Winnibigoshish 11-0147-00 ITASCA and CASS COUNTIES

Lake Winnibigoshish 11-0147-00 ITASCA AND CASS COUNTIES

Summary

Lake Winnibigoshish is located at the city of Bena, MN, and spans both Cass and Itasca Counties. It covers 56,470 acres and is the 4th largest lake in Minnesota in terms of surface area.

The Mississippi River enters and exits Lake Winnibigoshish. The lake water levels are affected by the operation of a dam on the Mississippi River at the lake outlet, and are managed by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers under their general water management plan for the Mississippi River Headwaters. The Corp's water level management plan lists downstream commercial navigation, Leech Lake Chippewa Treaty resource rights, and recreational management priorities.

Water quality data have been collected on Lake Winnibigoshish on and off since 1976. These data show that the lake is mesotrophic (page 9). Mesotrophic lakes are commonly found in north central Minnesota and have clear water with occasional algal blooms in late summer. Large mesotrophic lakes are excellent walleye lakes. Lake Winnibigoshish water quality and morphometry is similar to Mille Lacs and the main basin of Leech Lake, which are some of the best walleye lakes in the state of Minnesota.

Lake Winnibigoshish water quality is managed by the Leech Lake Band of Ojibwe Division of Resource Management, the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources, the Cass County Environmental Services Department and the Itasca Soil and Water Conservation District.

Vitals Physical Characteristics MN Lake ID: 11-0147-00 Surface area (acres): 56,470 County: Itasca and Cass Littoral area (acres): 18,904 Ecoregion: Northern Lakes and Forest % Littoral area: 33% Major Drainage Max depth (ft): 70 (m): 21.3 Upper Mississippi River Basin: Mean depth (ft): 15 (m): 4.6 Latitude/Longitude: 47.44277778/-94.2025 Lakeshed size (acres): 92,792 Water Body Type: Public Lakeshed:lake area ratio 1.6:1 Monitored Sites Mississippi River plus 101, 201 Inlets (Primary): numerous tributaries Monitored Sites 3901, 3902, 3903, 20501, Outlets 1 – Mississippi River (Secondary): 20502, 20503, 20504 Accesses 7 public Invasive species: none documented

Data Availability

Transparency data Transparency data only exist from 1976-1977 and 2008.

Total Phosphorus and Chlorophyll a data have been Chemical data collected in 1994, 1999-2000 and 2008. Limited inlet and outlet data was collected for the Inlet/Outlet data Cass/Winnibigoshish CWP project in 1999-2000.

Recommendations For recommendations refer to page 12.

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Figure 1. Map of Lake Winnibigoshish illustrating bathymetry, lake sample site locations, stream inlets and outlets and aerial land use. The pink shaded areas in the lake illustrate the littoral zone, where the sunlight can usually reach the lake bottom allowing aquatic plants to grow.

Lake Site Depth Monitoring Programs (ft) 101 36 MPCA: 2008 201 20 CLMP: 1976-1977; MPCA: 2008 3901 (20503) 30 Itasca SWCD: 1994; Leech Lake Band of Ojibwe CWP: 1999-2000 3902 35 Leech Lake Band of Ojibwe CWP: 1999-2000 3903 (20501) 65 Itasca SWCD: 1994; Leech Lake Band of Ojibwe CWP: 1999-2000 20502 50 Itasca SWCD: 1994 20504 35 Itasca SWCD: 1994

Lake Winnibigoshish Report generation: RMB Environmental Laboratories 2 of 13 The information below describes available chemical data for all sites of Lake Winnibigoshish through 2008. The data set is limited, and all parameters with the exception are means for just 1994, 1999-2000 and 2008 data.

Impaired Ecoregion Waters Parameter Mean Range1 Standard2 Interpretation Total phosphorus (ug/L) 21 14 - 27 > 35 3 Results are within the expected range for Chlorophyll a (ug/L) 6 4 - 10 > 12 the ecoregion. For more information about Chlorophyll a max (ug/L) 17 <15 Impaired Waters Assessment, see page 12. Secchi depth (ft) 8 7.5 - 15 < 4.5 Dissolved oxygen see Dissolved oxygen depth profiles show that page 8 Lake Winnibigoshish is polymictic (mixes throughout the summer). Total Kieldahl Nitrogen 0.53 0.4 - 0.75 Indicates insufficient nitrogen to support summer nitrogen-induced algae blooms. (mg/L)

Alkalinity (mg/L) 126 40 - 140 Indicates a low sensitivity to acid rain and a good buffering capacity. Color (Pt-Co Units) 18 10 - 35 Indicates moderately clear water with little to no tannins (brown stain). pH 8.3 7.2 - 8.3 Characteristic of a hard water lake. Lake water pH less than 6.5 can affect fish spawning and the solubility of metals in the water.

Chloride (mg/L) 3.1 0.6 - 1.2 Slightly above the expected range for the Ecoregion, but still considered low level. Road salts used in the winter can run off into lakes when the snow melts, causing higher salinity. Total Suspended Solids 2.3 <1 - 2 Indicates low suspended solids and clear water. (mg/L)

Conductivity (umhos/cm) 296 50 - 250 Slightly above the ecoregion average. High conductivity indicates high dissolved solids, which can come from watershed or human sources. Total Nitrogen :Total 25:1 25:1 – 35:1 Indicates the lake is phosphorus limited, Phosphorus which means that algae growth is limited by the amount of phosphorus in the lake. Data Source: Itasca SWCD 2004, Cleanwater Partnership Grant 1999-2000, Minnesota Pollution Control Agency 2008

1The ecoregion range is the 25th-75th percentile of summer means from ecoregion reference lakes 2For further information regarding the Impaired Waters Assessment program, refer to http://www.pca.state.mn.us/water/tmdl/index.html 3Chlorophyll a measurements have been corrected for pheophytin Units: 1 mg/L (ppm) = 1,000 ug/L (ppb)

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Water Quality Characteristics - Historical Means Years monitored: 1976-1977, 1994, 1999-2000, 2008

Primary Site Site Parameters Site Site 3901 Site 3903 Site Site 101 201 20503 3902 20501 20502 20504 Total Phosphorus Mean (ug/L): 20 17 25 23 19 19 19 Total Phosphorus Min: 8 12 15 14 7 12 14 Total Phosphorus Max: 28 23 51 41 28 27 24 Number of Observations: 5 5 12 8 12 4 5 Chlorophyll a Mean (ug/L): 986 3 54 Chlorophyll-a Min: 5 4 2 1 1 1 Chlorophyll-a Max: 17 16 15 9 15 11 Number of Observations: 6 5 4 5 4 5 Secchi Depth Mean (ft): 10.0 7.4 Secchi Depth Min: 6.9 5.0 Secchi Depth Max: 13.5 13.0 Number of Observations: 5 39

Figure 2. Lake Winnibigoshish total phosphorus, chlorophyll a and transparency historical ranges. The arrow represents the range and the black dot represents the historical mean (Site 101). Figure adapted after Moore and Thornton, [Ed.]. 1988. Lake and Reservoir Restoration Guidance Manual. (Doc. No. EPA 440/5-88-002)

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Transparency (Secchi Depth)

Transparency is how easily light can pass through a substance. In lakes it is how deep sunlight penetrates through the water. Plants and algae need sunlight to grow, so they are only able to grow in areas of lakes where the sun penetrates. Water transparency depends on the amount of particles in the water. An increase in particulates results in a decrease in transparency. The transparency varies year to year due to changes in weather, precipitation, lake use, flooding, temperature, lake levels, etc.

Transparency has only been monitored throughout the growing season (May-September) in 1976- 1977 and 2008. The transparency for these three years is relatively similar (Figure 3). The DNR has collected transparency data annually in July-August, but this data only represents one data point per year, so it was not used in this analysis.

Transparency monitoring should be continued annually at sites 201 and 101 in order to track water quality changes. Since Lake Winnibigoshish is so large, each site can be monitored by a different volunteer, and the volunteers can make up a water quality task force.

Figure 3. Historical transparency data for Lake Winnibigoshish.

Lake Winnibigoshish transparency ranges from 5 to 13 ft at site 201. Figure 4 shows the seasonal transparency dynamics. Lake Winnibigoshish transparency is highest in May and then decreases throughout the summer. As with many lakes in northern Minnesota, transparency recovered somewhat in September-October. Transparency dynamics are related to algae population dynamics and lake turnover.

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Figure 4. Seasonal transparency dynamics and year-to-year comparison (site 201). The shaded yellow line represents the average.

User Perceptions

When volunteers collect secchi depth readings, they record their perceptions of the water based on the physical appearance and the recreational suitability. These perceptions can be compared to water quality parameters to see how the lake "user" would experience the lake at that time. Looking at transparency data, as the secchi depth decreases the perception of the lake's physical appearance rating decreases. Lake Winnibigoshish was rated as being "not quite crystal clear " 72% of the time in 1999 and 2008 (Figure 5).

Physical Appearance Rating 14% 14% 14% Crystal clear water

72% Not quite crystal clear – a little algae visible

14% Definite algae – green, yellow, or brown color apparent

0% High algae levels with limited clarity and/or mild odor apparent

0% Severely high algae levels 72%

Figure 5. Physical appearance rating, as rated by the lake monitor (1999, 2008).

Lake Winnibigoshish Report generation: RMB Environmental Laboratories 6 of 13 As the secchi depth decreases, the perception of recreational suitability of the lake decreases. Lake Winnibigoshish was rated as having "very minor aesthetic problems" 79% of the time in 1999 and 2008 (Figure 6). Recreational Suitability Rating

7% 14% 14% Beautiful, could not be better

79% Very minor aesthetic problems; excellent for swimming, boating

7% Swimming and aesthetic enjoyment of the lake slightly impaired because of algae levels

0% Desire to swim and level of enjoyment of the lake substantially reduced because of algae levels

0% Swimming and aesthetic enjoyment of the lake 79% nearly impossible because of algae levels

Figure 6. Recreational suitability rating, as rated by the lake monitor (1999, 2008).

Total Phosphorus

Lake Winnibigoshish is phosphorus limited, which means that algae and aquatic plant growth is dependent upon available phosphorus.

Total phosphorus was evaluated in Lake Winnibigoshish in 1994, 1999, and 2008 (Figure 7). The data indicate that phosphorus concentrations are relatively uniform within the lake, and the majority of the data fit within one standard deviation of the mean.

50 Total Phosphorus 45 Site 101, 2008 40 Site 201, 2008 35 Site 3901, 1994

30 Site 3901, 1999 Site 3902, 1999 25 Site 3903, 1994 20 Site 3903, 1999 Site 2502, 1994 15

Total Phosphorus (ug/L) Phosphorus Total Site 3904, 1994 10 Average

5 plus 1 SD minus 1 SD 0

1 /4 8 /2 6 0 3 7 0 4 /2 6 /1 7 /1 /3 /1 /2 /1 /2 5 6 7 7 8 8 9 9

Figure 7. Historical total phosphorus concentrations (ug/L) for Lake Winnibigoshish.

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Chlorophyll a

Chlorophyll a is the pigment that makes plants Chlorophyll a 20 and algae green. Site 101, 2008 Chlorophyll a is tested in 18 Site 201, 2008 Site 20501, 1994 lakes to determine the 16 Site 20502, 1994 algae concentration or how 14 Site 20503, 1994 "green" the water is. Site 20504, 1994 12 Chlorophyll a concen- 10 trations greater than 10 8 ug/L are perceived as a 6 Chlorophyll a (ug/L) mild algae bloom, while 4 concentrations greater than 20 ug/L are perceived as a 2 nuisance. 0 l g g n u u p -Ju e -Ju 2-Jul -A 1-May 4-Jun 16 30-Jul 3 7-A 0-S Chlorophyll a was 2 18 1 2 1 24-Sep evaluated in Lake Figure 8. Historical chlorophyll a concentrations (ug/L) for Lake Winnibigoshish Winnibigoshish in 1994 (data sets from 1994, 2008). and 2008 (Figure 8). Chlorophyll a concentrations followed a pattern that is consistent with the transparency results; concentrations started low in May, peaked in late August and then decreased in late September.

At most sites the chlorophyll a concentration reached 10 ug/L, indicating minor algae blooms, but remained below 20 ug/L (nuisance algae blooms).

Dissolved Oxygen

Dissolved Oxygen (mg/L) Dissolved Oxygen (DO) is the amount of Dissolved Oxygen (ug/L) 024681012 024681012 oxygen dissolved in lake water. Oxygen 0 is necessary for all living organisms to 0 survive, except for some bacteria. Living 1 3 organisms breathe in oxygen that is

2 6 dissolved in the water. Dissolved oxygen levels of <5 mg/L are typically avoided by 3 9 game fish. 4 11 5 Depth Lake Winnibigoshish is a large lake, with Depth (m) 6 12 a mean depth of 15 feet. Due to its large (m) 7 size and shallow nature, the majority of 13 the lake is most likely polymictic (mixes 8 14 throughout the summer) and the water 9 column stays oxygenated (Figures 9a-b). 15 10 The fetch of Lake Winnibigosh for a

11 17 northwest wind is approximately 9 miles, which means there is 9 miles of water for 12 18 the wind to stir up when it's blowing.

a. 2008 b. 2006 Figure 9a-b. Dissolved oxygen profile for Lake Winnibigosh in 2006 and 2008.

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Trophic State Index

TSI is a standard measure or means for Trophic State Index Site 101 Site 201 calculating the trophic status or productivity of a TSI Total Phosphorus 46 44 lake. More specifically, it is the total weight of TSI Chlorophyll-a 51 50 living biological material (biomass) in a waterbody TSI Secchi 44 49 at a specific location and time. TSI Mean 47 48 Phosphorus (nutrients), chlorophyll a (algae Trophic State: Mesotrophic Mesotrophic concentration) and Secchi depth (transparency) Numbers represent the mean TSI for each parameter. are related. As phosphorus increases, there is more food available for algae, resulting in increased algal concentrations. When algal concentrations 100 increase, the water becomes less transparent and the Secchi depth decreases. Hypereutrophic

70 The mean TSI for Lake Winnibigoshish indicates that it is mesotrophic (Figure 10). Both sites are relatively Eutrophic similar, indicating that the productivity in the lake is 50 somewhat uniform. Lake Winnibigoshish Mesotrophic 40 Mesotrophic lakes (TSI 40-50) are characteristic of moderately clear water most of the summer. "Meso" means middle or mid; therefore, mesotrophic means a medium amount of productivity. Oligotrophic Mesotrophic lakes are commonly found in north central Minnesota and have clear water with the chance for some algal blooms in late summer. 0 Large mesotrophic lakes are also excellent walleye lakes. Winnibigosh water quality and morphometry is Figure 10. Trophic state index chart with similar to Mille Lacs and the main basin of Leech Lake, corresponding trophic status. which are the best walleye lakes in the state of Minnesota.

TSI Attributes Fisheries & Recreation <30 Oligotrophy: Clear water, oxygen throughout Trout fisheries dominate. the year at the bottom of the lake, very deep cold water. 30-40 Bottom of shallower lakes may become anoxic Trout fisheries in deep lakes only. Walleye, (no oxygen). Tullibee present. 40-50 Mesotrophy: Water moderately clear most of No oxygen at the bottom of the lake results in the summer. May be "greener" in late summer. loss of trout. Walleye may predominate. 50-60 Eutrophy: Algae and aquatic plant problems Warm-water fisheries only. Bass may possible. "Green" water most of the year. dominate. 60-70 Blue-green algae dominate, algal scums and Dense algae and aquatic plants. Low water aquatic plant problems. clarity may discourage swimming and boating. 70-80 Hypereutrophy: Dense algae and aquatic Water is not suitable for recreation. plants. >80 Algal scums, few aquatic plants. Rough fish (carp) dominate; summer fish kills possible. Source: Carlson, R.E. 1997. A trophic state index for lakes. Limnology and Oceanography. 22:361-369.

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Trend Analysis

For detecting trends, a minimum of 8-10 years of data with 4 or more readings per season are recommended. Only short-term trends can be determined with just a few years of data, because there can be different wet years and dry years, water levels, weather, etc., that affect the water quality naturally. There is not enough historical data to perform trend analysis for total phosphorus, chlorophyll a or transparency in Lake Winnibigoshish.

Ecoregion Comparisons

Minnesota is divided into seven ecoregions based on land use, vegetation, precipitation and geology. The MPCA has developed a way to determine the "average range" of water quality expected for lakes in each ecoregion. From 1985-1988, the MPCA evaluated the lake water quality for reference lakes. These reference lakes are not considered pristine, but are considered to have little human impact and therefore are representative of the typical lakes within the ecoregion. The "average range" refers to the 25th - 75th percentile range for data within each ecoregion. For the purpose of this graphical representation, the means of the reference lake data sets were used.

Lake Winnibigoshish is in the Northern Lakes and Forests Ecoregion. The mean total phosphorus, chlorophyll a are within the expected ecoregion ranges (Figures 11 a-b). The Secchi depth is slightly above the ecoregion range; however the Secchi depth data is limited (Figure 11c).

60 30 0

50 25 5

40 20

10 increased

30 15 algae

15 20 10 Secchi depth (ft) depth Secchi Chlorophyll-a (ug/L, ppb)

Total Phosphorus (ug/L, ppb) 10 5 20 crystal clear 0 0 25 sh

oshi

innibig ibigoshish NLF Ecoregion W a b c NLF Ecoregion Winn Figures 11a-c. Lake Winnibigoshish ranges compared to Northern Lakes and Forest Ecoregion ranges. The total phosphorus and chlorophyll a ranges are from 50 and 29 data points collected in May-September of 1994 and 2008. The secchi depth range is from 44 data points collected in May-September from 1976-1977, 2008. Lake Winnibigoshish Report generation: RMB Environmental Laboratories 10 of 13 Inlet/Outlet Data Assessment

From 1999-2000 data was collected through the Cass Lake/Lake Winnibigoshish Clean Water Partnership (CWP) Problem investigation, whose purpose was to study nonpoint source pollution and develop an implementation plan to protect the aquatic resources within the watershed. A report was compiled in 2001 (Persell 2001).

The CWP project came to the following conclusions. The CWP assessment showed water quality in this watershed is still good. However, long-term threats to water quality include shoreline development, forest management, riparian corridor fragmentation, and other diffuse sources of Figure 12. Stream site locations around Lake non-point source pollution. Improving land Winnibigoshish. management choices, coordinating land- management activities, structural controls, and restoration activities are among the tools that will ensure long term health for the water resources in this area.

The 2001 report included analyses for the lake taking the phosphorus loading data into account (Table 1). The results showed that the majority of phosphorus loading to Lake Winnibigoshish comes from tributaries and precipitation (Figure 13).

406 Table 1. Lake Winnibigoshish phosphorus budget analysis (Persell 2001)

36,586 Total Annual Phosphorus Input 73,251 lbs Total Annual Phosphorus Output 70,080 lbs

36,259 Annual Phosphorus Storage 3,171 lbs APS = input-output Precipitation Lake Phosphorus Mass 61,552 lbs Tributaries LMP = (Lake[TP] x Lake volume) Septics Phosphorus Loading Ration 5.2% (APS/LMP) x 100 Figure 13. Annual phosphorus inputs to Lake Winni.

The tributary data showed that the Mississippi River contributes 79% of the tributary volume to Lake Winnibigoshish, but only half of the tributary phosphorus. The substantial, relatively unimpacted, wetland drainage contributes the remaining tributary phosphorus in 21% of the tributary volume. Half of the phosphorus load to Lake Winnibigoshish came from precipitation, which is common in lakes with very large surface areas (Figure 13).

The tributary data for this project spans 5/19/1999 – 5/26/2000, and samples were collected each month all through the winter. The concentrations of the parameters collected are compared to each other and the Northern Lakes and Forest Ecoregion average in Table 2.

Lake Winnibigoshish Report generation: RMB Environmental Laboratories 11 of 13 Table 2. The concentration data for each of the inlets and outlets to Lake Winnibigoshish (see Figure 12 for site locations). These data points show the range if there was more than one sample collected. If there was only one data point collected, that one data point is shown. The data are limited, with most parameters covering 1-4 data points over the course of the project. Field TSS TKN TP Turb Specific pH (mg/L) (mg/L) (ug/L) (NTU) Conductance

NLF Ecoregion 7.6 – 7.9 1.8 – 6 NA 20 – 50 1.7 – 4.3 NA

Castle Creek (S002-279) 7.2 – 7.5 NA 0.74 – 1.06 NA NA 171 – 337

Cutfoot Sioux (S002-280) 7.8 – 8.0 3.2 0.88 – 1.02 7 - 41 1.8 – 2.8 173 – 225

Farley Creek (S002-281) 7.5 3.8 – 7.2 0.70 – 1.07 14 – 154 1.2 – 3.2 193 – 235

Island Creek (S002-282) 7.7 NA 0.79 – 1.88 NA NA NA

Mississippi Inlet (S002-283) 7.7 – 8.2 1.8 1.31 25 4.4 NA

Mississippi Outlet (S002-284) 7.9 – 8.4 5.6 0.58 14 – 18 1.9 293

Pigeon Dam (S002-285) NA 1.0 – 1.1 0.79 – 1.26 14 – 66 2.2 199

Raven Creek (S002-287) 6.6 – 6.8 0.6 0.76 – 0.96 12 – 52 1.3 – 3.9 NA

Third River (S002-290) 8.4 0.4 – 3.8 0.65 – 1.04 24 – 65 NA 312

Assessment/Findings Recommendations

Transparency Transparency monitoring should be continued annually at sites 101 and 201. Since Lake Winnibigoshish is so large, each site can be monitored by a different volunteer, and the volunteers can make up a water quality task force. It is important to continue transparency monitoring weekly or at least bimonthly every year to enable year-to-year comparisons and trend analyses.

Impaired Waters Assessment 303(d) List There are two main types of Impaired Waters Assessment for lakes: eutrophication (excess phosphorus) for aquatic recreation and mercury in fish tissue for aquatic consumption. Lake Winnibigoshish was listed as impaired for mercury in fish tissue in the 2006 Impaired Waters List; however it is part of the statewide mercury TMDL, so it was removed from the 2008 Impaired Waters List. Lake Winnibigoshish has insufficient data to complete the assessment for eutrophication. The 2008 data will count toward the next assessment in 2010, and one more year of monitoring data is needed to complete the required assessment data set.

Aquatic Recreational Use Assessment 305(b) In the 2008 MPCA Aquatic Use Assessment (305(b)), Lake Winnibigoshish was classified having insufficient data for assessment. The data requirements are the same as the Impaired Waters Assessment above.

Inlet/Outlet Assessment It may be beneficial to do a full assessment of all main inlets and outlets again since it has been 10 years since the last assessment. Since tributary contributions to the lake can change throughout the years, it is important to periodically re-check these sites to determine if any changes in loading have occurred.

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Organizational contacts and reference sites 15756 State 371 NW, Cass Lake, MN 56633 Leech Lake Band of Ojibwe (218) 335-7400 Division of Resource Management http://www.lldrm.org/index.html 200 Ash Avenue NW, Cass Lake, MN 56633 Chippewa National Forest (218) 335-8600 http://www.fs.fed.us/r9/forests/chippewa/ 303 Minnesota Avenue W, P.O. Box 3000, Walker, MN 56484-3000 Cass County Environmental (218) 547-7241 Services Department http://www.co.cass.mn.us/esd/home_esd.html 1889 East Highway 2 Itasca County Soil and Water Grand Rapids, MN 55744 Conservation District (218) 326-0017 http://www.itascaswcd.org/index.htm 1201 East Highway 2, Grand Rapids , MN 55744 DNR Fisheries Office (218) 327-4430 http://www.dnr.state.mn.us/lakefind/index.html 7678 College Road, Suite 105, Baxter, MN 56425 Regional Minnesota Pollution (218) 828-2492 Control Agency Office http://www.pca.state.mn.us 1601 Minnesota Drive, Brainerd, MN 56401 Regional Board of Soil and Water (218) 828-2383 Resources Office http://www.bwsr.state.mn.us

References

Persell, John. 2001. A nutrient water quality assessment of the Lakes: Big Wolf, Andrusia, Cass and Winnibigoshish. A joint effort between the Leech Lake Band of Ojibwe and Beltrami County.

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