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Derechos De La Naturaleza Web.Pdf LOS DERECHOS DE LA NATURALEZA Una revolución legal que podría salvar el mundo Una revolución legal que podría salvar el mundo David R. Boyd LOS DERECHOSLOS DE LA NATURALEZA Traducción de Santiago Vallejo Galárraga ntiago Vallejo Galárraga ntiago Vallejo Sa Traducción de Traducción David R. Boyd. cubierta naturaleza ok.indd 1 15/12/20 21:53 Florian Huber • Coordinador editorial | 1 LOS DERECHOS DE LA NATURALEZA UNA REVOLUCIÓN LEGAL QUE PODRÍA SALVAR AL MUNDO Colombia, 2020 2 | Crisis climática, transición energética y derechos humanos Crisis climática, transición energética y derechos humanos Florian Huber • Coordinador editorial | 3 LOS DERECHOS DE LA NATURALEZA Una revolución legal que podría salvar al mundo David R. Boyd Traducción: Santiago Vallejo Galárraga 4 | Crisis climática, transición energética y derechos humanos Los derechos de la naturaleza. Una revolución legal que podría salvar al mundo © Fundación Heinrich Böll, Oficina Bogotá - Colombia © ECW Press © David R. Boyd ISBN: 978-958-52753-3-1 Publicación con licencia Creative Commons CC BY-NC-ND 2.5 CO Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas Fundación Heinrich Böll, Oficina Bogotá - Colombia Calle 37 No. 15–40, Bogotá Teléfono: (+57) 1 371 9111 [email protected] co.boell.org Representante Florian Huber Coordinación editorial Florian Huber Ángela Valenzuela Bohórquez Corrección de estilo Sabina Ojeda Traducción Santiago Vallejo Galárraga Diseño de portada Rosy Botero Diagramación y acabados Ediciones Ántropos Ltda. Carrera 100B Nº. 75D-05 PBX: 433 77 01 • FAX: 433 35 90 E-mail: [email protected] www.edicionesantropos.com Bogotá, D.C. Impreso y hecho en Colombia Printed and made in Colombia Este documento puede ser descargado gratuitamente en http://co.boell.org Los textos que aquí se publican son de exclusiva responsabilidad de sus autor y no expresan necesariamente el pensamiento ni la posición de la Fundación Heinrich Böll, Oficina Bogotá - Colombia o de ECW Press. Crisis climática, transición energética y derechos humanos Florian Huber • Coordinador editorial | 5 Contenido Prefacio a la edición en español ......................................................... 11 Prefacio ............................................................................................... 15 Introducción Tres ideas dañinas y una potencial solución ........................................... 21 Propiedad .................................................................................................... 25 Cosmovisiones indígenas .................................................................... 27 Derechos ................................................................................................ 29 Cambiando valores, cambiando culturas, cambiando las leyes ...... 30 Parte I Los derechos de los animales El vertebrado honorario ....................................................................... 35 Capítulo 1 Avances en el entendimiento de las mentes de los animales ............. 39 Inteligencia .............................................................................................. 40 Emociones .............................................................................................. 42 Lenguaje ................................................................................................. 43 Uso de herramientas ............................................................................. 44 Memoria ................................................................................................. 44 Cultura .................................................................................................... 45 Previsión .................................................................................................. 46 Cooperación ........................................................................................... 47 Conciencia de sí mismo ....................................................................... 47 Altruismo .............................................................................................. 48 Lucy ........................................................................................................ 50 6 | Crisis climática, transición energética y derechos humanos Capítulo 2 La evolución del bienestar animal ...................................................... 53 Mejorando el bienestar animal ............................................................ 54 Capítulo 3 ¿Puede un chimpancé ser una persona jurídica? ............................... 61 Capítulo 4 La expansión de los derechos de los animales ................................... 67 Parte II Los derechos de las especies Un pez, una represa y una demanda que cambió el mundo ................. 81 Capítulo 5 Salvando a las especies en peligro de extinción ................................. 87 Un policía corrupto y el unicornio del mar ....................................... 94 Capítulo 6 Las leyes para especies en peligro de extinción se vuelven mundiales ........................................................................... 99 Parte III Los derechos de la naturaleza De árboles a ríos y ecosistemas Walt Disney, el Club Sierra y el Valle de Mineral King ................... 113 Capítulo 7 Momentos de cuencas hidrográficas: haciendo valer los derechos de los ecosistemas estadounidenses ..................................................... 119 Grant versus Goliat ................................................................................ 123 Extracción de agua corporativa ........................................................... 128 Perforación de petróleo y gas en Nuevo México ................................ 131 Crisis climática, transición energética y derechos humanos Florian Huber • Coordinador editorial | 7 Capítulo 8 Un río se vuelve una persona jurídica ................................................ 135 La tierra estuvo aquí primero .............................................................. 143 Capítulo 9 Te Urewera: el ecosistema anteriormente conocido como parque nacional ........................................................................... 145 Parte IV Los derechos de la naturaleza Nuevos fundamentos constitucionales y legales Un río va a la corte .................................................................................. 155 Capítulo 10 Pachamama y la pionera Constitución del Ecuador ........................... 159 Un improbable presidente y defensor de los derechos de la naturaleza ...................................................................................... 172 Capítulo 11 Bolivia y los derechos de la Madre Tierra ............................................ 175 Una voz por la Gran Barrera de Coral ................................................. 183 Capítulo 12 Quienes cambian el juego mundial .................................................... 187 Conclusión Planeta correcto, tiempo de derechos ................................................. 197 Notas ..................................................................................................... 207 Bibliografía .......................................................................................... 213 8 | Crisis climática, transición energética y derechos humanos Crisis climática, transición energética y derechos humanos Florian Huber • Coordinador editorial | 9 Para Meredith, Margot, Neko y las ballenas asesinas residentes en el sur. 10 | Crisis climática, transición energética y derechos humanos Crisis climática, transición energética y derechos humanos David R. Boyd | 11 Prefacio a la edición en español a versión en inglés de este libro, The Rights of Nature (Los derechos de la naturaleza), se publicó en el 2017. Tres años más tarde, es extraordinario ser testigo de la rapidez con la que este revolucionario concepto legal y cultural se ha extendido por todo el mundo. En el 2017 los epicentros de este movimiento fueron el Ecuador, Bolivia, Nueva Zelanda y los LEstados Unidos. El progreso continúa en cada uno de esos lugares. Por ejemplo, en el Ecuador se han enmendado más de 75 leyes y reglamentos para incorporar los derechos de la naturaleza y al menos una docena de casos judiciales se han ocupado de esos derechos. En dos fallos separados, los tribunales ecuatorianos declararon que la minería violaba los derechos de la naturaleza. Nueva Zelanda se ha comprometido a elaborar una nueva ley para reconocer los derechos del monte Taranaki, un lugar de inmensa importancia para el pueblo maorí. En los Estados Unidos se aprobó una ley que reconoce los derechos del lago Erie, aunque esa ley está siendo impugnada en los tribunales. Tal vez lo más importante es que los derechos de la naturaleza se reconocen en la legislación de una lista cada vez mayor de países, ya sea en el ámbito local, regional o nacional. Según el último informe de Armonía con la Naturaleza, ini- ciativa de las Naciones Unidas, las leyes, decisiones judiciales o políticas relativas a los derechos de la naturaleza existen actualmente en docenas de países. Uganda añadió los derechos de la naturaleza a su legislación ambiental nacional. Los tribunales colombianos han reconocido los derechos de la selva amazónica, dos parques nacionales y al menos diez ríos (Atrato, Cauca, Coello, Combeima, Cocora, La Plata, Magdalena, Otún, Pance y Quindío), que cubren más del 80 % del país. El Tribunal Superior de Bangladés dictaminó que todos los ríos de ese país tienen derechos. En la Argentina, Brasil, los Países Bajos y España se han apro- bado leyes y ordenanzas locales para proteger maravillas
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