned samples.
    [Show full text]
  • Glossary of Lunar Terminology
    Glossary of Lunar Terminology albedo A measure of the reflectivity of the Moon's gabbro A coarse crystalline rock, often found in the visible surface. The Moon's albedo averages 0.07, which lunar highlands, containing plagioclase and pyroxene. means that its surface reflects, on average, 7% of the Anorthositic gabbros contain 65-78% calcium feldspar. light falling on it. gardening The process by which the Moon's surface is anorthosite A coarse-grained rock, largely composed of mixed with deeper layers, mainly as a result of meteor­ calcium feldspar, common on the Moon. itic bombardment. basalt A type of fine-grained volcanic rock containing ghost crater (ruined crater) The faint outline that remains the minerals pyroxene and plagioclase (calcium of a lunar crater that has been largely erased by some feldspar). Mare basalts are rich in iron and titanium, later action, usually lava flooding. while highland basalts are high in aluminum. glacis A gently sloping bank; an old term for the outer breccia A rock composed of a matrix oflarger, angular slope of a crater's walls. stony fragments and a finer, binding component. graben A sunken area between faults. caldera A type of volcanic crater formed primarily by a highlands The Moon's lighter-colored regions, which sinking of its floor rather than by the ejection of lava. are higher than their surroundings and thus not central peak A mountainous landform at or near the covered by dark lavas. Most highland features are the center of certain lunar craters, possibly formed by an rims or central peaks of impact sites.
    [Show full text]
  • National Blue Ribbon Schools Recognized 1982-2015
    NATIONAL BLUE RIBBON SCHOOLS PROGRAM Schools Recognized 1982 Through 2015 School Name City Year ALABAMA Academy for Academics and Arts Huntsville 87-88 Anna F. Booth Elementary School Irvington 2010 Auburn Early Education Center Auburn 98-99 Barkley Bridge Elementary School Hartselle 2011 Bear Exploration Center for Mathematics, Science Montgomery 2015 and Technology School Beverlye Magnet School Dothan 2014 Bob Jones High School Madison 92-93 Brewbaker Technology Magnet High School Montgomery 2009 Brookwood Forest Elementary School Birmingham 98-99 Buckhorn High School New Market 01-02 Bush Middle School Birmingham 83-84 C.F. Vigor High School Prichard 83-84 Cahaba Heights Community School Birmingham 85-86 Calcedeaver Elementary School Mount Vernon 2006 Cherokee Bend Elementary School Mountain Brook 2009 Clark-Shaw Magnet School Mobile 2015 Corpus Christi School Mobile 89-90 Crestline Elementary School Mountain Brook 01-02, 2015 Daphne High School Daphne 2012 Demopolis High School Demopolis 2008 East Highland Middle School Sylacauga 84-85 Edgewood Elementary School Homewood 91-92 Elvin Hill Elementary School Columbiana 87-88 Enterprise High School Enterprise 83-84 EPIC Elementary School Birmingham 93-94 Eura Brown Elementary School Gadsden 91-92 Forest Avenue Academic Magnet Elementary School Montgomery 2007 Forest Hills School Florence 2012 Fruithurst Elementary School Fruithurst 2010 George Hall Elementary School Mobile 96-97 George Hall Elementary School Mobile 2008 1 of 216 School Name City Year Grantswood Community School Irondale 91-92 Guntersville Elementary School Guntersville 98-99 Heard Magnet School Dothan 2014 Hewitt-Trussville High School Trussville 92-93 Holtville High School Deatsville 2013 Holy Spirit Regional Catholic School Huntsville 2013 Homewood High School Homewood 83-84 Homewood Middle School Homewood 83-84, 96-97 Indian Valley Elementary School Sylacauga 89-90 Inverness Elementary School Birmingham 96-97 Ira F.
    [Show full text]
  • What's Hot on the Moon Tonight?: the Ultimate Guide to Lunar Observing
    What’s Hot on the Moon Tonight: The Ultimate Guide to Lunar Observing Copyright © 2015 Andrew Planck All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any written, electronic, recording, or photocopying without written permission of the publisher or author. The exception would be in the case of brief quotations embodied in the critical articles or reviews and pages where permission is specifically granted by the publisher or author. Although every precaution has been taken to verify the accuracy of the information contained herein, the publisher and author assume no responsibility for any errors or omissions. No liability is assumed for damages that may result from the use of information contained within. Books may be purchased by contacting the publisher or author through the website below: AndrewPlanck.com Cover and Interior Design: Nick Zelinger (NZ Graphics) Publisher: MoonScape Publishing, LLC Editor: John Maling (Editing By John) Manuscript Consultant: Judith Briles (The Book Shepherd) ISBN: 978-0-9908769-0-8 Library of Congress Catalog Number: 2014918951 1) Science 2) Astronomy 3) Moon Dedicated to my wife, Susan and to my two daughters, Sarah and Stefanie Contents Foreword Acknowledgments How to Use this Guide Map of Major Seas Nightly Guide to Lunar Features DAYS 1 & 2 (T=79°-68° E) DAY 3 (T=59° E) Day 4 (T=45° E) Day 5 (T=24° E.) Day 6 (T=10° E) Day 7 (T=0°) Day 8 (T=12° W) Day 9 (T=21° W) Day 10 (T= 28° W) Day 11 (T=39° W) Day 12 (T=54° W) Day 13 (T=67° W) Day 14 (T=81° W) Day 15 and beyond Day 16 (T=72°) Day 17 (T=60°) FINAL THOUGHTS GLOSSARY Appendix A: Historical Notes Appendix B: Pronunciation Guide About the Author Foreword Andrew Planck first came to my attention when he submitted to Lunar Photo of the Day an image of the lunar crater Pitatus and a photo of a pie he had made.
    [Show full text]