GEOGRAPHICA ANNONICA

No8; p 38-42

primal objects-bearers of industrial develop- ment. Thus, on the one hand, we avoid exces- Geographical Bases of sive dispersion of industry in space, which as a consequence has low productivity, incom- plete use of capacities. On the other hand, Industry Distribution in concentration of industry around several poles of development creates one-sided ag- Vojvodinian Part of Banat glomerating, monocentric form of industri- al distribution, which represents the oppo- site to dispersive distribution, but also has certain shortcomings of its kind. When Vojvodinian part of Banat is con- Romelić, J.*, Tomić, P.** cerned, it is characteristics that the most important part of industry has polycen- Specific types of industry tric spatial distribution. The biggest poles Abstract Banat is one of the regions in Ser- of development, which formed appropriate bia that has relatively old industry whose distribution regions by encouraging influence of their location and distribution was influenced Orientation of one region, like Vojvodinian industries, are to be found in the southern, by a number of natural conditions and part of Banat, towards specific conception middle and northern part. socio-historical factors. Apart from the fact of spatial distribution of industry in whole The position of bigger towns as poles of that some widely known types of location or of its certain branches, is of great prac- development of certain regions is the prod- and distribution were established in middle tical importance. Adequately chosen distri- uct of both long economical development Europe, some types of object disposition, bution model gives us a possibility to avoid and their functioning as administrative that are characteristic for geographical an emergence of certain factors that may, centres of different rank and range. This specificities that Banat as a region pos- continually or periodically, impede the kind of complex of formed advantages inev- sesses and which may reflect upon the state process of industrial development. Thus, itably had a positive effect on the strength- of industry, were also established (so-called we can avoid an emergence of doubled ca- ening of the role of many-sided develop- specific types of industry distribution). pacities, follow the legality of the scope ment pole. Thus they gained a possibility Complex types of distribution of industry, economy, create the possibility of optimal to, almost continually, assimilate invest- that can be classified into several character- usage of industrial capacities, etc. ments that initiated from different levels, istic models, are stipulated by some types of Distribution and organization of in- to form and expand educational, profes- primal relevant locational factors that are dustry in forms of polycentric and disper- sional, scientific and other similar institu- characteristics for certain weather periods, sive models of macro spatial distribution tions that could contribute to the strength- changes in a state economic politics, need are characteristic for Banat. Orientation to- ening of external, urban economy. That for interregional spatial coordination, wards certain models depends on different kind of economy, from its side, stimulates politics of even development of all parts in branches, groups and subgroups of industry, the development of industry, especially of the region and other factors. time of emergence of certain objects etc. technologically intensive branches, groups On a further flow of industrial develop- Apart from the fact that some widely and subgroups. ment and distribution, orientation of known types of location and distribution In order to notice certain stimulat- Banat towards the further development of were established in middle Europe, some ing factors and characteristics of their ac- agriculture, chemical industry, industry types of object disposition, that are char- tivities and possibilities of the emergence of building materials as well as certain acteristic for geographical specificities that of poles of development we will give ex- branches of working intensive industries Banat as a region possesses and which may amples of several biggest towns in Banat will play an important role. reflect upon the state of industry, were also - Zrenjanin, Kikinda, Pančevo and Vršac. established (so-called specific types of in- These towns in certain sense were typical Key words industry distribution, industry dustry distribution). for the economic region in . Their location, polycentric distribution, dispers- Complex types of distribution of indus- role of poles of development contributed ible distribution try, that can be classified into several char- to the fact that since the middle of 1970s acteristic models, are stipulated by some they gained the position of centres of newly types of primal relevant locational factors formed integrative systems (agricultural that are characteristics for certain weath- industrial complexes). er periods, changes in a state economic pol- According to total capacity and versa- itics, need for interregional spatial coordi- tility of industry, Zrenjanin became, dur- nation, politics of even development of all ing 1970s and 1980s, the most developed parts in the region and other factors. agro-industrial center in Banat, but also in and . Numerous favour- Polycentric industry distribution able conditions contributed to the fact: its Polycentric industrial distribution repre- position at the most important communi- sents construction of thus spatial solution cation line in West Banat; vicinity of the which allows attainment of maximum ef- Begej river mouth and alluvial plain of the fects out of specifically structured relevant Tisa river and the border of wattle plateau * Jovan Romelić, Pavle Tomić †, University of spatial elements. When applying this model and the Tisa river valley, which all were Novi Sad, Faculty of Science, Department of we usually start from the poles of develop- considered as the areas of different produc- Geography, Tourism and Hotel Management, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 3, 21000 Novi Sad, ment, i.e. from the optimal number, distri- tion predisposition. Of great importance Serbia and bution and interrelations between large and was also its position at the communica- 38 GEOGRAPHICA ANNONICA Tomić, P. † J. Romelić, tion lines junction which gave the site traf- Vršac had similar position and develop- tion of agricultural materials. If that is the fic refractive character. Finally, very im- ment to Kikinda. As a strong wine and vine- case, than dispersive industry distribution, portant was also the vicinity of the Begej yard center, it experiences stagnation and i.e. its position in smaller towns, is charac- river, which has all the advantages of one regression between the two wars, but also teristic for food industry and agro industry watercourse, which provides the locality of revitalization after the World War II. Apart in general, especially for those groups and the industry for whose functioning neces- from wine industry, many small and me- subgroups that are primarily dependant on sary are mouth of industrial and tap water, dium enterprises of metal processing in- materials; but also for those of higher lev- collector of liquid waste and navigable cur- dustry, food industry, knitwear and cloth- els of manufacture, considering the fact rent as a cheaper alternative of transport- ing industry, and chemical industry were that they can be based on the processing of ing raw materials and goods. in business. During the 1980s the invest- semi products that are provided by basic in- Until the end of the World War I Pančevo ments were strategically directed towards dustry. Accordingly, by using local agricul- was positioned on the border with Serbia and chemical (pharmaceutical) industry, which tural materials and by adding complemen- because of that it developed in specific con- gains the shape of an industrial complex. tary industries of higher phases onto the ditions that only town with curtailed sphere Wine industry, as well as confectionery and industries of lower phases, possibility of of gravity can have. However, considering pharmaceutical industry keep their primary forming regional economic system arises. the fact that Pančevo was positioned near role, whereas other industries, presented in Apart from industry, agriculture and also Danube and Tamiš and that, during certain forms of smaller and medium size objects, other, mainly tertiary enterprises belong period, it gained a function of mediator be- have secondary role and during the changes to this system. tween Banat on one side and Belgrade and of state economic politics came to crisis that Serbia on the other, it developed into impor- created depressive tendencies that still last. Industries that in a limited time period tant traffic and trading centre. Today it rep- had more specific dispersibility resents the part of a big city agglomeration Forms of dispersive industry This kind of dispersible distribution is char- with Belgrade as a nucleus and it becomes acteristic for electric-power industry, i.e. for the center of chemical industry. Petrochem- distribution and its problems thermo-electric power plant businesses, as ical industry initiated the emergence of an Forms of dispersive industry distribution well as for textile industry. Since the first industrial complex connected with certain developed mainly as a result of locating cer- thermo-electric power plant was built in branches on production-technological base. tain industries in smaller places, especially Veliki Bečkerek (Zrenjanin) in 1895, they Apart from that, metalworking and food in- in smaller towns. gradually started emerging on the territory dustry are also important. Smaller towns are rather numerous in of whole Vojvodina, and thus in 1938, only Kikinda based its earlier development the urban structure of Vojvodina. Their in Banat, there were 26 thermo-electric on good relations with Romanian towns separate industrial potentials take an in- power plants that produced electricity for - Jimbolia, Comlosi etc. When the border significant part in the whole industry of the needs of street lights, households, state was drawn, the connection was seized. Bor- this region. However, taking into account economy and especially industry. After the derline position of Kikinda caused its eco- the whole industry of smaller towns, their World War II, when big power plants were nomic stagnation. Industrial objects of significant participation is noticeable. built outside Vojvodina, especially next to strategic economic importance could not be For classical industry in market condi- water streams of great electric potential built over a long period of time. The most tions it is characteristic taht it is based on and next to coal mines, power plants in explicit threshold of development was the the effects of scope economy. Those effects Banat stopped running businesses and al- period of intensifying relations between manifest themselves in the lower production most completely disappeared. Yugoslavia and Eastern European coun- expenses and greater profit. Smaller towns, Production of textile fibers and knit- tries. When more open economic a political looking separately, do not allow any pos- wear based its numerosity on hemp and relations between Yugoslavia and Roma- sibility of forming and usage of the effects silk-worm industry. This kind of industry nia were formed, industry started to de- of scope economy. However, if they so cut, in Banat was developed and dispersively velop more intensely. During the 1970s Ki- concerning the capacity, form one unique distributed. However, after the World War kinda became industrial center with most regional industrial (economical) system, in II it disappeared. Production of Textile fib- definite rate of growth compared to other those circumstances they make conditions ers made of silk developed most intensely towns in Banat. It developed into the cen- for obtaining favourable economical effects. in the 19th century when Vojvodina, and tre of industry of building materials (of Yu- Realization of the positive effects becomes Banat especially, become the biggest man- goslav and European proportions). The sec- possible due to the fact that dispersively dis- ufacturers of silk-worm in Austria-Hun- ond complex emerged in agro industry on tributed industrial objects can, rationally gary Monarchy. Presence in large number the basis of connecting agriculture and and economicallu, use local resources, with- of places (Veliki Bečkerek, Vršac, Pančevo, metalworking industry of different phases out much investment and they can, if slight- Nova Kanjiža, Novi Kneževac etc.) was not of processing. The metalworking industry ly modified, be fitted in the optimal regional the only characteristic of this kind of pro- is of secondary importance and that kind economic structure. In that way, smaller ob- duction, but it also had a lot of production of industry is very old and according to jects create agile and elastic spatial- techno- units in the limited number of bigger towns characteristics of its emergence, develop- logical system that contributes to the more with developed manufacture. ment and structure, is very similar to met- expressive dynamic of regional economic. There are certain types of industries that alworking industry located in other towns According to causes, time of emergence developed rather early and that have kept in Banat. That means that it has character- and duration, dispersively distributed indus- great dispersibility until the World War II. istics of working extensive industry organ- try in Vojvodinian part of Banat can be clas- After that, if we examine those kinds of in- ized around smaller objects and is subject- sified into several groups, whose characteris- dustries, the model of dispersity was kept ed to agricultural needs and it, in a large tics we will display in the following text. but in a less specific form. Previous high extent, has characteristics of industry manifestation of that kind of distribution which runs its business from the positions Industries that are locationally is mainly the result of the fact that the pro- of insufficiently expressed purposefulness conditioned by dispersively distributed duction was functioning in forms of small- and justifiableness of its existence, which materials er production units that had craft and man- means that in its existence there are a lot of The first subgroup of spatial models is con- ufacturing character. Together with a later expressed signs of local inertness. ditioned by the structure of the produc- transition on an industrial manufacture, 39 GEOGRAPHICA ANNONICA

duction organization can take place in both handicraft shops and big companies. That is working intensive area of business that allows massive employment of unskilled labour force, investments can be easily ad- justed to the scope of production and prob- lems of production organization are made relatively simple. These factors conditioned Velika Kikinda that in the process of industrialization of (Kikinda) smaller towns and bigger villages, this type of industry becomes the initiator. Problems of the market distribution are not seldom Srpska Crnja solved by binding smaller production units, located in places that are economically and especially industrially anonymous, to big companies in city centres. Dispersibility Vranjevo (Novi Bečej) in the distribution of mill industry is the re- sult of a large number of production units. Industrial mill would officially be placed in a large town but that also included the ex- Šupljaja istence of one central object in a town and Petrovgrad a large number of accompanying smaller (Zrenjanin) mills in the vicinity. The most important centres of mill industry existed in the fol- lowing places: Zrenjanin, Pančevo, Kikin- Mariolana da, Vršac, , Straža, Novi Knežavac, () Plandište, , , Bela Crkva, Srpska Crnja, Srpski Itebej etc. Uljma Banatski Existence of a large number of mill pro- duction units was conditioned by disper- Jasenovo sive distribution of raw basis. Apart from that, wheat purchasing is so expressive that in certain parts of Banat it corresponded to Pančevo the level of quantity of production. Existence of mills on river streams Bavanište where pollution made water accumulations

Geographical Bases Industry of Distribution Part Banat inof Vojvodinian contributed to the numerocity of produc- tion units. Moreover, in past, those kinds of mills performed the role of mini power plants and were supplying one or two vil- Figure 1. Dispersive distribution of brick and tile production in Banat just after the World War I lages with electricity. Nowadays they do the need for a larger number of objects dis- (Šijački, 1982) This phenomenon was the not use water as energy, but are still placed appeared. If a massive number of produc- result of a sudden process of urbanization. at the same locations and the reason for tion units was present in one city centre, However, it is important to emphasize that that is the existence of equipment as well than their number was lessened by differ- although the number of objects would grow as because of the law of local inertness. ent forms of integration or by gradual re- relatively quickly, factories were, in cer- They are to be found on Tamiš, Karaš, Nera orientation towards the production which tain years, temporary closed because of low and other rivers. fitted into production-technological func- needs, and if there was a need they start- tionality of one industrial complex ed running businesses again and even new Part of industry that kept its This kind of phenomenon is character- factories were opened. The most important dispersibility on the account of the istic for certain groups and subgroups of brick and tile manufacturers were located number of production units. metal-working industry. Here we also have in Srpska Crnja, Šupljaja, Uljma, Velika Ki- Part of industry that had dispersive distri- certain groups of machine-building industry, kinda, Vranjevo, Bavanište, Crvena Crkva, bution in the past kept that characteris- such as production of simple agricultural Meriolana, Pančevo, Petrovgrad, Banatski tic still today, mainly because of the large machinery. Karlovac etc. number of production units that belonged That kind of condition in the dynam- In the postwar period factories remained to a smaller number of central objects. That ic of industrial objects’ distribution was on the same locations, but with technical phenomenon can be seen at meat industry rather expressed when observing industry and technological improvements their pro- (butchering, canning...) of building materials, above all production ductivity was enlarged. Object nets were Between two world wars there were of bricks and roof tiles. This industry owes thinned, but they still kept an intensive slaughterhouses in , that kind of development and distribution dispersity concerningdistribution. Čoka, Veliki Bečkerek, Pančevo, , to wide spread of quality materials. It is nec- Compared to the industry of textile fib- Vršac, Debeljača etc. It was characteris- essary to emphasize that great part of those ers, knitwear industry has characteristics of tic that in bigger city centres apart from kinds of objects based their manufactures a fast and economical production and with slaughterhouses of large capacities there on the low level of machinery and massive its tempo of development it exceeds all was a certain number of smaller objects. Big use of labour. Thus, in 1919 there were 67 other branches of industry. Representation packing plants were to be found in Čoka, brick and tile factories only in Banat, and of this type of industry in relatively large Kikinda, Zrenjanin and Banatski Karlovac. in 1929 there were 80 objects of that kind. number of places is possible because pro- On the other hand, there is a large number 40 GEOGRAPHICA ANNONICA Tomić, P. † J. Romelić, of so-called “communal” plants that are to notony in production orientation of space, usually with the characteristics of a be found in small and medial towns, and this industry. nodal region. If, nevertheless, smaller in- even in villages but there they were kept in dustries start the emergence of poles of less extent compared to the period just after Dispersive industry distribution on the development, then that is of lesser impor- the World War II. “Communal” plants have territories of bigger towns tance and frequency a local character, which means that they are The characteristic of towns like Zrenjanin intended for supplying narrow market that and Pančevo is the emergence of industries Traffic intersections and is reduced to municipal borders or onto sev- that are technologically “cut into small- eral places, which have their own retail net- er pieces” and dispersively distributed in refractions as centres and movers work. Besides that, these kinds of objects the very town centre because thus they of industrial development do business of so-called service butchering. are in an immediate contact with concen- Important industrial centres also be- Their existence in a relatively large number trated market, i.e. shops that daily deliv- come points in space, i.e. urban settle- on a small area is enabled by the following er goods. It is necessary for these types of ments that gain the position of traffic re- factors: industries that goods are delivered to con- fraction points or traffic refractions. Those • Numerous plants of small capacities sumers as soon as possible, and that can be are places where different types of trans- were in a possibility to relatively suc- achieved if it is spatially closely placed near portation roads meet, i.e. means of trans- cessfully supply themselves with nec- consumers, i.e. all ordering parties (bak- portation that that have different trans- essary materials from local individual eries, soft drink industries, printing-offic- portation tolls. That is why it is possible to manufacturers. es etc.). Those can also be old industrial choose here longer but cheaper transporta- • Simple structure of production of small- objects that did not have a need for build- tion direction. Such a position in Banat can er objects enables simple technical and ing new plants and reconstruction o build- be found in Zrenjanin, Pančevo, Novi Bečej technological equipment, which re- ing objects or working equipment. If kept where we can see junctions of motorways, quires very little investment. in a residential area, the possibility of their railroads and river waterways. Raw materi- more expressed expanding is reduced, but als are transported by cheaper waterways, Industries that are of relatively the damage, made due to that, is, as a rule, whereas more expensive land transporta- newer beginnings negligible when the advantages of market tion is reduced to short transports to the Cattle food industry can be labeled as a very closeness are taken into account. factory, or even better if the factory’s posi- young industry that shows characteristics tion is on a canal or river, unloading is done of fast and spatially expressed expansion. Some specificities of spatial directly from the water vessel into the fac- The first object started manufacturing in and macrospatial models of tory 1969.In the short period of time, when mar- Moreover, as railroad transportation of ket was expanded, their number i.e. their industry distribution large quantities of goods is cheaper than dispersity started to show signs of expres- motorway transportation, there is a large siveness (Zrenjanin, Uljma, Pančevo, Deli- Poles of development as number of towns in Banat (Vršac, Kikin- blato, Kovin, Debeljača, Mali Iđoš, Žitište, bearers of economic and da, Bela Crkva, etc.) that permanently or , Jasenovo etc.). Their numerocity continually had the role of such refraction became prominent with forming of agricul- spatial expansion points. tural complexes. Formation of very spread When analyzing what type of economic network of cattle food manufacturers was structure choice will prevail we put indus- Development axis as a influenced by, apart from other things, the try on the first place because not only that specific form of spatial following favourable things: it does show the most noticeable effects of • A great selection of agricultural prod- development, but it also affects, directly or idustrial distribution in other ucts that are mass use din the cattle food indirectly, that scopes of other activities complementary activities production (and that are widely spread become specific poles of development. The One of the preconditions of creation, in Banat (corn, barley, oats, wheat, cat- process usually flows in a way that strong growth and importance of development tle forage crops etc.) industrial cooperations become poles of axes is infrastructure. Firstly, it is the ver- • Part of cattle food industry represent- growth, and later part of them develop into satile and quantitative transportation in- ed operations of certain food industries specific poles of development. (Krešić, frastructure; secondly of great importance (oil refineries, sugar refineries, mills, 1981) are waterways (rivers, canals etc.). One etc.) These kinds of factory plants had a Several poles of development can be de- such waterway may represent an important function of using by-products and thus veloped in certain production integrities. infrastructure (transportation) and tech- they enabled the closing of a manufac- During economic expansion that is also nological production factor of the whole ture cycle. characteristic for Banat. The result of the content of the development axes. Danube, • Objects used for cattle food produc- emergence of such extended spatial struc- Tisza, Veliki Kanal, as well as certain frag- tion are part of cattle farms and are ex- ture was the loss of crucial role that certain ments of water currents, valleys and more clusively subordinate to their needs. poles of development had and the emer- important traffic roads, all have the charac- During time, because of the need for gence of polycentric system concerning in- ter of more or less constituted development stabilization of manufacturing, they de- dustry distribution. bases. Formation of development axis may liver products to individual agricultur- It is characteristic for Banat that the role have both positive and negative conse- ists that are in a cooperative relation of the pole of development belonged main- quences. Negative consequences in Banat with cattle farms. ly to towns, where hard industry started to are reflected in over pollution of water, de- • These kinds of dispersity in spatial dis- develop first, so that it became the origi- struction of soil either by occupying or pol- tribution led to the creation of a very nator of other economic activities. Small luting feral areas or air pollution. Howev- contradictory situation. Thus, actual- processing industry could not have that er, the development axis is often also the ly, some specialized production objects kind of role. It usually had a complementa- mover of more intensive economic develop- became over capacitated; and on the ry position, which helped it become contin- ment in the neighboring area. In fact, agile other hand, some types of cattle food uator of developed nucleus, thus contrib- spatial integrity is a significant initiator of had to be imported because of the mo- uting to the emergence of one gravitating the secondary activities’ structuring proc- 41 GEOGRAPHICA ANNONICA

ess, i.e. moving of economic resources in mistically, their stable development should the gravitating area. Conclusion contribute to the slow, but certainly contin- Development axes may represent union, During the history of industry business ual development of revitalized traditional i.e. system of refraction points, individu- in the Vojvodinian part of Banat, certain industries that were firstly in a function of al activities, and also whole developmen- common types of global distribution were perseverance on the account of the need for tal and urban centres or different combina- formed, together with different types of massive labour employment as well as in- tions of these already mentioned. objects’ disposition that are characteristic dustries that would base their safety on the for specificities that Banat as a region has agricultural production. Specificities in the development and which can reflect the state of indus- try. These are so-called specific forms of References and reorganization in the distribution: emergence and development Krešić, I. (1981): Prostorna ekonomija, os- borderline region of poles of development that become bear- nove teorije lokacije, razmeštaja i organ- Industrial activities express their spa- ers of expansion of economic and spatial izacije u prostoru, Informator, Zagreb. tial scope in a form of a circle. They were contents in general; traffic intersections Richardson H. W. (1969): Regional Esco- thus formed while Banat, until the end of and refraction points that during time be- nomics-Location theory, urban struc- the World War I, was a compact intra-state come centres and movers of development ture and regional change. Weinfald and unity. Formation of political borders inter- of certain spatial unities; larger natural- Nicolson, London. rupted normal spatial industrial develop- geographic and socio-geographic objects of Romelić, J. (1989): Geografske osnove ment and accompanying activities (mainly linear extension direction become develop- razmeštaja agroindustrije Vojvod- Kikinda and Vršac). Conditions for using ment axes; emergence of specificities in the ine. Doktorska disertacija, Prirodno- potential advantages of scope economy and development and organization of economic matematički fakultet, Institut za ge- exterior economy were firstly worsened. conditions in the borderline region etc. ografiju, Novi Sad. Border regional models, especially in con- According to the reasons, time of emer- Romelić, J, Tomić, P. (1996): Problemi ditions that our country had, are usually of gence and duration, dispersive indus- metodološkog pristupa sveobuhvatnoj non -typical shape and structure. Thus, in try distribution on the territory of Banat obradi strukture i razmeštaja industrije borderline regions we have an appearance and Vojvodina can be classified into sev- Banata, Zbornik radova Instituta za ge- of specific problems of economic develop- eral groups: industries that are locational- ografiju, br. 26, Prirodno-matematički ment, and especially of industry, whish ly conditioned by dispersively distributed fakultet, Novi Sad, strana 87-96. means that classical poles of development materials, industries that periodically had Romelić, J., Rađević, D. (1997): Lokacio- could not be developed. Their scope was very explicit dispersibility, i.e. in a limited ni kvocijent kao merilo prostorne dis- limited or shaped by a border. time period, industries that emerged rath- tribucije i trendova razvoja industrije That is why, with a good reason, it is em- er early and kept great dispersibility until Banata, Zbornik radova Instituta za ge- phasized that the greater openness of a the World War I; part of industry that from ografiju, br. 27, Prirodno-matematički border is one of the biggest, most impor- the very beginning of the existence has fakultet, Novi Sad, strana 100-107. tant chances for the development of that had dispersive distribution; industries that Romelić, J., Lazić, L. (1996): Geographical region. base their production according to the nu- Basses of Division of Agroindustry in

Geographical Bases Industry of Distribution Part Banat inof Vojvodinian merous production units; industries that Banat Part of Yugoslav Danube Area. The are relatively new; dispersive distribution actor Regional Confernce, Geograph- Some characteristic of industrial objects in central and periph- ical Reseachese in the spatiul Carpa- examples of the functioning eral parts of bigger towns. to-Danube Space, Universitatea de vist of spatial and locational In the whole industrial structure, the din Timisoara, Fakultatea de chimie-bi- most specific share belongs to those industry ologie-geografie, Departamentul de ge- inertness in Banat industry branches that belong to the system of agroin- ografie, s. 441-451. If it comes to the worsening of location- dustry. Their establishment is above all based Romelić, J., Tomić, P. (1997): Economy of al favourable terms of certain industries, on good agricultural predispositions. Howev- Yugoslav Part of Banat, Industry of Yu- such as metal-processing industry, electric er, exclusively that direction of interdepend- goslav Part of Banat, Transport and industry, leather and shoe industry, than ence does not represent the guaranty of its Commerce of Yugoslav Part of Banat, some other industries can be moved into development because that kind of industry is Monographis of European regions, Uni- their buildings and other objects. directed towards lower phases of production, versity of Novi Sad, West University On the other hand, the objects and and thus a great mass of unused secondary of Temisoara, Jozsef Attila University equipment of some other industries can- materials is produced. Thus, if key orienta- Szeged, strana 148-211. not be used for anything else, and the typi- tion of Banat is directed towards agroindus- Romelić, J. (1997): Specific Features of Spa- cal example of that in Banat are foundries. try than it should implicitly include the ori- tial distribution and Relative Degree of Most of these objects lost the advantages of entation towards the closing of production Development of Agro-Industry in Vojvo- a good location, but did neither stop run- cycles in all production segments. As a conse- dina. Geographica Pannonica, Interna- ning nor change a location. It came over to quence, it would base itself on the principles tional Scientific Journal, No. 1, Institute nullifying new locational disadvantages by of sustainable development. It is also neces- of Geography, Faculty of natural science, using the effects of scope economy, i.e. en- sary to continue with the tendency towards University of Novi Sad, P. 26-28. larged productional effects. Moreover, be- agroindustries that are locationally and dis- Tomić, P., Romelić, J. (2004): Industrija Ba- sides the development of new plants, the tributively directed towards concentrat- nata. Prirodno-matematički fakultet, greater variety of assortment is attained ed and dispersive markets; towards exterior Departman za geografiju, turizam i ho- very often. Thus, the new location is even economies that are based on good and func- telijerstvo, Novi Sad, strana 1-220. more strengthened. That kind of object re- tional infrastructure, high-quality techno- Truti S., Cretan R. (1997): Industry in Ro- sort to the business phase based on the logical component etc. manian Banat. Banat. Geographic Mon- following law - locational constancy (in- Agroindustry, chemical industry and the ographs of European Regions, University ertness) that puts the development of a industry of building materials will certain- of Novi Sad, West University of Timi- corporation into the sphere of more expres- ly best sustain problems and difficulties of soara, Jozsef Attila University, Novi Sad- sive uncertainty. the transition process. When observed opti- Timisoara-Szeged, side 182-186. 42