British Eurorap Results 2015 1 Contents

How much do road crashes cost where you live?

British EuroRAP Results 2015 1 Contents

Forewords 3 Key findings 4 Most improved roads 6 Persistently higher risk roads 8 Regional analysis 9 Highest risk road in each of Scotland, Wales and English regions 15 Risk Rating of Britain’s Motorways and A roads 16 Risk Rating of England’s Strategic Road Network 20 How safe is the English Strategic Road Network? 24 Further information 28

2 Forewords Lord Whitty of Camberwell, Chairman, Road Safety Foundation

In 2014, the nation returned to economic growth and the number Junctions remain the largest source of serious injury as vehicle of people dying on Britain’s roads increased. It is a reminder that side impact protection is at its most limited. We can expect in a normally growing economy there is more travel and more improvements in vehicle collision detection systems at junctions, exposure to risk on the roads. Reducing road casualties means but the laws of physics will not be re-written. The road first overcoming this headwind. infrastructure and new vehicle systems need to be developed This year’s annual report maps and tracks the changing risks on hand in hand if we want to see a real increase in road safety. the 10% of roads where the majority of British road deaths take The UK government estimates around 2% of total GDP is lost in place – the motorway and ‘A’ road network outside urban cores. road crashes. For the first time, we have analysed separately the This year we report that travel on single carriageway ‘A’ roads estimated economic costs of serious road crashes for each has become 8 times more risky than on motorways. The ‘most non-metropolitan road authority. improved’ roads show just how effective small infrastructure For the first time this year we also map risk rates separately for safety improvements can be. But the pace of improvement is the English Strategic Road Network. In 2015, Highways England far too slow – just 2% of the network shows material reduction came into being with responsibility for national roads in England. in risk. We warmly welcome the course which the new company has set Much of the genuine progress in reducing casualties this last to raise safety on its network. It has put in place a clear long decade has come from safer vehicles. Our results suggest that term goal to bring the number of people killed or injured on the advances in safe vehicle design may be working better on more network to as close to zero as possible by 2040. It has pledged predictable purpose built motorways than on the more variable that, by the end of 2020, 90% of travel on its roads will be on higher speed single carriageways. roads with a 3-star safety rating or better. This new transparent approach can put Britain alongside other leading countries. On many ‘A’ roads, the margin for human error is often small. It offers a model on the nation’s largest network for other The largest single cause of death is running off the road, where authorities to follow. poor roadside protection can see brutal impacts take place.

Andy Watson, Chief Executive Officer, Ageas UK

Last year I was proud to be able to announce that Ageas With local authority budgets tight and local health and social would be supporting the preparation of the important annual care budgets increasingly stretched a joined-up approach using EuroRAP report by the Road Safety Foundation for at least new ways of thinking is needed to make sure local budgets are another three years. used in the most effective way. As Britain’s third largest motor insurer, we support customers It is possible to make road safety pay. As this report shows, who have been involved in road crashes every day and we local authorities can invest small amounts wisely and remove or have a deep understanding of the distress and suffering they reduce some of the known high risks on our roads. Intervention experience. We are committed to contributing to the development at this stage can prevent the need for larger spending further of new evidence-based approaches that will help improve road down the line – for example, on care costs for an accident victim safety and reduce the severity and frequency of road crashes. who suffers a serious brain or spine injury. It is an approach that This year’s report includes for the first time an analysis of the makes economic sense even before the human cost of crashes cost of serious road crashes in Britain’s non-metropolitan is considered. authorities. It is an innovative approach foreshadowed in the This latest annual report is rich in data and mapping which local award winning report published in 2014, Making Road Safety Pay, authorities and government agencies can use to reduce road which Ageas commissioned from the Foundation. crashes in their areas. I hope it will also help stimulate a wider The new analysis reveals that, in the three year period studied, debate on the challenges that major changes to national roads the economic cost of serious road crashes exceeded half-a-billion and local authority finance bring and the new opportunities it pounds in counties including Kent, Hampshire and Lancashire. gives us to reduce death on the roads.

3 Key findings

British road network 8% 35% 1,775 Fatal and serious crashes on the network The largest single cause of serious injury have reduced by 8% between 2008-10 on ‘A’ roads are crashes at junctions The number of people killed on Britain’s and 2011-13 (35%) roads in 2014 increased to 1,775 from 1,713 in 2013 British EuroRAP Risk Map £2 billion (2011-13) 67 The network suffered fatal and serious injury costs of £0.9bn on motorways, 67 people are killed or seriously injured £2bn on the strategic ‘A’ road network 7% on Britain’s roads every day and £6bn on local authority ‘A’ roads outside urban cores 7% of travel is on higher risk roads (high and medium-high), 17% on medium, 37% on low-medium and 39% on low risk £14.7 billion roads The total cost of reported road accidents 20% in 2013 was estimated to be £14.7 billion Motorways have seen the greatest improvement with a 20% reduction in 18% fatal and serious crashes. Local authority maintained non-primary ‘A’ roads 18% of the network mapped now has 50% improved by just 5% unacceptably high risk (2014 report: 14%) 50% of fatal crashes occur on rural roads 8 times 95% 30% 95% of motorway travel but only 4% of more risk single carriageway ‘A’ roads travel were on 30% of serious crashes occur on rural roads rated low risk; in 2008-10 this was roads Single carriageway ‘A’ roads now have 8 65% and 1% respectively times the risk of motorways and 3 times the risk of dual carriageway ‘A’ roads British EuroRAP network of Key regional findings on the motorways and ‘A’ roads (2011-13) 30% British EuroRAP network (2011-13) 10% The largest single cause of death on all Wales types of roads is crashes where a vehicle The British EuroRAP network accounts for ran off the road (30%) The risk of death and serious injury is 10% of the total road network on which highest in Wales (30 fatal and serious 50% of road deaths occurs crashes for every billion vehicle km travelled); it is lowest in the West Midlands (17)

4 South East West £2.1 billion Risk on single carriageway ‘A’ roads is The largest single crash cost centre in highest in the South East (62) and lowest Midlands Britain is Highways England with serious in the West Midlands (34) crash costs in excess of £2.1bn 62% of non-primary ‘A’ roads are rated low to low-medium risk in the West South East Midlands Powys Risk on motorways is highest in the South The economic cost of serious road crashes East (8) and lowest in the West Midlands South East per capita ranges fivefold across Britain (5) from the lowest at £211 (Caerphilly) to the Only 20% of non-primary ‘A’ roads are highest Powys (£1,023). rated low to low-medium risk in the South East North West North Risk of death and serious injury on local authority ‘A’ roads is highest in the North South East West (58) and lowest in the West Yorkshire The South East saw an increase in risk of Midlands (32) death and serious injury over time of 1% The greatest English loss per capita is between 2008-10 and 2011-13 North Yorkshire (£762). Scotland Risk of death and serious injury on the Scotland Perth & trunk ‘A’ roads is highest in Scotland (30) Scotland saw the greatest improvement in and lowest in the North East (11) risk of death and serious injury over time Kinross with a 20% reduction between 2008-11 The greatest Scottish loss per capita is and 2011-13 Perth & Kinross (£777) followed by North West Aberdeenshire (£727) and Argyll & Bute Cost of road crashes for non- (£713) 41% of non-primary ‘A’ roads have unacceptably high risk in the North West metropolitan authorities (2011-13) £20 million £20.40 West For every kilometre travelled, English The authority suffering the lowest total local authority non-primary A roads lose economic loss from serious road crashes more than the same roads in Scotland Midlands is Torfaen in Wales (£20m) and Wales (£20.40 per thousand vehicle Only 11% of non-primary ‘A’ roads have km) unacceptably high risk in the West Midlands £0.5 billion 4 authorities in England suffered crash losses in excess of £0.5bn: Hampshire, Kent, Lancashire and Essex

5 Most improved roads

Improved roads are those where there has been a statistically values, or £150,000 per kilometre, with a net present value worth significant reduction in the number of fatal and serious crashes approximately £0.3bn over 20 years. over time. Only 2% of road sections on the Risk Mapped network When consulted, road authorities responsible for these sections have shown a significant reduction in fatal and serious crashes. reported that most of the measures implemented for road safety The top 10 are shown in Table 1. 40% of the road sections shown reasons were designed to reduce speed and improve how are non-primary, local authority maintained ‘A’ roads. self-explaining the road was (Figure 1); changes which reduce the In the earlier data period the 10 road sections listed were likelihood of head-on and run-off crashes. In fact, all crash types together 5 times more risky in 2008-10 than 2011-13. saw large percentage reductions over time (Figure 2) with the Between 2008-10 and 2011-13, fatal and serious crashes on the exception of those involving vulnerable road users which were road sections listed fell by 80% from 164 to 33. This is an annual unchanged. Junction and run-off crashes saw the largest economic saving for fatal and serious crashes of £19m in today’s reductions in the number of fatal and serious crashes.

Figure 1. Countermeasures applied on the ten most improved roads

REDUCE JUNCTION REDUCE CRASHES WITH CRASHES 6% VULNERABLE ROAD USERS 9%

REDUCE SPEED 25%

MAKE ROAD MORE “SELF EXPLAINING” 29%

HEAD-ON PROTECTION 6% ENFORCEMENT 2% ROADSIDE PROTECTION 6% LOSS OF CONTROL 17%

Figure 2. Number of fatal and serious crashes per data period by crash type on the ten most improved roads

19 REAR END SHUNT 2

HEAD-ON 17 2

OTHER 13 5

51 RUN-OFF 6 7 PEDESTRIAN/CYCLIST 8

57 JUNCTION 10

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 2008-10 2011-13

6 The most improved road in Britain this year is the A70 between have unacceptably high risk and have not experienced a Cumnock and Ayr in Ayrshire, which saw a 94% reduction in the significant reduction in crashes over time. The road section has number of fatal and serious crashes over time from 16 in 2008-10 entered the most improved table after seeing a significant to 1 in 2011-13. Interventions to improve safety as part of a rural reduction in the number of serious crashes from 31 to 7 between route action plan included mobile speed cameras, variable 2008-10 and 2011-13, although the small volume of traffic exposed message signs (VMS) to prepare drivers for junctions, road to 7 fatal and serious crashes in 2011-13 means that it remains re-alignments, junction improvements, cycleway extensions, higher risk to individual road users. Significant safety measures upgraded gateways to urban sections, 20mph zones near schools, have been put in place on the section since 2008 following a major carriageway resurfacing schemes, upgraded footways and a collision investigation study. A motorcycle-friendly barrier was built reviewed speed limit. All the measures implemented were aimed in 2008 on a bend with a high concentration of crashes involving at reducing speed, crashes involving vulnerable road users, and motorcyclists. In addition, the Cheshire Safer Road Partnership crashes at junctions. and Cheshire East Council (formally Cheshire County Council) For the first time since this report was published, the A537 submitted a successful proposal to access DfT funds to make the between Macclesfield and Buxton has not appeared in the list of A537 a safer environment for all road users. Average speed persistently higher risk roads (Table 2) which features roads that cameras were introduced along the route and activated in 2010.

Table 1. Britain’s most improved roads (2008-10 & 2011-13)

implemented 1 1 Road no. Road - to description From Region/country Length (km) type Road F&S crashes (08-10) Risk Rating EuroRAP (08-10) F&S crashes (11-13) Risk Rating EuroRAP (11-13) in F&S % decrease time crashes over Measures include : A70 Cumnock Scot 21 Single 16 75.6 1 5.0 94% Mobile speed camera, VMS warning signs, road - Ayr re-alignment, junction improvements, removal of sub-standard bends, traffic calming, resurfacing, footway improvements, speed limit review A6187* Castleton EM 16 Single 13 107.9 1 8.4 92% Resurfacing, vehicle activated signs, improved road - A625 markings A225* A21 - A25 SE 6 Single 9 91.6 1 10.8 89% Junction and pedestrian crossing improvements, (Sevenoaks) improved road markings and road surface, barrier implementation, passively safe posts, high friction surfacing A4091* Tamworth WM 9 Single 9 85.5 1 9.6 89% Speed limit review - M6 Toll T2 A537 Macclesfield NW 12 Single 31 509.4 7 120.5 77% Motorcycle friendly barriers, average speed cameras - Buxton M6 M6 J33 to NW 11 Motorway 13 19.6 3 4.6 77% Major resurfacing, improved central barrier from J34 metal to concrete A6003 Corby EM 22 Single 21 102.9 5 24.6 76% Designated as a “red route”, anti-skid surfacing - Oakham A6068 M65 J14 NW/ 13 Single 16 125.8 4 36.1 75% Improved road markings and signing, removal of - A629 Y&H trees, resurfacing, 20mph zone installed with matrix signs installed, mobile camera enforcement A619 Chesterfield EM 14 Single 18 114.1 5 32.0 72% Improved signing and lining, rumble strips, - Baslow chevrons, speed limit review, resurfacing, junction improvements, pedestrian crossing improvements A642* A61 - M62 Y&H 6 Single 18 207.9 5 56.9 72% Improved pedestrian crossing, improved signing J30 and road markings, solar powered road studs, (Wakefield) fixed safety camera, speed limit review

Ranked by percentage reduction in the number of fatal and serious (F&S) crashes between the two data periods; significant reduction in the number of F&S crashes between data periods at the 95% confidence level; minimum of 9 F&S crashes 2008-10; minimum F&S crash density of 1 F&S/mile 2008-10; *indicates road sections classified as non-primary;1 EuroRAP Risk Rating based on the number of fatal and serious crashes per billion vehicle km travelled: black (high risk), red (medium-high risk), orange (medium risk), yellow (low-medium risk), green (low risk); measures implemented based on road authority responses to pre-publication consultation.

7 Persistently higher risk roads

Persistently higher risk roads are those rated high (black) and Now we note that vulnerable road users are as likely to be killed medium-high (red) risk in both survey periods and have shown or seriously injured as motorcyclists, as 55 fatal and serious little or no change over time or seen significant increases in the crashes on the road sections listed involved vulnerable road number of fatal and serious crashes. users - exactly the same number for motorcycle death or serious In previous reports the road sections listed were concentrated in injuries. the North West and the East Midlands regions. However, road The section at the top of this year’s list is the A18 between sections in the South East of England now enter the list with risk Laceby and Ludborough. This section topped a high risk table in in the region growing over time. Another trend discontinuity is a previous version of this report for the highest risk road without the significant contribution to risk from motorcyclists. Previously, motorcycle involvement. The road section is rural and tree-lined, crashes that involved motorcyclists alone would have been winding and narrow. These characteristics are likely to explain enough to ensure a higher risk rating for the section. the high concentration of run-off crashes on the route (41%).

Table 2. Britain’s persistently higher risk roads (2008-10 & 2011-13)

% contribution of crash types (11-13)2 1 1 Road no. Road From - to description From Region/country Length (km) type Road F&S crashes (08-10) Risk Rating EuroRAP (08-10) F&S crashes (11-13) Risk Rating EuroRAP (11-13) % of crashes with involvement motorcyclist (2011-13) Pedestrians/cyclists Junctions Run-offs Head-ons end shunts Rear Other

A18* Laceby EM/ 16 Single 10 135.0 17 209.5 24% 6% 29% 41% 12% 0% 12% - Ludborough Y&H A36* A3090 SE 6 Single 12 146.8 16 201.7 31% 38% 44% 6% 6% 6% 0% - Totton A588* A585 NW 29 Single 22 140.3 26 166.8 50% 4% 50% 42% 4% 0% 0% (Blackpool) - Lancaster A44 Llangurig Wales 39 Single 25 158.5 26 166.6 50% 12% 12% 35% 12% 12% 19% - Aberystwyth A532* A530 - A534 NW 5 Single 13 202.0 10 151.6 10% 70% 30% 0% 0% 0% 0% (Crewe) A291* Canterbury SE 7 Single 9 142.9 10 145.1 50% 30% 30% 20% 0% 0% 20% - Herne Bay A6* M6 J33 NW 9 Single 30 172.7 23 141.7 17% 70% 13% 4% 0% 0% 13% - Lancaster A361* Chipping SE 21 Single 16 92.3 24 140.8 17% 46% 21% 21% 8% 0% 4% Norton - Banbury A40* M40 J5 - High SE 9 Single 9 114.4 10 133.5 30% 30% 50% 10% 0% 10% 0% Wycombe A643* Brighouse Y&H 12 Single 10 110.6 12 129.3 25% 33% 25% 17% 0% 0% 25% - Morley

Ranked by EuroRAP Risk Rating 2011-13; no significant reduction in the number of F&S crashes between data periods or increase in the number of F&S crashes between data periods; minimum number of 9 F&S crashes in both data periods; minimum F&S crash density of 1 F&S/mile in both data periods; EuroRAP Risk Rating is either high risk (black) or above average of medium-high risk (red) routes in both data periods; *indicates roads classified as non-primary;1 EuroRAP Risk Rating based on the number of fatal and serious crashes per billion vehicle km travelled: black (high risk), red (medium-high risk), orange (medium risk), yellow (low-medium risk), green (low risk); 2percentages may not sum due to rounding. Some of the roads listed may have had measures implemented since 2013.

8 Regional analysis

The Road Safety Foundation has tracked the performance of the Some 20% of fatal crashes are concentrated in major EuroRAP network in Scotland, Wales and each English region metropolitan areas which are, again, readily targeted, not least in since 2010. Results for 2015 are published in Figures 3 to 8. Now, London. The following analysis considers the crash costs in and for the first time, the Foundation has analysed the publicly non-metropolitan road authorities where the costs, and scope for available STATS19 data and considered the costs of crashes progress, are significant. The economic loss is determined from occurring in each road authority. the fatal and serious crash data contained in police records only. The majority of all fatal road crashes (50%) is concentrated on The results for each non-metropolitan road authority can be the 10% of roads comprising the British EuroRAP network of found on the Foundation’s website (roadsafetyfoundation.org). motorways and ‘A’ roads outside urban cores. This is a very targetable network.

Tables 3 and 4 give the lowest and highest risk authorities based on their total economic loss. The tables show the percentage of costs arising on the Strategic Road Network (SRN) and on the network of motorways and ‘A’ roads outside urban cores (the British EuroRAP network or EuroRAP-N). The authorities with the lowest costs are low population authorities in Wales and Scotland where the total amount of travel – and so the total exposure to risk - is low and fatal and serious injuries are generally fewer. Nevertheless the annual cost of serious road crashes is significant in both absolute and relative terms to these authorities.

Table 3: Economic loss 2011-13 (lowest)

Authority Economic loss (£m) % of cost % of cost on (includes SRN) on SRN EuroRAP-N

Torfaen 20 0% 38% Merthyr Tydfil 23 20% 59% Midlothian 33 31% 46% Isle of Anglesey 36 19% 56% Ceredigion 36 41% 69%

The authorities bearing the highest costs are larger ones with significant volumes of travel within their boundaries. These are all located in England, particularly in the South East. The economic burden of serious road crashes in Hampshire, Kent, Lancashire and Essex each exceeds £0.5bn over the three year data period. Targeting the EuroRAP network within each authority could pay substantial dividends, especially in Kent and North Yorkshire where over 50% of costs came from this network.

Table 4: Economic loss 2011-13 (highest)

Authority Economic loss (£m) % of cost % of cost on (includes SRN) on SRN EuroRAP-N

Hampshire 631 20% 46% Kent 554 23% 57% Lancashire 544 19% 49% Essex 530 11% 39% North Yorkshire 459 22% 56%

Tables 5 and 6 give the lowest and highest risk authorities based on their economic loss per capita. The road authorities in Table 5 with the lowest crash costs per capita are those in Wales and Scotland. Both of these areas have relatively high levels of deprivation in their communities and we know that car ownership and usage (and thus exposure to risk) is lower when economic activity is below average. The SRN does not feature significantly in Table 5 but the EuroRAP network accounts for a significant proportion of loss in most authorities shown. Serious road crashes alone cost the economy £200 - £300 per capita across the three year data period, even in those authorities with the lowest losses in Britain.

9 Table 5: Economic loss per capita 2011-13 (lowest loss authorities)

Authority Economic loss % of cost % of cost on Population Economic loss Economic loss (includes SRN) (£m) on SRN EuroRAP-N (‘000s) per capita (£) per capita (£) - EuroRAP-N Caerphilly 38 1% 35% 179 211 75 Torfaen 20 0% 38% 91 219 83 Neath Port Talbot 37 10% 54% 140 267 143 Fife 107 9% 56% 366 291 162 North Ayrshire 41 13% 41% 138 300 121

Of the five authorities in Table 6 with the highest economic loss per capita, three may be found in Scotland and one each in Wales and England. In these authorities there are high proportions of economic loss for both the SRN and the EuroRAP network. This suggests a proportion of the loss is suffered from those travelling through the authorities.

Table 6: Economic loss per capita 2011-13 (highest loss authorities)

Authority Economic loss % of cost % of cost on Population Economic loss Economic loss (includes SRN) (£m) on SRN EuroRAP-N (‘000s) per capita (£) per capita (£) - EuroRAP-N Powys 136 44% 73% 133 1,024 749 Perth and Kinross 115 41% 73% 148 781 565 North Yorkshire 459 22% 56% 602 762 429 Aberdeenshire 186 25% 62% 256 730 449 Argyll and Bute 62 73% 87% 87 710 618

Tables 7 and 8 give the lowest and highest loss authorities based on their economic loss per travel. For both tables, there is a high proportion of the cost falling on the EuroRAP network. The SRN is used less in the authorities shown in Table 7.

Table 7: Economic loss per travel 2011-13 (lowest risk)

Authority Economic loss % of cost % of cost on Traffic (billion % of travel on Economic loss (includes SRN) (£m) on SRN EuroRAP-N vehicle km) EuroRAP-N per travel (£ per thousand veh km)

Neath Port Talbot 37 10% 54% 3.9 81% 9.7 Staffordshire 264 23% 59% 27.1 76% 9.7 Worcestershire 196 26% 61% 19.2 72% 10.3 Torfaen 20 0% 38% 1.8 46% 11.3 Caerphilly 38 1% 35% 3.3 48% 11.5

The economic loss per travel on the SRN for the authorities identified in Table 8 varies from 12% to 73%. A high proportion of the loss occurs on the EuroRAP network. There is more travel on the EuroRAP network compared to those shown in Table 7.

10 Table 8: Economic loss per travel 2011-13 (highest risk)

Authority Economic loss % of cost % of cost on Traffic (billion % of travel on Economic loss (includes SRN) (£m) on SRN EuroRAP-N vehicle km) EuroRAP-N per travel (£ per thousand veh km)

Powys 136 44% 73% 4.3 66% 31.5 Lincolnshire 453 12% 56% 17.4 65% 26.1 Argyll and Bute 62 73% 87% 2.6 79% 23.8 Aberdeenshire 186 25% 62% 8.0 59% 23.4 East Sussex 275 19% 54% 12.3 52% 22.4

Figures 3 to 9 give the regional analysis for the British EuroRAP network only.

Figure 3. Average risk of death or serious injury on the EuroRAP network by English region/Scotland/Wales

35 30 29 29 29 28 30 27 27 26 25 25

17 20

10 BILLION VEHICLE KM (2011-13) BILLION FATAL AND SERIOUS CRASHES PER AND SERIOUS CRASHES PER FATAL 5

WALES SCOTLAND SOUTH EAST NORTH EAST NORTH SOUTH WEST SOUTH NORTH WEST NORTH THE HUMBER YORKSHIRE AND YORKSHIRE EAST MIDLANDS EAST WEST MIDLANDS WEST EAST OF ENGLAND EAST

For the first time, the part of Britain with the highest rate of death and serious injury on the network is Wales. The risk on the Welsh network is nearly 80% higher than the risk for the network in the West Midlands, the English region with the lowest rate of death and serious injury. Each part of Britain performs better or worse depending on the amount of travel on safer road types such as motorways or relatively unsafe roads like single carriageways. Figure 4 gives the distribution of travel per region.

11 Figure 4. Distribution of travel on each road type by English region/Scotland/Wales

NORTH WEST 61% 12% 28%

WEST MIDLANDS 48% 25% 28%

SOUTH EAST 42% 31% 27%

YORKSHIRE AND THE HUMBER 39% 26% 35%

SCOTLAND 25% 26% 49%

SOUTH WEST 25% 27% 48%

EAST OF ENGLAND 25% 46% 29%

EAST MIDLANDS 24% 38% 39%

WALES 18% 37% 45%

NORTH EAST 15% 56% 30%

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% MOTORWAY DUAL/MIXED SINGLE

The North West carries the largest volume of its traffic on motorways (61%). Underperforming motorways and single carriageways mean that the region’s performance in Figure 3 is ninth amongst ten (see Figures 5 and 6). The distribution of travel in Scotland and the South West is almost identical. Scotland performs a fraction worse than the South West because of underperforming motorways. These are 40% worse than those of the South West.

Figure 5. Average risk of death or serious injury on the EuroRAP motorway network by English region/ Scotland/Wales

9 8 8 8 7 7 7 7 6 6 5 5 5 5 5 4 3 2

BILLION VEHICLE KM (2011-13) BILLION 1 FATAL AND SERIOUS CRASHES PER AND SERIOUS CRASHES PER FATAL 0

WALES SCOTLAND SOUTH EAST NORTH EAST NORTH SOUTH WEST SOUTH NORTH WEST NORTH THE HUMBER YORKSHIRE AND YORKSHIRE EAST MIDLANDS EAST WEST MIDLANDS WEST EAST OF ENGLAND EAST

12 Figure 6. Average risk of death or serious injury on the EuroRAP single carriageway ‘A’ road network by English region/Scotland/Wales

70 62 62 60 57 51 51 50 49 50 44 41 40 34 30 20 10 0 BILLION VEHICLE KM (2011-13) BILLION

FATAL AND SERIOUS CRASHES PER AND SERIOUS CRASHES PER FATAL WALES SCOTLAND SOUTH EAST NORTH EAST NORTH SOUTH WEST SOUTH NORTH WEST NORTH THE HUMBER YORKSHIRE AND YORKSHIRE EAST MIDLANDS EAST WEST MIDLANDS WEST EAST OF ENGLAND EAST

The highest risk single carriageway ‘A’ roads and motorways on the network are in the South East. The West Midlands has the safest. The difference in risk between the safest and least safe single carriageway ‘A’ roads and motorways varies. The riskiest motorways are on average 60% riskier than the safest; the riskiest single carriageway ‘A’ roads are on average 80% riskier than the safest.

Figure 7. Change in average risk of death or serious injury on the EuroRAP network over time by region/nation

SOUTH EAST 1%

NORTH EAST -1%

SOUTH WEST -2%

WALES -5%

YORKSHIRE AND THE HUMBER -9%

NORTH WEST -10%

EAST OF ENGLAND -11%

EAST MIDLANDS -11%

WEST MIDLANDS -17%

SCOTLAND -20%

-25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 -5

The risk of death and serious injury on the network surveyed in Scotland is the most improved of the English regions, Scotland and Wales with a reduction of 20%. Scotland previously topped the table for the highest risk region on the British EuroRAP network. Now it features in the middle. The South East has seen no improvement between the two data periods surveyed; indeed risk has increased but only by 1%. We turn now to consider the performance of the crash cost centres across the British EuroRAP network. The rate of economic loss per capita and per thousand vehicle kilometres is given per crash cost centre in Table 9. Since single carriageways are higher risk than motorways, it is no surprise that the performance of the non-primary ‘A’ roads feature as the riskiest for both the per capita and travel analysis. Per travel, the English non-primary ‘A’ roads come out as the most unsafe and the Welsh motorway network as the safest.

13 Table 9: Economic loss per travel 2011-13 (highest risk)

Crash cost centre Total Economic loss Economic loss per Economic loss per (£m) 2011-13 capita 2011-13 (£) travel 2011-13 (£ per thousand veh km)

Highways England Motorways 777 14 3 Trunk roads 1,305 24 9.2 Total 2,082 39 5.2 Transport Scotland Motorways 68 13 3.7 Trunk roads 379 71 14.9 Total 447 84 10.2 Welsh Government Motorways 23 8 2.8 Trunk roads 299 97 13.5 Total 322 104 10.5 English local authority ‘A’ roads Primary 2,420 45 15.8 Non-primary 3,061 57 20.4 Total 5,481 102 18.1 Scottish local authority ‘A’ roads Primary 112 21 12.2 Non-primary 367 69 17.5 Total 480 90 15.9 Welsh local authority ‘A’ roads Non-primary 304 99 18.9 TOTAL 9,117 146 11

Figure 8. Distribution of travel in each crash cost centre

SCOTLAND 25% 34% 12% 28%

WALES 18% 47%% 1% 34%

ENGLAND 37% 20% 22% 21%

0% 20% 40% 31%60% 80% 100%

MOTORWAY NETWORK TRUNK NETWORK PRIMARY ‘A’ ROADS NON-PRIMARY ‘A’ ROADS

Figure 8 gives the distribution of travel across each crash cost centre in Britain. There is a stronger reliance on the trunk road networks in Wales and Scotland which have sparser motorway networks.

14 Highest risk road in each of Scotland, Wales and English regions

The highest risk roads in each British region or nation are listed The majority of sections featured have a high concentration of in Table 10. Road sections are ranked by EuroRAP risk rating from crashes involving vehicles running off the road. All but two roads highest to lowest. are non-primary ‘A’ roads, with the highest risk road in Wales For the first time, the road section topping the list is from the being of strategic importance. South East. Last year, the A285 was the highest risk road of persistently higher risk roads.

Table 10. The highest risk road in each of Scotland, Wales and each English region (2011-13)

% contribution of crash types (11-13)2 1 Region/nation No. Road - to description From Length (km) type Road F&S crashes (11-13) Risk Rating EuropRap (11-13) Pedestrians/cyclists Junctions Run-offs Head-ons end shunts Rear Other

South East A285* A27 (Chichester) – 19 Single 30 260.9 23% 13% 40% 3% 10% 7% Petworth East Midlands A155* A153 (Tattershall) 14 Single 9 211.5 33% 22% 44% 0% 0% 0% - A16 Scotland A909* Burntisland – Kelty 14 Single 11 172.1 9% 0% 64% 0% 0% 27%

North West A588* A585 (Blackpool) - 29 Single 26 166.8 50% 19% 19% 0% 8% 4% Lancaster Wales A44 Llangurig – 39 Single 26 166.6 12% 8% 54% 12% 4% 12% Aberystwyth Yorkshire & A643* Brighouse – Morley 12 Single 12 129.3 25% 0% 42% 0% 0% 33% Humber East England A1101* Mildenhall - 17 Single 12 128.7 33% 42% 8% 0% 8% 8% Bury St Edmunds South West A383* A38 - A380 10 Single 10 84.0 60% 0% 20% 0% 0% 20% (Kingsteignton) North East A688 Barnard Castle - A68 17 Single 11 78.9 55% 9% 9% 0% 0% 27%

West Midlands A428* A46 (Coventry) - A5 20 Single 15 70.5 27% 7% 13% 0% 0% 53%

Ranked by EuroRAP Risk Rating 2011-13; minimum number of 9 F&S crashes 2011-13; minimum F&S crash density of 1 F&S/mile 2011-13; *indicates roads classified as non-primary; 1EuroRAP Risk Rating based on the number of fatal and serious crashes per billion vehicle km travelled: black (high risk), red (medium-high risk), orange (medium risk), yellow (low-medium risk), green (low risk); 2percentages may not sum due to rounding. Some of the roads listed may have had measures implemented since 2013.

15 A9 66 A 9 8 6 A96 Orkney A967 5 A Islands 64 96 A9 0

Risk Map A961

A83 6 Thurso A83 A836 9 8 8 9 s 6 A 3 A83 A 8 9 A A 57 882 e A8

7 A 9 Wick d 858 8 8 9 A 5 A 9 7 A A 8 i 9 4 6 A8 3 58 8 r A866 A Latheron 37 9 A8 A 9 A85 A838 b

e A 83 5 7 A 3 839 8 39

A A8 6

H A Ullapool A837 A A949 A859 8 32 A8 3 6

r 9 A A A 8 6 A832 83 5 5 1 4 Fraserburgh A855 9 e A867 A A Elgin 8 98 A 5 A 9 8

Uig 5 832 34 8 9 A 2 8 A 896 A8 3 A 6 1 A A9 8 A A 2 A 9 t 8 83 9 2 A 9 A A 7 4 6 5 A 9 9 9 0 5 0 1 95 A 4 0

A A A 9 6 A890 9

9 A A 9 8 5 0 3 2 3 A Peterhead 8 A8 9 95 7 9 A u A A A A 95 62 20 9 0 A8 A9 4 9 5 8 A Portree Inverness 5 90 8 3 2 86 7 A A 6 1 3

9 9 A 3 0 3 9 8 8 A A Huntly 4 A 7 8 A A 9 9 A920 A 3 4 9 1 O 2 20 8 A A9 A 9 A 8 6 A975 9 A93

Skye 9

Kyle of A 5 A944 A 9 9

Lochalsh 7 A 4 8 7 8 7 A 44 9 Invermoriston A9 A A A 1 A 9 A 5 9 9 4 9 8 A8 7 Aviemore 4 6 3 7 A 2 9 8 9 Aberdeen A A A980 3 A87 86 3 A9 8 A A9 88 Invergarry

A s Mallaig Kingussie A93 A

e 8 A 8 9 9 9 5 A 3 7 d A8 9 30 A Stonehaven i 2 Dalwhinnie 8 86 r A A 6 1 2 A 8 9 A A b 861 e Fort William 2 7 8 90 3 H A A A 9 9 A A861 0 A935 Ballachulish A A9 r Pitlochry 9 2 e 4 A 7 926 Montrose 4 8 A 2 A93 34 n A 8 2 82 8 A 2 9 8 A A 9 26 A 8 8 3 9 4 A A 9 A A n 8 2 A923 9 I 3 9 A 4 Forfar 3 A 8 A A9 2 A984 9 6 94 2 7 A 8 A8 2 4 8 3 A 92 A Arbroath 9 A 22 9 923 A 8 9 Mull A A 4 Tyndrum 9 85 A A A930 Oban A 82 90 A A85 A 49 85 A85 Perth Dundee A8 4 5 92 1 Crianlarich A8 A 9 . A A Lochearnhead 9

1 8 9 St Andrews 6 4 1 8 2 2 A 9 1 8 M90 A913 A 8 A A 3 2 5 8 2 A A A 8 1 1 9 2 9 A A 1 9 9 A 4 6 A A821 8 A912 A 1 5 4 A A9 7 A81 9 8 1 A 2 A91 A9 Tarbet 1 A820 3 Glenrothes A8 A87 3 A 9 M90 A911 15 3 A91 9 8 A 1 1 A A 5 8 1 8 8 8 5 A A814 A 2 9

2 A 7 3 A Stirling 7 A

A8 9 81 A A 2

5 9 A 7 A907 A 1 M9 9 6 8 7 A Lochgilphead 8 5 A 90 0 8 1 8 5 A 8 9 Jura A 4 7 A A 2 A985 921 8 8 A 98 0 1 A 1 Alexandria A891 9 A 9 803 0 A M9 4 199 6 A EDINBURGH A 4 8 Gourock A82 A1 8 3 Cumbernauld A8 A A8 0 Cumbernauld A8 9 A A8 A A 9 A 8 7 1 19 Haddington 1 A815 A 8 7 A8 2 1 9 0 A 3 07

846 A 7 M73 M8 9 A 6 M8 A60 7 1 2 4 4 1 1 8 7 Penicuik 0 1 4 LargLargss Whitburn A A 1 A 7 4 6 6 8 A A 8 1 Berwick-

A A 9 A A 76 5 8 0 GLASGOW7 72 0 0 Islay 3 A A7 1 7 6 6 A A upon-Tweed A 7 A 8 36 3 A 0 5 8 7 2 A A6105 11 7 A 7 0 4 7 7 A A 1 6 A 6 7 A 3 6 6 6 7 2 A A 2 2 A 0 A

A 1 0 A 7 3 7 A7 7 1 A697 6 7 6

7 2 7 M77 6 A 8 1 A 3 3 1 A78 A CarlukeCarluke A70 2 8 A 5 9 7 A 6 3 71 A 7 A 8 1 A A 2 1 7 73 1 Peebles A 9 7 2 A 8 Arran A71 A 7 2 A72 A 69 M74 2 6 A Irvine A7 08 Coldstream 3 A 9 A Kilmarnock 7 7 A 8 8 7 A 2 Galashiels 7 0 1 4 A 0 7 1 9 A7 A 9 1 9 A69 7 A69 A 01 7 A A A 8 7 6 Ayr CumnockCumnock 0 9 7 7 A70 A 8 Jedburgh 9 69 71 A A Campbeltown A 2 Hawick 6 A 76 0 7 A74(M) 8 Alnwick A A 60 A 88 1 A 0 7 6 1 8 3 1

A Girvan 01 7 A197 77 02 A A A7 Morpeth

Langholm A A A 6 7 9 1 7 A 4 8 6 8

9 1 A7 Dumfries A709 6 A 12 1 A A 7 A74(M) Newton 2 6 A 1 A7 7 A Tynemouth 7 2 1 5 1 Cairnryan A 3 A75 9 A 9 Stewart 1 A69 A6 7 1 A6 Hexham 7 7 0 A A 71 A69 A1 7 A718

A 5 5 A689 Newcastle upon Tyne 5 7 A7 A69 1 5 2 A7 10 9 4 1 7 6 94 6 Stranraer A 1 A 8 6 A CarlislCarlislee 6 A 7 9 A 6 6 A A693 A A 6 7 8 Sunderland A7 5 9 8 A A75 59 A 7 A 5 A A 4 A1(M) 1

7 7 7 6 9 Consett A 0 8 1 4 5 A 6 9 2 6 A 6 A 6 5 9 M6 9 1 6 5 6 A1086 A 86 A 6 8 90 A 6 A Durham A A 59 A A689 A A 4 5 1 Hartlepool 6 1 9 9 7 1 8 9 9 7 8 Workington Penrith 6 A Bishop Auckland A A A5091 A66 6 16 6 6 A689 A6 7 8 A

6 8 Barnard 6 A6 1 Middlesbrough Whitehaven 8 A 8 9 A 66 0 Keswick 2 Brough A 74 16 5 9 6 CastlCastlee A1 A 5 A A 1

A 67 74 5 A 9 3Guisborough Whitby 1 6 67 A Darlington A6 A 7 6 6 A A 1 A M6 66 A 1 A A 1 9 1 5 A685 7 9 6 2 1 5 93 7 7 5 1 A A A 3 8 59 8 0

1 1 A 84 A1 6 6 6

A685 A 1 A 7 Windermere A 1 Isle 9

A 9 1 A5084 2 5 Kendal 84 A 6 3 9 0 6 1 A 9 A 684 A 1 of Man 5 5 7 A A 6 6 A684 A 4 A A 1 8 5 Scarborough 6 7 3 A

8 6 A 1 6 0 Thirsk 5 5 8 1 0 A 6 17 9 9 A A 0 5 0 9 A 0 A 5 A 6 7 8 A1039 0 6 6 Kirkby Lonsdale 1 A 7 A A64 8 A 1 0 Ripon A 6 1 5 A5 A 1 9 3 6 8 5 6 4 Malton Barrow-in- 5 6 A 6 0 A A 1 14 5 A1(M) A6 Bridlington Furness A 9 66 Lancaster Harrogate A5 A59 A1 A65 A 4

6 1

1 A 6 4 Skipton 5

9 6 A M6 6 A5 6 6 8 A6 2 A59 1 8 8 A 58 1 1 5 A 6 6 A 6 A York Fleetwood A 2 A Market

6 A 59 A 6 9 A6 65 A1 A 1 9 0 5 6 5 79 35 9 Weighton 0 Clitheroe A 4 9 A 58 6 A1 1 A 5 65 A A A 8 1 A 6 06 A A 3 6 6 A 16 A A 5 5 8 1 A 10 8 5 M65 A 10 7 Blackpool 5 A 6 9 LEEDS 64 6 4 9 2 A 5 3 1 34 A 9 2 M55 Burnley 3 A Selby 6 0 63 3 A 4 6 A6 A63 6 Blackburn A 1

A M1 A A A 58 4 A6 6 1 M62 A 63 Kingston 7 4 0 4 63 A 5 6 6 4 1 PrestoPrestonn 5 6 A BRADFORD M62 A64 1 A M65 A 64 5 A6 upon Hull A 6 Goole A1 7 0 A 565 6 M62 7 10 A 81 7 8 7 A 33 A5 5 1 5 0 7

A 68 A Huddersfield A 1 1 Southport A A 1 5 6 5

A M61 6 64 6 9 A 4 9 4 6 A 7 4 A6 3 5 6 A A637 9 5 1 M18 Immingham 7 9 A 1 0 6 A 1 A A 2 6 1 A M66 6 2 3 A Scunthorpe 18 7 M62 A M1 A A1 0 Bolton 9 6 6 8 3 4 35 A A 3 A1 1 6 7 9 A A A 63 5 28 8 8 A 5 5 577 A18 1 8 6 6 M180 1

A A 8 A 1 A5 Bury 1 M61 6 A A Grimsby M58 A570 8 1 M6 9 A A62 Doncaster 0

Barnsley 4 7 6 A A 8 1 5 2 6 1 9 4 6 MANCHESTERMANCHESTER 1 4 9 0 3 6 5 A A1 A 6 3 5 8 1 6 A 1 M57 6 6 A 8 16 A A A 4 A 2 A 6 8 1 0 A A 80 A58 M62 6 1 A5 M18 A1(M) 0 3 LIVERPOOL M60 M60 M1 A631 A631 631 1 025 Anglesey M62 7 A A A631 6 6 5 A5 A631 A 62 Sheffield A 3 Louth 8 A A5 60 M56 7 A A Gainsborough A1 6 1 5 Holyhead Llandudno Colwyn Warrington 3 3 A 7 A 4 5 57 2 1 A1 4 A

A 6 0 5 A A 6 5 6 A 5 5 A A5 150 1 5 515 A 5 7 4 Bay A 1 M56 A 0 2 6 0 1 0 5 5 A 6 6 A A A A 4 A M53 9 5 0 A A 1 Worksop 8 6 A5 2 54 A 37 4 6 2 1 3 1 5 0 M56 5 3 5 A 3 6

9 3 6 A 7 A 3 621 8 5 55 A537 1 A57 A A Bangor 6 4 0 A 6 6 A A 55 M6 15 6 55 A 5 Buxton 1 8 5 A

6 7 1 A 5 5 A548 A 5 3 4 A 2 5 8 A 4 5 3 A 4 5 A A A Chesterfield A 5 556 A Macclesfield 6 3 Lincoln A 4 1 A A 4 7 5 9 A A 5 1 1 Chester 1 A A40 A A A 6 6 3 2 0 3 1 8 1 0 0 5 5 1 6 A 5 58 4 5 2 3 7 A607 A 1 1 4 A55 A5 A5 4 A A 1 4 5 5 3 A A A 6 A A 6 5 A 55 4 0 A A 6 A 1 5 0 5 4 4 A 1 A 1 3 5 Mold 3 5 6 6 6 2 A5 1 A 3 4 A 6 7 2 2 4 3 5 0 M1 5 A49 5 5 Skegness 8 A

4 5 4 1 7 1 A A A A525 0 4 A A A5 4 4 5 1 A3 A6 Mansfield 0 A 5 A 33 Leek 15 A A 0 8 A 60 6 3 8 6 A A5 A534 A534 5 17 Newark-on-Trent 15 A 5 2 0 1 5 A 012 A6 A 2 52 A 6 Betws-y-coed A Crewe Stoke- 5 6 4 A 94 Wrexham 3 6 1 1 1 17 8 4 5 A A A 0 1 6 2 A

9 4 3 9 0 A A 0 4 4 4 4 A 1 6 1 8 A A 5 A517 A A5 5 5 1 3 6 4 1 Sleaford

A 2 4 2 A 5 5 0 3 on-Ton-Trrentent 6 7 A499 5 A 1 A A A1 A487 A 1 A5 2 A153 A1121 9 7 Ashbourne 4 5 Cromer 4 A A A4 1 A 2 A528 5 A 1 A 12 3 9 A5 A3 A 8 Boston A149 39 5 25 A 5 3 5 2 A 497 4 5 A 0 5 2 Nottingham 5 A A5 A 2 A5 A 4 9 4 2 A 6 8 97 4 2 2 2 A 4 1 5 5 4 9 A 2 1 1 A A A 5 A A52 A 6 5 5 4 A A A 5 1 A 0 5 A 52 Porthmadog A52 3 Uttoxeter 2 6 A 9 A 5 A 9 A A5 0 GranthamA 4 6 1 A 4 Bala 8 A1 1 A 5 0 Derby 0 5 7 9 1 1 A 5 A5132 5 2 1 4 9 M6 3 6 4 0 A A 7 A 9 7 9 5 A 5 6 1 1 5 4 A 0 4 Oswestry A528 9 4 0 6

4 5 5 8 A 4 A A 9 A 1 Fakenham 4 A A 3 1 6 A 51 8 9 Stafford A A 0 6 A 4

4 4 4 A 5 6 1 A A A A A 4 2 Spalding A 1 A51 A 1 5 518 3 4 60 A151 17 A A149 2 A A King’s 4 A A 06 Melton 1 8 0 1 1

3 512 0 Burton A 3 3 5 5 A1062 Dolgellau A 1 3 4 1 3 A513 A 6 1 A 6 6

A 7 4 9 0 7 7 5 8 5 A Lynn 0 9 0 2 0 4 Mowbray 1 A 0 4 6 1 4 4 4 upon Trent A 1 Shrewsbury 4 6 Shrewsbury 1 A Newport 4 1 A 7 A 7 A A A A A 45 A 0 1 A 7 A 4 A 5 6 4 8 A5 A A 6 6 A 4 7

7 0 A5 1 A

8 9 2 A 1

7 3 5 5 6 0 A 7 4 4

0 4 0 4 6 A6 6 A A4 A1064

4 1 0 A 458 Lichfield A A A 6 A1 7 A 1 0 A 5 A44

A5 M54 1 Wisbech 1 Great A 1 A 5

TelfordA 4 2 Stamford A47 22

8 A M42 7 A4 1 7 1 6 A 5 7 A 1 A Norwich A Welshpool A4 8 4 4 A M6 Toll 4 M1 6 4 A Yarmouth 4 1 A 5 0

4 A 4 4 4 7 A A

3 8 1 1 7 A 9 90 2 6 4 A 4 0 A 1 1 1 4 5 1 3

A A A A 0 9 A5 47 4 1 8 9 A 1 A 6 4 3 A Leicester 5 A 4 2 4 6 4 60 112 1 2 A5 A 7 8 A A A 4 A47 7 0 A 4 0 3 1 1 3 M69 5

A 1 0 Machynlleth A Wolverhampton 4 3 0 0

8 1 1

A 1 4 A Hinckley A 1 1 4 9 4 9 6 3 A A 8 5 A A 1 4 A4 4 89 4 M6 4 9 A A A A A 4 4 A A 1 4 4 Peterborough 3 A 7 8 4 4 6 2 9 5 6 5 7 3 4 Lowestoft

8 2 A427 4 1 8 A 1 A 4 Bridgnorth 4 30 5 A

4 A 4 A A 6

A 6 4 4 A 1 4 A 70 Newtown A 6 A 4 4 A 1 0 5 A 8 6 1 A 4 5 1 1 9 56 3 1 1 0 2 4 4 A Thetford 1 Aberystwyth 3 8 4 A BIRMINGHAM 4 6 0 1 1 2 A44 8 A1(M) 4 Ely 4 4 A 6 1 M6 A4304 1 4 4 Diss A 1 A A Kettering A A A A1 A 4 066 M5 5 A 1 A 4 Kidderminster 428 08 A M42 A14 1 Llangurig A A A 0 4 3 4 A 5 2 1 8 41 A 4 1 1 20 A4113 Rugby 1 5 3 7 A 3 7 4 4 A A 9 411 Coventry 9 8 5 Huntingdon 23 4 A 1 1 5 A A 0 4 4 A 9 4 1 7 0 1 A A 1 4 1 A A 6 9 A 3 4 1 A 5 5 1 A 8 4 4 4 4 5 A 4 6 5 3 1 A A 88 4 4 A 0 A 4 4 4 1 2 4 1 A 2 6 A 4 A A A 1 1 1 61 4 6 2 1 Bury St A A A4 8 A 1 3 0 1 A 0 1 A14 A A 4 Warwick 2 1 1 4

4 A 2 4 0 4 4 A 9 Rhayader 2 3 8 1 A 1 RedditchA A A 5 8 A Edmunds

42 14 A A 5 4 A44 41 3 A4189 A4 Northampton St 0 4 9 A 7 4 2 1

A 3 A 0 2 5 1 0 9 4 9 0 A 48 Leominster 5 A 0 A 1 4 8 A 4 Newmarket 14 2 4 0 A

5 6

5 4 2 A

8 4 A44 3 Daventry 45 Neots A A14 2 4 8 A A 42 4 A 42 A A 4 A A A A4 480 M40 2 A A A 8 1 A

4 6 A 4 2 4 A A A 1 A 5 4 4 1 3 2 4 2 3 4 2 Cambridge 1 1 8 11 4 A 1 3 1 8 A 1 8 5 4 6 4 1 1 5 3 3 1 1 A 7 3 4 A6 1 0 1 A Stratford- 0 03 0 8 1 0 6 0 Worcester 36 A1 A 9 1 0 5 9 6 A 4 4 4 A44 A M1 9 A M11 4

A A 0 A 8 2 7 A 475 4 A A 09 Cardigan 48 A Builth 8 A upon-upon-AAvvoonn A A1 A A 3 0 38 2 Bedford 1 A 48 A 4 4 2 A A 1 A1071 Ipswich 4 1 4 41 48 A 7 A438 0 A A 6 1307 5 0 A 9 A 3 3 A 0 47 2 4 1 4 4 A

A Wells 9 A 4 5 0 5 Sudbury 38 4 4 2 2 2 A 6 Royston 0 A A 4 A 4 2 5 1 1 A A Evesham 3 2 22 A5 A 1 4 4 A 07 0 7 84 5 438 A4 A 4 4 1 0 HereforHerefordd A 104 6 A4 A A A 1 2 4 7 1 8 4 4 0 22 A 5 1 Banbury 0 1 4 Llandovery 6 A A 0 3 3 7 50 1

A 9 A4 Milton Keynes 0 A 0 21 A 1 3

4 A 0 4

Fishguard 8 7 5 44 A A 1 4 4 4 7 A 6 A A A A Felixstowe

4 A 4 A A 8

8 40 A 3 4 4 4 1 A A 5 4 1 A 11 A

7 7 9 0 2

4 4 Buckingham M50 A 6 5

8 9 5

4 A 0 3 2 A5 M1 0 4 6 9 1 A 6 0

4 6 3 5

4 4

0 4 42 A A 7 2 0

A A 2 0 0 2 6 4 4 1 Harwich 1 8 A A

3 4 1 Braintree 20 4 6 1 8 A A4215 A4 A 7 A 3 3 A120 4 A Stevenage 7 A40 36 A 0 A A A 40 A4 A 8 A 1 2 4 Carmarthen 4 40 A 4 1 A6 A 3 1 4 A 0 A 0 4 4 2 1 9 6 1 A A 0 Colchester 8 7 A A 5 1 3 A40 2 3 4 Luton 1 3 4 6 A Cheltenham 4 4 Bicester 3 2 2 A 1 A A Haverfordwest 40 A 0 4 Gloucester A 4 1 1 4 4 1 A A4 7 5 A A 8 A 9 A 9 4 Aylesbury A41 6 0 A10 0 4 0 6 6 5 M5 3 4 8 414 14 0

A Merthyr 6 5 A A A4 0 1 A 7 5 6 Abergavenny 6 A3 8 4 A 0 477 4 4 9 4 1 6 7 A 7 A 6 4 3 A 0 4 A 40 8 A 1 2 M40 4 4 A 4 3 A 4 A A A Clacton- 4 0 4 7 0 4 8 65 Tydfil A 4 A St Albans 0 Chelmsford A A 9 4 4 4 A 1 A41 1 Harlow 4 4 7 4 A A 4 A40 2 1

7 0 A 6 40 9 A 4 2 7 A

A 1 9 1 3 A1(M)

4 65 A4054 7 5 5 A A 4 4 4 A 0 9 6 4 1 on-Sea Milford Haven 4 6

4 A A

A A 0 1 4 8 A 4 6 Cirencester 4 A A 2

6 4 4 4 0 4 4 1

7 Llanelli 0 A A 4 5 3 A414

4 A A A 1 A1 A A 7 A 1 4 2 A A 4 1 A 6 048 4 0 M25 1 4 72 A419 0 9 0 A404 8 A 2

3 4 A 2 Oxford 2 1 3 Pembroke Dock M4 1 0 8 4 1 7 4 4 3 8 1 07 5 3 A 3 0 0 0

A 41 3 9 0 0 4 A 9 A A 1 413 A A 8 A 1 29 4 4 M11 A A Watford 1 A A 2 3 9 3 4 A 5 4 A36 4 15 1 A

Swansea Neath 2 3 A4 A48 1 3 A 2 4 4 7 4 4 9 A A 1 7 8 6 1 M1 A12 Basildon A411 0 0 68 7 A 4 A4 3 High Wycombe M40 4 A406 A1 6 3 0 1 A 3 4 7 A4 A A 3 0 2 355 1 M4 1 A 55 2 2 4 6 A 4 7 41 A40 7 Pontypridd 3 4 A 8

A 32 A Swindon A Romford M25 Southend-on-Sea 7 4 8

4 M4 A A 4 A 3 Maidenhead A Newport 3 0 A4 M25 1

3 8 4 7 2 M49 M4 1 4 13 A4 6 A A 3

6 M4M4 A 228 Sheerness 0 4 A A48 M32 A42 0 2 A 4 M4 A Bridgend A3102 Reading 3 2 A3 3 A LONDON 26 Margate 6 4 A4 A M4 3 A 9 A A A 25

BristoBristoll A4 A4 A Bracknell 2 Dartford A299 5

M5 0 A Chippenham 0 7 Rochester CARDIFF A 3 7 A 6 3 A 5 2 9 3 4 Bath 4 3 3 1 A4 2 2 A A 2 A 3 2 6 A 4 A 8

5 Newbury

8 7 A 2 3 3 A A 3 6 A 3 1 2 2 A A 4 20 A A36 3 8 3 2 M25 3 4 M2 A Weston-super-Mare A 2 A 9 3 3 4 7 2 Ramsgate 7 A 3 2 0 7 A A 3 0 3 M3 7 1 25

9 6 A A 9 A A A 3 3 3 3 3 M20 4

3 2

3 M26 A370 3 A 3 A A 4 A A368 A 0 3 0 A 3 8 3 3 6 6 4 3 A21 2

4 3 3 A 1 A

9 35 2 A251 A A A 3 6 0 9 Woking A Canterbury 6 A A A A2 M25 Maidstone A 371 A 3 87 6 2 2 A 3 3 4 5 A 2 8 7 3 2 8 3 4 Dorking 1 Sevenoaks 5 A 4 2 31 A A2 A 2 A399 6 Basingstoke A 2 2 5 25 7 5 A A 6 3 A A 4 M20 2 2 1 Warminster 8 A 6 A

A A A 3 0 Shepton Mallet A Andover A3 03 Farnham A 2 2 258 2

A 6

0 3 Guildford 2 5 2 M23 2 A

3 A 3 2 4 Ashford A 2 A 9 2 3 3 1 2 A A 6 9 9 37 3 3 8 A A20 1 3 A3 1 2 03 A 312 9 3 A3 A 8 A A 3 A A A A 7 A264 6 3 4 9 2 2 9 A 3 A 9 3 3 3 3 0 A

3 6 8 A262

7 3 9 9 A A

3 9 6 A 3 5 Dover 1 Dover A 1 9 1 2 A Bridgwater A 5 2 A 6

37 6 0 4 2 20 2 3 M3 2 6 A 3 A3 4 3 A 2 Royal 6 8 A 0 3 Crawley A A A3 1 2 A A A A A 7 7 0 30 2 9 Street 3 A 2 6 3 A2 0 Folkestone 3 A 7 5 2 Tunbridge Wells 5

Barnstaple 5 0 5 8 Horsham 2 2 6 A 6 A 3 A 7 Salisbury 3 A 8 5 0 2 A Bideford 8 2 3 7

9 1 A 0 0 Winchester 2 8 3 A 9 3 7 3 3 3 2 9 A 2 1 2

A 6 A 7 4 A 6 2 3 3 A 0 2 6 3 A 3 A A 6 3 A A 2 8 1 A27 2 A 26 3 A 27 A 8 A Taunton 8 9 A30 30 A 9 7 5 A A 5 3 A 8 A 3 3 A 29 2 65 2 8 A 2 2 2 9 A3 0 A A 4 8 6 72 A A27 A2 A 3 A3 3 A272 A 1 3 3 3 3 5 Petersfield 6 4 A A 5 A272 3 5 26 3 8 2 A A

A 5 7 3 3 7 A A 1 2 2 A Yeovil A A 1 8 7 1 8 7 2 6 6 2 3 3 A 7 3 A 3 A 2 2 A2 2 6 A 1 5 A 8 8 A30 2 3 A 8 6 2 3 Blandford 3 A 8 A 2 8 4 A A3(M) 3 2 A 3 A Tiverton 30 A 9 3 27 A A A3 2 A 9 A 3 A 030 Forum SouthamptoA n M27 3 7 A 25 7 37 3 3 A2 7 A Lewes A 7 3 A30 7 A A27 A2 A307 72 30 2 2 2 A A3 0 A A A 6 8 A 6 Hastings 30 3 3 3 A 5 5 A 3 A2 A30 0 6 5 Fareham 59 A2 7 7 3 1 3 2 5 0 Ringwood A 6 A3

A3 A 2 3 A 5 6 54 8 3 2 A396 M5 3072 0 A3 1 5 7 259 59 9 A A 3 A3 3 3 2 A Brighton

A 5 3 A 3 3 A A259 A 0 7 A35 3 7 A30 A 9 3 2 8 305 A Portsmouth Bognor A A 35 A35 8 Poole A ExeterExeter Bridport Regis 39 0 A A3052 4 A3054 5 A3 3 5 Dorchester 6 8 8 3 A Bournemouth 8 2 3 A 3 3 A 353 5 A Launceston A A 1 3 9 8 0 05 3 8 8 5 A 3 3 9 A Exmouth A Weymouth 8 0 90 3 A 3 A3 A 3 8 A Tavistock 8 A379 9 90 3 A3 A 1 Bodmin A38 8 3 0 Newquay 3059 A 8

A A 85 3 Torquay 3 A 30 3 A A 390 8 A3 A 87 92 3 A38 1 A Paignton A 8 5 30 7 58 3 0 A A 9 374 A 3 37

A 9 A3 St Austell Plymouth 79 3 A

8 Truro 7 0 A 3 393 A 30 07 A A3 1 4 A394 39 Penzance A Falmouth A3 0 A

Isles of Scilly Risk Rating of A9 66 A 9 8 6 A96 Orkney A967 5 A9 Britain’s Motorways Islands 64 6 A9 0

A961 Risk Map and A Roads

A83 6 Thurso This map shows the statistical risk of death or serious injury A83 A836 9 8 8 9 s 6 A 3 A83 A 8 9 A A occurring on Britain’s motorway and A road network for 57 882 e A8 2011-2013. Covering 44,500km in total, the British EuroRAP 7 A 9 Wick d 858 8 8 9 A 5 A 9 7 A network represents just 10% of Britain’s road network but A 8 i 9 4 6 carries 56% of the traffic and half of Britain’s road fatalities. A8 3 58 8 r A866 A Latheron 37 9 A8 A 9 The risk is calculated by comparing the frequency of road A85 A838 b crashes resulting in death and serious injury on every stretch

A e 8 3 of road with how much traffic each road is carrying. 5 7 A 3 839 8 39

A A8 6

H A For example, if there are 20 crashes on a road carrying 10,000 Ullapool A837 A A949 A859 8 vehicles a day, the risk is 10 times higher than if the road has 32 A8 3 6 the same number of crashes but carries 100,000 vehicles. r 9 A A A Some of the roads shown have had improvements made to 8 6 A832 83 5 5 1 4 Fraserburgh A855 9 e A867 A A Elgin them recently, but during the survey period the risk of a fatal 8 98 A 5 A 9 8

Uig 5 832 34 8 9 A 2 8 A 896 A8 3 A 6 1 A A9 8 A A or serious injury crash on the black road sections was 23 2 A 9 t 8 83 9 2 A 9 A A 7 4 6 5 A 9 9 9 0 5 0 1 95 A 4 0

A A A

6 A890 9 times higher than on the safest (green) roads. 9 A A 9 8 5 0 3 2 3 A Peterhead 8 A8 9 95 7 9 A u A A A A 95 62 20 9 0 A8 A9 4 9 5 8 A Portree Inverness 5 90 For more information on the Road Safety Foundation go to 8 3 2 86 7 A A 6 1 3

9 9 A 3 0 3 9 8 8 A A Huntly 4 A 7 8 A A 9 9 A920 A 3 4 2 9 1 www.roadsafetyfoundation.org. O 20 8 A A9 A 9 A 8 6 A975 9 A93

Skye 9 Kyle of A For more information on the statistical background to this 5 A944 A 9 9

Lochalsh 7 A 4 8 7 8 7 A 44 9 research, visit the EuroRAP website at www.eurorap.org. Invermoriston A9 A A A 1 A 9 A 5 9 9 4 9 8 A8 7 Aviemore 4 6 3 7 A 2 9 8 9 Aberdeen A A A980 3 A87 86 3 A9 8 A A9 88 Invergarry

A s Mallaig Kingussie A93 A e 8 A 8 9 9 9 5 A 3 7 d A8 9 30 A Stonehaven i 2 Dalwhinnie 8 86 r A A 6 1 2 A 8 9 Road Assessment Programme Risk Rating A A b 861 e Fort William 2 7 8 90 3 H A A A 9 9 A A861 Low risk (safest) roads 0 A935 Ballachulish A A9 r Pitlochry 9 2 e 4 A92 Montrose 4 8 A 27 6 2 8 8 A A932 934 n A 8 2 A 9 6 A Low-medium risk roads 8 A 2 8 8 3 9 4 A A 9 A A n 8 2 A923 9 I 3 9 A 4 Forfar 3 A 8 A A9 2 A984 9 6 94 2 7 A 8 Medium risk roads A8 2 4 8 3 A 92 A Arbroath 9 A 22 9 923 A 8 9 Mull A A 4 Tyndrum 9 85 A A A930 Oban A 82 90 Medium-high risk roads A A85 A 49 85 A85 Perth Dundee A8 4 5 92 1 Crianlarich A8 A 9 . A A Lochearnhead 9

1 8 9 St Andrews 6 4 1 High risk roads 8 2 2 A 9 1 8 M90 A913 A 8 A A 3 2 5 8 2 A A A 8 1 1 9 2 9 A A 1 9 9 A 4 6 A A821 8 A912 A 1 5 4 A A9 7 A81 9 8 1 A 2 A91 A9 Tarbet 1 A820 3 Glenrothes A8 A87 3 A 9 M90 A911 15 3 A91 9 8 A 1 1 A A 5 8 1 8 8 8 5 A A814 A 2 9

2 A 7 3 A Stirling 7 A Motorway A8 9 81 A A 2

5 9 A 7 A907 A 1 M9 9 6 8 7 A Lochgilphead 8 5 A 90 0 8 1 8 5 A 8 9 Jura A 4 7 A A 2 A985 921 8 8 A 98 Single and dual carriageway 0 1 A 1 Alexandria A891 9 A 9 803 0 A M9 4 199 6 A EDINBURGH A 4 8 Gourock A82 A1 8 3 Cumbernauld A8 A A8 0 Cumbernauld A8 9 A A8 A A 9 A Unrated roads 8 7 1 19 Haddington 1 A815 A 8 7 A8 2 1 9 0 A 3 07

846 A 7 M73 M8 9 A 6 M8 A60 7 1 2 4 4 1 1 8 7 Penicuik 0 1 4 LargLargss Whitburn A A 1 A 7 4 6 6 8 A A 8 1 Berwick-

A A 9 A A 76 5 8 0 GLASGOW7 72 0 0 Islay 3 A A7 1 7 6 6 A A upon-Tweed A 7 A 8 36 3 A 0 5 8 7 2 A A6105 11 7 A 7 0 4 7 7 A A 1 6 A 6 7 A 3 6 6 6 7 2 A A 2 2 A 0 A

A 1 0 A 7 Scale 3 7 A7 7 1 A697 6 7 6

7 2 7 M77 6 A 8 1 A 3 3 1 A78 A CarlukeCarluke A70 2 8 0 10 20 30 40 50 miles A 5 9 7 A 6 3 71 A 7 A 8 1 A A 2 1 7 73 1 Peebles A 9 7 2 A 8 Arran A71 A 7 2 A72 A 69 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 kms M74 2 6 A Irvine A7 08 Coldstream 3 A 9 A Kilmarnock 7 7 A 8 8 7 A 2 Galashiels 7 0 1 4 A 0 7 1 9 A7 A 9 1 9 A69 7 A69 A 01 7 A A A 8 7 6 Ayr CumnocCumnockk 0 9 7 7 A70 A 8 Jedburgh 9 69 71 A A Campbeltown A 2 Hawick 6 A 76 0 7 A74(M) 8 Alnwick A A 60 A 88 1 A 0 7 6 1 8 3 1

A Girvan 01 7 A197 77 02 A A A7 Morpeth

Langholm A A A 6 7 9 1 7 A 4 8 6 8

9 1 A7 Dumfries A709 6 A 12 1 A A 7 A74(M) Newton 2 6 A 1 A7 7 A Tynemouth 7 2 1 5 1 Cairnryan A 3 A75 9 A 9 Stewart 1 A69 A6 7 1 A6 Hexham 7 7 0 A A 71 A69 A1 7 A718

A 5 5 A689 Newcastle upon Tyne 5 7 A7 A69 1 5 2 A7 10 9 4 1 7 6 94 6 Stranraer A 1 A 8 6 A CarlislCarlislee 6 A 7 9 A 6 6 A A693 A A 6 7 8 Sunderland A7 5 9 8 A A75 59 A 7 A 5 A A 4 A1(M) 1

6 8 Barnard 6 A6 1 Middlesbrough Whitehaven 8 A 8 9 A 66 0 Keswick 2 Brough A 74 5 9 6 CastlCastlee A1 17 A 5 A A 1

A 67 74 5 A 9 3Guisborough Whitby 1 6 67 A Darlington A6 A 7 6 6 A A 1 A M6 66 A 1 A A 1 9 1 5 A685 7 9 6 2 1 5 93 7 7 5 1 A A A 3 8 59 8 0

1 1 A 84 A1 6 6 6

A685 A 1 A 7 Windermere A 1 Isle 9

A 9 1 A5084 2 5 Kendal 84 A 6 3 9 0 6 1 A 9 A 684 A 1 of Man 5 5 7 A A 6 6 A684 A 4 A A 1 8 5 Scarborough 6 7 3 A

6 1

1 A 6 4 Skipton 5

9 6 A M6 6 A5 6 6 8 A6 2 A59 1 8 8 A 58 1 1 5 A 6 6 A 6 A York Fleetwood A 2 A Market

A M1 A A A 58 4 A6 6 1 M62 A 63 Kingston 7 4 0 4 63 A 5 6 6 4 1 PrestoPrestonn 5 6 A BRADFORD M62 A64 1 A M65 A 64 5 A6 upon Hull A 6 Goole A1 7 0 A 565 6 M62 7 10 A 81 7 8 7 A 33 A5 5 1 5 0 7

A 68 A Huddersfield A 1 1 Southport A A 1 5 6 5

A A 8 A 1 A5 Bury 1 M61 6 A A Grimsby M58 A570 8 1 M6 9 A A62 Doncaster 0

Barnsley 4 7 6 A A 8 1 5 2 6 1 9 4 6 MANCHESTEMANCHESTERR 1 4 9 0 3 6 5 A A1 A 6 3 5 8 1 6 A 1 M57 6 6 A 8 16 A A A 4 A 2 A 6 8 1 0 A A 80 A58 M62 6 1 A5 M18 A1(M) 0 3 LIVERPOOL M60 M60 M1 A631 A631 631 1 025 Anglesey M62 7 A A A631 6 6 5 A5 A631 A 62 Sheffield A 3 Louth 8 A A5 60 M56 7 A A Gainsborough A1 6 1 5 Holyhead Llandudno Colwyn Warrington 3 3 A 7 A 4 5 57 2 1 A1 4 A

A 6 0 5 A A 6 5 6 A 5 5 A A5 150 1 5 515 A 5 7 4 Bay A 1 M56 A 0 2 6 0 1 0 5 5 A 6 6 A A A A 4 A M53 9 5 0 A A 1 Worksop 8 6 A5 2 54 A 37 4 6 2 1 3 1 5 0 M56 5 3 5 A 3 6

9 3 6 A 7 A 3 621 8 5 55 A537 1 A57 A A Bangor 6 4 0 A 6 6 A A 55 M6 15 6 55 A 5 Buxton 1 8 5 A

9 4 3 9 0 A A 0 4 4 4 4 A 1 6 1 8 A A 5 A517 A A5 5 5 1 3 6 4 1 Sleaford

4 5 5 8 A 4 A A 9 A 1 Fakenham 4 A A 3 1 6 A 51 8 9 Stafford A A 0 6 A 4

4 4 4 A 5 6 1 A A A A A 4 2 Spalding A 1 A51 A 1 5 518 3 4 60 A151 17 A A149 2 A A King’s 4 A A 06 Melton 1 8 0 1 1

3 512 0 Burton A 3 3 5 5 A1062 Dolgellau A 1 3 4 1 3 A513 A 6 1 A 6 6

A 7 4 9 0 7 7 5 8 5 A Lynn 0 9 0 2 0 4 Mowbray 1 A 0 4 6 1 4 4 4 upon Trent A 1 Shrewsbury 4 6 Shrewsbury 1 A Newport 4 1 A 7 A 7 A A A A A 45 A 0 1 A 7 A 4 A 5 6 4 8 A5 A A 6 6 A 4 7

7 0 A5 1 A

8 9 2 A 1

7 3 5 5 6 0 A 7 4 4

0 4 0 4 6 A6 6 A A4 A1064

4 1 0 A 458 Lichfield A A A 6 A1 7 A 1 0 A 5 A4

A5 M54 1 Wisbech 1 Great A 1 A 5

TelfordA 4 4 2 Stamford A47 22

8 A M42 7 A4 1 7 1 6 A 5 7 A 1 A Norwich A Welshpool A4 8 4 4 A M6 Toll 4 M1 6 4 A Yarmouth 4 1 A 5 0

4 A 4 4 4 7 A A

3 8 1 1 7 A 9 90 2 6 4 A 4 0 A 1 1 1 4 5 1 3

A A A A 0 9 A5 47 4 1 8 9 A 1 A 6 4 3 A Leicester 5 A 4 2 4 6 4 60 112 1 2 A5 A 7 8 A A A 4 A47 7 0 A 4 0 3 1 1 3 M69 5

A 1 0 Machynlleth A Wolverhampton 4 3 0 0

8 1 1

A 1 4 A Hinckley A 1 1 4 9 4 9 6 3 A A 8 5 A A 1 4 A4 4 89 4 M6 4 9 A A A A A 4 4 A A 1 4 4 Peterborough 3 A 7 8 4 4 6 2 9 5 6 5 7 3 4 Lowestoft

8 2 A427 4 1 8 A 1 A 4 Bridgnorth 4 30 5 A

4 A 4 A A 6

4 A 2 4 0 4 4 A 9 Rhayader 2 3 8 1 A 1 RedditchA A A 5 8 A Edmunds

42 14 A A 5 4 A44 41 3 A4189 A4 Northampton St 0 4 9 A 7 4 2 1

A 3 A 0 2 5 1 0 9 4 9 0 A 48 Leominster 5 A 0 A 1 4 8 A 4 Newmarket 14 2 4 0 A

5 6

5 4 2 A

8 4 A44 3 Daventry 45 Neots A A14 2 4 8 A A 42 4 A 42 A A 4 A A A A4 480 M40 2 A A A 8 1 A

A 9 A4 Milton Keynes 0 A 0 21 A 1 3

4 A 0 4

Fishguard 8 7 5 44 A A 1 4 4 4 7 A 6 A A A A Felixstowe

4 A 4 A A 8

8 40 A 3 4 4 4 1 A A 5 4 1 A 11 A

7 7 9 0 2

4 4 Buckingham M50 A 6 5

8 9 5

4 A 0 3 2 A5 M1 0 4 6 9 1 A 6 0

4 6 3 5

4 4

0 4 42 A A 7 2 0

A A 2 0 0 2 6 4 4 1 Harwich 1 8 A A

7 0 A 6 40 9 A 4 2 7 A

A 1 9 1 3 A1(M)

4 65 A4054 7 5 5 A A 4 4 4 A 0 9 6 4 1 on-Sea Milford Haven 4 6

4 A A

A A 0 1 4 8 A 4 6 Cirencester 4 A A 2

6 4 4 4 0 4 4 1

7 Llanelli 0 A A 4 5 3 A414

4 A A A 1 A1 A A 7 A 1 4 2 A A 4 1 A 6 048 4 0 M25 1 4 72 A419 0 9 0 A404 8 A 2

3 4 A 2 Oxford 2 1 3 Pembroke Dock M4 1 0 8 4 1 7 4 4 3 8 1 07 5 3 A 3 0 0 0

A 41 3 9 0 0 4 A 9 A A 1 413 A A 8 A 1 29 4 4 M11 A A Watford 1 A A 2 3 9 3 4 A 5 4 A36 4 15 1 A

A 32 A Swindon A Romford M25 Southend-on-Sea 7 4 8

4 M4 A A 4 A 3 Maidenhead A Newport 3 0 A4 M25 1

3 8 4 7 2 M49 M4 1 4 13 A4 6 A A 3

6 M4M4 A 228 Sheerness 0 4 A A48 M32 A42 0 2 A 4 M4 A Bridgend A3102 Reading 3 2 A3 3 A LONDON 26 Margate 6 4 A4 A M4 3 A 9 A A A 25

BristoBristoll A4 A4 A Bracknell 2 Dartford A299 5

M5 0 A Chippenham 0 7 Rochester CARDIFF A 3 7 A 6 3 A 5 2 9 3 4 Bath 4 3 3 1 A4 2 2 A A 2 A 3 2 6 A 4 A 8

5 Newbury

8 7 A 2 3 3 A A 3 6 A 3 1 2 2 A A 4 20 A A36 3 8 3 2 M25 3 4 M2 A Weston-super-Mare A 2 A 9 3 3 4 7 2 Ramsgate 7 A 3 2 0 7 A A 3 0 3 M3 7 1 25

9 6 A A 9 A A A 3 3 3 3 3 M20 4

3 2

3 M26 A370 3 A 3 A A 4 A A368 A 0 3 0 A 3 8 3 3 6 6 4 3 A21 2

4 3 3 A 1 A

A A A 3 0 Shepton Mallet A Andover A3 03 Farnham A 2 2 258 2

A 6

0 3 Guildford 2 5 2 M23 2 A

3 A 3 2 4 Ashford A 2 A 9 2 3 3 1 2 A A 6 9 9 37 3 3 8 A A20 1 3 A3 1 2 03 A 312 9 3 A3 A 8 A A 3 A A A A 7 A264 6 3 4 9 2 2 9 A 3 A 9 3 3 3 3 0 A

3 6 8 A262

7 3 9 9 A A

3 9 6 A 3 5 Dover 1 Dover A 1 9 1 2 A Bridgwater A 5 2 A 6

37 6 0 4 2 20 2 3 M3 2 6 A 3 A3 4 3 A 2 Royal 6 8 A 0 3 Crawley A A A3 1 2 A A A A A 7 7 0 30 2 9 Street 3 A 2 6 3 A2 0 Folkestone 3 A 7 5 2 Tunbridge Wells 5

Barnstaple 5 0 5 8 Horsham 2 2 6 A 6 A 3 A 7 Salisbury 3 A 8 5 0 2 A Bideford 8 2 3 7

9 1 A 0 0 Winchester 2 8 3 A 9 3 7 3 3 3 2 9 A 2 1 2

A3 A 2 3 A 5 6 54 8 3 2 A396 M5 3072 0 A3 1 5 7 259 59 9 A A 3 A3 3 3 2 A Brighton

A A 85 3 Torquay 3 A 30 3 A A 390 8 A3 A 87 92 3 A38 1 A Paignton A 8 5 30 7 58 3 0 A A 9 374 A 3 37

A 9 A3 St Austell Plymouth 79 3 A

8 Truro 7 0 A 3 393 A 30 07 A A3 1 4 A394 39 Penzance A Falmouth A3 0 A

Isles of Scilly A9 66 A 9 8 6 A96 Orkney A967 5 A Islands 64 96 A9 0

A961

A83 6 Thurso A83 A836 9 8 8 9 s 6 A 3 A83 A 8 9 A A 57 882 e A8

7 A 9 Wick d 858 8 8 9 A 5 A 9 7 A A 8 i 9 4 6 A8 3 58 8 r A866 A Latheron 37 9 A8 A 9 A85 A838 b

e A 83 5 7 A 3 839 8 39

A A8 6

H A Ullapool A837 A A949 A859 8 32 A8 3 6

r 9 A A A 8 6 A832 83 5 5 1 4 Fraserburgh A855 9 e A867 A A Elgin 8 98 A 5 A 9 8

Uig 5 832 34 8 9 A 2 8 A 896 A8 3 A 6 1 A A9 8 A A 2 A 9 t 8 83 9 2 A 9 A A 7 4 6 5 A 9 9 9 0 5 0 1 95 A 4 0

A A A 9 6 A890 9

9 A A 9 8 5 0 3 2 3 A Peterhead 8 A8 9 95 7 9 A u A A A A 95 62 20 9 0 A8 A9 4 9 5 8 A Portree Inverness 5 90 8 3 2 86 7 A A 6 1 3

9 9 A 3 0 3 9 8 8 A A Huntly 4 A 7 8 A A 9 9 A920 A 3 4 9 1 O 2 20 8 A A9 A 9 A 8 6 A975 9 A93

Skye 9

Kyle of A 5 A944 A 9 9

Lochalsh 7 A 4 8 7 8 7 A 44 9 Invermoriston A9 A A A 1 A 9 A 5 9 9 4 9 8 A8 7 Aviemore 4 6 3 7 A 2 9 8 9 Aberdeen A A A980 3 A87 86 3 A9 8 A A9 88 Invergarry

A s Mallaig Kingussie A93 A

2 A 7 3 A Stirling 7 A

A8 9 81 A A 2

846 A 7 M73 M8 9 A 6 M8 A60 7 1 2 4 4 1 1 8 7 Penicuik 0 1 4 LargLargss Whitburn A A 1 A 7 4 6 6 8 A A 8 1 Berwick-

A A 9 A A 76 5 8 0 GLASGOW7 72 0 0 Islay 3 A A7 1 7 6 6 A A upon-Tweed A 7 A 8 36 3 A 0 5 8 7 2 A A6105 11 7 A 7 0 4 7 7 A A 1 6 A 6 7 A 3 6 6 6 7 2 A A 2 2 A 0 A

A 1 0 A 7 3 7 A7 7 1 A697 6 7 6

A Girvan 01 7 A197 77 02 A A A7 Morpeth

Langholm A A A 6 7 9 1 7 A 4 8 6 8

9 1 A7 Dumfries A709 6 A 12 1 A A 7 A74(M) Newton 2 6 A 1 A7 7 A Tynemouth 7 2 1 5 1 Cairnryan A 3 A75 9 A 9 Stewart 1 A69 A6 7 1 A6 Hexham 7 7 0 A A 71 A69 A1 7 A718

A 5 5 A689 Newcastle upon Tyne 5 7 A7 A69 1 5 2 A7 10 9 4 1 7 6 94 6 Stranraer A 1 A 8 6 A CarlislCarlislee 6 A 7 9 A 6 6 A A693 A A 6 7 8 Sunderland A7 5 9 8 A A75 59 A 7 A 5 A A 4 A1(M) 1

6 8 Barnard 6 A6 1 Middlesbrough Whitehaven 8 A 8 9 A 66 0 Keswick 2 Brough A 74 5 9 6 CastleCastle A1 A 5 A A 1